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Dotsenko V, Tewes B, Hils M, Pasternack R, Isola J, Taavela J, Popp A, Sarin J, Huhtala H, Hiltunen P, Zimmermann T, Mohrbacher R, Greinwald R, Lundin KEA, Schuppan D, Mäki M, Viiri K. Transcriptomic analysis of intestine following administration of a transglutaminase 2 inhibitor to prevent gluten-induced intestinal damage in celiac disease. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:1218-1230. [PMID: 38914866 PMCID: PMC11224021 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01867-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of celiac disease (CeD) by deamidating dietary gluten peptides, which facilitates antigenic presentation and a strong anti-gluten T cell response. Here, we elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the efficacy of the TG2 inhibitor ZED1227 by performing transcriptional analysis of duodenal biopsies from individuals with CeD on a long-term gluten-free diet before and after a 6-week gluten challenge combined with 100 mg per day ZED1227 or placebo. At the transcriptome level, orally administered ZED1227 effectively prevented gluten-induced intestinal damage and inflammation, providing molecular-level evidence that TG2 inhibition is an effective strategy for treating CeD. ZED1227 treatment preserved transcriptome signatures associated with mucosal morphology, inflammation, cell differentiation and nutrient absorption to the level of the gluten-free diet group. Nearly half of the gluten-induced gene expression changes in CeD were associated with the epithelial interferon-γ response. Moreover, data suggest that deamidated gluten-induced adaptive immunity is a sufficient step to set the stage for CeD pathogenesis. Our results, with the limited sample size, also suggest that individuals with CeD might benefit from an HLA-DQ2/HLA-DQ8 stratification based on gene doses to maximally eliminate the interferon-γ-induced mucosal damage triggered by gluten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriia Dotsenko
- Celiac Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Jorma Isola
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Jilab Inc, Tampere, Finland
| | - Juha Taavela
- Celiac Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Gastroenterology and Alimentary Tract Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Alina Popp
- Celiac Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy 'Carol Davila' and National Institute for Mother and Child Health, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Heini Huhtala
- Unit of Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pauliina Hiltunen
- Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Knut E A Lundin
- Norwegian Coeliac Disease Research Centre, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Gastroenterology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Celiac Center, Medical Center, Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Markku Mäki
- Celiac Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Keijo Viiri
- Celiac Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
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Dotsenko V, Sioofy-Khojine AB, Hyöty H, Viiri K. Human intestinal organoid models for celiac disease research. Methods Cell Biol 2023; 179:173-193. [PMID: 37625874 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Celiac disease pathogenesis, in addition to immune cell component, encompasses pathogenic events also in the duodenal epithelium. In celiac disease patients, exposure to dietary gluten induces drastic changes in epithelial differentiation and elicit cellular response to inflammatory cytokines. The autoantigen in celiac disease, transglutaminase 2 (TG2) enzyme, has been also suggested to play its pathogenic gliadin deamidation event in the intestinal epithelium. Therefore in vitro epithelial cell-line models have been exploited in the past to study these pathogenic mechanisms, but they are hampered by their simplistic nature lacking proper cell-type composition and intestinal environ. Moreover, these cell models harbor many cancer-related mutations in tumor suppressor genes making them unsuitable for studying cell differentiation. Intestinal organoids provide a near-native epithelial cell model to study pathogenic agents and mechanisms related to celiac disease. Here we describe protocols to initiate and maintain celiac patient-derived organoid cultures and how to grow them in alternative ways allowing their exploitation in different kind of experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriia Dotsenko
- Celiac Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Heikki Hyöty
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Keijo Viiri
- Celiac Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
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3
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Nanayakkara M, Bellomo C, Furone F, Maglio M, Marano A, Lania G, Porpora M, Nicoletti M, Auricchio S, Barone MV. PTPRK, an EGFR Phosphatase, Is Decreased in CeD Biopsies and Intestinal Organoids. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010115. [PMID: 36611909 PMCID: PMC9818839 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Celiac disease (CeD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy triggered in genetically susceptible (HLA-DQ2/8) individuals by a group of wheat proteins and related prolamins from cereals. The celiac intestine is characterized by an inversion of the differentiation/proliferation program of the enterocytes, with an increase in the proliferative compartment and crypt hyperplasia, which are the mechanisms that regulate the increased proliferation in CeD that arenot completely understood.The aim of this study is to understand the role of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Type K (PTPRK), a nodal phosphatase that regulates EGFR activation in the proliferation of the enterocytes from CeD biopsies and organoids. METHODS The levels of PTPRK were evaluated by RT PCR, western blot (WB) and immunofluorescence techniques in intestinal biopsies and organoids from CeD patients and controls. Additionally, pEGFR and pERK were evaluated by WB and proliferation by BrdU incorporation. PTPRK si-RNA was silenced in CTR organoids and was overexpressed in CeD organoids. RESULTS PTPRK was reduced in Gluten Containing Diet-Celiac Disease (GCD-CeD) and Potential-Celiac Disease(Pot-CeD) biopsies (p < 0.01-p < 0.05) whereas pEGFR (p < 0.01 p < 0.01), pERK (p < 0.01 p < 0.01) and proliferation were increased. (p < 0.05 p < 0.05) respect to the controls.The CeD organoids reproduced these same alterations. Silencing of PTPRK in CTR organoids increased pEGFR, pERK and proliferation. The overexpression of PTPRK in CeD organoids reduced pEGFR, pERK and proliferation. CONCLUSIONS modulation of PTPRK levels can reduce or increase pEGFR, pERK and proliferation in CeD or CTR organoids, respectively. The CeD organoids can be a good model to study the mechanisms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlin Nanayakkara
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Bellomo
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Furone
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mariantonia Maglio
- ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases), University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Marano
- ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases), University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuliana Lania
- ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases), University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Monia Porpora
- ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases), University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Nicoletti
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Auricchio
- ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases), University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Barone
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases), University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0817464568; Fax: +39-0817463116
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Barone MV, Auricchio R, Nanayakkara M, Greco L, Troncone R, Auricchio S. Pivotal Role of Inflammation in Celiac Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137177. [PMID: 35806180 PMCID: PMC9266393 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy triggered in genetically susceptible individuals by gluten-containing cereals. A central role in the pathogenesis of CD is played by the HLA-restricted gliadin-specific intestinal T cell response generated in a pro-inflammatory environment. The mechanisms that generate this pro-inflammatory environment in CD is now starting to be addressed. In vitro study on CD cells and organoids, shows that constant low-grade inflammation is present also in the absence of gluten. In vivo studies on a population at risk, show before the onset of the disease and before the introduction of gluten in the diet, cellular and metabolic alterations in the absence of a T cell-mediated response. Gluten exacerbates these constitutive alterations in vitro and in vivo. Inflammation, may have a main role in CD, adding this disease tout court to the big family of chronic inflammatory diseases. Nutrients can have pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory effects, also mediated by intestinal microbiota. The intestine function as a crossroad for the control of inflammation both locally and at distance. The aim of this review is to discuss the recent literature on the main role of inflammation in the natural history of CD, supported by cellular fragility with increased sensitivity to gluten and other pro-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vittoria Barone
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (R.A.); (M.N.); (L.G.); (R.T.)
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease (ELFID), University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Renata Auricchio
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (R.A.); (M.N.); (L.G.); (R.T.)
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease (ELFID), University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Merlin Nanayakkara
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (R.A.); (M.N.); (L.G.); (R.T.)
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease (ELFID), University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Luigi Greco
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (R.A.); (M.N.); (L.G.); (R.T.)
