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Noori E, Hashemi N, Rezaee D, Maleki R, Shams F, Kazemi B, Bandepour M, Rahimi F. Potential therapeutic options for celiac Disease: An update on Current evidence from Gluten-Free diet to cell therapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 133:112020. [PMID: 38608449 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic autoimmune enteropathy and multifactorial disease caused by inappropriate immune responses to gluten in the small intestine. Weight loss, anemia, osteoporosis, arthritis, and hepatitis are among the extraintestinal manifestations of active CD. Currently, a strict lifelong gluten-free diet (GFD) is the only safe, effective, and available treatment. Despite the social burden, high expenses, and challenges of following a GFD, 2 to 5 percent of patients do not demonstrate clinical or pathophysiological improvement. Therefore, we need novel and alternative therapeutic approaches for patients. Innovative approaches encompass a broad spectrum of strategies, including enzymatic degradation of gluten, inhibition of intestinal permeability, modulation of the immune response, inhibition of the transglutaminase 2 (TG2) enzyme, blocking antigen presentation by HLA-DQ2/8, and induction of tolerance. Hence, this review is focused on comprehensive therapeutic strategies ranging from dietary approaches to novel methods such as antigen-based immunotherapy, cell and gene therapy, and the usage of nanoparticles for CD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Effat Noori
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nader Hashemi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Delsuz Rezaee
- School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Reza Maleki
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Forough Shams
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bahram Kazemi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojgan Bandepour
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fardin Rahimi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
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Inhibition of Transglutaminase 2 as a Therapeutic Strategy in Celiac Disease-In Vitro Studies in Intestinal Cells and Duodenal Biopsies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054795. [PMID: 36902226 PMCID: PMC10002517 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic modification of gliadin peptides by human transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a key mechanism in the pathogenesis of celiac disease (CD) and represents a potential therapeutic target. Recently, we have identified the small oxidative molecule PX-12 as an effective inhibitor of TG2 in vitro. In this study, we further investigated the effect of PX-12 and the established active-site directed inhibitor ERW1041 on TG2 activity and epithelial transport of gliadin peptides. We analyzed TG2 activity using immobilized TG2, Caco-2 cell lysates, confluent Caco-2 cell monolayers and duodenal biopsies from CD patients. TG2-mediated cross-linking of pepsin-/trypsin-digested gliadin (PTG) and 5BP (5-biotinamidopentylamine) was quantified by colorimetry, fluorometry and confocal microscopy. Cell viability was tested with a resazurin-based fluorometric assay. Epithelial transport of promofluor-conjugated gliadin peptides P31-43 and P56-88 was analyzed by fluorometry and confocal microscopy. PX-12 reduced TG2-mediated cross-linking of PTG and was significantly more effective than ERW1041 (10 µM, 15 ± 3 vs. 48 ± 8%, p < 0.001). In addition, PX-12 inhibited TG2 in cell lysates obtained from Caco-2 cells more than ERW1041 (10 µM; 12 ± 7% vs. 45 ± 19%, p < 0.05). Both substances inhibited TG2 comparably in the intestinal lamina propria of duodenal biopsies (100 µM, 25 ± 13% vs. 22 ± 11%). However, PX-12 did not inhibit TG2 in confluent Caco-2 cells, whereas ERW1041 showed a dose-dependent effect. Similarly, epithelial transport of P56-88 was inhibited by ERW1041, but not by PX-12. Cell viability was not negatively affected by either substance at concentrations up to 100 µM. PX-12 did not reduce TG2 activity or gliadin peptide transport in confluent Caco-2 cells. This could be caused by rapid inactivation or degradation of the substance in the Caco-2 cell culture. Still, our in vitro data underline the potential of the oxidative inhibition of TG2. The fact that the TG2-specific inhibitor ERW1041 reduced the epithelial uptake of P56-88 in Caco-2 cells further strengthens the therapeutic potential of TG2 inhibitors in CD.
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Paolella G, Sposito S, Romanelli AM, Caputo I. Type 2 Transglutaminase in Coeliac Disease: A Key Player in Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147513. [PMID: 35886862 PMCID: PMC9318967 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 transglutaminase (TG2) is the main autoantigen in coeliac disease (CD), a widespread inflammatory enteropathy caused by the ingestion of gluten-containing cereals in genetically predisposed individuals. As a consequence, serum antibodies to TG2 represent a very useful marker in CD diagnosis. However, TG2 is also an important player in CD pathogenesis, for its ability to deamidate some Gln residues of gluten peptides, which become more immunogenic in CD intestinal mucosa. Given the importance of TG2 enzymatic activities in CD, several studies have sought to discover specific and potent inhibitors that could be employed in new therapeutical approaches for CD, as alternatives to a lifelong gluten-free diet. In this review, we summarise all the aspects regarding TG2 involvement in CD, including its enzymatic reactions in pathogenesis, the role of anti-TG2 antibodies in disease management, and the exploration of recent strategies to reduce deamidation or to use transamidation to detoxify gluten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetana Paolella
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy; (S.S.); (A.M.R.)
- Correspondence: (G.P.); (I.C.)
| | - Silvia Sposito
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy; (S.S.); (A.M.R.)
| | | | - Ivana Caputo
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy; (S.S.); (A.M.R.)
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.P.); (I.C.)
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Anderson RP. Emergence of an adaptive immune paradigm to explain celiac disease: a perspective on new evidence and implications for future interventions and diagnosis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2021; 18:75-91. [PMID: 34767744 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2021.2006636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent patient studies have shown that gluten-free diet is less effective in treating celiac disease than previously believed, and additionally patients remain vulnerable to gluten-induced acute symptoms and systemic cytokine release. Safe and effective pharmacological adjuncts to gluten-free diet are in preclinical and clinical development. Clear understanding of the pathogenesis of celiac disease is critical for drug target identification, establishing efficacy endpoints and to develop non-invasive biomarkers suitable to monitor and potentially diagnose celiac disease. AREAS COVERED The role and clinical effects of CD4+ T cells directed against deamidated gluten in the context of an "adaptive immune paradigm" are reviewed. Alternative hypotheses of gluten toxicity are discussed and contrasted. In the context of recent patient studies, implications of the adaptive immune paradigm for future strategies to prevent, diagnose, and treat celiac disease are outlined. EXPERT OPINION Effective therapeutics for celiac disease are likely to be approved and necessitate a variety of new clinical instruments and tests to stratify patient need, monitor remission, and confirm diagnosis in uncertain cases. Sensitive assessments of CD4+ T cells specific for deamidated gluten are likely to play a central role in clinical management, and to facilitate research and pharmaceutical development.
