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Cardoso JMS, Manadas B, Abrantes I, Robertson L, Arcos SC, Troya MT, Navas A, Fonseca L. Pine wilt disease: what do we know from proteomics? BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:98. [PMID: 38331735 PMCID: PMC10854151 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04771-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Pine wilt disease (PWD) is a devastating forest disease caused by the pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, a migratory endoparasite that infects several coniferous species. During the last 20 years, advances have been made for understanding the molecular bases of PWN-host trees interactions. Major advances emerged from transcriptomic and genomic studies, which revealed some unique features related to PWN pathogenicity and constituted fundamental data that allowed the development of postgenomic studies. Here we review the proteomic approaches that were applied to study PWD and integrated the current knowledge on the molecular basis of the PWN pathogenicity. Proteomics has been useful for understanding cellular activities and protein functions involved in PWN-host trees interactions, shedding light into the mechanisms associated with PWN pathogenicity and being promising tools to better clarify host trees PWN resistance/susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana M S Cardoso
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martins de Freitas, Coimbra, 3000-456, Portugal.
| | - Bruno Manadas
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, Polo I, Coimbra, 3004-504, Portugal
- CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga - Faculdade de Medicina, 1ºandar - POLO I, Coimbra, 3004-504, Portugal
| | - Isabel Abrantes
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martins de Freitas, Coimbra, 3000-456, Portugal
| | - Lee Robertson
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, CSIC. Instituto de Ciencias Forestales (ICIFOR), Ctra. de La Coruña Km 7.5, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Susana C Arcos
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC. Dpto Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, C/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Troya
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, CSIC. Instituto de Ciencias Forestales (ICIFOR), Ctra. de La Coruña Km 7.5, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Alfonso Navas
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC. Dpto Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, C/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - Luís Fonseca
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martins de Freitas, Coimbra, 3000-456, Portugal
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Chen C, Hu Z, Zheng X, Yuan J, Zou R, Wang Y, Peng X, Xie C. The essential role of arginine biosynthetic genes in lunate conidia formation, conidiation, mycelial growth, and virulence of nematophagous fungus, Esteya vermicola CBS115803. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:786-796. [PMID: 37781870 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) causes severe damage to pine trees. The nematophagous fungus, Esteya vermicola, exhibits considerable promise in the biological control of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus due to its infectivity. Notably, the lunate conidia produced by E. vermicola can infect Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. In the study, we aim to investigate the genes involved in the formation of the lunate conidia of E. vermicola CBS115803. RESULTS Esteya vermicola CBS115803 yielded 95% lunate conidia on the complete medium (CM) and 86% bacilloid conidia on the minimal medium (MM). Transcriptomic analysis of conidia from both media revealed a significant enrichment of differentially expressed genes in the pathway related to 'cellular amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism'. Functional assessment showed that the knockout of two arginine biosynthesis genes (EV232 and EV289) resulted in defects in conidia germination, mycelial growth, lunate conidia formation, and virulence of E. vermicola CBS115803 in Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Remarkably, the addition of arginine to the MM improved mycelial growth, conidiation and lunate conidia formation in the mutants and notably increased conidia yield and the lunate conidia ratio in the wild-type E. vermicola CBS115803. CONCLUSION This investigation confirms the essential role of two arginine biosynthesis genes in lunate conidia formation in E. vermicola CBS115803. The findings also suggest that the supplementation of arginine to the culture medium can enhance the lunate conidia yield. These insights contribute significantly to the application of E. vermicola CBS115803 in managing Bursaphelenchus xylophilus infections. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Chen
- Biology of Plant Environmental Adaptations, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plant Environmental Adaptations, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhijuan Hu
- Biology of Plant Environmental Adaptations, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plant Environmental Adaptations, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinyao Zheng
- Biology of Plant Environmental Adaptations, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plant Environmental Adaptations, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingjie Yuan
- Biology of Plant Environmental Adaptations, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plant Environmental Adaptations, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Run Zou
- Biology of Plant Environmental Adaptations, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plant Environmental Adaptations, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yilan Wang
- Biology of Plant Environmental Adaptations, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plant Environmental Adaptations, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuan Peng
- Biology of Plant Environmental Adaptations, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plant Environmental Adaptations, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chengjian Xie
- Biology of Plant Environmental Adaptations, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
- The Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plant Environmental Adaptations, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
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Čermák V, Nježić B, Nazarashvili N, Gvritishvili E, Tománková K, Orságová H, Majeská M, Foit J, Vieira P. Bursaphelenchus mucronatus (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae) associated with Monochamus galloprovincialis from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Georgia. Helminthologia 2023; 60:227-239. [PMID: 38152471 PMCID: PMC10750248 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2023-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bursaphelenchus mucronatus was detected in association with the pine sawyer beetle (Monochamus galloprovincialis) during the implementation and testing of cross traps with insect attractants as an efficient tool for detection survey for pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Georgia in 2017 and 2018, respectively. This nematode was characterized by morphological, morphometric and molecular features. This is the first report of B. mucronatus in association with a M. galloprovincialis in Bosnia and Herzegovina and in Georgia.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Čermák
- Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture, Division of Plant Pest Diagnostics, Šlechtitelů 773/23, 779 00Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Mendel University in Brno, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Zemědělská 3, 613 00Brno, Czech Republic
| | - B. Nježić
- University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Agriculture, Bulevar vojvode Petra Bojovića 1A, 78 000Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - N. Nazarashvili
- State Laboratory of Agriculture, Plant Pest Diagnostic Department, 49 Godziashvili street, 0159Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - E. Gvritishvili
- State Laboratory of Agriculture, Plant Pest Diagnostic Department, 49 Godziashvili street, 0159Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - K. Tománková
- Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture, Division of Plant Pest Diagnostics, Šlechtitelů 773/23, 779 00Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - H. Orságová
- Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture, Division of Plant Pest Diagnostics, Šlechtitelů 773/23, 779 00Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - M. Majeská
- Palacký University in Olomouc, Czech Advanced Technology Research Institute, Plant Genetics and Engineering, Šlechtitelů 27, 779 00Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - J. Foit
- Mendel University in Brno, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Zemědělská 3, 613 00Brno, Czech Republic
| | - P. Vieira
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Services, Mycology & Nematology Genetic Diversity & Biology Lab, Beltsville, MD20705, USA
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Yang Z, Zhang H, Jiang Z, Zhang X, Wei S, Wu Y, Gan X, Wang Y, Xie X. Two strains Neocosmosporastercicola (Sordariomycetes, Nectriaceae) with high nematicidal activity, isolated from the cysts of Globodera sp. (Heteroderidae) in China. Biodivers Data J 2023; 11:e100684. [PMID: 38327293 PMCID: PMC10848335 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.11.e100684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are significant pests that result in considerable economic losses in global crop production. Due to the high toxicity of chemical nematicides, there is a need to develop new strategies for nematode control. In this context, nematophagous fungi may offer a viable option for biological control. Two fungal strains (GUCC2212 and GUCC2232) were isolated from cysts of Globodera sp., identified as Neocosmosporastercicola. The fungal filtrates of the strains were evaluated for their nematicidal activity against three species of PPNs: Aphelenchoidesbesseyi, Bursaphelenchusxylophilus and Ditylenchusdestructor. The fermentation filtrates of two strains exhibited substantial toxicity towards the evaluated nematodes, with mortality rates reaching up to 100% within 72 h. Concurrently, N.stercicola also demonstrated predatory and parasitic behavior. The eggs of Globodera sp. were parasitized by the two strains. N.stercicola represents a newly recorded species in China and a novel nematophagous species. In conclusion, the two strains of N.stercicola show promise as biocontrol agents for PPNs management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaifu Yang
- Institute of Vegetable Industry Technology Research, Guizhou University, Guiyang, ChinaInstitute of Vegetable Industry Technology Research, Guizhou UniversityGuiyangChina
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, ChinaDepartment of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, ChinaDepartment of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Zhaochun Jiang
- Guizhou Station of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Guiyang, ChinaGuizhou Station of Plant Protection and QuarantineGuiyangChina
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, ChinaDepartment of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Shan Wei
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, ChinaDepartment of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, ChinaDepartment of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Xiuhai Gan
- Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, ChinaCenter for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, ChinaDepartment of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Xin Xie
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, ChinaDepartment of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou UniversityGuiyangChina
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Gao R, Liu L, Zhao L, Cui S. Potentially Suitable Geographical Area for Monochamus alternatus under Current and Future Climatic Scenarios Based on Optimized MaxEnt Model. INSECTS 2023; 14:insects14020182. [PMID: 36835751 PMCID: PMC9962367 DOI: 10.3390/insects14020182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