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease (ELFID), University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Riccardo Troncone
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (R.A.); (M.N.); (L.G.); (R.T.)
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease (ELFID), University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Salvatore Auricchio
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease (ELFID), University Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy;
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Emerging Biomarkers for Screening and Management of Celiac Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:2756242. [PMID: 35669726 PMCID: PMC9167106 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2756242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CeD) is a chronic, immune-mediated enteropathy that is precipitated by dietary gluten in genetically predisposed individuals expressing HLA-DQ2 and/or HLA-DQ8. In the current clinical practice, there are many serologic studies to aid in the diagnosis of CeD which include autoantibodies like IgA antitissue transglutaminase, antiendomysium, and antideamidated forms of gliadin peptide antibodies. Small intestinal biopsy has long been considered an essential step for the diagnosis of CeD. However, in the recent era, researchers have explored the possibility of CeD screening and diagnosis without endoscopy or biopsy. The newer emerging biomarkers of CeD appear promising in diagnostic evaluation and subsequent monitoring of disease. In this review of literature, we have explored the emerging biomarker-based diagnostic evaluation and monitoring of CeD.
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Stamnaes J. Insights from tissue "omics" analysis on intestinal remodeling in celiac disease. Proteomics 2021; 21:e2100057. [PMID: 34633755 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202100057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CeD) is a prevalent intestinal disorder that only develops in genetically susceptible individuals when they mount a harmful CD4+ T-cell response towards gluten peptides. Intake of gluten leads to inflammation and remodeling of the small intestine with symptoms such as nausea and diarrhea. The only current treatment is a lifelong gluten free diet. The immunological basis for CeD is well characterized but the mechanisms that drive intestinal remodeling are still poorly understood. Transcriptome or proteome analysis of intestinal biopsies gives a global snapshot of all processes that occur in the tissue, including alterations in the epithelial cell layer. This paper will introduce concepts of intestinal remodeling, recapitulate the current understanding of CeD pathogenesis and discuss findings from relevant tissue "omics" studies. On the basis of this review, I give perspectives on what tissue "omics" studies can tell us about disease pathogenesis with a particular focus on the gluten induced intestinal remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorunn Stamnaes
- Department of Immunology, K.G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Voisine J, Abadie V. Interplay Between Gluten, HLA, Innate and Adaptive Immunity Orchestrates the Development of Coeliac Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:674313. [PMID: 34149709 PMCID: PMC8206552 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.674313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Several environmental, genetic, and immune factors create a "perfect storm" for the development of coeliac disease: the antigen gluten, the strong association of coeliac disease with HLA, the deamidation of gluten peptides by the enzyme transglutaminase 2 (TG2) generating peptides that bind strongly to the predisposing HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 molecules, and the ensuing unrestrained T cell response. T cell immunity is at the center of the disease contributing to the inflammatory process through the loss of tolerance to gluten and the differentiation of HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8-restricted anti-gluten inflammatory CD4+ T cells secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines and to the killing of intestinal epithelial cells by cytotoxic intraepithelial CD8+ lymphocytes. However, recent studies emphasize that the individual contribution of each of these cell subsets is not sufficient and that interactions between these different populations of T cells and the simultaneous activation of innate and adaptive immune pathways in distinct gut compartments are required to promote disease immunopathology. In this review, we will discuss how tissue destruction in the context of coeliac disease results from the complex interactions between gluten, HLA molecules, TG2, and multiple innate and adaptive immune components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Voisine
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Valérie Abadie
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Section of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Hepatology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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Escudero-Hernández C. Epithelial cell dysfunction in coeliac disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 358:133-164. [PMID: 33707053 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium limits host-luminal interactions and maintains gut homeostasis. Breakdown of the epithelial barrier and villous atrophy are hallmarks of coeliac disease. Besides the well characterized immune-mediated epithelial damage induced in coeliac mucosa, constitutional changes and early gluten direct effects disturb intestinal epithelial cells. The subsequent modifications in key epithelial signaling pathways leads to outnumbered immature epithelial cells that, in turn, facilitate epithelial dysfunction, promote crypt hyperplasia, and increase intestinal permeability. Consequently, underlying immune cells have a greater access to gluten, which boosts the proinflammatory immune response against gluten and positively feedback the epithelial damage loop. Gluten-free diet is an indispensable treatment for coeliac disease patients, but additional therapies are under development, including those that reinforce intestinal epithelial healing. In this chapter, we provide an overview of intestinal epithelial cell disturbances that develop during gluten intake in coeliac disease mucosa.
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X-ray microtomography is a novel method for accurate evaluation of small-bowel mucosal morphology and surface area. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13164. [PMID: 32753621 PMCID: PMC7403326 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69487-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The often poorly orientated small-bowel mucosal biopsies taken for the diagnostics of celiac disease and other intestinal disorders are prone to misinterpretation. Furthermore, conventional histopathology has suboptimal sensitivity for early histopathological changes observed in short-term challenge studies. X-ray microtomography (micro-CT) is a promising new method for accurate imaging of human-derived biological samples. Here, we report that micro-CT could be utilized to create virtual reconstructions of endoscopically obtained intestinal biopsies. The formed digital 3D images enabled selection of always optimal cutting angles for accurate measurement of the mucosal damage and revealed diagnostic lesions in cases interpreted as normal with conventional histomorphometry. We also demonstrate that computer-assisted point cloud analysis can be used to calculate biologically meaningful surface areas of the biopsies in different stages of mucosal damage with excellent replicability and correlation with other disease parameters. We expect the improved diagnostic accuracy and capability to measure the surface areas to provide a powerful tool for the diagnostics of intestinal diseases and for future clinical and pharmaceutical trials.
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10
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Dotsenko V, Oittinen M, Taavela J, Popp A, Peräaho M, Staff S, Sarin J, Leon F, Isola J, Mäki M, Viiri K. Genome-Wide Transcriptomic Analysis of Intestinal Mucosa in Celiac Disease Patients on a Gluten-Free Diet and Postgluten Challenge. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 11:13-32. [PMID: 32745639 PMCID: PMC7593586 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Gluten challenge studies are instrumental in understanding the pathophysiology of celiac disease. Our aims in this study were to reveal early gluten-induced transcriptomic changes in duodenal biopsies and to find tools for clinics. METHODS Duodenal biopsies were collected from 15 celiac disease patients on a strict long-term gluten-free diet (GFD) prior to and post a gluten challenge (PGC) and from 6 healthy control individuals (DC). Biopsy RNA was subjected to genome-wide 3' RNA-Seq. Sequencing data was used to determine the differences between the three groups and was compared to sequencing data from the public repositories. The biopsies underwent morphometric analyses. RESULTS In DC vs. GFD group comparisons, 167 differentially expressed genes were identified with 117 genes downregulated and 50 genes upregulated. In PGC vs. GFD group comparisons, 417 differentially expressed genes were identified with 195 genes downregulated and 222 genes upregulated. Celiac disease patients on a GFD were not "healthy". In particular, genes encoding proteins for transporting small molecules were expressed less. In addition to the activation of immune response genes, a gluten challenge induced hyperactive intestinal wnt-signaling and consequent immature crypt gene expression resulting in less differentiated epithelium. Biopsy gene expression in response to a gluten challenge correlated with the extent of the histological damage. Regression models using only four gene transcripts described 97.2% of the mucosal morphology and 98.0% of the inflammatory changes observed. CONCLUSIONS Our gluten challenge trial design provided an opportunity to study the transition from health to disease. The results show that even on a strict GFD, despite being deemed healthy, patients reveal patterns of ongoing disease. Here, a transcriptomic regression model estimating the extent of gluten-induced duodenal mucosal injury is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriia Dotsenko
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere University Tampere, Finland
| | - Mikko Oittinen
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere University Tampere, Finland
| | - Juha Taavela
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere University Tampere, Finland,Department of Internal Medicine, Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Alina Popp
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere University Tampere, Finland,Pediatric Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Alessandrescu-Rusescu National Institute for Mother and Child Health, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Markku Peräaho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Synnöve Staff
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Tays Cancer Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jani Sarin
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland,Jilab Inc, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Jorma Isola
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland,Jilab Inc, Tampere, Finland
| | - Markku Mäki
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere University Tampere, Finland
| | - Keijo Viiri
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere University Tampere, Finland,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Keijo Viiri, PhD, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, Tampere, FIN-33520, Finland; fax: +35833641369.
