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Noel S, Newman-Rivera A, Lee K, Gharaie S, Patel S, Singla N, Rabb H. Kidney double positive T cells have distinct characteristics in normal and diseased kidneys. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4469. [PMID: 38396136 PMCID: PMC10891070 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54956-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple types of T cells have been described and assigned pathophysiologic functions in the kidneys. However, the existence and functions of TCR+CD4+CD8+ (double positive; DP) T cells are understudied in normal and diseased murine and human kidneys. We studied kidney DPT cells in mice at baseline and after ischemia reperfusion (IR) and cisplatin injury. Additionally, effects of viral infection and gut microbiota were studied. Human kidneys from patients with renal cell carcinoma were evaluated. Our results demonstrate that DPT cells expressing CD4 and CD8 co-receptors constitute a minor T cell population in mouse kidneys. DPT cells had significant Ki67 and PD1 expression, effector/central memory phenotype, proinflammatory cytokine (IFNγ, TNFα and IL-17) and metabolic marker (GLUT1, HKII, CPT1a and pS6) expression at baseline. IR, cisplatin and viral infection elevated DPT cell proportions, and induced distinct functional and metabolic changes. scRNA-seq analysis showed increased expression of Klf2 and Ccr7 and enrichment of TNFα and oxidative phosphorylation related genes in DPT cells. DPT cells constituted a minor population in both normal and cancer portion of human kidneys. In conclusion, DPT cells constitute a small population of mouse and human kidney T cells with distinct inflammatory and metabolic profile at baseline and following kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Noel
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Ross 970, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Andrea Newman-Rivera
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Ross 970, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Kyungho Lee
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Ross 970, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Sepideh Gharaie
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Ross 970, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Shishir Patel
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Ross 970, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Nirmish Singla
- Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hamid Rabb
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Ross 970, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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2
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Yu C, Wu M, Jiang Y, Xu X, Li J, Shen Y. Transcriptome Analysis of the Spleen Provides Insight into the Immune Regulation of GCRV Resistance in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 25:557-566. [PMID: 37355474 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-023-10225-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) is one of the most economically important fish in China, and its production is commonly lost due to GCRV infection. To understand the molecular mechanism of GCRV resistance in grass carp, we compared the spleen transcriptome of the GCRV-resistant and susceptible individuals under GCRV infection (Res-Sus) and the GCRV-resistant individuals under different conditions of injection with GCRV and PBS (Res-Ctl). A total of 87.56 GB of clean data were obtained from 12 transcriptomic libraries of spleen tissues. A total of 379 DEGs (156 upregulated genes and 223 downregulated genes) were identified in the comparison group Res-Ctl. A total of 1207 DEGs (633 upregulated genes and 574 downregulated genes) were identified in the comparison group Res-Sus. And 54 DEGs were shared including immune-related genes of stc2 (stanniocalcin 2), plxna1 (plexin A1), ifnα (interferon alpha), cxcl 11 (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 11), ngfr (nerve growth factor receptor), mx (MX dynamin-like GTPase), crim1 (cysteine-rich transmembrane BMP regulator 1), plxnb2 (plexin B2), and slit2 (slit guidance ligand 2). KEGG pathway analysis revealed significant differences in the expression of genes mainly involved in immune system and signal transduction, including antigen processing and presentation, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and Hippo signaling pathway. This study investigates the immune mechanism of the resistance to GCRV infection in grass carp and provides useful information for the development of methods to control the spread of the GCRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengchen Yu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Minglin Wu
- Fisheries Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Yuchen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jiale Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Yubang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- College of Aquaculture and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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3
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Crooks SD, Varga SM, Harty JT. Influenza-Induced CD103 + T Resident Memory Cells Exhibit Enhanced Functional Avidity over CD103 - Memory T Cells in the Mediastinal Lymph Node. Immunohorizons 2022; 6:705-715. [PMID: 36220187 PMCID: PMC9605862 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2100074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus–specific tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells (Trms) targeting conserved viral proteins provide strain-transcending heterosubtypic immunity to infection. Trms in the lung combat reinfection through rapid cytolytic function and production of inflammatory cytokines to recruit other immune cells. Influenza-specific Trms are also generated in the lung draining mediastinal lymph node (mLN) and can provide immunity to heterologous virus infection in this tissue, although their role in combating influenza infection is less well defined. Functional avidity, a measure of T cell sensitivity to Ag stimulation, correlates with control of viral infection and may be important for immune detection of recently infected cells, when low numbers of surface peptide–MHC complexes are displayed. However, the functional avidity of influenza-specific Trms has not been previously compared with that of other memory CD8 T cell subsets. In this article, a methodology is presented to compare the functional avidity of CD8 T cell subsets across murine tissues, with a focus on influenza-specific mLNs compared with splenic CD8 T cells, by stimulating both populations in the same well to account for CD8 T cell–extrinsic variables. The functional avidity of influenza-specific mLN effector CD8 T cells is slightly increased relative to splenic effector CD8 T cells. However, CD103+ mLN Trms display increased functional avidity compared with splenic memory CD8 T cells and CD103− memory CD8 T cells within the mLN. In contrast, lung-derived CD103+ Trms did not exhibit enhanced functional avidity. mLN CD103+ Trms also exhibit increased TCR expression, providing a potential mechanism for their enhanced functional avidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sequoia D. Crooks