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Kivelä L, Caminero A, Leffler DA, Pinto-Sanchez MI, Tye-Din JA, Lindfors K. Current and emerging therapies for coeliac disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 18:181-195. [PMID: 33219355 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-020-00378-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Coeliac disease is a common enteropathy that occurs in genetically susceptible individuals in response to the ingestion of gluten proteins present in wheat, rye and barley. Currently, the only available treatment for the condition is a strict, life-long gluten-free diet that, despite being safe and often effective, is associated with several challenges. Due to the high cost, particularly restrictive nature and perception of decreased quality of life associated with the diet, some patients are continuously exposed to gluten, which prevents an adequate disease control. Moreover, a subgroup of patients does not respond to the diet adequately, and healing of the small-bowel mucosa can be incomplete. Thus, there is a need for alternative treatment forms. The increasingly understood pathogenetic process of coeliac disease has enabled the identification of various targets for future therapies. Multiple investigational therapies ranging from tolerogenic to immunological approaches are in the pipeline, and several drug candidates have entered phase II/III clinical trials. This Review gives a broad overview of the different investigative treatment modalities for coeliac disease and summarizes the latest advances in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Kivelä
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Children's Hospital and Pediatric Research Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alberto Caminero
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel A Leffler
- Harvard Celiac Disease Research Program, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Maria Ines Pinto-Sanchez
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jason A Tye-Din
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, and Gastroenterology Department, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Katri Lindfors
- Celiac Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
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6
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Dunne MR, Byrne G, Chirdo FG, Feighery C. Coeliac Disease Pathogenesis: The Uncertainties of a Well-Known Immune Mediated Disorder. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1374. [PMID: 32733456 PMCID: PMC7360848 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Coeliac disease is a common small bowel enteropathy arising in genetically predisposed individuals and caused by ingestion of gluten in the diet. Great advances have been made in understanding the role of the adaptive immune system in response to gluten peptides. Despite detailed knowledge of these adaptive immune mechanisms, the complete series of pathogenic events responsible for development of the tissue lesion remains less certain. This review contributes to the field by discussing additional mechanisms which may also contribute to pathogenesis. These include the production of cytokines such as interleukin-15 by intestinal epithelial cells and local antigen presenting cells as a pivotal event in the disease process. A subset of unconventional T cells called gamma/delta T cells are also persistently expanded in the coeliac disease (CD) small intestinal epithelium and recent analysis has shown that these cells contribute to pathogenic inflammation. Other unconventional T cell subsets may play a local immunoregulatory role and require further study. It has also been suggested that, in addition to activation of pathogenic T helper cells by gluten peptides, other peptides may directly interact with the intestinal mucosa, further contributing to the disease process. We also discuss how myofibroblasts, a major source of tissue transglutaminase and metalloproteases, may play a key role in intestinal tissue remodeling. Contribution of each of these factors to pathogenesis is discussed to enhance our view of this complex disorder and to contribute to a wider understanding of chronic immune-mediated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret R. Dunne
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Greg Byrne
- School of Biological & Health Sciences, Technological University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fernando G. Chirdo
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunologicos y Fisiopatologicos - IIFP (UNLP-CONICET), National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Conleth Feighery
- Department of Immunology, Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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7
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Martucciello S, Sposito S, Esposito C, Paolella G, Caputo I. Interplay between Type 2 Transglutaminase (TG2), Gliadin Peptide 31-43 and Anti-TG2 Antibodies in Celiac Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103673. [PMID: 32456177 PMCID: PMC7279455 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a common intestinal inflammatory disease involving both a genetic background and environmental triggers. The ingestion of gluten, a proteic component of several cereals, represents the main hexogen factor implied in CD onset that involves concomitant innate and adaptive immune responses to gluten. Immunogenicity of some gluten sequences are strongly enhanced as the consequence of the deamidation of specific glutamine residues by type 2 transglutaminase (TG2), a ubiquitous enzyme whose expression is up-regulated in the intestine of CD patients. A short gluten sequence resistant to intestinal proteases, the α-gliadin peptide 31-43, seems to modulate TG2 function in the gut; on the other hand, the enzyme can affect the biological activity of this peptide. In addition, an intense auto-immune response towards TG2 is a hallmark of CD. Auto-antibodies exert a range of biological effects on several cells, effects that in part overlap with those induced by peptide 31-43. In this review, we delineate a scenario in which TG2, anti-TG2 antibodies and peptide 31-43 closely relate to each other, thus synergistically participating in CD starting and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Martucciello
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy; (S.M.); (C.E.); (G.P.)
| | - Silvia Sposito
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy;
| | - Carla Esposito
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy; (S.M.); (C.E.); (G.P.)
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy;
| | - Gaetana Paolella
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy; (S.M.); (C.E.); (G.P.)
| | - Ivana Caputo
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy; (S.M.); (C.E.); (G.P.)
- European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases (ELFID), University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-089-969592; Fax: +39-089-969603
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8
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Alhassan E, Yadav A, Kelly CP, Mukherjee R. Novel Nondietary Therapies for Celiac Disease. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 8:335-345. [PMID: 31146067 PMCID: PMC6713892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Celiac Disease (CeD) is defined as a chronic small intestinal immune-mediated enteropathy that is precipitated by exposure to dietary gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. CeD is one of the most common autoimmune disorders affecting around 1% of the population worldwide. Currently, the only acceptable treatment for CeD is strict, lifelong adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD) which can often present a challenging task. A GFD alone is not sufficient to control symptoms and prevent mucosal damage that can result from unintentional gluten exposure. Moreover, long-term complications can occur in many patients. Consequently, there is an unmet need for non-dietary therapies for the management of CeD. Such therapies could serve as an adjunct to the GFD but eventually may replace it. This review will focus on and discuss non-dietary therapies currently in clinical development for the management of CeD. METHODOLOGY: We searched clinicaltrials.gov and PubMed to extract articles about celiac disease. We used keywords including, but not limited to, "celiac disease," "non-dietary," "therapeutics," "pathophysiology," "Endopeptidases," "tight junction modulators," "vaccine," and "Nexvax2". We focused mainly on articles that conducted pathophysiologic and therapeutic research in human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rupa Mukherjee
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Rupa Mukherjee, MD, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215. fax: (617) 667-5826.