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Jin Y, Blikslager AT. The Regulation of Intestinal Mucosal Barrier by Myosin Light Chain Kinase/Rho Kinases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103550. [PMID: 32443411 PMCID: PMC7278945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial apical junctional complex, which includes tight and adherens junctions, contributes to the intestinal barrier function via their role in regulating paracellular permeability. Myosin light chain II (MLC-2), has been shown to be a critical regulatory protein in altering paracellular permeability during gastrointestinal disorders. Previous studies have demonstrated that phosphorylation of MLC-2 is a biochemical marker for perijunctional actomyosin ring contraction, which increases paracellular permeability by regulating the apical junctional complex. The phosphorylation of MLC-2 is dominantly regulated by myosin light chain kinase- (MLCK-) and Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase- (ROCK-) mediated pathways. In this review, we aim to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the role of MLCK- and ROCK-mediated pathways in the regulation of the intestinal barrier during normal homeostasis and digestive diseases. Additionally, we will also suggest potential therapeutic targeting of MLCK- and ROCK-associated pathways in gastrointestinal disorders that compromise the intestinal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younggeon Jin
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA;
| | - Anthony T. Blikslager
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Correspondence:
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12
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Lania G, Nanayakkara M, Maglio M, Auricchio R, Porpora M, Conte M, De Matteis MA, Rizzo R, Luini A, Discepolo V, Troncone R, Auricchio S, Barone MV. Constitutive alterations in vesicular trafficking increase the sensitivity of cells from celiac disease patients to gliadin. Commun Biol 2019; 2:190. [PMID: 31123714 PMCID: PMC6527696 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0443-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Celiac Disease (CD) is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of the intestinal mucosa due to an immune response to wheat gliadins. Some gliadin peptides (e.g., A-gliadin P57-68) induce an adaptive Th1 pro-inflammatory response. Other gliadin peptides (e.g., A-gliadin P31-43) induce a stress/innate immune response involving interleukin 15 (IL15) and interferon α (IFN-α). In the present study, we describe a stressed/inflamed celiac cellular phenotype in enterocytes and fibroblasts probably due to an alteration in the early-recycling endosomal system. Celiac cells are more sensitive to the gliadin peptide P31-43 and IL15 than controls. This phenotype is reproduced in control cells by inducing a delay in early vesicular trafficking. This constitutive lesion might mediate the stress/innate immune response to gliadin, which can be one of the triggers of the gliadin-specific T-cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Lania
- Department of Translational Medical Science (Section of Pediatrics), University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Merlin Nanayakkara
- Department of Translational Medical Science (Section of Pediatrics), University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mariantonia Maglio
- Department of Translational Medical Science (Section of Pediatrics), University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Renata Auricchio
- Department of Translational Medical Science (Section of Pediatrics), University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Monia Porpora
- Department of Translational Medical Science (Section of Pediatrics), University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mariangela Conte
- Department of Translational Medical Science (Section of Pediatrics), University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta De Matteis
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Napoli Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Riccardo Rizzo
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry—IBP-CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alberto Luini
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry—IBP-CNR, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Discepolo
- Department of Translational Medical Science (Section of Pediatrics), University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Riccardo Troncone
- Department of Translational Medical Science (Section of Pediatrics), University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Auricchio
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Barone
- Department of Translational Medical Science (Section of Pediatrics), University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Immune Response to Rotavirus and Gluten Sensitivity. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:9419204. [PMID: 29736406 PMCID: PMC5875030 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9419204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is a double-stranded RNA virus belonging to the family of Reoviridae. The virus is transmitted by the faecal-oral route and infects intestinal cells causing gastroenteritis. Rotaviruses are the main cause of severe acute diarrhoea in children less than 5 years of age worldwide. In our previous work we have shown a link between rotavirus infection and celiac disease. Nonceliac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) is emerging as new clinical entity lacking specific diagnostic biomarkers which has been reported to occur in 6–10% of the population. Clinical manifestations include gastrointestinal and/or extraintestinal symptoms which recede with gluten withdrawal. The pathogenesis of the disease is still unknown. Aim of this work is to clarify some aspects of its pathogenesis using a gene array approach. Our results suggest that NCGS may have an autoimmune origin. This is based both on gene expression data (i.e., TH17-interferon signatures) and on the presence of TH17 cells and of serological markers of autoimmunity in NCGS. Our results also indicate a possible involvement of rotavirus infection in the pathogenesis of nonceliac gluten sensitivity similarly to what we have previously shown in celiac disease.
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14
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Profiling Celiac Disease-Related Transcriptional Changes. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 336:149-174. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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15
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Felli C, Baldassarre A, Masotti A. Intestinal and Circulating MicroRNAs in Coeliac Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091907. [PMID: 28878141 PMCID: PMC5618556 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and play a key role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and gastrointestinal diseases. Previous studies have revealed that miRNAs are dysregulated in intestinal biopsies of patients affected by coeliac disease (CD). Combined bioinformatics analyses of miRNA expression profiles and mRNA target genes as classified by Gene Ontology, are powerful tools to investigate the functional role of miRNAs in coeliac disease. However, little is still known about the function of circulating miRNAs, their expression level compared to tissue miRNAs, and whether the mechanisms of post-transcriptional regulation are the same of tissue miRNAs. In any case, if we assume that a cell-cell communication process has to occur, and that circulating miRNAs are delivered to recipient cells, we can derive useful information by performing target predictions. Interestingly, all of the mRNA targets of dysregulated miRNAs reported in the literature (i.e., miR-31-5p, miR-192, miR-194, miR-449a and miR-638) belong to several important biological processes, such as Wnt signaling, cell proliferation and differentiation, and adherens junction pathways. Although we think that these predictions have to be necessarily confirmed by “wet-lab” data, the miRNAs dysregulated during the development of CD could be potentially involved in the pathogenesis of coeliac disease and their correlation with circulating miRNAs offers new possibilities to use them as disease biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Felli
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital-IRCCS, V.le di San Paolo 15, 00146 Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonella Baldassarre
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital-IRCCS, V.le di San Paolo 15, 00146 Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea Masotti
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital-IRCCS, V.le di San Paolo 15, 00146 Rome, Italy.