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Steven M. Varga
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA,Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - John T. Harty
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA,Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
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4
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Rubinstein JD, Lutzko C, Leemhuis T, Zhu X, Pham G, Ray L, Thomas S, Dourson C, Wilhelm J, Lane A, Cancelas JA, Lipps D, Ferrell J, Hanley PJ, Keller MD, Bollard CM, Wang YM, Davies SM, Nelson AS, Grimley MS. Scheduled administration of virus-specific T cells for viral prophylaxis after pediatric allogeneic stem cell transplant. Blood Adv 2022; 6:2897-2907. [PMID: 35108727 PMCID: PMC9092421 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021006309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with double-stranded DNA viruses are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in pediatric patients following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Virus-specific T-cell therapies (VSTs) have been shown to be an effective treatment for infections with adenovirus, BK virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). To date, prophylactic regimens to prevent or mitigate these infections using conventional antiviral medications provide suboptimal response rates. Here we report on a clinical trial (NCT03883906) performed to assess the feasibility of rapid manufacturing and early infusion of quadrivalent VSTs generated from stem cell donors ("donor-derived VSTs") into allogeneic HSCT recipients with minimal or absent viremia. Patients were eligible to receive scheduled VSTs as early as 21 days after stem cell infusion. Twenty-three patients received scheduled VSTs. Twenty of 23 patients had no viremia at the time of infusion, while 3 patients had very low-level BK viremia. Two developed clinically significant graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), although this incidence was not outside of expected incidence early after HSCT, and both were successfully treated with systemic corticosteroids (n = 2). Five patients were deemed treatment failures. Three developed subsequent significant viremia/viral disease (n = 3). Eighteen patients did not fail treatment, 7 of whom did not develop any viremia, while 11 developed low-level, self-limited viremia that resolved without further intervention. No infusion reactions occurred. In conclusion, scheduled VSTs appear to be safe and potentially effective at limiting serious complications from viral infections after allogeneic transplantation. A randomized study comparing this scheduled approach to the use of VSTs to treat active viremia is ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D. Rubinstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
- Division of Oncology, and
| | - Carolyn Lutzko
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
- Division of Experimental Hematology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Thomas Leemhuis
- Hoxworth Blood Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Xiang Zhu
- Division of Experimental Hematology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Giang Pham
- Division of Experimental Hematology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Lorraine Ray
- Division of Experimental Hematology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Shawn Thomas
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplant and Immune Deficiency, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; and
| | - Celeste Dourson
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplant and Immune Deficiency, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; and
| | - Jamie Wilhelm
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplant and Immune Deficiency, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; and
| | - Adam Lane
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplant and Immune Deficiency, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; and
| | - Jose A. Cancelas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
- Division of Experimental Hematology, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Hoxworth Blood Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Dakota Lipps
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplant and Immune Deficiency, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; and
| | - Justin Ferrell
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplant and Immune Deficiency, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; and
| | - Patrick J. Hanley
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children’s National Health System and Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Michael D. Keller
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children’s National Health System and Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Catherine M. Bollard
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children’s National Health System and Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - YunZu M. Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplant and Immune Deficiency, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; and
| | - Stella M. Davies
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplant and Immune Deficiency, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; and
| | - Adam S. Nelson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplant and Immune Deficiency, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; and
| | - Michael S. Grimley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplant and Immune Deficiency, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; and
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5
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Preclinical Evaluation of CAR T Cell Function: In Vitro and In Vivo Models. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063154. [PMID: 35328572 PMCID: PMC8955360 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells is a rapidly emerging modality that engineers T cells to redirect tumor-specific cytotoxicity. CAR T cells have been well characterized for their efficacy against B cell malignancies, and rigorously studied in other types of tumors. Preclinical evaluation of CAR T cell function, including direct tumor killing, cytokine production, and memory responses, is crucial to the development and optimization of CAR T cell therapies. Such comprehensive examinations are usually performed in different types of models. Model establishment should focus on key challenges in the clinical setting and the capability to generate reliable data to indicate CAR T cell therapeutic potency in the clinic. Further, modeling the interaction between CAR T cells and tumor microenvironment provides additional insight for the future endeavors to enhance efficacy, especially against solid tumors. This review will summarize both in vitro and in vivo models for CAR T cell functional evaluation, including how they have evolved with the needs of CAR T cell research, the information they can provide for preclinical assessment of CAR T cell products, and recent technology advances to test CAR T cells in more clinically relevant models.