M. alternatus is considered to be an important and effective insect vector for the spread of the important international forest quarantine pest, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. The precise determination of potential suitable areas of M. alternatus is essential to monitor, prevent, and control M. alternatus worldwide. According to the distribution points and climatic variables, the optimized MaxEnt model and ArcGIS were used to predict the current and future potentially suitable areas of M. alternatus worldwide. The optimized MaxEnt model parameters were set as feature combination (FC) = LQHP and β = 1.5, which were determined by the values of AUCdiff, OR10, and ΔAICc. Bio2, Bio6, Bio10, Bio12, and Bio14 were the dominant bioclimatic variables affecting the distribution of M. alternatus. Under the current climate conditions, the potentially suitable habitats of M. alternatus were distributed across all continents except Antarctica, accounting for 4.17% of the Earth's total land area. Under future climate scenarios, the potentially suitable habitats of M. alternatus increased significantly, spreading to a global scale. The results of this study could provide a theoretical basis for the risk analysis of the global distribution and dispersal of M. alternatus as well as the precise monitoring and prevention of this beetle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihe Gao
- Department of Forest Conservation, College of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
- Shanxi Dangerous Forest Pest Inspection and Identification Center, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Forest Conservation, College of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
- Shanxi Dangerous Forest Pest Inspection and Identification Center, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- Department of Forest Conservation, College of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
- Shanxi Dangerous Forest Pest Inspection and Identification Center, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Shaopeng Cui
- Department of Forest Conservation, College of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
- Shanxi Dangerous Forest Pest Inspection and Identification Center, Jinzhong 030801, China
- Correspondence:
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Montecillo JAV, Bae H. In silico analysis of koranimine, a cyclic imine compound from Peribacillus frigoritolerans reveals potential nematicidal activity. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18883. [PMID: 36344604 PMCID: PMC9640594 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20461-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pine wilt disease (PWD) is a destructive vector-borne forest disease caused by the nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. To date, several options are available for the management of pine wilt disease; however constant development and search for natural products with potential nematicidal activity are imperative to diversify management options and to cope with the possible future emergence of resistance in parasitic nematodes. Here, a combined metabolomics and genomics approach was employed to investigate the chemical repertoire and biosynthetic potential of the bacterial endophyte Peribacillus frigoritolerans BE93, previously characterized to exhibit nematicidal activity against B. xylophilus. Feature-based molecular networking revealed the presence of diverse secondary metabolites. A cyclic imine heptapeptide, koranimine, was found to be among the most abundant secondary metabolites produced. Genome mining displayed the presence of several putative biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), including a dedicated non-ribosomal peptide synthase (NRPS) BGC for koranimine. Given the non-ribosomal peptide nature of koranimine, in silico molecular docking analysis was conducted to investigate its potential nematicidal activity against the target receptor ivermectin-sensitive invertebrate α glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl). Results revealed the binding of koranimine at the allosteric site of the channel-the ivermectin binding site. Moreover, the ligand-receptor interactions observed were mostly shared between koranimine and ivermectin when bound to the α GluCl receptor thus, suggesting a possibly shared mechanism of potential nematicidal activity. This study highlights the efficiency of combined metabolomics and genomics approach in the identification of candidate compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Adolf V. Montecillo
- grid.413028.c0000 0001 0674 4447Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541 Republic of Korea
| | - Hanhong Bae
- grid.413028.c0000 0001 0674 4447Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541 Republic of Korea
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Phenolic Compounds Regulating the Susceptibility of Adult Pine Species to Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13040500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Pine wilt disease (PWD), caused by the pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is one of the most destructive diseases in trees of the genus Pinus and is responsible for significant environmental and economic losses in North America, Eastern Asia, and Western Europe. However, pine species are not equally affected, with some being tolerant/resistant while others are susceptible to nematode infection for reasons still unclear. The present study aims to investigate differential chemical responses of susceptible and tolerant/resistant pine species shortly after nematode infection by characterizing the phenolic profiles of adult Pinus sylvestris, Pinus pinaster, Pinus pinea, and Pinus halepensis. HPLC and LC-MS were used to identify and quantify the pine´s phenolic compounds: gallic acid, ferulic acid, taxifolin, rutin, resveratrol, (+)-secoisolariciresinol, (−)-epicatechin, protocatechuic acid hexoside, gallic acid hexoside, ferulic acid glucoside, quercetin hexoside, and two unidentified compounds (#A and #B). Prior to infection, we could not differentiate between nematode-tolerant/resistant and susceptible adult pine species based on their constitutive phenolic compounds. In the presence of the PWN, the phenolic profile allowed for a noticeable separation of the PWN-tolerant/resistant P. halepensis from the susceptible P. sylvestris, contrasting with a more homogenous response from P. pinea and P. pinaster. Observations on P. halepensis suggest that taxifolin, resveratrol, and rutin may have an active role in protecting against B. xylophilus, possibly in conjugation with other biochemical and anatomical characters. We emphasize the importance of studying pine tolerant/resistance on adult trees, and not on excised branches, saplings, or seedlings to accurately simulate the nematode–pine host interactions occurring under natural conditions.
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The Effect of Trap Color on Catches of Monochamus galloprovincialis and Three Most Numerous Non-Target Insect Species. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13030220. [PMID: 35323518 PMCID: PMC8956112 DOI: 10.3390/insects13030220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The pine sawyer, Monochamus galloprovincialis, is a longhorned beetle widespread in Europe. It develops in severely weakened, dying, or recently dead pine trees. The importance of M. galloprovincialis has increased since it was shown to be a vector of the alien and invasive pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which can kill pines within a year. Pheromone traps are the most useful tools for monitoring M. galloprovincialis. While black traps are most commonly used, the objective of our studies was to test the attractiveness of different colors to immature and mature M. galloprovincialis and three non-target species. The results could be useful in selecting an optimal color that is attractive to M. galloprovincialis, but minimizes bycatch of non-target insects. A total of twenty colors were tested, including nine colors tested in the field, using cross-vane traps. The unpainted white traps were found to be most attractive to M. galloprovincialis and can be used to increase catches of this insect. However, the predatory beetles Thanasimus spp. responded to the trap color in the same way as M. galloprovincialis; therefore, either trap design or lure composition should be modified to reduce the impact on these beneficial insects. Abstract Black pheromone-baited traps are commonly used for monitoring Monochamus galloprovincialis, a vector of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, although few studies have been conducted on its response to color (black, white, and clear). The objective of our studies was to evaluate the attractiveness of different colors to M. galloprovincialis and non-target species: Spondylis buprestoides and predatory Thanasimus formicarius and T. femoralis. Laboratory tests of fifteen colors against immature and mature M. galloprovincialis revealed some differences in their color preference. In two field tests, eight colors of coroplast vanes in cross-vane traps were compared with unpainted white (a reference (RF)). The first test confirmed the laboratory results, i.e., RF was slightly more attractive to M. galloprovincialis than pastel yellow, reseda green, and cyan blue, but trap color had no significant effect on any of the insect species studied. In the second test, the attractiveness of RF was highest and significantly different from pure white (for all four species), light blue, and pine green (except S. buprestoides). Overall, the unpainted white traps appeared to be most effective in catching M. galloprovincialis. Thanasimus spp. responded to the colors similarly to M. galloprovincialis; therefore, either trap design or lure composition should be modified to reduce their catches.
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Nematodes in the Pine Forests of Northern and Central Greece. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13020194. [PMID: 35206767 PMCID: PMC8879052 DOI: 10.3390/insects13020194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is the agent of pine wilt disease and one of the most important forest tree pathogens worldwide, transmitted through beetles of the Monochamus genus. As an invasive species, it has spread beyond its natural range by human activity mainly wood trade. The devastating impact it has on pine forests has led to severe environmental and economic damages in its introduced countries. The wide distribution of Monochamus spp. beetles in many parts of the world along with favourable climatic conditions, which are both important factors for the establishment of pine wilt disease, have raised awareness over its continuous expansion. Therefore, in an attempt to control and even inhibit its further spread and consequently its severely adverse impacts, appropriate measures have already been taken and implemented from countries across the globe. Abstract In the context of plants or plant products protection by harmful organisms, measures have been taken by EU countries in order to prevent their introduction and establishment into the EU, and also limit their expansion in case they do enter. Such a case is Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Parasitaphelenchidae, Nematoda), already recorded in Portugal and Spain. So, Member States should take all the appropriate steps in order to monitor and confine if necessary susceptible plants and/or plant products. Such measures include annual surveys even in countries where pine wilt disease does not occur yet. Therefore, national survey programs are widely established, sampling and examining samples from pine trees showing suspicious symptoms that could potentially be attributed to B. xylophilus. In this direction, such a network has also been established in Greece collecting and examining wood samples nationwide. In total, 123 wood samples were collected from conifer trees of Northern and Central Greece. Though B. xylophilus was absent from all samples examined, four other Bursaphelenchus species were identified. In addition, other nematode taxa were also recorded, including several phytophagous, microbivorous as well as predatory nematode species. This highlights the fact that besides preventing the introduction of B. xylophilus in Greece, national survey programs can significantly contribute to and enhance our knowledge of the indigenous nematode species.