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Schumann M, Siegmund B, Schulzke JD, Fromm M. Celiac Disease: Role of the Epithelial Barrier. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 3:150-162. [PMID: 28275682 PMCID: PMC5331784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In celiac disease (CD) a T-cell-mediated response to gluten is mounted in genetically predisposed individuals, resulting in a malabsorptive enteropathy histologically highlighted by villous atrophy and crypt hyperplasia. Recent data point to the epithelial layer as an under-rated hot spot in celiac pathophysiology to date. This overview summarizes current functional and genetic evidence on the role of the epithelial barrier in CD, consisting of the cell membranes and the apical junctional complex comprising sealing as well as ion and water channel-forming tight junction proteins and the adherens junction. Moreover, the underlying mechanisms are discussed, including apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells, biology of intestinal stem cells, alterations in the apical junctional complex, transcytotic uptake of gluten peptides, and possible implications of a defective epithelial polarity. Current research is directed toward new treatment options for CD that are alternatives or complementary therapeutics to a gluten-free diet. Thus, strategies to target an altered epithelial barrier therapeutically also are discussed.
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Key Words
- Bmp, bone morphogenetic protein
- CBC, crypt base columnar cell
- CD, celiac disease
- Celiac Sprue
- EGF, epidermal growth factor
- Epithelial Polarity
- GFD, gluten-free diet
- GI, gastrointestinal
- GWAS, genome-wide association studies
- Gluten-Sensitive Enteropathy
- IEC, intestinal epithelial cell
- IL, interleukin
- MIC-A, major histocompatibility complex class I chain–related gene-A
- Partitioning-Defective Proteins
- SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism
- TJ, tight junction
- Tight Junction
- ZO, zonula occludens
- aPKC, atypical protein kinase C
- α-Gliadin 33mer
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schumann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg D. Schulzke
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Fromm
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Sharma A, Liu X, Hadley D, Hagopian W, Liu E, Chen WM, Onengut-Gumuscu S, Simell V, Rewers M, Ziegler AG, Lernmark Å, Simell O, Toppari J, Krischer JP, Akolkar B, Rich SS, Agardh D, She JX. Identification of Non-HLA Genes Associated with Celiac Disease and Country-Specific Differences in a Large, International Pediatric Cohort. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152476. [PMID: 27015091 PMCID: PMC4807782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There are significant geographical differences in the prevalence and incidence of celiac disease that cannot be explained by HLA alone. More than 40 loci outside of the HLA region have been associated with celiac disease. We investigated the roles of these non-HLA genes in the development of tissue transglutaminase autoantibodies (tTGA) and celiac disease in a large international prospective cohort study. METHODS A total of 424,788 newborns from the US and European general populations and first-degree relatives with type 1 diabetes were screened for specific HLA genotypes. Of these, 21,589 carried 1 of the 9 HLA genotypes associated with increased risk for type 1 diabetes and celiac disease; we followed 8676 of the children in a 15 y prospective follow-up study. Genotype analyses were performed on 6010 children using the Illumina ImmunoChip. Levels of tTGA were measured in serum samples using radio-ligand binding assays; diagnoses of celiac disease were made based on persistent detection of tTGA and biopsy analysis. Data were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards analyses. RESULTS We found 54 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 5 genes associated with celiac disease (TAGAP, IL18R1, RGS21, PLEK, and CCR9) in time to celiac disease analyses (10-4>P>5.8x10-6). The hazard ratios (HR) for the SNPs with the smallest P values in each region were 1.59, 1.45, 2.23, 2.64, and 1.40, respectively. Outside of regions previously associated with celiac disease, we identified 10 SNPs in 8 regions that could also be associated with the disease (P<10-4). A SNP near PKIA (rs117128341, P = 6.5x10-8, HR = 2.8) and a SNP near PFKFB3 (rs117139146, P<2.8x10-7, HR = 4.9) reached the genome-wide association threshold in subjects from Sweden. Analyses of time to detection of tTGA identified 29 SNPs in 2 regions previously associated with celiac disease (CTLA4, P = 1.3x10-6, HR = 0.76 and LPP, P = 2.8x10-5, HR = .80) and 6 SNPs in 5 regions not previously associated with celiac disease (P<10-4); non-HLA genes are therefore involved in development of tTGA. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, using a genetic analysis of a large international cohort of children, we associated celiac disease development with 5 non-HLA regions previously associated with the disease and 8 regions not previously associated with celiac disease. We identified 5 regions associated with development of tTGA. Two loci associated with celiac disease progression reached a genome-wide association threshold in subjects from Sweden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Sharma
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Xiang Liu
- Pediatric Epidemiology Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States of America
| | - David Hadley
- Pediatric Epidemiology Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States of America
- Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - William Hagopian
- Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Edwin Liu
- Digestive Health Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Wei-Min Chen
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Suna Onengut-Gumuscu
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Ville Simell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Marian Rewers
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Anette-G. Ziegler
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, and Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, and Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V., Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Åke Lernmark
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University/CRC, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Olli Simell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jeffrey P. Krischer
- Pediatric Epidemiology Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States of America
| | - Beena Akolkar
- National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Stephen S. Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Daniel Agardh
- Diabetes and Celiac Disease Unit, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Jin-Xiong She
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
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Garcia-Quintanilla A, Miranzo-Navarro D. Extraintestinal manifestations of celiac disease: 33-mer gliadin binding to glutamate receptor GRINA as a new explanation. Bioessays 2016; 38:427-39. [PMID: 26990286 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201500143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We propose a biochemical mechanism for celiac disease and non-celiac gluten sensitivity that may rationalize many of the extradigestive disorders not explained by the current immunogenetic model. Our hypothesis is based on the homology between the 33-mer gliadin peptide and a component of the NMDA glutamate receptor ion channel - the human GRINA protein - using BLASTP software. Based on this homology the 33-mer may act as a natural antagonist interfering with the normal interactions of GRINA and its partners. The theory is supported by numerous independent data from the literature, and provides a mechanistic link with otherwise unrelated disorders, such as cleft lip and palate, thyroid dysfunction, restless legs syndrome, depression, ataxia, hearing loss, fibromyalgia, dermatitis herpetiformis, schizophrenia, toxoplasmosis, anemia, osteopenia, Fabry disease, Barret's adenocarcinoma, neuroblastoma, urinary incontinence, recurrent miscarriage, cardiac anomalies, reduced risk of breast cancer, stiff person syndrome, etc. The hypothesis also anticipates better animal models, and has the potential to open new avenues of research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Domingo Miranzo-Navarro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Spain
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19
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20
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Gliadin peptides as triggers of the proliferative and stress/innate immune response of the celiac small intestinal mucosa. Int J Mol Sci 2014. [PMID: 25387079 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151120518.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a frequent inflammatory intestinal disease, with a genetic background, caused by gliadin-containing food. Undigested gliadin peptides induce innate and adaptive T cell-mediated immune responses. The major mediator of the stress and innate immune response to gliadin peptides (i.e., peptide 31-43, P31-43) is the cytokine interleukin-15 (IL-15). The role of epithelial growth factor (EGF) as a mediator of enterocyte proliferation and the innate immune response has been described. In this paper, we review the most recent literature on the mechanisms responsible for triggering the up-regulation of these mediators in CD by gliadin peptides. We will discuss the role of P31-43 in enterocyte proliferation, structural changes and the innate immune response in CD mucosa in cooperation with EGF and IL-15, and the mechanism of up-regulation of these mediators related to vesicular trafficking. We will also review the literature that focuses on constitutive alterations of the structure, signalling/proliferation and stress/innate immunity pathways of CD cells. Finally, we will discuss how these pathways can be triggered by gliadin peptide P31-43 in controls, mimicking the celiac cellular phenotype.