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6
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Gray LT, Raczy MM, Briquez PS, Marchell TM, Alpar AT, Wallace RP, Volpatti LR, Sasso MS, Cao S, Nguyen M, Mansurov A, Budina E, Watkins EA, Solanki A, Mitrousis N, Reda JW, Yu SS, Tremain AC, Wang R, Nicolaescu V, Furlong K, Dvorkin S, Manicassamy B, Randall G, Wilson DS, Kwissa M, Swartz MA, Hubbell JA. Generation of potent cellular and humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 antigens via conjugation to a polymeric glyco-adjuvant. Biomaterials 2021; 278:121159. [PMID: 34634664 PMCID: PMC8482845 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus has caused an unprecedented global crisis, and curtailing its spread requires an effective vaccine which elicits a diverse and robust immune response. We have previously shown that vaccines made of a polymeric glyco-adjuvant conjugated to an antigen were effective in triggering such a response in other disease models and hypothesized that the technology could be adapted to create an effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. The core of the vaccine platform is the copolymer p(Man-TLR7), composed of monomers with pendant mannose or a toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist. Thus, p(Man-TLR7) is designed to target relevant antigen-presenting cells (APCs) via mannose-binding receptors and then activate TLR7 upon endocytosis. The p(Man-TLR7) construct is amenable to conjugation to protein antigens such as the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, yielding Spike-p(Man-TLR7). Here, we demonstrate Spike-p(Man-TLR7) vaccination elicits robust antigen-specific cellular and humoral responses in mice. In adult and elderly wild-type mice, vaccination with Spike-p(Man-TLR7) generates high and long-lasting titers of anti-Spike IgGs, with neutralizing titers exceeding levels in convalescent human serum. Interestingly, adsorbing Spike-p(Man-TLR7) to the depot-forming adjuvant alum amplified the broadly neutralizing humoral responses to levels matching those in mice vaccinated with formulations based off of clinically-approved adjuvants. Additionally, we observed an increase in germinal center B cells, antigen-specific antibody secreting cells, activated T follicular helper cells, and polyfunctional Th1-cytokine producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. We conclude that Spike-p(Man-TLR7) is an attractive, next-generation subunit vaccine candidate, capable of inducing durable and robust antibody and T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura T Gray
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
| | - Michal M Raczy
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
| | - Priscilla S Briquez
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
| | - Tiffany M Marchell
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
| | - Aaron T Alpar
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
| | - Rachel P Wallace
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
| | - Lisa R Volpatti
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
| | - Maria Stella Sasso
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
| | - Shijie Cao
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
| | - Mindy Nguyen
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
| | - Aslan Mansurov
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
| | - Erica Budina
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
| | - Elyse A Watkins
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
| | - Ani Solanki
- Animal Resources Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
| | - Nikolaos Mitrousis
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
| | - Joseph W Reda
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
| | - Shann S Yu
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
| | - Andrew C Tremain
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
| | - Ruyi Wang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
| | - Vlad Nicolaescu
- Department of Microbiology, Howard T. Ricketts Laboratory, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
| | - Kevin Furlong
- Department of Microbiology, Howard T. Ricketts Laboratory, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
| | - Steve Dvorkin
- Department of Microbiology, Howard T. Ricketts Laboratory, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
| | - Balaji Manicassamy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, United States
| | - Glenn Randall
- Department of Microbiology, Howard T. Ricketts Laboratory, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
| | - D Scott Wilson
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21231, United States
| | - Marcin Kwissa
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States
| | - Melody A Swartz
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States; Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States; Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States; Ben May Department of Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States.
| | - Jeffrey A Hubbell
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States; Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States; Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, United States.
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7
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Smyth M, Khamina K, Popa A, Gudipati V, Agerer B, Lercher A, Kosack L, Endler L, Baazim H, Viczenczova C, Huppa JB, Bergthaler A. Characterization of CD8 T Cell-Mediated Mutations in the Immunodominant Epitope GP33-41 of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus. Front Immunol 2021; 12:638485. [PMID: 34194424 PMCID: PMC8236698 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.638485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) represent key immune effectors of the host response against chronic viruses, due to their cytotoxic response to virus-infected cells. In response to this selection pressure, viruses may accumulate escape mutations that evade CTL-mediated control. To study the emergence of CTL escape mutations, we employed the murine chronic infection model of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). We developed an amplicon-based next-generation sequencing pipeline to detect low frequency mutations in the viral genome and identified non-synonymous mutations in the immunodominant LCMV CTL epitope, GP33-41, in infected wildtype mice. Infected Rag2-deficient mice lacking CTLs did not contain such viral mutations. By using transgenic mice with T cell receptors specific to GP33-41, we characterized the emergence of viral mutations in this epitope under varying selection pressure. We investigated the two most abundant viral mutations by employing reverse genetically engineered viral mutants encoding the respective mutations. These experiments provided evidence that these mutations prevent activation and expansion of epitope-specific CD8 T cells. Our findings on the mutational dynamics of CTL escape mutations in a widely-studied viral infection model contributes to our understanding of how chronic viruses interact with their host and evade the immune response. This may guide the development of future treatments and vaccines against chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Smyth
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kseniya Khamina
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Popa
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Venugopal Gudipati
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benedikt Agerer
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Lercher
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lindsay Kosack
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Endler
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hatoon Baazim