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Pires D, Vicente CSL, Inácio ML, Mota M. The Potential of Esteya spp. for the Biocontrol of the Pinewood Nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10010168. [PMID: 35056617 PMCID: PMC8781088 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is the causal agent of pine wilt disease (PWD) and a quarantine organism in many countries. Managing PWD involves strict regulations and heavy contingency plans, and present climate change scenarios predict a spread of the disease. The urgent need for sustainable management strategies has led to an increasing interest in promising biocontrol agents capable of suppressing the PWN, like endoparasitic nematophagous fungi of the Esteya genus. Here, we review different aspects of the biology and ecology of these nematophagous fungi and provide future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pires
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV, I.P.), 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal;
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), University of Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Apartado 94, 7006-554 Evora, Portugal;
| | - Cláudia S. L. Vicente
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), University of Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Apartado 94, 7006-554 Evora, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (C.S.L.V.); (M.L.I.)
| | - Maria L. Inácio
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV, I.P.), 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal;
- GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- Correspondence: (C.S.L.V.); (M.L.I.)
| | - Manuel Mota
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), University of Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Apartado 94, 7006-554 Evora, Portugal;
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Zhang X, Zhang H, Jiang Z, Bai Q, Wu S, Wang Y, Li C, Zeng X, Gan X, Xie X, Li Z, Yang Z. A new strain of Volutella citrinella with nematode predation and nematicidal activity, isolated from the cysts of potato cyst nematodes in China. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:323. [PMID: 34809566 PMCID: PMC8607719 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02385-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are responsible for causing many plant diseases and are extremely difficult to control at present. Currently, due to the negative effects of chemical agents on the environment and human health, the development of new biological pesticides has become an important part of plant nematode control. Nematophagous fungi refers to a class of fungi that kill plant nematodes. Notably, a large number of nematophagous fungi resources remain to be studied. The objective of our study was to use in vitro screening to identify nematophagous fungi and select strains that were highly active against nematodes, providing a primary research for the development and utilization of new nematophagous fungi. RESULTS A new nematophagous fungal strain (GUCC2219) was isolated from cysts of possibly Globodera spp. and Heterodera spp., identified as Volutella citrinella. The hyphae of V. citrinella produced ring structures of variable size and exhibited predatory and nematicidal activity. The hyphal predation rates (in vitro) against three species of nematodes, Aphelenchoides besseyi, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, and Ditylenchus destructor, averaged 59.45, 33.35, and 50.95%, respectively, while the fermentation broth produced by the fungus exhibited mortality rates of 100, 100, and 55.63%, respectively, after 72 h. CONCLUSION V. citrinella is a new strain with nematophagous properties, which are a novel discovery. At the same time, this is the first report of nematicidal and nematode predation activity in the genus Volutella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhaochun Jiang
- Guizhou Station of Plant Protection and Quarantine, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Qing Bai
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Shishi Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiangyu Zeng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiuhai Gan
- Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xin Xie
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhong Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Zaifu Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
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Vicente CSL, Soares M, Faria JMS, Ramos AP, Inácio ML. Insights into the Role of Fungi in Pine Wilt Disease. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7090780. [PMID: 34575818 PMCID: PMC8469835 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pine wilt disease (PWD) is a complex disease that severely affects the biodiversity and economy of Eurasian coniferous forests. Three factors are described as the main elements of the disease: the pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the insect-vector Monochamus spp., and the host tree, mainly Pinus spp. Nonetheless, other microbial interactors have also been considered. The study of mycoflora in PWD dates back the late seventies. Culturomic studies have revealed diverse fungal communities associated with all PWD key players, composed frequently of saprophytic fungi (i.e., Aspergillus, Fusarium, Trichoderma) but also of necrotrophic pathogens associated with bark beetles, such as ophiostomatoid or blue-stain fungi. In particular, the ophiostomatoid fungi often recovered from wilted pine trees or insect pupal chambers/tunnels, are considered crucial for nematode multiplication and distribution in the host tree. Naturally occurring mycoflora, reported as possible biocontrol agents of the nematode, are also discussed in this review. This review discloses the contrasting effects of fungal communities in PWD and highlights promising fungal species as sources of PWD biocontrol in the framework of sustainable pest management actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia S. L. Vicente
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de Évora, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal;
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV, I.P.), 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal
- Correspondence: (C.S.L.V.); (M.L.I.)
| | - Miguel Soares
- Laboratório de Patologia Vegetal “Veríssimo de Almeida” (LPVVA), Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.S.); (A.P.R.)
| | - Jorge M. S. Faria
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de Évora, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal;
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV, I.P.), 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana P. Ramos
- Laboratório de Patologia Vegetal “Veríssimo de Almeida” (LPVVA), Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.S.); (A.P.R.)
- Linking Environment Agriculture and Food (LEAF), Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria L. Inácio
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV, I.P.), 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal
- GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- Correspondence: (C.S.L.V.); (M.L.I.)
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Ren Y, Lu H, Chen L, Sabatelli S, Wang C, Xie G, Wang P, Liu M, Wang W, Audisio P. Comparative Mitogenomic Analysis of Two Longhorn Beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae) with Preliminary Investigation into Phylogenetic Relationships of Tribes of Lamiinae. INSECTS 2021; 12:820. [PMID: 34564260 PMCID: PMC8471637 DOI: 10.3390/insects12090820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The subfamily Lamiinae is the most taxonomically diverse subfamily of Cerambycidae, but relationships between tribes of Lamiinae are still unresolved. In order to study the characteristics of the mitogenomes of Lamiinae and the tribal-level phylogenetic relationships, we sequenced the mitogenomes of two species representing two tribes, Agapanthia amurensis (Agapanthiini) and Moechotypa diphysis (Ceroplesini), with a total length of 15,512 bp and 15,493 bp, respectively. The gene arrangements of these two new mitogenomes were consistent with the inferred ancestral insect mitogenomes. Each species contained 37 typical mitochondrial genes and a control region (A + T-rich region), including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), and two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs). All PCGs initiated with the standard start codon ATN, and terminated with the complete stop codons of TAA and TAG, or incomplete stop codon T. All tRNAs could be folded into a clover-leaf secondary structure except for trnS1, in which the dihydrouridine (DHU) arm was reduced. Moreover, we studied the phylogenetic relationships between some tribes of Lamiinae based in mitochondrial PCGs in nucleotides; our results show that the relationships were as follows: (Onciderini + ((Apomecynini + Acanthocinini) + ((Ceroplesini + Agapanthiini) + ((Mesosini + Pteropliini) + ((Dorcaschematini + (Saperdini 1 + (Phytoeciini + Saperdini 2))) + (Batocerini + Lamiini)))))).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifang Ren
- Institute of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (Y.R.); (L.C.); (C.W.); (G.X.); (P.W.)
| | - Huanhuan Lu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Vector Insects, College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China;
| | - Longyan Chen
- Institute of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (Y.R.); (L.C.); (C.W.); (G.X.); (P.W.)
| | - Simone Sabatelli
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale dell’Università 32, I-00185 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (P.A.)
| | - Chaojie Wang
- Institute of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (Y.R.); (L.C.); (C.W.); (G.X.); (P.W.)
| | - Guanglin Xie
- Institute of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (Y.R.); (L.C.); (C.W.); (G.X.); (P.W.)
| | - Ping Wang
- Institute of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (Y.R.); (L.C.); (C.W.); (G.X.); (P.W.)
| | - Meike Liu
- Institute of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (Y.R.); (L.C.); (C.W.); (G.X.); (P.W.)
| | - Wenkai Wang
- Institute of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (Y.R.); (L.C.); (C.W.); (G.X.); (P.W.)
| | - Paolo Audisio
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale dell’Università 32, I-00185 Rome, Italy; (S.S.); (P.A.)