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21
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Barone MV, Troncone R, Auricchio S. Gliadin peptides as triggers of the proliferative and stress/innate immune response of the celiac small intestinal mucosa. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:20518-37. [PMID: 25387079 PMCID: PMC4264181 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151120518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a frequent inflammatory intestinal disease, with a genetic background, caused by gliadin-containing food. Undigested gliadin peptides induce innate and adaptive T cell-mediated immune responses. The major mediator of the stress and innate immune response to gliadin peptides (i.e., peptide 31–43, P31–43) is the cytokine interleukin-15 (IL-15). The role of epithelial growth factor (EGF) as a mediator of enterocyte proliferation and the innate immune response has been described. In this paper, we review the most recent literature on the mechanisms responsible for triggering the up-regulation of these mediators in CD by gliadin peptides. We will discuss the role of P31–43 in enterocyte proliferation, structural changes and the innate immune response in CD mucosa in cooperation with EGF and IL-15, and the mechanism of up-regulation of these mediators related to vesicular trafficking. We will also review the literature that focuses on constitutive alterations of the structure, signalling/proliferation and stress/innate immunity pathways of CD cells. Finally, we will discuss how these pathways can be triggered by gliadin peptide P31–43 in controls, mimicking the celiac cellular phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vittoria Barone
- Department of Translational Medical Science (Section of Pediatrics), University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Troncone
- Department of Translational Medical Science (Section of Pediatrics), University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Auricchio
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy.
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22
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Sarno M, Lania G, Cuomo M, Nigro F, Passannanti F, Budelli A, Fasano F, Troncone R, Auricchio S, Barone MV, Nigro R, Nanayakkara M. Lactobacillus paracaseiCBA L74 interferes with gliadin peptides entrance in Caco-2 cells. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2014; 65:953-9. [DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2014.940283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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23
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Dolcino M, Zanoni G, Bason C, Tinazzi E, Boccola E, Valletta E, Contreas G, Lunardi C, Puccetti A. A subset of anti-rotavirus antibodies directed against the viral protein VP7 predicts the onset of celiac disease and induces typical features of the disease in the intestinal epithelial cell line T84. Immunol Res 2014; 56:465-76. [PMID: 23572432 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-013-8420-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disorder of the small intestine triggered by environmental factors in genetically predisposed individuals. A strong association between type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and CD has been reported. We have previously shown that rotavirus infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of CD through a mechanism of molecular mimicry. Indeed, we identified a subset of anti-transglutaminase IgA antibodies that recognize the rotavirus viral protein VP7. In this study, we aimed at evaluating whether such antibodies may predict the onset of CD in children affected by T1DM. Moreover, to further analyze the link between rotavirus infection and pathogenesis of CD, we analyzed the effect of anti-rotavirus VP7 antibodies on T84 intestinal epithelial cells using the gene-array technique, complemented by the analysis of molecules secreted in the supernatant of stimulated cells. We found that anti-rotavirus VP7 antibodies are present in the vast majority (81%) of T1DM-CD tested sera, but are detectable also in a fraction (27%) of T1DM children without CD. Moreover, we found that anti-rotavirus VP7 antibodies are present before the CD onset, preceding the detection of anti-tTG and anti-endomysium antibodies. The gene-array analysis showed that purified anti-rotavirus VP7 antibodies modulate genes that are involved in apoptosis, inflammation, and alteration of the epithelial barrier integrity in intestinal epithelial cells, all typical features of CD. Taken together, these new data further support the involvement of rotavirus infection in the pathogenesis of CD and suggest a predictive role of anti-rotavirus VP7 antibodies.
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Kocsis D, Béres N, Veres G, Szabó D, Müller KE, Arató A, Juhász M. [Genetic and epigenetic aspects of celiac disease]. Orv Hetil 2014; 155:83-8. [PMID: 24412945 DOI: 10.1556/oh.2014.29795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Genetic background of coeliac disease has been subjects to intensive research since decades. However, only results of HLA phenotyping have been taken over to routine clinical practice. Meanwhile, data on the role of epigenetical factors in the manifestation of diseases have been emerging. In coeliac disease, there are several questions both in the fields of genetics and epigenetics yet to be answered. In this review, a cross section of current knowledge on these issues is presented with special interest regarding the future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorottya Kocsis
- Semmelweis Egyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar II. Belgyógyászati Klinika Budapest Szentkirályi u. 46. 1088
| | - Nóra Béres
- Semmelweis Egyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar I. Gyermekgyógyászati Klinika Budapest
| | - Gábor Veres
- Semmelweis Egyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar I. Gyermekgyógyászati Klinika Budapest
| | - Dolóresz Szabó
- Semmelweis Egyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar I. Gyermekgyógyászati Klinika Budapest
| | - Katalin Eszter Müller
- Semmelweis Egyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar I. Gyermekgyógyászati Klinika Budapest
| | - András Arató
- Semmelweis Egyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar I. Gyermekgyógyászati Klinika Budapest
| | - Márk Juhász
- Semmelweis Egyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar II. Belgyógyászati Klinika Budapest Szentkirályi u. 46. 1088
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Nanayakkara M, Kosova R, Lania G, Sarno M, Gaito A, Galatola M, Greco L, Cuomo M, Troncone R, Auricchio S, Auricchio R, Barone MV. A celiac cellular phenotype, with altered LPP sub-cellular distribution, is inducible in controls by the toxic gliadin peptide P31-43. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79763. [PMID: 24278174 PMCID: PMC3838353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a frequent inflammatory intestinal disease, with a genetic background, caused by gliadin-containing food. Undigested gliadin peptides P31-43 and P57-68 induce innate and adaptive T cell-mediated immune responses, respectively. Alterations in the cell shape and actin cytoskeleton are present in celiac enterocytes, and gliadin peptides induce actin rearrangements in both the CD mucosa and cell lines. Cell shape is maintained by the actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesions, sites of membrane attachment to the extracellular matrix. The locus of the human Lipoma Preferred Partner (LPP) gene was identified as strongly associated with CD using genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The LPP protein plays an important role in focal adhesion architecture and acts as a transcription factor in the nucleus. In this study, we examined the hypothesis that a constitutive alteration of the cell shape and the cytoskeleton, involving LPP, occurs in a cell compartment far from the main inflammation site in CD fibroblasts from skin explants. We analyzed the cell shape, actin organization, focal adhesion number, focal adhesion proteins, LPP sub-cellular distribution and adhesion to fibronectin of fibroblasts obtained from CD patients on a Gluten-Free Diet (GFD) and controls, without and with treatment with A-gliadin peptide P31-43. We observed a “CD cellular phenotype” in these fibroblasts, characterized by an altered cell shape and actin organization, increased number of focal adhesions, and altered intracellular LPP protein distribution. The treatment of controls fibroblasts with gliadin peptide P31-43 mimics the CD cellular phenotype regarding the cell shape, adhesion capacity, focal adhesion number and LPP sub-cellular distribution, suggesting a close association between these alterations and CD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlin Nanayakkara
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease, (ELFID) University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Kosova
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease, (ELFID) University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuliana Lania
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease, (ELFID) University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Sarno
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease, (ELFID) University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gaito
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease, (ELFID) University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Galatola
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease, (ELFID) University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Greco
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease, (ELFID) University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Marialaura Cuomo
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease, (ELFID) University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Riccardo Troncone
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease, (ELFID) University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Auricchio
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease, (ELFID) University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Renata Auricchio