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Csilla Viczenczova
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes B Huppa
- Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Bergthaler
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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8
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Sant S, Quiñones-Parra SM, Koutsakos M, Grant EJ, Loudovaris T, Mannering SI, Crowe J, van de Sandt CE, Rimmelzwaan GF, Rossjohn J, Gras S, Loh L, Nguyen THO, Kedzierska K. HLA-B*27:05 alters immunodominance hierarchy of universal influenza-specific CD8+ T cells. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008714. [PMID: 32750095 PMCID: PMC7428290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza virus infections cause 290,000–650,000 deaths annually and severe morbidity in 3–5 million people. CD8+ T-cell responses towards virus-derived peptide/human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complexes provide the broadest cross-reactive immunity against human influenza viruses. Several universally-conserved CD8+ T-cell specificities that elicit prominent responses against human influenza A viruses (IAVs) have been identified. These include HLA-A*02:01-M158-66 (A2/M158), HLA-A*03:01-NP265-273, HLA-B*08:01-NP225-233, HLA-B*18:01-NP219-226, HLA-B*27:05-NP383-391 and HLA-B*57:01-NP199-207. The immunodominance hierarchies across these universal CD8+ T-cell epitopes were however unknown. Here, we probed immunodominance status of influenza-specific universal CD8+ T-cells in HLA-I heterozygote individuals expressing two or more universal HLAs for IAV. We found that while CD8+ T-cell responses directed towards A2/M158 were generally immunodominant, A2/M158+CD8+ T-cells were markedly diminished (subdominant) in HLA-A*02:01/B*27:05-expressing donors following ex vivo and in vitro analyses. A2/M158+CD8+ T-cells in non-HLA-B*27:05 individuals were immunodominant, contained optimal public TRBV19/TRAV27 TCRαβ clonotypes and displayed highly polyfunctional and proliferative capacity, while A2/M158+CD8+ T cells in HLA-B*27:05-expressing donors were subdominant, with largely distinct TCRαβ clonotypes and consequently markedly reduced avidity, proliferative and polyfunctional efficacy. Our data illustrate altered immunodominance patterns and immunodomination within human influenza-specific CD8+ T-cells. Accordingly, our work highlights the importance of understanding immunodominance hierarchies within individual donors across a spectrum of prominent virus-specific CD8+ T-cell specificities prior to designing T cell-directed vaccines and immunotherapies, for influenza and other infectious diseases. Annual influenza infections cause significant morbidity and morbidity globally. Established T-cell immunity directed at conserved viral regions provides some protection against influenza viruses and promotes rapid recovery, leading to better clinical outcomes. Killer CD8+ T-cells recognising viral peptides in a context of HLA-I glycoproteins, provide the broadest ever reported immunity across distinct influenza strains and subtypes. We asked whether the expression of certain HLA-I alleles affects CD8+ T cells responses. Our study clearly illustrates altered immunodominance hierarchies and immunodomination within broadly-cross-reactive influenza-specific CD8+ T-cells in individuals expressing two or more universal HLA-I alleles, key for T cell-directed vaccines and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Sant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sergio M. Quiñones-Parra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marios Koutsakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma J. Grant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas Loudovaris
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart I. Mannering
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jane Crowe
- Deepdene Surgery, Deepdene, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carolien E. van de Sandt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Guus F. Rimmelzwaan
- National Influenza Center and Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Gras
- Infection and Immunity Program & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Liyen Loh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thi H. O. Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (THON); (KK)
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (THON); (KK)
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9
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Kinetically distinct processing pathways diversify the CD8 + T cell response to a single viral epitope. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:19399-19407. [PMID: 32719124 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2004372117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The source proteins from which CD8+ T cell-activating peptides are derived remain enigmatic. Glycoproteins are particularly challenging in this regard owing to several potential trafficking routes within the cell. By engineering a glycoprotein-derived epitope to contain an N-linked glycosylation site, we determined that optimal CD8+ T cell expansion and function were induced by the peptides that are rapidly produced from the exceedingly minor fraction of protein mislocalized to the cytosol. In contrast, peptides derived from the much larger fraction that undergoes translocation and quality control are produced with delayed kinetics and induce suboptimal CD8+ T cell responses. This dual system of peptide generation enhances CD8+ T cell participation in diversifying both antigenicity and the kinetics of peptide display.
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10
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Smith LK, Boukhaled GM, Condotta SA, Mazouz S, Guthmiller JJ, Vijay R, Butler NS, Bruneau J, Shoukry NH, Krawczyk CM, Richer MJ. Interleukin-10 Directly Inhibits CD8 + T Cell Function by Enhancing N-Glycan Branching to Decrease Antigen Sensitivity. Immunity 2018; 48:299-312.e5. [PMID: 29396160 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Chronic viral infections remain a global health concern. The early events that facilitate viral persistence have been linked to the activity of the immunoregulatory cytokine IL-10. However, the mechanisms by which IL-10 facilitates the establishment of chronic infection are not fully understood. Herein, we demonstrated that the antigen sensitivity of CD8+ T cells was decreased during chronic infection and that this was directly mediated by IL-10. Mechanistically, we showed that IL-10 induced the expression of Mgat5, a glycosyltransferase that enhances N-glycan branching on surface glycoproteins. Increased N-glycan branching on CD8+ T cells promoted the formation of a galectin 3-mediated membrane lattice, which restricted the interaction of key glycoproteins, ultimately increasing the antigenic threshold required for T cell activation. Our study identified a regulatory loop in which IL-10 directly restricts CD8+ T cell activation and function through modification of cell surface glycosylation allowing the establishment of chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan K Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Giselle M Boukhaled
- Department of Physiology, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stephanie A Condotta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sabrina Mazouz
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jenna J Guthmiller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Rahul Vijay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Noah S Butler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Julie Bruneau
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Naglaa H Shoukry