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9
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Villella VR, Venerando A, Cozza G, Esposito S, Ferrari E, Monzani R, Spinella MC, Oikonomou V, Renga G, Tosco A, Rossin F, Guido S, Silano M, Garaci E, Chao YK, Grimm C, Luciani A, Romani L, Piacentini M, Raia V, Kroemer G, Maiuri L. A pathogenic role for cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator in celiac disease. EMBO J 2018; 38:embj.2018100101. [PMID: 30498130 PMCID: PMC6331719 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018100101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal handling of dietary proteins usually prevents local inflammatory and immune responses and promotes oral tolerance. However, in ~ 1% of the world population, gluten proteins from wheat and related cereals trigger an HLA DQ2/8‐restricted TH1 immune and antibody response leading to celiac disease. Prior epithelial stress and innate immune activation are essential for breaking oral tolerance to the gluten component gliadin. How gliadin subverts host intestinal mucosal defenses remains elusive. Here, we show that the α‐gliadin‐derived LGQQQPFPPQQPY peptide (P31–43) inhibits the function of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), an anion channel pivotal for epithelial adaptation to cell‐autonomous or environmental stress. P31–43 binds to, and reduces ATPase activity of, the nucleotide‐binding domain‐1 (NBD1) of CFTR, thus impairing CFTR function. This generates epithelial stress, tissue transglutaminase and inflammasome activation, NF‐κB nuclear translocation and IL‐15 production, that all can be prevented by potentiators of CFTR channel gating. The CFTR potentiator VX‐770 attenuates gliadin‐induced inflammation and promotes a tolerogenic response in gluten‐sensitive mice and cells from celiac patients. Our results unveil a primordial role for CFTR as a central hub orchestrating gliadin activities and identify a novel therapeutic option for celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria R Villella
- European Institute for Research in Cystic Fibrosis, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Venerando
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Cozza
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Speranza Esposito
- European Institute for Research in Cystic Fibrosis, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Ferrari
- European Institute for Research in Cystic Fibrosis, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Romina Monzani
- European Institute for Research in Cystic Fibrosis, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Mara C Spinella
- European Institute for Research in Cystic Fibrosis, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Vasilis Oikonomou
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giorgia Renga
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonella Tosco
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Regional Cystic Fibrosis Center, Federico II University Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Rossin
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Guido
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, Federico II University Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Silano
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Enrico Garaci
- University San Raffaele and 21 IRCCS San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
| | - Yu-Kai Chao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Grimm
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | | | - Luigina Romani
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.,National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Raia
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Regional Cystic Fibrosis Center, Federico II University Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe11 labellisée Ligue Nationale Contrele Cancer, Paris, France .,Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U1138, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luigi Maiuri
- European Institute for Research in Cystic Fibrosis, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy .,Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
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10
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Martucciello S, Paolella G, Esposito C, Lepretti M, Caputo I. Anti-type 2 transglutaminase antibodies as modulators of type 2 transglutaminase functions: a possible pathological role in celiac disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:4107-4124. [PMID: 30136165 PMCID: PMC11105699 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2902-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Auto-antibodies to the ubiquitous enzyme type-2 transglutaminase (TG2) are a specific hallmark of celiac disease (CD), a widely diffused, multi-factorial disease, affecting genetically predisposed subjects. In CD an inflammatory response, at the intestinal level, is triggered by diet consumption of gluten-containing cereals. Intestinal mucosa displays various degrees of atrophy and hyperplasia, with consequent global intestinal dysfunction and other relevant extra-intestinal symptoms. Through deamidation of specific glutamines of gluten-derived gliadin peptides, TG2 strongly enhances gliadin immunogenicity. In addition, TG2 cross-linking activity may generate complexes between TG2 itself and gliadin peptides, and these complexes seem to cause the auto-immune response by means of an apten-carrier-like mechanism of antigen presentation. Anti-TG2 antibodies can be early detected in the intestinal mucosa of celiac patients and are also abundantly present into the serum, thus potentially reaching other organs and tissues by blood circulation. Recently, the possible pathogenetic role of auto-antibodies to TG2 in CD has been investigated. Here, we report an overview about the genesis of these antibodies, their specificity, their modulating ability toward TG2 enzymatic or non-enzymatic activities and their biological effects exerted by interacting with extracellular TG2 or with cell-surface TG2. We also discuss the auto-immune response occurring in CD against other TG members (i.e. type 3 and type 6) and analyze the occurrence of anti-TG2 antibodies in other auto-immune CD-related diseases. Data now available let us to suppose that, even if antibodies to TG2 do not represent the triggering molecules in CD, they could be important players in disease progression and manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Martucciello
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Gaetana Paolella
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Carla Esposito
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084, Fisciano (SA), Italy
- Interuniversity Centre "European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases" (ELFID), University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Marilena Lepretti
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Ivana Caputo
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084, Fisciano (SA), Italy.
- Interuniversity Centre "European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases" (ELFID), University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy.
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11
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Romero-Garmendia I, Garcia-Etxebarria K, Hernandez-Vargas H, Santin I, Jauregi-Miguel A, Plaza-Izurieta L, Cros MP, Legarda M, Irastorza I, Herceg Z, Fernandez-Jimenez N, Bilbao JR. Transcription Factor Binding Site Enrichment Analysis in Co-Expression Modules in Celiac Disease. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E245. [PMID: 29748492 PMCID: PMC5977185 DOI: 10.3390/genes9050245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to construct celiac co-expression patterns at a whole genome level and to identify transcription factors (TFs) that could drive the gliadin-related changes in coordination of gene expression observed in celiac disease (CD). Differential co-expression modules were identified in the acute and chronic responses to gliadin using expression data from a previous microarray study in duodenal biopsies. Transcription factor binding site (TFBS) and Gene Ontology (GO) annotation enrichment analyses were performed in differentially co-expressed genes (DCGs) and selection of candidate regulators was performed. Expression of candidates was measured in clinical samples and the activation of the TFs was further characterized in C2BBe1 cells upon gliadin challenge. Enrichment analyses of the DCGs identified 10 TFs and five were selected for further investigation. Expression changes related to active CD were detected in four TFs, as well as in several of their in silico predicted targets. The activation of TFs was further characterized in C2BBe1 cells upon gliadin challenge, and an increase in nuclear translocation of CAMP Responsive Element Binding Protein 1 (CREB1) and IFN regulatory factor-1 (IRF1) in response to gliadin was observed. Using transcriptome-wide co-expression analyses we are able to propose novel genes involved in CD pathogenesis that respond upon gliadin stimulation, also in non-celiac models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irati Romero-Garmendia
- University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU) and Biocruces Health Research Institute, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
| | - Koldo Garcia-Etxebarria
- University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU) and Biocruces Health Research Institute, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
| | - Hector Hernandez-Vargas
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon CEDEX 08, France.
| | - Izortze Santin
- University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU) and Biocruces Health Research Institute, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Amaia Jauregi-Miguel
- University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU) and Biocruces Health Research Institute, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
| | - Leticia Plaza-Izurieta
- University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU) and Biocruces Health Research Institute, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
| | - Marie-Pierre Cros
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon CEDEX 08, France.
| | - Maria Legarda
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Cruces University Hospital, University of the Basque Country-(UPV/EHU) and Biocruces Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain.
| | - Iñaki Irastorza
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Cruces University Hospital, University of the Basque Country-(UPV/EHU) and Biocruces Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain.
| | - Zdenko Herceg
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon CEDEX 08, France.
| | - Nora Fernandez-Jimenez
- University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU) and Biocruces Health Research Institute, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
- Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon CEDEX 08, France.