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease, (ELFID) University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Barone
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease, (ELFID) University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Nanayakkara M, Lania G, Maglio M, Kosova R, Sarno M, Gaito A, Discepolo V, Troncone R, Auricchio S, Auricchio R, Barone MV. Enterocyte proliferation and signaling are constitutively altered in celiac disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76006. [PMID: 24204586 PMCID: PMC3799793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) occurs frequently, and is caused by ingestion of prolamins from cereals in subjects with a genetic predisposition. The small intestinal damage depends on an intestinal stress/innate immune response to certain gliadin peptides (e.g., A-gliadin P31-43) in association with an adaptive immune response to other gliadin peptides (e.g., A-gliadin P57-68). Gliadin and peptide P31-43 affect epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling and CD enterocyte proliferation. The reason why the stress/innate immune and proliferative responses to certain gliadin peptides are present in CD and not in control intestine is so far unknown. The aim of this work is to investigate if, in CD, a constitutive alteration of enterocyte proliferation and signaling exists that may represent a predisposing condition to the damaging effects of gliadin. Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry were used to study signaling in CD fibroblasts and intestinal biopsies. Western blot (WB) analysis, immunoprecipitation, and quantitative PCR were also used. We found in CD enterocytes enhancement of both proliferation and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)/ligand system. In CD enterocytes and fibroblasts we found increase of the phosphorylated downstream signaling molecule Extracellular Signal Regulated Kinase (ERK); block of the ERK activation normalizes enterocytes proliferation in CD mucosa. In conclusion the same pathway, which gliadin and gliadin peptide P31-43 can interfere with, is constitutively altered in CD cells. This observation potentially explains the specificity of the damaging effects of certain gliadin peptides on CD intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlin Nanayakkara
- Department of Traslational Medicine (section of Pediatrics) and ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease), University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuliana Lania
- Department of Traslational Medicine (section of Pediatrics) and ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease), University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariantonia Maglio
- Department of Traslational Medicine (section of Pediatrics) and ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease), University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Kosova
- Department of Traslational Medicine (section of Pediatrics) and ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease), University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Sarno
- Department of Traslational Medicine (section of Pediatrics) and ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease), University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gaito
- Department of Traslational Medicine (section of Pediatrics) and ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease), University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Discepolo
- Department of Traslational Medicine (section of Pediatrics) and ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease), University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Riccardo Troncone
- Department of Traslational Medicine (section of Pediatrics) and ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease), University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Auricchio
- Department of Traslational Medicine (section of Pediatrics) and ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease), University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Renata Auricchio
- Department of Traslational Medicine (section of Pediatrics) and ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease), University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Barone
- Department of Traslational Medicine (section of Pediatrics) and ELFID (European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease), University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Nanayakkara M, Lania G, Maglio M, Discepolo V, Sarno M, Gaito A, Troncone R, Auricchio S, Auricchio R, Barone MV. An undigested gliadin peptide activates innate immunity and proliferative signaling in enterocytes: the role in celiac disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 98:1123-35. [PMID: 23966426 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.112.054544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND On ingestion of gliadin, the major protein component of wheat and other cereals, the celiac intestine is characterized by the proliferation of crypt enterocytes with an inversion of the differentiation/proliferation program. Gliadins and A-gliadin peptide P31-43, in particular, act as growth factors for crypt enterocytes in patients with celiac disease (CD). The effects of gliadin on crypt enterocyte proliferation and activation of innate immunity are mediated by epidermal growth factors (EGFs) and innate immunity mediators [interleukin 15 (IL15)]. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the molecular basis of proliferation and innate immune response to gliadin peptides in enterocytes. DESIGN The CaCo-2 cell line was used to study EGF-, IL15-, and P31-43-induced proliferation. Silencing messenger RNAs and blocking EGF receptor and IL15 antibodies have been used to study proliferation in CaCo-2 cells and intestinal biopsy samples from patients with CD and control subjects. RESULTS In the CaCo-2 cell model, IL15 and EGF cooperated to induce proliferation in intestinal epithelial cells at both the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels, and the respective receptors interacted to activate each other's signaling. In addition, the effects of the P31-43 peptide on CaCo-2 cell proliferation and downstream signaling were mediated by cooperation between EGF and IL15. The increased crypt enterocyte proliferation in intestinal biopsy samples from patients with CD was reduced by EGF receptor and IL15 blocking antibodies only when used in combination. CONCLUSIONS EGF receptor/IL15R-α cooperation regulates intestinal epithelial cell proliferation induced by EGF, IL15, and the gliadin peptide P31-43. Increased proliferation of crypt enterocytes in the intestine of CD patients is mediated by EGF/IL15 cooperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlin Nanayakkara
- Department of Pediatrics and European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease, University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy, and the Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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Ferretti G, Bacchetti T, Masciangelo S, Saturni L. Celiac disease, inflammation and oxidative damage: a nutrigenetic approach. Nutrients 2012; 4:243-57. [PMID: 22606367 PMCID: PMC3347005 DOI: 10.3390/nu4040243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD), a common heritable chronic inflammatory condition of the small intestine caused by permanent intolerance to gluten/gliadin (prolamin), is characterized by a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Developments in proteomics have provided an important contribution to the understanding of the biochemical and immunological aspects of the disease and the mechanisms involved in toxicity of prolamins. It has been demonstrated that some gliadin peptides resistant to complete proteolytic digestion may directly affect intestinal cell structure and functions by modulating gene expression and oxidative stress. In recent years, the creation of the two research fields Nutrigenomics and Nutrigenetics, has enabled the elucidation of some interactions between diet, nutrients and genes. Various dietary components including long chain ω-3 fatty acids, plant flavonoids, and carotenoids have been demonstrated to modulate oxidative stress, gene expression and production of inflammatory mediators. Therefore their adoption could preserve intestinal barrier integrity, play a protective role against toxicity of gliadin peptides and have a role in nutritional therapy of celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianna Ferretti
- Department of Odontostomatologic and Specialistic Clinics Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, via Ranieri 65, 60100 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Tiziana Bacchetti
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, via Ranieri 65, 60100 Ancona, Italy; (T.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Simona Masciangelo
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, via Ranieri 65, 60100 Ancona, Italy; (T.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Letizia Saturni
- Ibero-American University Foundation—FUNIBER, via Ranieri 65, 60100 Ancona, Italy
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Capuano M, Iaffaldano L, Tinto N, Montanaro D, Capobianco V, Izzo V, Tucci F, Troncone G, Greco L, Sacchetti L. MicroRNA-449a overexpression, reduced NOTCH1 signals and scarce goblet cells characterize the small intestine of celiac patients. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29094. [PMID: 22194996 PMCID: PMC3240641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MiRNAs play a relevant role in regulating gene expression in a variety of physiological and pathological conditions including autoimmune disorders. MiRNAs are also important in the differentiation and function of the mouse intestinal epithelium. Our study was aimed to look for miRNA-based modulation of gene expression in celiac small intestine, and particularly for genes involved in cell intestinal differentiation/proliferation mechanisms. A cohort of 40 children (20 with active CD, 9 on a gluten-free diet (GFD), and 11 controls), were recruited at the Paediatrics Department (University of Naples Federico II). The expression of 365 human miRNAs was quantified by TaqMan low-density arrays. We used bioinformatics to predict putative target genes of miRNAs and to select biological pathways. The presence of NOTCH1, HES1, KLF4, MUC-2, Ki67 and beta-catenin proteins in the small intestine of CD and control children was tested by immunohistochemistry. The expression of about 20% of the miRNAs tested differed between CD and control children. We found that high miR-449a levels targeted and reduced both NOTCH1 and KLF4 in HEK-293 cells. NOTCH1, KLF4 signals and the number of goblet cells were lower in small intestine of children with active CD and in those on a GFD than in controls, whereas more nuclear beta-catenin staining, as a sign of the WNT pathway activation, and more Ki67 staining, as sign of proliferation, were present in crypts from CD patients than in controls. In conclusion we first demonstrate a miRNA mediated gene regulation in small intestine of CD patients. We also highlighted a reduced NOTCH1 pathway in our patients, irrespective of whether the disease was active or not. We suggest that NOTCH pathway could be constitutively altered in the celiac small intestine and could drive the increased proliferation and the decreased differentiation of intestinal cells towards the secretory goblet cell lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Capuano