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Connie M Krawczyk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Physiology, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Martin J Richer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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11
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Wisskirchen K, Metzger K, Schreiber S, Asen T, Weigand L, Dargel C, Witter K, Kieback E, Sprinzl MF, Uckert W, Schiemann M, Busch DH, Krackhardt AM, Protzer U. Isolation and functional characterization of hepatitis B virus-specific T-cell receptors as new tools for experimental and clinical use. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182936. [PMID: 28792537 PMCID: PMC5549754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell therapy of chronic hepatitis B is a novel approach to restore antiviral T-cell immunity and cure the infection. We aimed at identifying T-cell receptors (TCR) with high functional avidity that have the potential to be used for adoptive T-cell therapy. To this end, we cloned HLA-A*02-restricted, hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific T cells from patients with acute or resolved HBV infection. We isolated 11 envelope- or core-specific TCRs and evaluated them in comprehensive functional analyses. T cells were genetically modified by retroviral transduction to express HBV-specific TCRs. CD8+ as well as CD4+ T cells became effector T cells recognizing even picomolar concentrations of cognate peptide. TCR-transduced T cells were polyfunctional, secreting the cytokines interferon gamma, tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-2, and effectively killed hepatoma cells replicating HBV. Notably, our collection of HBV-specific TCRs recognized peptides derived from HBV genotypes A, B, C and D presented on different HLA-A*02 subtypes common in areas with high HBV prevalence. When co-cultured with HBV-infected cells, TCR-transduced T cells rapidly reduced viral markers within two days. Our unique set of HBV-specific TCRs with different affinities represents an interesting tool for elucidating mechanisms of TCR-MHC interaction and dissecting specific anti-HBV mechanisms exerted by T cells. TCRs with high functional avidity might be suited to redirect T cells for adoptive T-cell therapy of chronic hepatitis B and HBV-induced hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Wisskirchen
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München / Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich partner site, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail: (UP); (KW)
| | - Kai Metzger
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München / Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sophia Schreiber
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München / Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Theresa Asen
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München / Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Luise Weigand
- III. Medical Department, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Dargel
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München / Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus Witter
- Laboratory for Immunogenetics and Molecular Diagnostics, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisa Kieback
- Institute of Biology, Humboldt-University Berlin, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin F. Sprinzl
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München / Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Uckert
- Institute of Biology, Humboldt-University Berlin, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Schiemann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk H. Busch
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich partner site, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Focus Groups “Viral Hepatitis” and “Clinical Cell Processing and Purification”, Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Angela M. Krackhardt
- III. Medical Department, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München / Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich partner site, Munich, Germany
- Focus Groups “Viral Hepatitis” and “Clinical Cell Processing and Purification”, Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail: (UP); (KW)
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12
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Relative Movements of Domains in Large Molecules of the Immune System. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:210675. [PMID: 26798660 PMCID: PMC4699016 DOI: 10.1155/2015/210675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular dynamics was used to simulate large molecules of the immune system (major histocompatibility complex class I, presented epitope, T-cell receptor, and a CD8 coreceptor.) To characterize the relative orientation and movements of domains local coordinate systems (based on principal component analysis) were generated and directional cosines and Euler angles were computed. As a most interesting result, we found that the presence of the coreceptor seems to influence the dynamics within the protein complex, in particular the relative movements of the two α-helices, Gα1 and Gα2.
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13
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Dutta DK, Rhodes K, Wood SC. In silico prediction of Ebola Zaire GP(1,2) immuno-dominant epitopes for the Balb/c mouse. BMC Immunol 2015; 16:59. [PMID: 26445317 PMCID: PMC4596288 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-015-0126-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ebola is a Filovirus (FV) that induces a highly communicable and deadly hemorrhagic fever. Currently, there are no approved vaccines to treat FV infections. Protection from FV infection requires cell mediated and humoral immunity. Glycoprotein GP1,2 Fc Zaire, a recombinant FV human Fc fusion protein, has been shown to confer protection against mouse adapted Zaire Ebola virus. The present studies are focused upon identifying immunodominant epitopes using in silico methods and developing tetramers as a diagnostic reagent to detect cell mediated immune responses to GP1,2 Fc. Methods The GP1,2 Ebola Zaire sequence from the 1976 outbreak was analyzed by both BIMAS and SYFPEITHI algorithms to identify potential immuno-dominant epitopes. Several peptides were synthesized and screened in flow-based MHC stability studies. Three candidate peptides, P8, P9 and P10, were identified and, following immunization in Balb/c mice, all three peptides induced IFN-γ as detected by ELISpot and intracellular staining. Results Significantly, P8, P9 and P10 generated robust cytotoxic T-cell responses (CTL) as determined by a flow cytometry-based Caspase assay. Antigen specific cells were also detected, using tetramers. Both P9 and P10 have sequence homology with highly conserved regions of several strains of FV. Conclusions In sum, three immunodominant sequences of the Ebola GP1,2 have been identified using in silico methods that may confer protection against mouse adapted Ebola Zaire. The development of tetramer reagents will provide unique insight into the potency and durability of medical countermeasure vaccines for known bioterrorism threat agents in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debargh K Dutta
- Division of Biology, Chemistry and Materials Science, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA. .,Department of Medicine, USUHS, 4301 Jones Bridge road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
| | - Kelly Rhodes
- Division of Biology, Chemistry and Materials Science, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA. .,University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
| | - Steven C Wood
- Division of Biology, Chemistry and Materials Science, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA.