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14
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Long-Term Projections of the Natural Expansion of the Pine Wood Nematode in the Iberian Peninsula. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12070849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The invasive pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, causal agent of pine wilt disease, was first reported in Europe, near Lisbon, in 1999, and has since then spread to most of Portugal. We here modelled the spatiotemporal patterns of future PNW natural spread in the Iberian Peninsula, as dispersed by the vector beetle Monochamus galloprovincialis, using a process-based and previously validated network model. We improved the accuracy, informative content, forecasted period and spatial drivers considered in previous modelling efforts for the PWN in Southern Europe. We considered the distribution and different susceptibility to the PWN of individual pine tree species and the effect of climate change projections on environmental suitability for PWN spread, as we modelled the PWN expansion dynamics over the long term (>100 years). We found that, in the absence of effective containment measures, the PWN will spread naturally to the entire Iberian Peninsula, including the Pyrenees, where it would find a gateway for spread into France. The PWN spread will be relatively gradual, with an average rate of 0.83% of the total current Iberian pine forest area infected yearly. Climate was not found to be an important limiting factor for long-term PWN spread, because (i) there is ample availability of alternative pathways for PWN dispersal through areas that are already suitable for the PWN in the current climatic conditions; and (ii) future temperatures will make most of the Iberian Peninsula suitable for the PWN before the end of this century. Unlike climate, the susceptibility of different pine tree species to the PWN was a strong determinant of PWN expansion through Spain. This finding highlights the importance of accounting for individual tree species data and of additional research on species-specific susceptibility for more accurate modelling of PWN spread and guidance of related containment efforts.
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Modesto I, Sterck L, Arbona V, Gómez-Cadenas A, Carrasquinho I, Van de Peer Y, Miguel CM. Insights Into the Mechanisms Implicated in Pinus pinaster Resistance to Pinewood Nematode. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:690857. [PMID: 34178007 PMCID: PMC8222992 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.690857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pine wilt disease (PWD), caused by the plant-parasitic nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, has become a severe environmental problem in the Iberian Peninsula with devastating effects in Pinus pinaster forests. Despite the high levels of this species' susceptibility, previous studies reported heritable resistance in P. pinaster trees. Understanding the basis of this resistance can be of extreme relevance for future programs aiming at reducing the disease impact on P. pinaster forests. In this study, we highlighted the mechanisms possibly involved in P. pinaster resistance to PWD, by comparing the transcriptional changes between resistant and susceptible plants after infection. Our analysis revealed a higher number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in resistant plants (1,916) when compared with susceptible plants (1,226). Resistance to PWN is mediated by the induction of the jasmonic acid (JA) defense pathway, secondary metabolism pathways, lignin synthesis, oxidative stress response genes, and resistance genes. Quantification of the acetyl bromide-soluble lignin confirmed a significant increase of cell wall lignification of stem tissues around the inoculation zone in resistant plants. In addition to less lignified cell walls, susceptibility to the pine wood nematode seems associated with the activation of the salicylic acid (SA) defense pathway at 72 hpi, as revealed by the higher SA levels in the tissues of susceptible plants. Cell wall reinforcement and hormone signaling mechanisms seem therefore essential for a resistance response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Modesto
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia e Tecnologia Experimental, Oeiras, Portugal
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lieven Sterck
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vicent Arbona
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Isabel Carrasquinho
- Instituto Nacional Investigaciao Agraria e Veterinaria, Oeiras, Portugal
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Yves Van de Peer
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Célia M. Miguel
- Instituto de Biologia e Tecnologia Experimental, Oeiras, Portugal
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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16
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Tang X, Yuan Y, Li X, Zhang J. Maximum Entropy Modeling to Predict the Impact of Climate Change on Pine Wilt Disease in China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:652500. [PMID: 33968109 PMCID: PMC8102737 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.652500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pine wilt disease is a devastating forest disease caused by the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which has been listed as the object of quarantine in China. Climate change influences species and may exacerbate the risk of forest diseases, such as the pine wilt disease. The maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model was used in this study to identify the current and potential distribution and habitat suitability of three pine species and B. xylophilus in China. Further, the potential distribution was modeled using the current (1970-2000) and the projected (2050 and 2070) climate data based on two representative concentration pathways (RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5), and fairly robust prediction results were obtained. Our model identified that the area south of the Yangtze River in China was the most severely affected place by pine wilt disease, and the eastern foothills of the Tibetan Plateau acted as a geographical barrier to pest distribution. Bioclimatic variables related to temperature influenced pine trees' distribution, while those related to precipitation affected B. xylophilus's distribution. In the future, the suitable area of B. xylophilus will continue to increase; the shifts in the center of gravity of the suitable habitats of the three pine species and B. xylophilus will be different under climate change. The area ideal for pine trees will migrate slightly northward under RCP 8.5. The pine species will continue to face B. xylophilus threat in 2050 and 2070 under the two distinct climate change scenarios. Therefore, we should plan appropriate measures to prevent its expansion. Predicting the distribution of pine species and the impact of climate change on forest diseases is critical for controlling the pests according to local conditions. Thus, the MaxEnt model proposed in this study can be potentially used to forecast the species distribution and disease risks and provide guidance for the timely prevention and management of B. xylophilus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinggang Tang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingdan Yuan
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangming Li
- College of Materials Sciences and Technology, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, China
| | - Jinchi Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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17
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Silva H, Anjo SI, Manadas B, Abrantes I, Fonseca L, Cardoso JMS. Comparative Analysis of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Secretome Under Pinus pinaster and P. pinea Stimuli. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:668064. [PMID: 34046053 PMCID: PMC8144518 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.668064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the pine wilt disease's (PWD) causal agent, is a migratory endoparasitic nematode skilled to feed on pine tissues and on fungi that colonize the trees. In order to study B. xylophilus secretomes under the stimulus of pine species with different susceptibilities to disease, nematodes were exposed to aqueous pine extracts from Pinus pinaster (high-susceptible host) and P. pinea (low-susceptible host). Sequential windowed acquisition of all theoretical mass spectra (SWATH-MS) was used to determine relative changes in protein amounts between B. xylophilus secretions, and a total of 776 secreted proteins were quantified in both secretomes. From these, 22 proteins were found increased in the B. xylophilus secretome under the P. pinaster stimulus and 501 proteins increased under the P. pinea stimulus. Functional analyses of the 22 proteins found increased in the P. pinaster stimulus showed that proteins with peptidase, hydrolase, and antioxidant activities were the most represented. On the other hand, gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of the 501 proteins increased under the P. pinea stimulus revealed an enrichment of proteins with binding activity. The differences detected in the secretomes highlighted the diverse responses from the nematode to overcome host defenses with different susceptibilities and provide new clues on the mechanism behind the pathogenicity of this plant-parasitic nematode. Proteomic data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD024011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Silva
- University of Coimbra, Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandra I. Anjo
- CNC – Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bruno Manadas
- CNC – Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel Abrantes
- University of Coimbra, Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís Fonseca
- University of Coimbra, Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana M. S. Cardoso
- University of Coimbra, Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, Coimbra, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Joana M. S. Cardoso,
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Rodrigues AM, Carrasquinho I, António C. Primary Metabolite Adjustments Associated With Pinewood Nematode Resistance in Pinus pinaster. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:777681. [PMID: 34950168 PMCID: PMC8691400 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.777681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is the causal agent of the pine wilt disease (PWD) and represents one of the major threats to conifer forests. The detection of the PWN in Portugal, associated with Pinus pinaster, increased the concern of its spread to European forests. Despite its susceptibility to PWD, genetic variability found among P. pinaster populations has been associated with heritable PWD resistance. Understanding the mechanisms underlying tree resistance constitutes a valuable resource for breeding programs toward more resilient forest plantations. This study investigated changes in anatomy, chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF), and primary metabolism in susceptible and resistant P. pinaster half-sib plants, after PWN inoculation. Susceptible plants showed a general shutdown of central metabolism, osmolyte accumulation, photosynthetic inhibition, and a decrease in the plant water status. The ChlF transient rise (OJIP curve) revealed the appearance of L- and K-bands, indicators of environmental stress. In contrast, resistant plants revealed a regulated defense response and were able to restrict PWN migration and cellular damage. Furthermore, the accumulation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and succinate suggested a role of these metabolites in PWD resistance and the possible activation of the GABA shunt. Altogether, these results provide new insights to the role of primary metabolism in PWD resistance and in the selection of resistant phenotypes for disease mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M. Rodrigues
- Plant Metabolomics Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Isabel Carrasquinho
- Instituto Nacional Investigação Agrária e Veterinária I.P., Oeiras, Portugal
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carla António
- Plant Metabolomics Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Carla António,
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Molecular variation among virulent and avirulent strains of the quarantine nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Mol Genet Genomics 2020; 296:259-269. [PMID: 33169231 PMCID: PMC7895788 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-020-01739-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is an emerging pathogenic nematode that is responsible for a devastating epidemic of pine wilt disease worldwide, causing severe ecological damage and economic losses to forestry. Two forms of this nematode have been reported, i.e., with strong and weak virulence, commonly referred as virulent and avirulent strains. However, the pathogenicity-related genes of B. xylophilus are not sufficiently characterized. In this study, to find pathogenesis related genes we re-sequenced and compared genomes of two virulent and two avirulent populations. We identified genes affected by genomic variation, and functional annotation of those genes indicated that some of them might play potential roles in pathogenesis. The performed analysis showed that both avirulent populations differed from the virulent ones by 1576 genes with high impact variants. Demonstration of genetic differences between virulent and avirulent strains will provide effective methods to distinguish these two nematode virulence forms at the molecular level. The reported results provide basic information that can facilitate development of a better diagnosis for B. xylophilus isolates/strains which present different levels of virulence and better understanding of the molecular mechanism involved in the development of the PWD.