- CEINGE (Centro di Ingegneria Genetica) Advanced Biotechnology, s. c. a r. l., Naples, Italy
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Iaffaldano
- CEINGE (Centro di Ingegneria Genetica) Advanced Biotechnology, s. c. a r. l., Naples, Italy
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Nadia Tinto
- CEINGE (Centro di Ingegneria Genetica) Advanced Biotechnology, s. c. a r. l., Naples, Italy
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Donatella Montanaro
- CEINGE (Centro di Ingegneria Genetica) Advanced Biotechnology, s. c. a r. l., Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Capobianco
- Fondazione IRCSS SDN (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico - Istituto di Ricerca Diagnostica e Nucleare), Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Izzo
- Department of Paediatrics and European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Tucci
- Department of Paediatrics and European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Troncone
- CEINGE (Centro di Ingegneria Genetica) Advanced Biotechnology, s. c. a r. l., Naples, Italy
- Department of Biomorphological and Functional Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Greco
- Department of Paediatrics and European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Sacchetti
- CEINGE (Centro di Ingegneria Genetica) Advanced Biotechnology, s. c. a r. l., Naples, Italy
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Planas R, Pujol-Autonell I, Ruiz E, Montraveta M, Cabre E, Lucas-Martin A, Pujol-Borrell R, Martinez-Caceres E, Vives-Pi M. Regenerating gene Iα is a biomarker for diagnosis and monitoring of celiac disease: a preliminary study. Transl Res 2011; 158:140-5. [PMID: 21867979 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The regenerating gene (REG) is a multigene family in humans that plays a role in tissue regeneration. The REG Iα protein is expressed in the pancreas and the gastrointestinal tract and is involved in the pathophysiology of gastritis, pancreatitis, cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, and type 1 diabetes (T1D). Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disease caused by the ingestion of gluten in genetically susceptible individuals. Our aim was to determine whether the serum REG Iα concentration reflects the destructive/regenerative process in the small bowel in CD. REG Iα was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 40 patients with active CD, and in 19 of them, REG Iα was assessed after following a gluten free diet. As controls, 35 healthy subjects were included in the study. Autoantibodies to transglutaminase, gliadin, and endomisium were measured also. We found a significant increase in REG Iα in the sera of CD patients when compared with controls. REG Iα levels decreased after a gluten-free diet together with a significant reduction in antitransglutaminase antibodies. T1D and pernicious anemia patients displayed normal serum REG Iα concentrations. This preliminary study suggests that REG Iα protein levels can be used as a biomarker for the diagnosis and monitoring of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Planas
- Laboratory of Immunobiology for Research and Diagnosis Applications (LIRAD), Blood and Tissue Bank, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Carretera Canyet s/n, Badalona, Spain
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Barone MV, Zanzi D, Maglio M, Nanayakkara M, Santagata S, Lania G, Miele E, Ribecco MTS, Maurano F, Auricchio R, Gianfrani C, Ferrini S, Troncone R, Auricchio S. Gliadin-mediated proliferation and innate immune activation in celiac disease are due to alterations in vesicular trafficking. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17039. [PMID: 21364874 PMCID: PMC3045409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Damage to intestinal mucosa in celiac disease (CD) is mediated both by inflammation due to adaptive and innate immune responses, with IL-15 as a major mediator of the innate immune response, and by proliferation of crypt enterocytes as an early alteration of CD mucosa causing crypts hyperplasia. We have previously shown that gliadin peptide P31-43 induces proliferation of cell lines and celiac enterocytes by delaying degradation of the active epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) due to delayed maturation of endocytic vesicles. IL-15 is increased in the intestine of patients affected by CD and has pleiotropic activity that ultimately results in immunoregulatory cross-talk between cells belonging to the innate and adaptive branches of the immune response. Aims of this study were to investigate the role of P31-43 in the induction of cellular proliferation and innate immune activation. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Cell proliferation was evaluated by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation both in CaCo-2 cells and in biopsies from active CD cases and controls. We used real-time PCR to evaluate IL-15 mRNA levels and FACS as well as ELISA and Western Blot (WB) analysis to measure protein levels and distribution in CaCo-2 cells. Gliadin and P31-43 induce a proliferation of both CaCo-2 cells and CD crypt enterocytes that is dependent on both EGFR and IL-15 activity. In CaCo-2 cells, P31-43 increased IL-15 levels on the cell surface by altering intracellular trafficking. The increased IL-15 protein was bound to IL15 receptor (IL-15R) alpha, did not require new protein synthesis and functioned as a growth factor. CONCLUSION In this study, we have shown that P31-43 induces both increase of the trans-presented IL-15/IL5R alpha complex on cell surfaces by altering the trafficking of the vesicular compartments as well as proliferation of crypt enterocytes with consequent remodelling of CD mucosa due to a cooperation of IL-15 and EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vittoria Barone
- Department of Pediatrics, European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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Barone MV, Nanayakkara M, Paolella G, Maglio M, Vitale V, Troiano R, Ribecco MTS, Lania G, Zanzi D, Santagata S, Auricchio R, Troncone R, Auricchio S. Gliadin peptide P31-43 localises to endocytic vesicles and interferes with their maturation. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12246. [PMID: 20805894 PMCID: PMC2923621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Celiac Disease (CD) is both a frequent disease (1:100) and an interesting model of a disease induced by food. It consists in an immunogenic reaction to wheat gluten and glutenins that has been found to arise in a specific genetic background; however, this reaction is still only partially understood. Activation of innate immunity by gliadin peptides is an important component of the early events of the disease. In particular the so-called "toxic" A-gliadin peptide P31-43 induces several pleiotropic effects including Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)-dependent actin remodelling and proliferation in cultured cell lines and in enterocytes from CD patients. These effects are mediated by delayed EGFR degradation and prolonged EGFR activation in endocytic vesicles. In the present study we investigated the effects of gliadin peptides on the trafficking and maturation of endocytic vesicles. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Both P31-43 and the control P57-68 peptide labelled with fluorochromes were found to enter CaCo-2 cells and interact with the endocytic compartment in pulse and chase, time-lapse, experiments. P31-43 was localised to vesicles carrying early endocytic markers at time points when P57-68-carrying vesicles mature into late endosomes. In time-lapse experiments the trafficking of P31-43-labelled vesicles was delayed, regardless of the cargo they were carrying. Furthermore in celiac enterocytes, from cultured duodenal biopsies, P31-43 trafficking is delayed in early endocytic vesicles. A sequence similarity search revealed that P31-43 is strikingly similar to Hrs, a key molecule regulating endocytic maturation. A-gliadin peptide P31-43 interfered with Hrs correct localisation to early endosomes as revealed by western blot and immunofluorescence microscopy. CONCLUSIONS P31-43 and P57-68 enter cells by endocytosis. Only P31-43 localises at the endocytic membranes and delays vesicle trafficking by interfering with Hrs-mediated maturation to late endosomes in cells and intestinal biopsies. Consequently, in P31-43-treated cells, Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) activation is extended. This finding may explain the role played by gliadin peptides in inducing proliferation and other effects in enterocytes from CD biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vittoria Barone
- Pediatric Department and European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Disease (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Merlin Nanayakkara
- Pediatric Department and European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Disease (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Paolella
- CEINGE–Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
- Biochemistry Department, University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariantonia Maglio