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14
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Borger JG, Zamoyska R, Gakamsky DM. Proximity of TCR and its CD8 coreceptor controls sensitivity of T cells. Immunol Lett 2013; 157:16-22. [PMID: 24263053 PMCID: PMC3931270 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Spatial organisation of T cell receptor (TCR) and its coreceptor CD8 on the surface of live naïve and Ag-experienced CD8(+) T cells was resolved by fluorescence lifetime cross-correlation microscopy. We found that exposure of naïve CD8(+) T cells to antigen (Ag) causes formation of [TCR, CD8] functional ensembles on the cell surface which correlated with significantly enhanced sensitivity of these cells. In contrast, TCR and CD8 are randomly distributed on the surface of naïve cells. Our model suggests that close proximity of TCR and CD8 can increase Ag sensitivity of T cells by significant accelerating the TCR-peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) binding rate and stabilisation of this complex. We suggest that the proximity of these primary signalling molecules contributes to the mechanism of functional avidity maturation of CD8(+) T cells by switching them from a low to high sensitivity mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica G Borger
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Rose Zamoyska
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Dmitry M Gakamsky
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS Scotland, UK; Collaborative Optical Spectroscopy, Micromanipulation and Imaging Centre COSMIC, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, UK.
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15
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van Velzen M, Jing L, Osterhaus ADME, Sette A, Koelle DM, Verjans GMGM. Local CD4 and CD8 T-cell reactivity to HSV-1 antigens documents broad viral protein expression and immune competence in latently infected human trigeminal ganglia. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003547. [PMID: 23966859 PMCID: PMC3744444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection results in lifelong chronic infection of trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons, also referred to as neuronal HSV-1 latency, with periodic reactivation leading to recrudescent herpetic disease in some persons. HSV-1 proteins are expressed in a temporally coordinated fashion during lytic infection, but their expression pattern during latent infection is largely unknown. Selective retention of HSV-1 reactive T-cells in human TG suggests their role in controlling reactivation by recognizing locally expressed HSV-1 proteins. We characterized the HSV-1 proteins recognized by virus-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cells recovered from human HSV-1–infected TG. T-cell clusters, consisting of both CD4 and CD8 T-cells, surrounded neurons and expressed mRNAs and proteins consistent with in situ antigen recognition and antiviral function. HSV-1 proteome-wide scans revealed that intra-TG T-cell responses included both CD4 and CD8 T-cells directed to one to three HSV-1 proteins per person. HSV-1 protein ICP6 was targeted by CD8 T-cells in 4 of 8 HLA-discordant donors. In situ tetramer staining demonstrated HSV-1-specific CD8 T-cells juxtaposed to TG neurons. Intra-TG retention of virus-specific CD4 T-cells, validated to the HSV-1 peptide level, implies trafficking of viral proteins from neurons to HLA class II-expressing non-neuronal cells for antigen presentation. The diversity of viral proteins targeted by TG T-cells across all kinetic and functional classes of viral proteins suggests broad HSV-1 protein expression, and viral antigen processing and presentation, in latently infected human TG. Collectively, the human TG represents an immunocompetent environment for both CD4 and CD8 T-cell recognition of HSV-1 proteins expressed during latent infection. HSV-1 proteins recognized by TG-resident T-cells, particularly ICP6 and VP16, are potential HSV-1 vaccine candidates. HSV-1 is an endemic human herpesvirus worldwide that establishes a lifelong latent infection of neurons in the trigeminal ganglion (TG), allowing intermittent reactivation resulting in recurrent disease in some persons. Studies in HSV-1 models suggest a central role of TG-infiltrating virus-specific CD8 T-cells to control reactivation. In humans, however, the functional properties and fine specificity of intra-TG T-cell responses remain enigmatic. The current study used molecular, immunological and in situ analysis platforms on human cadaveric TG obtained within hours after death to characterize the local HSV-1 specific T-cell response in latently infected human TG in detail. We identified that CD4 and CD8 T-cells were juxtaposed to TG neurons and expressed host transcripts and proteins consistent with in situ antigen recognition and antiviral function. The intra-TG T-cell response, involving both CD4 and CD8 T-cells, was directed to a limited set of HSV-1 proteins per person, which was not limited to a specific kinetic or structural class of viral proteins. Collectively, the data indicate that the human TG is an immunocompetent environment for CD4 and CD8 T-cell recognition of diverse HSV-1 proteins expressed during latent infection and that the viral antigens identified herein are rational candidates for HSV-1 subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lichen Jing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - David M. Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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16
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Park HL, Kim YJ, Na HN, Park MY, Kim JY, Yun CW, Nam JH. IK induced by coxsackievirus B3 infection transiently downregulates expression of MHC class II through increasing cAMP. Viral Immunol 2013; 26:13-24. [PMID: 23409929 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2012.0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression is critical for the presentation of antigens in the immune response to viral infection. Consequently, some viruses regulate the MHC class II-mediated presentation of viral antigens as a mechanism of immune escape. In this study, we found that Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection transiently increased IK expression, which reduced the expression of MHC class II (I-A/I-E) on splenic B cells. Interestingly, CVB3-induced IK elevated cAMP, a downstream molecule of the G protein-coupled receptors, which inhibited MHC class II presentation on B cells. Transgenic mice expressing truncated IK showed lower expression of MHC class II on B cells than did wild-type mice after CVB3 infection. Taken together, these results imply that IK plays a role in downregulating MHC class II expression on B cells during CVB3 infection through the induction of cAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Lim Park