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Guo Y, Carballar-Lejarazú R, Sheng L, Fang Y, Wang S, Liang G, Hu X, Wang R, Zhang F, Wu S. Identification and Characterization of Aminopeptidase-N as a Binding Protein for Cry3Aa in the Midgut of Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:2259-2268. [PMID: 32623464 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis Cry proteins have been widely used over the past decades for many different insect pests, which are safe for users and the environment. The coleopteran-specific Cry3Aa toxin from B. thuringiensis exhibits toxicity to the larvae of Monochamus alternatus. Receptors play a key role in the mechanisms underlying the toxic action of Cry. However, the binding receptor for Cry3Aa has yet to be identified in the midgut of M. alternatus larvae. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the receptor for Cry3Aa toxin in the brush border membrane vesicles (BBMVs) of M. alternatus larvae. Our results indicate that the Cry3Aa toxin binds to the BBMVs (Kd = 247 nM) of M. alternatus via a 107 kDa aminopeptidase N (APN) (Kd = 57 nM). In silico analysis of the APN protein predicted that an 18 amino acid sequence in the N-terminal acted as a signal peptide, and that the Asn residue, located at position 918 in the C-terminus is an anchored site for glycosyl phosphatidyl inositol. Further analysis showed that M. alternatus APN exhibits 75% homology to the APN from Anoplophora glabripenis. Our work, therefore, confirmed that APN, which is localized in the BBMVs in the midgut of M. alternatus larvae, acts as a binding protein for Cry3Aa toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Guo
- College of Forestry, Fujian Province University
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Ecological Forests, Fujian Province University
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | | | - Liangjing Sheng
- College of Forestry, Fujian Province University
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Ecological Forests, Fujian Province University
| | - Yan Fang
- College of Forestry, Fujian Province University
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Ecological Forests, Fujian Province University
| | - Shaozhen Wang
- College of Forestry, Fujian Province University
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Ecological Forests, Fujian Province University
| | - Guanghong Liang
- College of Forestry, Fujian Province University
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Ecological Forests, Fujian Province University
| | - Xia Hu
- College of Forestry, Fujian Province University
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Ecological Forests, Fujian Province University
| | - Rong Wang
- College of Forestry, Fujian Province University
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Ecological Forests, Fujian Province University
| | - Feiping Zhang
- College of Forestry, Fujian Province University
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Ecological Forests, Fujian Province University
| | - Songqing Wu
- College of Forestry, Fujian Province University
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Ecological Forests, Fujian Province University
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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21
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Hannunen S, Tuomola J. Assessing the probability of freedom from pine wood nematode based on 19 years of surveys. NEOBIOTA 2020. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.58.38313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Many quarantine pests, such as the pine wood nematode (PWN, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus), are surveyed annually in all EU countries. Although a lot of resources are spent in the surveys, the confidence in pest freedom achieved with them is not commonly analysed. We assessed the probability that Finland is free from PWN, based on the surveys done in 2000–2018. We used the methods employed in the risk-based estimate of system sensitivity tool (RiBESS), which has recently been recommended for quarantine pest applications. We considered two scenarios: 1) the surveys aimed to justify phytosanitary import requirements and to facilitate exports and 2) the surveys aimed to detect invasions early to enable eradication of outbreaks. These differed only in the pest prevalence that the surveys were expected to detect. The surveys appeared to support the assumption that PWN is not present in Finland, but they did not seem extensive enough to ensure early detection of invasions. The sensitivity of the import-export surveys was greater than 0.6 in 13 years, whereas that of the early detection surveys was always below 0.25. The probability of freedom achieved in 2018 following 19 years of surveys increased asymptotically with the mean time between invasions. For the import-export surveys, this probability was at least 0.95 unless the mean time between invasions was less than 13 years. For the early detection surveys, the probability of freedom was less than 0.73 unless the mean time between invasions was 63 years or more. The results were rather robust with respect to the parameters for which exact information was lacking. To improve the assessment, a quantitative estimate of the probability of PWN invasion to Finland and a thorough assessment of the maximum area of an eradicable infestation would be needed. To gain an understanding about the true impact of quarantine pest surveys on biosecurity, more assessments, like the one presented in this paper, are needed.
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Impact of the pinewood nematode on naturally-emitted volatiles and scCO2 extracts from Pinus pinaster branches: a comparison with P. pinea. J Supercrit Fluids 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2020.104784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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23
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Chemical similarity between introduced and native populations of Scots pine can facilitate transcontinental expansion of mountain pine beetle in North America. Biol Invasions 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-019-02159-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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The nematicide Serratia plymuthica M24T3 colonizes Arabidopsis thaliana, stimulates plant growth, and presents plant beneficial potential. Braz J Microbiol 2019; 50:777-789. [PMID: 31177380 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00098-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Nine bacterial strains were previously isolated in association with pinewood nematode (PWN) from wilted pine trees. They proved to be nematicidal in vitro, and one of the highest activities, with potential to control PWN, was showed by Serratia sp. M24T3. Its ecology in association with plants remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of strain M24T3 to colonize the internal tissues of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana using confocal microscopy. Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) functional traits were tested and retrieved in the genome of strain M24T3. In greenhouse conditions, the bacterial effects of all nematicidal strains were also evaluated, co-inoculated or not with Bradyrhizobium sp. 3267, on Vigna unguiculata fitness. Inoculation of strain M24T3 increased the number of A. thaliana lateral roots and the confocal analysis confirmed effective bacterial colonization in the plant. Strain M24T3 showed cellulolytic activity, siderophores production, phosphate and zinc solubilization ability, and indole acetic acid production independent of supplementation with L-tryptophan. In the genome of strain M24T3, genes involved in the interaction with the plants such as 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase, chitinolytic activity, and quorum sensing were also detected. The genomic organization showed ACC deaminase and its leucine-responsive transcriptional regulator, and the activity of ACC deaminase was 594.6 nmol α-ketobutyrate μg protein-1 μl-1. Strain M24T3 in co-inoculation with Bradyrhizobium sp. 3267 promoted the growth of V. unguiculata. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the ability of strain M24T3 to colonize other plants besides pine trees as an endophyte and displays PGPB traits that probably increased plant tolerance to stresses.
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Bragard C, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Di Serio F, Gonthier P, Jacques MA, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas-Cortes JA, Parnell S, Reignault PL, Thulke HH, Van der Werf W, Civera AV, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Battisti A, Vettraino AM, Leuschner R, Mosbach-Schulz O, Rosace MC, Potting R. Commodity risk assessment of black pine ( Pinus thunbergii Parl.) bonsai from Japan. EFSA J 2019; 17:e05667. [PMID: 32626301 PMCID: PMC7009059 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The EFSA Panel on Plant health was requested to deliver a scientific opinion on how far the existing requirements for the bonsai pine species subject to derogation in Commission Decision 2002/887/EC would cover all plant health risks from black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) bonsai (the commodity defined in the EU legislation as naturally or artificially dwarfed plants) imported from Japan, taking into account the available scientific information, including the technical information provided by Japan. The relevance of an EU-regulated pest for this opinion was based on: (a) evidence of the presence of the pest in Japan; (b) evidence that P. thunbergii is a host of the pest and (c) evidence that the pest can be associated with the commodity. Sixteen pests that fulfilled all three criteria were selected for further evaluation. The relevance of other pests present in Japan (not regulated in the EU) for this opinion was based on (i) evidence of the absence of the pest in the EU; (ii) evidence that P. thunbergii is a host of the pest; (iii) evidence that the pest can be associated with the commodity and (iv) evidence that the pest may have an impact in the EU. Three pests fulfilled all four criteria and were selected for further evaluation (Crisicoccus pini, Sirex nitobei and Urocerus japonicus). For the selected 19 pests, the risk mitigation measures proposed in the technical dossier were evaluated. Limiting factors on the effectiveness of the measures were documented. For each of the 19 pests, an expert judgement is given on the likelihood of pest freedom taking into consideration the risk mitigation measures acting on the pest, including any uncertainties. For all evaluated pests, the median likelihood of the pest freedom is 99.5% or higher and within the 90% uncertainty range it is 99% or higher.