| | - Jose Ramon Bilbao
- University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU) and Biocruces Health Research Institute, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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12
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Dias R, Brás NF, Fernandes I, Pérez-Gregorio M, Mateus N, Freitas V. Molecular insights on the interaction and preventive potential of epigallocatechin-3-gallate in Celiac Disease. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 112:1029-1037. [PMID: 29447966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Celiac Disease (CD) is now recognized as a worldwide epidemic. Although a gluten free diet usually induces clinical improvements within days or weeks, adhering to this routine is still troublesome. Therefore, new solutions are needed for quality-of-life improvement of CD patients. The present work intends to bring molecular and thermodynamic insights on the ability of green tea epigalhocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) to interact and modulate the bioavailability of a major CD immunodominant peptide (32-mer). Characterization of peptide binding was assessed by means of both 1D and 2D 1H NMR experiments, ITC and Molecular Dynamics simulations. Accordingly, EGCG not only exhibits a high reactivity towards the 32-mer peptide as its binding appears to be entropy-driven and involves two sequential binding events, each with different binding strengths. Structural rearrangements were also detected during the interaction, contributing to a greater stability of the formed complexes. In vitro transepithelial transport assays using a Caco-2 cell line model were also performed and highlighted the ability of EGCG to significantly reduce the concentration of free peptide in the basolateral compartment. Overall, this study provides important evidences regarding the structural features and molecular mechanisms by which EGCG could interact and potentially modulate the function of some bioactive CD peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Dias
- QUINOA-LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Natércia F Brás
- UCBIO/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Iva Fernandes
- QUINOA-LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Pérez-Gregorio
- QUINOA-LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Mateus
- QUINOA-LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Victor Freitas
- QUINOA-LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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13
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Tye-Din JA, Galipeau HJ, Agardh D. Celiac Disease: A Review of Current Concepts in Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Novel Therapies. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:350. [PMID: 30519552 PMCID: PMC6258800 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of celiac disease and how it develops has evolved significantly over the last half century. Although traditionally viewed as a pediatric illness characterized by malabsorption, it is now better seen as an immune illness with systemic manifestations affecting all ages. Population studies reveal this global disease is common and, in many countries, increasing in prevalence. These studies underscore the importance of specific HLA susceptibility genes and gluten consumption in disease development and suggest that other genetic and environmental factors could also play a role. The emerging data on viral and bacterial microbe-host interactions and their alterations in celiac disease provides a plausible mechanism linking environmental risk and disease development. Although the inflammatory lesion of celiac disease is complex, the strong HLA association highlights a central role for pathogenic T cells responding to select gluten peptides that have now been defined for the most common genetic form of celiac disease. What remains less understood is how loss of tolerance to gluten occurs. New insights into celiac disease are now providing opportunities to intervene in its development, course, diagnosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Tye-Din
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Gastroenterology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Food & Allergy Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Heather J Galipeau
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Agardh
- The Diabetes and Celiac Disease Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Unit of Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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14
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Köhling HL, Plummer SF, Marchesi JR, Davidge KS, Ludgate M. The microbiota and autoimmunity: Their role in thyroid autoimmune diseases. Clin Immunol 2017; 183:63-74. [PMID: 28689782 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since the 1970s, the role of infectious diseases in the pathogenesis of Graves' disease (GD) has been an object of intensive research. The last decade has witnessed many studies on Yersinia enterocolitica, Helicobacter pylori and other bacterial organisms and their potential impact on GD. Retrospective, prospective and molecular binding studies have been performed with contrary outcomes. Until now it is not clear whether bacterial infections can trigger autoimmune thyroid disease. Common risk factors for GD (gender, smoking, stress, and pregnancy) reveal profound changes in the bacterial communities of the gut compared to that of healthy controls but a pathogenetic link between GD and dysbiosis has not yet been fully elucidated. Conventional bacterial culture, in vitro models, next generation and high-throughput DNA sequencing are applicable methods to assess the impact of bacteria in disease onset and development. Further studies on the involvement of bacteria in GD are needed and may contribute to the understanding of pathogenetic processes. This review will examine available evidence on the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedda L Köhling
- University Hopital Essen, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Essen, Germany; Cultech Ltd., Baglan, Port Talbot, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Julian R Marchesi
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom; Centre for Digestive and Gut Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1NY, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marian Ludgate
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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15
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Selected Probiotic Lactobacilli Have the Capacity To Hydrolyze Gluten Peptides during Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.00376-17. [PMID: 28500039 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00376-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to demonstrate the capacity of probiotic lactobacilli to hydrolyze immunogenic gluten peptides. Eighteen commercial strains of probiotic lactobacilli with highly variable peptidase activity (i.e., aminopeptidase N, iminopeptidase, prolyl endopeptidyl peptidase, tripeptidase, prolidase, prolinase, and dipeptidase), including toward Pro-rich peptides, were tested in this study. Ten probiotic strains were selected on the basis of their specific enzyme activity. When pooled, these 10 strains provided the peptidase portfolio that is required to completely degrade the immunogenic gluten peptides involved in celiac disease (CD). The selected probiotic mixture was able to completely hydrolyze well-known immunogenic epitopes, including the gliadin 33-mer peptide, the peptide spanning residues 57 to 68 of the α9-gliadin (α9-gliadin peptide 57-68), A-gliadin peptide 62-75, and γ-gliadin peptide 62-75. During digestion under simulated gastrointestinal conditions, the pool of 10 selected probiotic lactobacilli strongly hydrolyzed the wheat bread gluten (ca. 18,000 ppm) to less than 10 ppm after 360 min of treatment. As determined by multidimensional chromatography (MDLC) coupled to nanoelectrospray ionization (nano-ESI)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), no known immunogenic peptides were detected in wheat bread that was digested in the presence of the probiotics. Accordingly, the level of cytokines (interleukin 2 [IL-2], IL-10, and interferon gamma [IFN-γ]) produced by duodenal biopsy specimens from CD patients who consumed wheat bread digested by probiotics was similar to the baseline value (negative control). Probiotics that specifically hydrolyze gluten polypeptides could also be used to hydrolyze immunogenic peptides that contaminate gluten-free products. This could provide a new and safe adjunctive therapy alternative to the gluten-free diet (GFD).IMPORTANCE This study confirmed that probiotic Lactobacillus strains have different enzymatic abilities for hydrolyzing polypeptides, including the Pro-rich epitopes involved in the pathology of CD. Ten lactobacilli with complementary peptidase activities that hydrolyze gluten peptides during simulated gastrointestinal digestion were selected and tested. The results collected showed the potential of probiotic formulas as novel dietary treatments for CD patients.