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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17
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Walker LJ, Marrinan E, Muenchhoff M, Ferguson J, Kloverpris H, Cheroutre H, Barnes E, Goulder P, Klenerman P. CD8αα Expression Marks Terminally Differentiated Human CD8+ T Cells Expanded in Chronic Viral Infection. Front Immunol 2013; 4:223. [PMID: 23964274 PMCID: PMC3734367 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The T cell co-receptor CD8αβ enhances T cell sensitivity to antigen, however studies indicate CD8αα has the converse effect and acts as a co-repressor. Using a combination of Thymic Leukemia (TL) antigen tetramer, which directly binds CD8αα, anti-CD161, and anti-Vα7.2 antibodies we have been able for the first time to clearly define CD8αα expression on human CD8 T cells subsets. In healthy controls CD8αα is most highly expressed by CD161 "bright" (CD161++) mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, with CD8αα expression highly restricted to the TCR Vα7.2+ cells of this subset. We also identified CD8αα-expressing populations within the CD161 "mid" (CD161+) and "negative" (CD161-) non-MAIT CD8 T cell subsets and show TL-tetramer binding to correlate with expression of CD8β at low levels in the context of maintained CD8α expression (CD8α+CD8β(low)). In addition, we found CD161-CD8α+CD8β(low) populations to be significantly expanded in the peripheral blood of HIV-1 and hepatitis B (mean of 47 and 40% of CD161- T cells respectively) infected individuals. Such CD8αα expressing T cells are an effector-memory population (CD45RA-, CCR7-, CD62L-) that express markers of activation and maturation (HLA-DR+, CD28-, CD27-, CD57+) and are functionally distinct, expressing greater levels of TNF-α and IFN-γ on stimulation and perforin at rest than their CD8α+CD8β(high) counterparts. Antigen-specific T cells in HLA-B(∗)4201+HIV-1 infected patients are found within both the CD161-CD8α+CD8β(high) and CD161-CD8α+CD8β(low) populations. Overall we have clearly defined CD8αα expressing human T cell subsets using the TL-tetramer, and have demonstrated CD161-CD8α+CD8β(low) populations, highly expanded in disease settings, to co-express CD8αβ and CD8αα. Co-expression of CD8αα on CD8αβ T cells may impact on their overall function in vivo and contribute to the distinctive phenotype of highly differentiated populations in HBV and HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. J. Walker
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - E. Marrinan
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M. Muenchhoff
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J. Ferguson
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - H. Kloverpris
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, K-RITH, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, UKZN, Durban, South Africa
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - H. Cheroutre
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - E. Barnes
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - P. Goulder
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
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18
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Griffiths SJ, Riddell NE, Masters J, Libri V, Henson SM, Wertheimer A, Wallace D, Sims S, Rivino L, Larbi A, Kemeny DM, Nikolich-Zugich J, Kern F, Klenerman P, Emery VC, Akbar AN. Age-associated increase of low-avidity cytomegalovirus-specific CD8+ T cells that re-express CD45RA. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:5363-72. [PMID: 23636061 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms regulating memory CD8(+) T cell function and homeostasis during aging are unclear. CD8(+) effector memory T cells that re-express CD45RA increase considerably in older humans and both aging and persistent CMV infection are independent factors in this process. We used MHC class I tetrameric complexes that were mutated in the CD8 binding domain to identify CMV-specific CD8(+) T cells with high Ag-binding avidity. In individuals who were HLA-A*0201, CD8(+) T cells that expressed CD45RA and were specific for the pp65 protein (NLVPMVATV epitope) had lower avidity than those that expressed CD45RO and demonstrated decreased cytokine secretion and cytolytic potential after specific activation. Furthermore, low avidity NLVPMVATV-specific CD8(+) T cells were significantly increased in older individuals. The stimulation of blood leukocytes with CMV lysate induced high levels of IFN-α that in turn induced IL-15 production. Moreover, the addition of IL-15 to CD45RA(-)CD45RO(+) CMV-specific CD8(+) T cells induced CD45RA expression while Ag activated cells remained CD45RO(+). This raises the possibility that non-specific cytokine-driven accumulation of CMV-specific CD8(+)CD45RA(+) T cells with lower Ag-binding avidity may exacerbate the effects of viral reactivation on skewing the T cell repertoire in CMV-infected individuals during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Griffiths
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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Pathogen-specific inflammatory milieux tune the antigen sensitivity of CD8(+) T cells by enhancing T cell receptor signaling. Immunity 2012; 38:140-52. [PMID: 23260194 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells confer host protection through T-cell-receptor (TCR)-mediated recognition of foreign antigens presented by infected cells. Thus, generation of CD8(+) T cell populations with high antigen sensitivity is critical for efficient pathogen clearance. Besides selection of high-affinity TCRs, the molecular mechanisms regulating the antigen sensitivity of CD8(+) T cells remain poorly defined. Herein, we have demonstrated that the antigen sensitivity of effector and memory CD8(+) T cells is dynamically regulated and can be tuned by pathogen-induced inflammatory milieux independently of the selection of cells with higher TCR affinity. Mechanistically, we have demonstrated that the signal-transduction capacity of key TCR proximal molecules is enhanced by inflammatory cytokines, which reduced the antigen density required to trigger antimicrobial functions. Dynamic tuning of CD8(+) T cell antigen sensitivity by inflammatory cytokines most likely optimizes immunity to specific pathogens while minimizing the risk of immunopathology at steady state.