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Modelling the Incursion and Spread of a Forestry Pest: Case Study of Monochamus alternatus Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Victoria. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10020198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Effective and efficient systems for surveillance, eradication, containment and management of biosecurity threats require methods to predict the establishment, population growth and spread of organisms that pose a potential biosecurity risk. To support Victorian forest biosecurity operations, Agriculture Victoria has developed a landscape-scale, spatially explicit, spatio-temporal population growth and dispersal model of a generic pest pine beetle. The model can be used to simulate the incursion of a forestry pest from a nominated location(s), such as an importation business site (approved arrangement, AA), into the surrounding environment. The model provides both illustrative and quantitative data on population dynamics and spread of a forestry pest species. Flexibility built into the model design enables a range of spatial extents to be modelled, from user-defined study areas to the Victoria-wide area. The spatial resolution of the model (size of grid cells) can be altered from 100 m to greater than 1 km. The model allows core parameters to be altered by the user, enabling the spread of a variety of windborne insect species and pathogens to be investigated. We verified the model and its parameters by simulating and comparing the outputs with the 1999/2000 Melbourne incursion, but no establishment of a forestry pest beetle was believed to be Monochamus alternatus Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). The model accurately predicts the distance and direction of the historic incursion, and the subsequent failure to establish is due to low overall population density of the pest species.
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27
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Wang H, Lun Y, Lu Q, Liu H, Decock C, Zhang X. Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with pines infected by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and Monochamus alternatus in China, including three new species. MycoKeys 2018. [DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.38.27014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of the pine wood nematodeBursaphelenchusxylophilusleads to extremely serious economic, ecological and social losses in East Asia. The nematode causes pine wilt disease, which is currently regarded as the most important forest disease in China. The pathogenic nematode feeds on dendrocola fungi to complete its cycle of infection. As the vector of the nematode, the Japanese pine sawyer (Monochamusalternatus) also carries dendrocola fungi. Pine woods, infected byB.xylophilusand tunnelled byM.alternatus, are also inhabited by ophiostomatoid fungi. These fungi are well known for their association with many bark and ambrosia beetles. They can cause sapstain and other serious tree diseases. The aims of our study were to investigate and identify the ophiostomatoid communities associated with the epidemic pine wood nematode and the pine sawyer inPinusmassonianaandP.thunbergiiforests, which are the main hosts of the pine wood nematode in China. Two hundred and forty strains of ophiostomatoid fungi were isolated from nematode and sawyer–infected trees in the coastal Shandong and Zhejiang Provinces, representing newly and historically infected areas, respectively. Six ophiostomatoid species were identified on the basis of morphological, physiological and molecular data. For the latter, DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1–5.8S–ITS2) region and partial b-tubulin gene were examined. The ophiostomatoid species included one known species,Ophiostomaips, three novel species, viz.Ophiostomaalbumsp. nov.,Ophiostomamassonianasp. nov.andSporothrixzhejiangensissp. nov.and two species whose identities are still uncertain, Ophiostomacf.deltoideosporum and Graphilbumcf.rectangulosporium, due to the paucity of the materials obtained. The ophiostomatoid community was dominated byO.ips. This study revealed that a relatively high species diversity of ophiostomatoid fungi are associated with pine infected byB.xylophilusandM.alternatusin China.
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28
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Wang H, Lun Y, Lu Q, Liu H, Decock C, Zhang X. Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with pines infected by Bursaphelenchusxylophilus and Monochamusalternatus in China, including three new species. MycoKeys 2018:1-27. [PMID: 30323707 PMCID: PMC6182259 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.39.27014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchusxylophilus leads to extremely serious economic, ecological and social losses in East Asia. The nematode causes pine wilt disease, which is currently regarded as the most important forest disease in China. The pathogenic nematode feeds on dendrocola fungi to complete its cycle of infection. As the vector of the nematode, the Japanese pine sawyer (Monochamusalternatus) also carries dendrocola fungi. Pine woods, infected by B.xylophilus and tunnelled by M.alternatus, are also inhabited by ophiostomatoid fungi. These fungi are well known for their association with many bark and ambrosia beetles. They can cause sapstain and other serious tree diseases. The aims of our study were to investigate and identify the ophiostomatoid communities associated with the epidemic pine wood nematode and the pine sawyer in Pinusmassoniana and P.thunbergii forests, which are the main hosts of the pine wood nematode in China. Two hundred and forty strains of ophiostomatoid fungi were isolated from nematode and sawyer-infected trees in the coastal Shandong and Zhejiang Provinces, representing newly and historically infected areas, respectively. Six ophiostomatoid species were identified on the basis of morphological, physiological and molecular data. For the latter, DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) region and partial b-tubulin gene were examined. The ophiostomatoid species included one known species, Ophiostomaips, three novel species, viz. Ophiostomaalbum sp. nov., Ophiostomamassoniana sp. nov. and Sporothrixzhejiangensis sp. nov. and two species whose identities are still uncertain, Ophiostomacf.deltoideosporum and Graphilbumcf.rectangulosporium, due to the paucity of the materials obtained. The ophiostomatoid community was dominated by O.ips. This study revealed that a relatively high species diversity of ophiostomatoid fungi are associated with pine infected by B.xylophilus and M.alternatus in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- HuiMin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - YingYing Lun
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.,College of Plant Protection of Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China.,Longju Ecological Forest Farm, Dongying 257085, China
| | - Quan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - HuiXiang Liu
- College of Plant Protection of Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Cony Decock
- Mycothèque de l'Université Catholique de Louvain (MUCL), Earth and Life Institute, Microbiology, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - XingYao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
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Osada Y, Yamakita T, Shoda-Kagaya E, Liebhold AM, Yamanaka T. Disentangling the drivers of invasion spread in a vector-borne tree disease. J Anim Ecol 2018; 87:1512-1524. [PMID: 30010199 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pine wilt disease (PWD) invaded southern Japan in the early 1900s and has gradually expanded its range to northern Honshu (Japanese mainland). The disease is caused by a pathogenic North American nematode, which is transmitted by native pine sawyer beetles. Recently, the disease has invaded other portions of East Asia and Europe where extensive mortality of host pines is anticipated to resemble historical patterns seen in Japan. There is a critical need to identify the main drivers of PWD invasion spread so as to predict the future spread and evaluate containment strategies in newly invaded world regions. But the coupling of pathogen and vector population dynamics introduces considerable complexity that is important for understanding this and other plant disease invasions. In this study, we analysed historical (1980-2011) records of PWD infection and vector abundance, which were spatially extensive but recorded at coarse categorical levels (none, low and high) across 403 municipalities in northern Honshu. We employed a multistate occupancy model that accounted both for demographic stochasticity and observation errors in categorical data. Analysis revealed that sparse sawyer populations had lower probabilities of transition to high abundance than did more abundant populations even when regional abundance stayed the same, suggesting the existence of positive density dependence, that is an Allee effect, in sawyer dynamics. Climatic conditions (average accumulated degree days) substantially limited invasion spread in northern regions, but this climatic influence on sawyer dynamics was generally weaker than the Allee effect. Our results suggest that tactics (eg sanitation logging of infected pines) which strengthen Allee effects in sawyer dynamics may be effective strategies for slowing the spread of PWD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Osada
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takehisa Yamakita
- R&D Center for Submarine Resources, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Etsuko Shoda-Kagaya
- Department of Forest Entomology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Andrew M Liebhold