- Pediatric Department and European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Disease (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Virginia Vitale
- Pediatric Department and European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Disease (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Troiano
- Pediatric Department and European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Disease (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Silvia Ribecco
- Pediatric Department and European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Disease (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE–Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuliana Lania
- Pediatric Department and European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Disease (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Delia Zanzi
- Pediatric Department and European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Disease (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Santagata
- Pediatric Department and European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Disease (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Renata Auricchio
- Pediatric Department and European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Disease (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Riccardo Troncone
- Pediatric Department and European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Disease (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Auricchio
- Pediatric Department and European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Disease (ELFID), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Reinartz A, Ehling J, Franz S, Simon V, Bravo IG, Tessmer C, Zentgraf H, Lyer S, Schneider U, Köster J, Raupach K, Kämmerer E, Klaus C, Tischendorf JJW, Kopitz J, Alonso A, Gassler N. Small intestinal mucosa expression of putative chaperone fls485. BMC Gastroenterol 2010; 10:27. [PMID: 20205943 PMCID: PMC2838759 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-10-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Maturation of enterocytes along the small intestinal crypt-villus axis is associated with significant changes in gene expression profiles. fls485 coding a putative chaperone protein has been recently suggested as a gene involved in this process. The aim of the present study was to analyze fls485 expression in human small intestinal mucosa. Methods fls485 expression in purified normal or intestinal mucosa affected with celiac disease was investigated with a molecular approach including qRT-PCR, Western blotting, and expression strategies. Molecular data were corroborated with several in situ techniques and usage of newly synthesized mouse monoclonal antibodies. Results fls485 mRNA expression was preferentially found in enterocytes and chromaffine cells of human intestinal mucosa as well as in several cell lines including Rko, Lovo, and CaCo2 cells. Western blot analysis with our new anti-fls485 antibodies revealed at least two fls485 proteins. In a functional CaCo2 model, an increase in fls485 expression was paralleled by cellular maturation stage. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated fls485 as a cytosolic protein with a slightly increasing expression gradient along the crypt-villus axis which was impaired in celiac disease Marsh IIIa-c. Conclusions Expression and synthesis of fls485 are found in surface lining epithelia of normal human intestinal mucosa and deriving epithelial cell lines. An interdependence of enterocyte differentiation along the crypt-villus axis and fls485 chaperone activity might be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Reinartz
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Juuti-Uusitalo K, Lindfors K, Mäki M, Patrikainen M, Isola J, Kaukinen K. Inhibition of epithelial growth factor receptor signalling does not preserve epithelial barrier function after in vitro gliadin insult. Scand J Gastroenterol 2010; 44:820-5. [PMID: 19370450 DOI: 10.1080/00365520902898119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In coeliac disease, small-bowel mucosal permeability is increased in response to gluten consumption. However, the signalling routes leading to such a barrier defect remain obscure. As the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway is up-regulated in untreated coeliac disease, and since this cascade has been related to epithelial hyperpermeability, the aim of this study was to establish whether blocking the EGFR route would restore the barrier after gliadin insult in vitro. MATERIAL AND METHODS Epithelial barrier function was assessed by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) in Caco-2 epithelial monolayers treated with pepsin trypsin (PT)-digested gliadin with or without monoclonal antibodies against EGFR family members or by inhibitors of the EGFR pathway signalling molecules. Furthermore, tight-junctional integrity was determined by Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining of the tight-junctional protein occludin. RESULTS PT-gliadin significantly reduced TER and the expression of occludin protein. Blocking of the EGFR signalling pathway could not prevent gliadin-triggered damage. In fact, a function-blocking monoclonal antibody against EGFR (ErbB1) actually potentiated the harmful effects of gliadin on TER. CONCLUSIONS The epithelial barrier-disrupting properties of gliadin are independent of the EGFR signalling cascade. However, our results suggest that activation of the EGFR pathway might actually be protective against gliadin-triggered hyperpermeability. Further studies are needed to elucidate the specific gliadin-triggered signalling cascades which lead to increased epithelial permeability in coeliac disease.
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Biomarkers of human gastrointestinal tract regions. Mamm Genome 2009; 20:516-27. [PMID: 19711126 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-009-9212-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of intestinal epithelial cell performance is associated with an array of pathologies whose onset mechanisms are incompletely understood. While whole-genomics approaches have been valuable for studying the molecular basis of several intestinal diseases, a thorough analysis of gene expression along the healthy gastrointestinal tract is still lacking. The aim of this study was to map gene expression in gastrointestinal regions of healthy human adults and to implement a procedure for microarray data analysis that would allow its use as a reference when screening for pathological deviations. We analyzed the gene expression signature of antrum, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and transverse colon biopsies using a biostatistical method based on a multivariate and univariate approach to identify region-selective genes. One hundred sixty-six genes were found responsible for distinguishing the five regions considered. Nineteen had never been described in the GI tract, including a semaphorin probably implicated in pathogen invasion and six novel genes. Moreover, by crossing these genes with those retrieved from an existing data set of gene expression in the intestine of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease patients, we identified genes that might be biomarkers of Crohn's and/or ulcerative colitis in ileum and/or colon. These include CLCA4 and SLC26A2, both implicated in ion transport. This study furnishes the first map of gene expression along the healthy human gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, the approach implemented here, and validated by retrieving known gene profiles, allowed the identification of promising new leads in both healthy and disease states.
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Bracken S, Byrne G, Kelly J, Jackson J, Feighery C. Altered gene expression in highly purified enterocytes from patients with active coeliac disease. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:377. [PMID: 18691394 PMCID: PMC2533024 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Coeliac disease is a multifactorial inflammatory disorder of the intestine caused by ingestion of gluten in genetically susceptible individuals. Genes within the HLA-DQ locus are considered to contribute some 40% of the genetic influence on this disease. However, information on other disease causing genes is sparse. Since enterocytes are considered to play a central role in coeliac pathology, the aim of this study was to examine gene expression in a highly purified isolate of these cells taken from patients with active disease. Epithelial cells were isolated from duodenal biopsies taken from five coeliac patients with active disease and five non-coeliac control subjects. Contaminating T cells were removed by magnetic sorting. The gene expression profile of the cells was examined using microarray analysis. Validation of significantly altered genes was performed by real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Results Enterocyte suspensions of high purity (98–99%) were isolated from intestinal biopsies. Of the 3,800 genes investigated, 102 genes were found to have significantly altered expression between coeliac disease patients and controls (p < 0.05). Analysis of these altered genes revealed a number of biological processes that are potentially modified in active coeliac disease. These processes include events likely to contibute to coeliac pathology, such as altered cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, structure and transport. Conclusion This study provides a profile of the molecular changes that occur in the intestinal epithelium of coeliac patients with active disease. Novel candidate genes were revealed which highlight the contribution of the epithelial cell to the pathogenesis of coeliac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Bracken
- Department of Immunology, St, James's Hospital, Dublin and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin Molecular Medicine Centre, Dublin, Ireland.
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A role for anti-transglutaminase 2 autoantibodies in the pathogenesis of coeliac disease? Amino Acids 2008; 36:685-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-008-0127-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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