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16
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Picariello G, Ferranti P, Addeo F. Use of brush border membrane vesicles to simulate the human intestinal digestion. Food Res Int 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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17
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Kurada S, Yadav A, Leffler DA. Current and novel therapeutic strategies in celiac disease. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2016; 9:1211-23. [PMID: 27322016 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2016.1200463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A gluten free diet (GFD) is the only available treatment for celiac disease (CD). However many patients fail to respond fully clinically or histologically. Several surveys highlight the psychosocial implications of adherence to a GFD. Hence, efforts are ongoing to develop therapeutic strategies beyond a GFD. AREAS COVERED We conducted a search of PubMed and clinicaltrials.gov to extract articles on CD using keywords including 'celiac disease' and 'refractory celiac disease' (RCD) and focused on articles conducting pathophysiologic and therapeutic research in/ex-vivo models and human trials. We highlight novel therapeutics that manipulate these mechanisms including tight junction regulators, glutenases, gluten sequestrants and immunotherapy using vaccines, nanoparticles that may serve as adjuncts to a GFD or more ambitiously to allow for gluten consumption. We also highlight the role of anti-inflammatories, immunosuppressants and monoclonal antibodies in RCD. Expert commentary: Therapeutics including tight junction regulators, glutenases have the potential to be approved for non-responsive CD or as gluten adjuncts. We expect results of various phase 1/2 trials using AMG 714, BL 7010, IgY antibodies to be published. In the interim, off-label use of 5 amino-salicylates, budesonide, nucleoside analogues and newer biologics developed for other inflammatory diseases will be used in RCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Kurada
- a Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA.,b Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center , Boston University School of Medicine , Boston , MA , USA.,c Celiac Research Program, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Abhijeet Yadav
- a Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA.,c Celiac Research Program, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Daniel A Leffler
- a Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA.,c Celiac Research Program, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
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18
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Rauhavirta T, Hietikko M, Salmi T, Lindfors K. Transglutaminase 2 and Transglutaminase 2 Autoantibodies in Celiac Disease: a Review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2016; 57:23-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-016-8557-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Di Niro R, Snir O, Kaukinen K, Yaari G, Lundin KEA, Gupta NT, Kleinstein SH, Cols M, Cerutti A, Mäki M, Shlomchik MJ, Sollid LM. Responsive population dynamics and wide seeding into the duodenal lamina propria of transglutaminase-2-specific plasma cells in celiac disease. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:254-64. [PMID: 26153762 PMCID: PMC4703456 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A hallmark of celiac disease is autoantibodies to transglutaminase 2 (TG2). By visualizing TG2-specific antibodies by antigen staining of affected gut tissue, we identified TG2-specific plasma cells in the lamina propria as well as antibodies in the subepithelial layer, inside the epithelium, and at the brush border. The frequency of TG2-specific plasma cells were found not to correlate with serum antibody titers, suggesting that antibody production at other sites may contribute to serum antibody levels. Upon commencement of a gluten-free diet, the frequency of TG2-specific plasma cells in the lesion dropped dramatically within 6 months, yet some cells remained. The frequency of TG2-specific plasma cells in the celiac lesion is thus dynamically regulated in response to gluten exposure. Laser microdissection of plasma cell patches, followed by antibody gene sequencing, demonstrated that clonal cells were seeded in distinct areas of the mucosa. This was confirmed by immunoglobulin heavy chain repertoire analysis of plasma cells isolated from individual biopsies of two untreated patients, both for TG2-specific and non-TG2-specific cells. Our results shed new light on the processes underlying the B-cell response in celiac disease, and the approach of staining for antigen-specific antibodies should be applicable to other antibody-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Di Niro
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA,
| | - O Snir
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - K Kaukinen
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Tampere University Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - G Yaari
- Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - K E A Lundin
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway,Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Gastroenterology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - N T Gupta
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - S H Kleinstein
- Interdepartmental Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA,Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - M Cols
- Immunology Institute, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - A Cerutti
- Immunology Institute, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - M Mäki
- Tampere Centre for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - M J Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - L M Sollid
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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20
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Bruun SW, Josefsen K, Tanassi JT, Marek A, Pedersen MHF, Sidenius U, Haupt-Jorgensen M, Antvorskov JC, Larsen J, Heegaard NH, Buschard K. Large Gliadin Peptides Detected in the Pancreas of NOD and Healthy Mice following Oral Administration. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:2424306. [PMID: 27795959 PMCID: PMC5067331 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2424306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gluten promotes type 1 diabetes in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice and likely also in humans. In NOD mice and in non-diabetes-prone mice, it induces inflammation in the pancreatic lymph nodes, suggesting that gluten can initiate inflammation locally. Further, gliadin fragments stimulate insulin secretion from beta cells directly. We hypothesized that gluten fragments may cross the intestinal barrier to be distributed to organs other than the gut. If present in pancreas, gliadin could interact directly with the immune system and the beta cells to initiate diabetes development. We orally and intravenously administered 33-mer and 19-mer gliadin peptide to NOD, BALB/c, and C57BL/6 mice and found that the peptides readily crossed the intestinal barrier in all strains. Several degradation products were found in the pancreas by mass spectroscopy. Notably, the exocrine pancreas incorporated large amounts of radioactive label shortly after administration of the peptides. The study demonstrates that, even in normal animals, large gliadin fragments can reach the pancreas. If applicable to humans, the increased gut permeability in prediabetes and type 1 diabetes patients could expose beta cells directly to gliadin fragments. Here they could initiate inflammation and induce beta cell stress and thus contribute to the development of type 1 diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Chromatography, Liquid
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Gliadin/immunology
- Gliadin/pharmacokinetics
- Inflammation
- Insulin/metabolism
- Insulin Secretion
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/immunology
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/metabolism
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Male
- Mass Spectrometry
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Pancreas/metabolism
- Pancreas, Exocrine/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacokinetics
- Permeability
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Knud Josefsen
- The Bartholin Institute, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- *Knud Josefsen:
| | - Julia T. Tanassi
- Clinical Biochemistry, Immunology & Genetics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Aleš Marek
- The Hevesy Laboratory, DTU Nutech, Technical University of Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin H. F. Pedersen
- The Hevesy Laboratory, DTU Nutech, Technical University of Denmark, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Sidenius
- Enzyme Purification and Characterization, Novozymes A/S, Bagsværd, Denmark
| | | | | | - Jesper Larsen
- The Bartholin Institute, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Niels H. Heegaard
- Clinical Biochemistry, Immunology & Genetics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
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McCarville JL, Caminero A, Verdu EF. Pharmacological approaches in celiac disease. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2015; 25:7-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Barilli A, Rotoli BM, Visigalli R, Ingoglia F, Cirlini M, Prandi B, Dall'Asta V. Gliadin-mediated production of polyamines by RAW264.7 macrophages modulates intestinal epithelial permeability in vitro. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:1779-86. [PMID: 26047680 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy sustained by dietary gluten in susceptible individuals, and characterized by a complex interplay between adaptive and innate responses against gluten peptides (PTG). In a recent contribution we have demonstrated that the treatment with PTG induces the expression and activity of arginase in both murine macrophages and human monocytes from healthy subjects, thus suggesting a role for arginine and its metabolites in gluten-triggered response of these cells. Here we further explore this field, by addressing the effects of PTG on polyamine synthesis and release in murine RAW264.7 macrophages, and how they affect epithelial permeability of Caco-2 monolayers. Results obtained show a massive production and release of putrescine by macrophages upon incubation with gluten peptides; this, in turn, causes a decrease in TEER in epithelial cells, indicating that PTG-driven secretion of polyamines by macrophages has a role in the modulation of intestinal permeability in vitro. At a molecular level, putrescine production appears referable to the activation of C/EBPβ transcription factor, which is known to be responsible for arginase induction in activated macrophages and is a crucial mediator of inflammation. Whether these pathways are stimulated also in vivo deserves to be further investigated, as well as their role in gluten-driven cellular and intestinal defects typical of CD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Barilli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Biotecnologiche e Traslazionali, SBiBiT, Università degli Studi di Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Bianca Maria Rotoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Biotecnologiche e Traslazionali, SBiBiT, Università degli Studi di Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Rossana Visigalli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Biotecnologiche e Traslazionali, SBiBiT, Università degli Studi di Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Filippo Ingoglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Biotecnologiche e Traslazionali, SBiBiT, Università degli Studi di Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Martina Cirlini
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 49/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Barbara Prandi
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 49/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Valeria Dall'Asta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Biotecnologiche e Traslazionali, SBiBiT, Università degli Studi di Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43125 Parma, Italy.