- US Forest Service Northern Research Station, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Takehiko Yamanaka
- Statistical Modeling Unit, Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, NARO, Tsukuba, Japan
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30
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de la Fuente B, Saura S, Beck PSA. Predicting the spread of an invasive tree pest: The pine wood nematode in Southern Europe. J Appl Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Begoña de la Fuente
- Universidad Politécnica de Madrid; MONTES (ETSI de Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural); Madrid Spain
- Junta de Castilla y León; Consejería de Fomento y Medio Ambiente; Dirección General del Medio Natural; Servicio Territorial de Medio Ambiente de Segovia; Segovia Spain
| | - Santiago Saura
- European Commission; Joint Research Centre (JRC); Directorate D - Sustainable Resources; Ispra VA Italy
| | - Pieter S. A. Beck
- European Commission; Joint Research Centre (JRC); Directorate D - Sustainable Resources; Ispra VA Italy
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31
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Invasive Species May Disrupt Protected Area Networks: Insights from the Pine Wood Nematode Spread in Portugal. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9050282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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32
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Cho WS, Koo HN, Yun SH, Lee JS, Jeong DH, Kang WJ, Lee SJ, Kim HK, Han JH, Kwon YD, Kwon GH, Kim CH, Kim GH. Electron Beam-Induced Sterility and Inhibition of Ovarian Development in the Sakhalin Pine Longicorn, Monochamus saltuarius (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 111:725-731. [PMID: 29401226 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Sakhalin pine longicorn, Monochamus saltuarius (Gebler; Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), is an insect vector of the pine wilt nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner et Buhrer) Nickle, and is widely distributed in central Korea. M. saltuarius is a forest pest that seriously damages Pinus densiflora (Siebold et Zucc, Pinales: Pinaceae) and Pinus koraiensis (Siebold & Zucc, Pinales: Pinaceae) forests. We examined the effect of electron beam irradiation on the mating, DNA damage and ovarian development of M. saltuarius adults and sought to identify the optimal dose for sterilizing insects. When the adults were irradiated with electron beams, both females and males were completely sterile at 200 Gy. In a reciprocal crossing experiment between unirradiated and irradiated adults, the reproductive ability of wild adults was recovered by crossing with wild adults even after crossing previously with sterile adults. When a pair of unirradiated adults (♀- × ♂-) and 10 or 20 irradiated adults (♀+ or ♂+) were kept together, the control effect was as high as 80~90%. After electron beam irradiation at 200 Gy, the DNA of M. saltuarius adults was damaged, the ovarian development of female adults was inhibited, and the level of vitellogenin was significantly decreased compared with that in unirradiated female adults. These results suggest that pine wilt disease can be effectively controlled if a large number of sterilized M. saltuarius male adults are released into the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Seong Cho
- Department of Plant Medicine, College of Agriculture, Life and Environment Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Na Koo
- Department of Plant Medicine, College of Agriculture, Life and Environment Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Yun
- Department of Plant Medicine, College of Agriculture, Life and Environment Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Seon Lee
- Department of Plant Medicine, College of Agriculture, Life and Environment Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hun Jeong
- Department of Plant Medicine, College of Agriculture, Life and Environment Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Jin Kang
- Department of Plant Medicine, College of Agriculture, Life and Environment Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ju Lee
- Department of Plant Medicine, College of Agriculture, Life and Environment Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Kyung Kim
- Department of Plant Medicine, College of Agriculture, Life and Environment Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hwan Han
- Chungcheongbuk-do Forest Environment Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Dae Kwon
- Gyeonggi Forestry Environment Research Center, Gapyeong, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun Hyung Kwon
- Gyeonggi Forestry Environment Research Center, Gapyeong, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Gil-Hah Kim
- Department of Plant Medicine, College of Agriculture, Life and Environment Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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Hirata A, Nakamura K, Nakao K, Kominami Y, Tanaka N, Ohashi H, Takano KT, Takeuchi W, Matsui T. Potential distribution of pine wilt disease under future climate change scenarios. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182837. [PMID: 28797067 PMCID: PMC5552256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pine wilt disease (PWD) constitutes a serious threat to pine forests. Since development depends on temperature and drought, there is a concern that future climate change could lead to the spread of PWD infections. We evaluated the risk of PWD in 21 susceptible Pinus species on a global scale. The MB index, which represents the sum of the difference between the mean monthly temperature and 15 when the mean monthly temperatures exceeds 15°C, was used to determine current and future regions vulnerable to PWD (MB ≥ 22). For future climate conditions, we compared the difference in PWD risks among four different representative concentration pathways (RCPs 2.6, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5) and two time periods (2050s and 2070s). We also evaluated the impact of climate change on habitat suitability for each Pinus species using species distribution models. The findings were then integrated and the potential risk of PWD spread under climate change was discussed. Within the natural Pinus distribution area, southern parts of North America, Europe, and Asia were categorized as vulnerable regions (MB ≥ 22; 16% of the total Pinus distribution area). Representative provinces in which PWD has been reported at least once overlapped with the vulnerable regions. All RCP scenarios showed expansion of vulnerable regions in northern parts of Europe, Asia, and North America under future climate conditions. By the 2070s, under RCP 8.5, an estimated increase in the area of vulnerable regions to approximately 50% of the total Pinus distribution area was revealed. In addition, the habitat conditions of a large portion of the Pinus distribution areas in Europe and Asia were deemed unsuitable by the 2070s under RCP 8.5. Approximately 40% of these regions overlapped with regions deemed vulnerable to PWD, suggesting that Pinus forests in these areas are at risk of serious damage due to habitat shifts and spread of PWD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Hirata
- Center for International Partnerships and Research on Climate Change, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Katsunori Nakamura
- Tohoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Nabeyashiki, Shimokuriyagawa, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Nakao
- Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Nagaikyutaroh, Momoyama, Fushimi, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Kominami
- Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Nagaikyutaroh, Momoyama, Fushimi, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tanaka
- Faculty of International Agriculture and Food Studies, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Sakuragaoka, Setagaya, Japan
| | - Haruka Ohashi
- Center for International Partnerships and Research on Climate Change, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kohei Takenaka Takano
- Center for International Partnerships and Research on Climate Change, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Wataru Takeuchi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Matsui
- Center for International Partnerships and Research on Climate Change, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Khan MA, Ali K, Bonyah E, Okosun KO, Islam S, Khan A. Mathematical modeling and stability analysis of Pine Wilt Disease with optimal control. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3115. [PMID: 28596525 PMCID: PMC5465188 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03179-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents and examine a mathematical system of equations which describes the dynamics of pine wilt disease (PWD). Firstly, we examine the model with constant controls. Here, we investigate the disease equilibria and calculate the basic reproduction number of the disease. Secondly, we incorporate time dependent controls into the model and then analyze the conditions that are necessary for the disease to be controlled optimally. Finally, the numerical results for the model are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Khan
- Department of Mathematics, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 23200, Pakistan
| | - K Ali
- Department of Mathematics, Abdul Wali Khan, University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - E Bonyah
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Kumasi Technical University, Kumasi, Ghana.
- Department of Mathematics, Vaal University of Technology, X021, Vanderbijlpark, 1900, South Africa.