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Peakman M. Broadening the translational immunology landscape. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 170:249-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2012.04671.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
SummaryIt is just over 5 years sinceClinical and Experimental Immunology came under the direction of a new team of Editors and made a concerted effort to refresh its approach to promoting clinical and applied immunology through its pages. There were two major objectives: to foster papers in a field which, at the time, we loosely termed ‘translational immunology’; and to create a forum for the presentation and discussion of immunology that is relevant to clinicians operating in this space. So, how are we doing with these endeavours? This brief paper aims to summarize some of the key learning points and successes and highlight areas in which translational gaps remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Peakman
- Department of Immunobiology, King's College London
- NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
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Cortès S, Villiers CL, Colpo P, Couderc R, Brakha C, Rossi F, Marche PN, Villiers MB. Biosensor for direct cell detection, quantification and analysis. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 26:4162-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Marashi SM, Raeiszadeh M, Workman S, Rahbar A, Soderberg-Naucler C, Klenerman P, Chee R, Webster AD, Milne RSB, Emery VC. Inflammation in common variable immunodeficiency is associated with a distinct CD8(+) response to cytomegalovirus. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 127:1385-93.e4. [PMID: 21536322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common variable immunodeficiency is the most common primary immunodeficiency. A subset of patients has debilitating inflammatory complications. OBJECTIVES We investigated the role of cytomegalovirus (CMV), and the T-cell response targeted at this virus, in this inflammatory disease. METHODS Phenotypic and functional assays were used to profile CMV-specific T cells in patients with common variable immunodeficiency with and without inflammatory complications. Highly sensitive immunohistochemistry was used to detect CMV antigens at sites of inflammation. RESULTS Cytomegalovirus was significantly associated with inflammatory disease, which occurred in 31 of 43 (72%) virus-exposed patients and 8 of 31 (26%) naive patients (P = .0001). CMV pp65-NLVPMVATV epitope-specific CD8(+) T-cell frequencies were significantly elevated in inflammatory patients, but these cells did not show evidence of exhaustion, with low levels of programmed death-1 and high T-cell receptor avidity. Rather, they showed features consistent with high in vivo functionality and proliferative activity including reduced levels of the anti-inflammatory marker CD73 (1.67% of NLV(+) cells were CD73(+) vs 42.01% in noninflammatory patients; P = .004) and increased Ki-67 expression (37% vs 2% in noninflammatory patients; P < .0001). In vitro, the CMV-specific T cells showed high antigen-specific proliferative potential compared with cells from noninflammatory patients. By using sensitive immunohistochemistry, we detected for the first time viral antigen at the sites of inflammation, indicative of active viral replication. CONCLUSION Our data strongly support a direct role for CMV and a hyperreactive CMV-specific immune response in the debilitating chronic inflammatory complications of common variable immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed Mahdi Marashi
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Molecular Virology, Division of Infection and Immunity, Royal Free Campus, University College London Medical School, London, United Kingdom
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Aslam A, Mason A, Zemenides S, Chan H, Nováková L, Branny P, Finn A, Chapel H, Ogg GS. Rapid effector function of circulating CD4+ T cells specific for immunodominant regions of the conserved serine/threonine kinase found in Streptococcus pneumoniae (StkP) in healthy adults. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 60:113-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2010.00724.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Arends JE, Claassen MAA, van den Berg CHSB, Nanlohy NM, van Erpecum KJ, Baak BC, Hoepelman AIM, Boonstra A, van Baarle D. T-cell responses at baseline and during therapy with peginterferon-alpha and ribavirin are not associated with outcome in chronic hepatitis C infected patients. Antiviral Res 2010; 87:353-60. [PMID: 20547185 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the association between hepatitis C virus (HCV)-specific T-cell responses both pre-treatment and during interferon-alpha based therapy and viral clearance is unresolved, a combined analysis of distinctive T-cell characteristics (proliferation and interferon-gamma production) is important to clarify this issue. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) collected in 22 chronic HCV infected patients at pre-treatment and at week 4 during pegIFN-alpha/ribavirin therapy, were stimulated with overlapping peptide pools in a [3H]-thymidine assay, an interferon-gamma-ELISA, and a sensitive 12-day T-cell expansion assay. RESULTS Compared to the [3H]-thymidine proliferation and interferon-gamma secretion assays, the 12-day T-cell expansion assay was more sensitive in detecting T-cell responses. No significant association was demonstrated between pre-treatment HCV-specific CD4+ or CD8+ T-cell responses and either a sustained virological response (SVR) or a rapid virological response (RVR). However, a skewing of individual responses towards the non-structural antigens was observed. During pegIFN-alpha/ribavirin therapy, HCV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells declined similarly in both SVR/RVR and non-SVR/non-RVR patients. CONCLUSION No correlation was found between the magnitude of pre-treatment HCV-specific T-cell responses and the outcome of pegIFN-alpha/ribavirin therapy in terms of SVR and RVR. Moreover, the magnitude of HCV-specific T-cell responses declined in all patients early during treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joop E Arends
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, Netherlands.
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