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Plugis NM, Khosla C. Therapeutic approaches for celiac disease. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2015; 29:503-21. [PMID: 26060114 PMCID: PMC4465084 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Celiac disease is a common, lifelong autoimmune disorder for which dietary control is the only accepted form of therapy. A strict gluten-free diet is burdensome to patients and can be limited in efficacy, indicating there is an unmet need for novel therapeutic approaches to supplement or supplant dietary therapy. Many molecular events required for disease pathogenesis have been recently characterized and inspire most current and emerging drug-discovery efforts. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) confirm the importance of human leukocyte antigen genes in our pathogenic model and identify a number of new risk loci in this complex disease. Here, we review the status of both emerging and potential therapeutic strategies in the context of disease pathophysiology. We conclude with a discussion of how genes identified during GWAS and follow-up studies that enhance susceptibility may offer insight into developing novel therapies.
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Abadie V, Jabri B. Immunopathology of Celiac Disease. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00080-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sulic AM, Kurppa K, Rauhavirta T, Kaukinen K, Lindfors K. Transglutaminase as a therapeutic target for celiac disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 19:335-48. [PMID: 25410283 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.985207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The only current treatment for celiac disease is a strict gluten-free diet. The ubiquitous presence of gluten in groceries, however, makes the diet burdensome and difficult to maintain, and alternative treatment options are thus needed. Here, the important role of transglutaminase 2 (TG2) in the pathogenesis of celiac disease makes it an attractive target for drug development. AREAS COVERED The present paper gives an overview of TG2 and addresses its significance in the pathogenesis of celiac disease. Moreover, the article summarizes preclinical studies performed with TG2 inhibitors and scrutinizes issues related to this therapeutic approach. EXPERT OPINION Activation of TG2 in the intestinal mucosa is central in celiac disease pathogenesis and researchers have therefore suggested TG2 inhibitors as a potential therapeutic approach. However, a prerequisite for such a drug is that it should be specific for TG2 and not affect the activity of other members of the transglutaminase family. Such compounds have already been introduced and tested in vitro, but a major obstacle to further development is the lack of a well-defined animal model for celiac disease. Nonetheless, with encouraging results in preclinical studies clinical trials with TG2 inhibitors are eagerly awaited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Marija Sulic
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital , Tampere , Finland +358 50 3186306; +358 3 3641369 ;
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Abnormal apical-to-basal transport of dietary ovalbumin by secretory IgA stimulates a mucosal Th1 response. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:315-24. [PMID: 23839063 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In celiac disease, enhanced permeability to gliadin peptides can result from their apico-basal transport by secretory immunoglobulin A1 (SIgA1) binding to the CD71 receptor ectopically expressed at the gut epithelial surface. Herein, we have established a mouse model in which there is apico-basal transport of the model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) by specific SIgA1 and have analyzed local T-cell activation. Transgenic DO11.10 mice were grafted with a hybridoma-secreting OVA-specific humanized IgA1, which could bind mouse CD71 and which were released in the intestinal lumen as SIgA. CD71 expression was induced at the gut apical surface by treating the mice with tyrphostin A8. Following gavage of the mice with OVA, OVA-specific CD4⁺ T cells isolated from the mesenteric lymph nodes displayed higher expression of the activation marker CD69 and produced more interferon gamma in mice bearing the hybridoma-secreting OVA-specific IgA1, than in ungrafted mice or in mice grafted with an irrelevant hybridoma. These results indicate that the protective role of SIgA1 might be jeopardized in human pathological conditions associated with ectopic expression of CD71 at the gut surface.
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Lindfors K, Kaukinen K. Contribution of celiac disease autoantibodies to the disease process. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 8:151-4. [DOI: 10.1586/eci.11.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Coeliac disease is a common and fairly well-characterized systemic disorder that mainly affects the small intestine, but also has extraintestinal manifestations. The environmental trigger (gluten derived from wheat, rye and barley), the genetic predisposition conferred by the HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 haplotypes and many steps in the disease pathogenesis are known. This knowledge has enabled researchers to suggest novel alternative treatments or adjunctive therapies to the gluten-free diet, which is currently the only available and effective treatment for the condition. This Review focuses on emerging and potential treatment strategies that are based on the current concept of the disease pathophysiology. The search for novel future treatment modes, including nonpharmacological and pharmacological approaches, is also outlined. The potential pitfalls associated with the various research avenues are also discussed.
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Saavedra L, Hebert E, Minahk C, Ferranti P. An overview of “omic” analytical methods applied in bioactive peptide studies. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Samasca G, Lupan I, Deleanu D, Cristea V, Makovicky P. Immunological approach of the challenges of the XXI century in celiac disease. Int Rev Immunol 2013; 33:3-8. [PMID: 23768156 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2013.797414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Samasca
- 1Department of Immunology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Gobbetti M, Rizzello CG, Di Cagno R, De Angelis M. How the sourdough may affect the functional features of leavened baked goods. Food Microbiol 2013; 37:30-40. [PMID: 24230470 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sourdough fermentation is one of the oldest food biotechnologies, which has been studied and recently rediscovered for its effect on the sensory, structural, nutritional and shelf life properties of leavened baked goods. Acidification, proteolysis and activation of a number of enzymes as well as the synthesis of microbial metabolites cause several changes during sourdough fermentation, which affect the dough and baked good matrix, and influence the nutritional/functional quality. Currently, the literature is particularly rich of results, which show how the sourdough fermentation may affect the functional features of leavened baked goods. In the form of pre-treating raw materials, fermentation through sourdough may stabilize or to increase the functional value of bran fractions and wheat germ. Sourdough fermentation may decrease the glycaemic response of baked goods, improve the properties and bioavailability of dietary fibre complex and phytochemicals, and may increase the uptake of minerals. Microbial metabolism during sourdough fermentation may also produce new nutritionally active compounds, such as peptides and amino acid derivatives (e.g., γ-amino butyric acid) with various functionalities, and potentially prebiotic exo-polysaccharides. The wheat flour digested via fungal proteases and selected sourdough lactobacilli has been demonstrated to be probably safe for celiac patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gobbetti
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food science, University of Bari, Italy.
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Iacomino G, Fierro O, D'Auria S, Picariello G, Ferranti P, Liguori C, Addeo F, Mamone G. Structural analysis and Caco-2 cell permeability of the celiac-toxic A-gliadin peptide 31-55. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:1088-1096. [PMID: 23298305 DOI: 10.1021/jf3045523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Celiac disease is a chronic enteropathy caused by the ingestion of wheat gliadin and other cereal prolamines. The synthetic peptides 31-43 (P31-43) and 31-49 (P31-49) from A-gliadin are considered to be model peptides for studying innate immunity in celiac disease. Our previous study demonstrated that P31-43 and P31-49 are encrypted within peptide 31-55 (P31-55), which is naturally released from gastropancreatic digestion and is not susceptible to hydrolysis by brush border membrane enzymes. Here, we analyzed the permeability of P31-55 through the epithelial cell layer of confluent Caco-2 cells using high-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Twenty-three percent of the P31-55 added to the apical chamber was transported to the basolateral chamber after 4 h of incubation without being degraded by hydrolysis. Treatment of Caco-2 cells with whole gliadin digests extracted from a common wheat cultivar increased the epithelial P31-55 translocation by approximately 35%. Moreover, we observed an atypical chromatographic profile consisting of a double peak. Chromatography using different column temperatures and circular dichroism highlighted the presence of more conformational structures around the amide bond of the two adjacent prolines 38 and 39. These findings confirm that P31-55 is gastrointestinally resistant and is permeable across a Caco-2 monolayer. Moreover, we hypothesize that the various conformations of P31-55 may play a role in the activation of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Iacomino
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Alimentazione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Avellino, Italy
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Lombardi E, Bergamo P, Maurano F, Bozzella G, Luongo D, Mazzarella G, Rotondi Aufiero V, Iaquinto G, Rossi M. Selective inhibition of the gliadin-specific, cell-mediated immune response by transamidation with microbial transglutaminase. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 93:479-88. [PMID: 23108099 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0412182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CD is an immune-mediated enteropathy caused by the ingestion of wheat gluten. The modification of gluten by intestinal tTGase plays a crucial role in CD pathogenesis. In this study, we observed that extensive transamidation of wheat flour with K-C2H5 by mTGase yielded spf and K-gliadins fractions. By Western blot, we found that these modifications were associated with strongly reduced immune cross-reactivity. With the use of DQ8 tg mice as a model of gluten sensitivity, we observed a dramatic reduction in IFNγ production in gliadin-specific spleen cells challenged with spf and K-gliadins in vitro (n=12; median values: 813 vs. 29 and 99; control vs. spf and K-gliadins, P=0.012 for spf, and P=0.003 for K-gliadins). For spf, we also observed an increase in the IL-10/IFNγ protein ratio (n=12; median values: 0.3 vs. 4.7; control vs. spf, P=0.005). In intestinal biopsies from CD patients challenged in vitro with gliadins (n=10), we demonstrated further that K-gliadins dramatically reduced the levels of antigen-specific IFNγ mRNA in all specimens responsive to native gliadins (four of 10; P<0.05). As cytotoxic effects have been described for gliadins, we also studied GST and caspase-3 activities using the enterocytic Caco-2 cell line. We found that neither activities were modified by flour transamidation. Our results indicate that K-C2H5 cross-linking via mTGase specifically affects gliadin immunogenicity, reversing the inducible inflammatory response in models of gluten sensitivity without affecting other aspects of the biological activity of gliadins.
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Mesin L, Sollid LM, Di Niro R. The intestinal B-cell response in celiac disease. Front Immunol 2012; 3:313. [PMID: 23060888 PMCID: PMC3463893 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of intestinal immunity is to provide protection toward pathogens while preserving the composition of the microflora and tolerance to orally fed nutrients. This is achieved via a number of tightly regulated mechanisms including production of IgA antibodies by intestinal plasma cells. Celiac disease is a common gut disorder caused by a dysfunctional immune regulation as signified, among other features, by a massive intestinal IgA autoantibody response. Here we review the current knowledge of this B-cell response and how it is induced, and we discuss key questions to be addressed in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Mesin
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Lebreton C, Ménard S, Abed J, Moura IC, Coppo R, Dugave C, Monteiro RC, Fricot A, Traore MG, Griffin M, Cellier C, Malamut G, Cerf-Bensussan N, Heyman M. Interactions among secretory immunoglobulin A, CD71, and transglutaminase-2 affect permeability of intestinal epithelial cells to gliadin peptides. Gastroenterology 2012; 143:698-707.e4. [PMID: 22750506 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The transferrin receptor (CD71) is up-regulated in duodenal biopsy samples from patients with active celiac disease and promotes retrotransport of secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA)-gliadin complexes. We studied intestinal epithelial cell lines that overexpress CD71 to determine how interactions between SIgA and CD71 promote transepithelial transport of gliadin peptides. METHODS We analyzed duodenal biopsy specimens from 8 adults and 1 child with active celiac disease. Caco-2 and HT29-19A epithelial cell lines were transfected with fluorescence-labeled small interfering RNAs against CD71. Interactions among IgA, CD71, and transglutaminase 2 (Tgase2) were analyzed by flow cytometry, immunoprecipitation, and confocal microscopy. Transcytosis of SIgA-CD71 complexes and intestinal permeability to the gliadin 3H-p31-49 peptide were analyzed in polarized monolayers of Caco-2 cells. RESULTS Using fluorescence resonance energy transfer and in situ proximity ligation assays, we observed physical interactions between SIgA and CD71 or CD71 and Tgase2 at the apical surface of enterocytes in biopsy samples and monolayers of Caco-2 cells. CD71 and Tgase2 were co-precipitated with SIgA, bound to the surface of Caco-2 cells. SIgA-CD71 complexes were internalized and localized in early endosomes and recycling compartments but not in lysosomes. In the presence of celiac IgA or SIgA against p31-49, transport of intact 3H-p31-49 increased significantly across Caco-2 monolayers; this transport was inhibited by soluble CD71 or Tgase2 inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS Upon binding to apical CD71, SIgA (with or without gliadin peptides) enters a recycling pathway and avoids lysosomal degradation; this process allows apical-basal transcytosis of bound peptides. This mechanism is facilitated by Tgase2 and might be involved in the pathogenesis of celiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Lebreton
- INSERM, UMR989, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité and Institut IMAGINE, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Ménard
- INSERM, UMR989, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité and Institut IMAGINE, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Abed
- INSERM, UMR989, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité and Institut IMAGINE, Paris, France
| | - Ivan Cruz Moura
- INSERM, UMR699, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Rosanna Coppo
- Medical Nephrology Unit, S. Giovanni Hospital, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Christophe Dugave
- Commissariat à Énergie Atomique, iBiTecS, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Renato C Monteiro
- INSERM, UMR699, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Fricot
- Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité and Institut IMAGINE, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8147, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Meriem Garfa Traore
- Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité and Institut IMAGINE, Paris, France; IFR 94, Imagery Platform, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Martin Griffin
- School of Life and Health. Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
| | - Christophe Cellier
- INSERM, UMR989, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité and Institut IMAGINE, Paris, France; APHP, Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Georgia Malamut
- INSERM, UMR989, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité and Institut IMAGINE, Paris, France; APHP, Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Nadine Cerf-Bensussan
- INSERM, UMR989, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité and Institut IMAGINE, Paris, France.
| | - Martine Heyman
- INSERM, UMR989, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité and Institut IMAGINE, Paris, France
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Are transglutaminase 2 inhibitors able to reduce gliadin-induced toxicity related to celiac disease? A proof-of-concept study. J Clin Immunol 2012; 33:134-42. [PMID: 22878839 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-012-9745-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Celiac disease is an autoimmune-mediated enteropathy characterized by adaptive and innate immune responses to dietary gluten in wheat, rye and barley in genetically susceptible individuals. Gluten-derived gliadin peptides are deamidated by transglutaminase 2 (TG2), leading to an immune response in the small-intestinal mucosa. TG2 inhibitors have therefore been suggested as putative drugs for celiac disease. In this proof-of-concept study we investigated whether two TG2 inhibitors, cell-impermeable R281 and cell-permeable R283, can prevent the toxic effects of gliadin in vitro and ex vivo. METHODS Intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells were treated with peptic-tryptic-digested gliadin (PT-gliadin) with or without TG2 inhibitors and thereafter direct toxic effects (transepithelial resistance, cytoskeletal rearrangement, junction protein expression and phoshorylation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2) were determined. In an organ culture of celiac-patient-derived small-intestinal biopsies we measured secretion of TG2-autoantibodies into the culture medium and the densities of CD25- and interleukin (IL) 15-positive cells, forkhead box P3 (FOXP3)-positive regulatory T cells (Tregs) and Ki-67-positive proliferating crypt cells. RESULTS Both TG2 inhibitors evinced protective effects against gliadin-induced detrimental effects in Caco-2 cells but the cell-impermeable R281 seemed slightly more potent. In addition, TG2 inhibitor R281 modified the gluten-induced increase in CD25- and IL15-positive cells, Tregs and crypt cell proliferation, but had no effect on antibody secretion in celiac-patient-derived biopsies. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that TG2 inhibitors are able to reduce certain gliadin-induced effects related to responses in vitro and ex vivo.
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The adaptive immune response in celiac disease. Semin Immunopathol 2012; 34:523-40. [PMID: 22535446 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-012-0314-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Compared to other human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-associated diseases such as type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis, fundamental aspects of the pathogenesis in celiac disease are relatively well understood. This is mostly because the causative antigen in celiac disease-cereal gluten proteins-is known and the culprit HLA molecules are well defined. This has facilitated the dissection of the disease-relevant CD4+ T cells interacting with the disease-associated HLA molecules. In addition, celiac disease has distinct antibody responses to gluten and the autoantigen transglutaminase 2, which give strong handles to understand all sides of the adaptive immune response leading to disease. Here we review recent developments in the understanding of the role of T cells, B cells, and antigen-presenting cells in the pathogenic immune response of this instructive disorder.
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Lindfors K, Rauhavirta T, Stenman S, Mäki M, Kaukinen K. In vitro models for gluten toxicity: relevance for celiac disease pathogenesis and development of novel treatment options. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2012; 237:119-25. [DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2011.011294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In genetically predisposed individuals, dietary gluten in wheat, rye and barley triggers celiac disease, a systemic autoimmune disorder hallmarked by an extensive small-bowel mucosal immune response. The current conception of celiac disease pathogenesis is that it involves components of both innate and adaptive immunity whose activation typically leads to small-bowel villous atrophy with crypt hyperplasia. Currently, the only effective treatment for celiac disease is a strict lifelong gluten-free diet excluding all wheat-, rye- and barley-containing food products. During the diet, the clinical symptoms improve and the small-bowel mucosal damage recovers, while re-introduction of gluten into the diet leads to re-appearance of the symptoms and deterioration of the small-bowel mucosal architecture. In view of the restricted nature of the diet, alternative treatment is warranted. Improved understanding of the molecular basis of celiac disease has enabled researchers to suggest other therapeutic approaches. Although there is no animal model reproducing all features of celiac disease, the use of in vitro approaches including a variety of cell lines and the celiac patient small-bowel mucosal biopsy organ culture has generated knowledge about pathogenesis of celiac disease. In these culture systems, gluten induces different effects that can be quantified, thus also enabling studies concerning the efficacy of candidate therapeutic compounds for celiac disease. This review describes the intestinal epithelial cell models, celiac patient T-cell lines and clones, as well as the small-bowel mucosal organ culture methods widely used in studies of celiac disease, and summarizes the major findings obtained with these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katri Lindfors
- Pediatric Research Center, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital
| | - Tiina Rauhavirta
- Pediatric Research Center, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital
| | - Satumarja Stenman
- Pediatric Research Center, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital
| | - Markku Mäki
- Pediatric Research Center, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital
| | - Katri Kaukinen
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33014 Tampere
- Department of Gastroenterology and Alimentary Tract Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, 33521 Tampere, Finland
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A single conformational transglutaminase 2 epitope contributed by three domains is critical for celiac antibody binding and effects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 109:431-6. [PMID: 22198767 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1107811108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The multifunctional, protein cross-linking transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is the main autoantigen in celiac disease, an autoimmune disorder with defined etiology. Glutamine-rich gliadin peptides from ingested cereals, after their deamidation by TG2, induce T-lymphocyte activation accompanied by autoantibody production against TG2 in 1-2% of the population. The pathogenic role and exact binding properties of these antibodies to TG2 are still unclear. Here we show that antibodies from different celiac patients target the same conformational TG2 epitope formed by spatially close amino acids of adjacent domains. Glu153 and 154 on the first alpha-helix of the core domain and Arg19 on first alpha-helix of the N-terminal domain determine the celiac epitope that is accessible both in the closed and open conformation of TG2 and dependent on the relative position of these helices. Met659 on the C-terminal domain also can cooperate in antibody binding. This composite epitope is disease-specific, recognized by antibodies derived from celiac tissues and associated with biological effects when passively transferred from celiac mothers into their newborns. These findings suggest that celiac antibodies are produced in a surface-specific way for which certain homology of the central glutamic acid residues of the TG2 epitope with deamidated gliadin peptides could be a structural basis. Monoclonal mouse antibodies with partially overlapping epitope specificity released celiac antibodies from patient tissues and antagonized their harmful effects in cell culture experiments. Such antibodies or similar specific competitors will be useful in further functional studies and in exploring whether interference with celiac antibody actions leads to therapeutic benefits.
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