| | - K O Okosun
- Department of Mathematics, Vaal University of Technology, X021, Vanderbijlpark, 1900, South Africa
| | - S Islam
- Department of Mathematics, Abdul Wali Khan, University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - A Khan
- Department of Physics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Mardan, Pakistan
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35
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Proença DN, Grass G, Morais PV. Understanding pine wilt disease: roles of the pine endophytic bacteria and of the bacteria carried by the disease-causing pinewood nematode. Microbiologyopen 2017; 6:e00415. [PMID: 27785885 PMCID: PMC5387314 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pine wilt disease (PWD) is one of the most destructive diseases in trees of the genus Pinus and is responsible for environmental and economic losses around the world. The only known causal agent of the disease is the pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Despite that, bacteria belonging to several different genera have been found associated with PWN and their roles in the development of PWD have been suggested. Molecular methodologies and the new era of genomics have revealed different perspectives to the problem, recognizing the manifold interactions between different organisms involved in the disease. Here, we reviewed the possible roles of nematode-carried bacteria in PWD, what could be the definition of this group of microorganisms and questioned their origin as possible endophytes, discussing their relation within the endophytic community of pine trees. The diversity of the nematode-carried bacteria and the diversity of pine tree endophytes, reported until now, is revised in detail in this review. What could signify a synergetic effect with PWN harming the plant, or what could equip bacteria with functions to control the presence of nematodes inside the tree, is outlined as two possible roles of the microbial community in the etiology of this disease. An emphasis is put on the potential revealed by the genomic data of isolated organisms in their potential activities as effective tools in PWD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo N. Proença
- CEMUCUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
- Department of Biology and CESAMUniversity of AveiroAveiroPortugal
| | - Gregor Grass
- Bundeswehr Institute of MicrobiologyMunichGermany
| | - Paula V. Morais
- CEMUCUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
- Department of Life SciencesUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
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36
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Douma JC, van der Werf W, Hemerik L, Magnusson C, Robinet C. Development of a pathway model to assess the exposure of European pine trees to pine wood nematode via the trade of wood. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 27:769-785. [PMID: 27935670 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is a threat for pine species (Pinus spp.) throughout the world. The nematode is native to North America, and invaded Japan, China, Korea, and Taiwan, and more recently Portugal and Spain. PWN enters new areas through trade in wood products. Once established, eradication is not practically feasible. Therefore, preventing entry of PWN into new areas is crucial. Entry risk analysis can assist in targeting management to reduce the probability of entry. Assessing the entry of PWN is challenging due to the complexity of the wood trade and the wood processing chain. In this paper, we develop a pathway model that describes the wood trade and wood processing chain to determine the structure of the entry process. We consider entry of PWN through imported coniferous wood from China, a possible origin of Portuguese populations, to Europe. We show that exposure increased over years due to an increase in imports of sawn wood. From 2000 to 2012, Europe received an estimated 84 PWN propagules from China, 88% of which arose from imported sawn wood and 12% from round wood. The region in Portugal where the PWN was first reported is among those with the highest PWN transfer per unit of imported wood due to a high host cover and vector activity. An estimated 62% of PWN is expected to enter in countries where PWN is not expected to cause the wilt of pine trees because of low summer temperatures (e.g., Belgium, Sweden, Norway). In these countries, PWN is not easily detected, and such countries can thus serve as potential reservoirs of PWN. The model identifies ports and regions with high exposure, which helps targeting monitoring and surveillance, even in areas where wilt disease is not expected to occur. In addition, we show that exposure is most efficiently reduced by additional treatments in the country of origin, and/or import wood from PWN-free zones. Pathway modelling assists plant health managers in analyzing risks along the pathway and planning measures for enhancing biosecurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Douma
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - W van der Werf
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - L Hemerik
- Biometris, Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - C Magnusson
- Norwegian Institute for Bioeconomy Research, N-1431, Ås, Norway
| | - C Robinet
- INRA, UR633 Zoologie Forestière, F-45075, Orléans, France
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Filipiak A, Wieczorek P, Tomalak M. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction for simultaneous detection and identification of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, B. mucronatus and B. fraudulentus – three closely related species within the xylophilus group. NEMATOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-00003110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation between Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and other related, non-pathogenic species can be ambiguous when based exclusively on morphological characters. The morphology of B. mucronatus and B. fraudulentus most closely resembles that of B. xylophilus. Moreover, all of these nematodes are found in both Asia and Europe and can colonise various species of pine. Therefore, for phytosanitary purposes it is necessary to identify the three species precisely and rapidly. We report the results of a multiplex PCR that utilises four primers to identify and discriminate the three Bursaphelenchus species simultaneously. The multiplex PCR yielded DNA fragments of 767, 305 and 132 bp, for B. xylophilus, B. mucronatus and B. fraudulentus, respectively. This primer combination has produced reliable results in multiplex PCR assays with a number of different populations of the listed species, and no cross-reactions were observed with other Bursaphelenchus species. The described approach is simple, reliable and cheaper than other molecular methods presently used for simultaneous identification of the above three species within the xylophilus group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Filipiak
- Department of Biological Pest Control, Institute of Plant Protection – National Research Institute, Władysława Węgorka 20, 60-318 Poznań, Poland
| | - Przemysław Wieczorek
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Plant Protection – National Research Institute, Władysława Węgorka 20, 60-318 Poznań, Poland
| | - Marek Tomalak
- Department of Biological Pest Control, Institute of Plant Protection – National Research Institute, Władysława Węgorka 20, 60-318 Poznań, Poland
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38
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Berkvens N, Waeyenberge L, Casteels H, de Sutter N, Inácio M, Fontes A, Boone C, Grégoire JC, Viaene N. Effects of the wet catching method on the detection of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus from trapped longhorn beetle vectors. NEMATOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-00003079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, causes pine wilt disease and is transmitted by Monochamus beetles. An efficient trapping system for these organisms is essential for their early detection in threatened regions. A wet catching method, using monoethylene glycol (MEG) in a collecting cup to preserve captured insects, was suitable for catching longhorn beetles. As a second step in developing this technique, we studied the influence of MEG on nematode detection. When M. galloprovincialis carrying PWN were submerged in MEG, nematodes died within 24 h. The preservative altered certain morphological features of nematodes immersed in solutions of 10, 30 or 60% MEG, impeding their morphological identification. However, molecular identification was possible as long as the MEG concentration was below 70%. At higher concentrations, a rinsing step with water before DNA extraction was enough to allow molecular detection. Wet trapping requires less frequent monitoring than dry trapping, thus reducing maintenance and related costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Berkvens
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Plant Health Unit, Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 96, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lieven Waeyenberge
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Plant Health Unit, Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 96, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hans Casteels
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Plant Health Unit, Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 96, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Nancy de Sutter
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Plant Health Unit, Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 96, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Maria Lurdes Inácio
- National Institute for Agriculture and Veterinary Research, Department of Forest Pathology, Avenida da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida Fontes
- National Institute for Agriculture and Veterinary Research, Department of Forest Pathology, Avenida da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Celia Boone
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Lutte Biologiques et Ecologie Spatiale – CP160/12, 50 Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Claude Grégoire
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Lutte Biologiques et Ecologie Spatiale – CP160/12, 50 Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicole Viaene
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Plant Health Unit, Burgemeester Van Gansberghelaan 96, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- Ghent University, Department of Biology, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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39
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Rodrigues AM, Mendes MD, Lima AS, Barbosa PM, Ascensão L, Barroso JG, Pedro LG, Mota MM, Figueiredo AC. Pinus halepensis, Pinus pinaster, Pinus pinea and Pinus sylvestris Essential Oils Chemotypes and Monoterpene Hydrocarbon Enantiomers, before and after Inoculation with the Pinewood Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Chem Biodivers 2016; 14. [PMID: 27623247 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201600153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is the causal agent of pine wilt disease, a serious threat to global forest populations of conifers, especially Pinus spp. A time-course study of the essential oils (EOs) of 2-year-old Pinus halepensis, Pinus pinaster, Pinus pinea and Pinus sylvestris following inoculation with the PWN was performed. The constitutive and nematode inoculation induced EOs components were analyzed at both the wounding or inoculation areas and at the whole plant level. The enantiomeric ratio of optically active main EOs components was also evaluated. External symptoms of infection were observed only in P. pinaster and P. sylvestris 21 and 15 days after inoculation, respectively. The EO composition analysis of uninoculated and unwounded plants revealed the occurrence of chemotypes for P. pinaster, P. halepensis and P. sylvestris, whereas P. pinea showed a homogenous EO composition. When whole plants were evaluated for EO and monoterpene hydrocarbon enantiomeric chemical composition, no relevant qualitative and quantitative differences were found. Instead, EO analysis of inoculated and uninoculated wounded areas revealed an increase of sesquiterpenes and diterpenic compounds, especially in P. pinea and P. halepensis, comparatively to healthy whole plants EOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Rodrigues
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal (CBV), Edifício C2, Campo Grande, PT-1749-016, Lisboa
| | - Marta D Mendes
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal (CBV), Edifício C2, Campo Grande, PT-1749-016, Lisboa
| | - Ana S Lima
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal (CBV), Edifício C2, Campo Grande, PT-1749-016, Lisboa.,Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Escola Superior Agrária, Centro de Investigação Montanha, Campus Santa Apolónia, Apartado 1172, PT-5031-855, Bragança
| | - Pedro M Barbosa
- NemaLab, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas (ICAAM), Universidade de Évora, Núcleo da Mitra, Apartado 94, PT-7002-554, Évora
| | - Lia Ascensão
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal (CBV), Edifício C2, Campo Grande, PT-1749-016, Lisboa
| | - José G Barroso
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal (CBV), Edifício C2, Campo Grande, PT-1749-016, Lisboa
| | - Luis G Pedro
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal (CBV), Edifício C2, Campo Grande, PT-1749-016, Lisboa
| | - Manuel M Mota
- NemaLab, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas (ICAAM), Universidade de Évora, Núcleo da Mitra, Apartado 94, PT-7002-554, Évora.,Departamento Ciências da Vida, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, EPCV, Campo Grande 376, PT-1749-024, Lisboa
| | - A Cristina Figueiredo
- Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal (CBV), Edifício C2, Campo Grande, PT-1749-016, Lisboa
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40
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Miller DR, Allison JD, Crowe CM, Dickinson DM, Eglitis A, Hofstetter RW, Munson AS, Poland TM, Reid LS, Steed BE, Sweeney JD. Pine Sawyers (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Attracted to α-Pinene, Monochamol, and Ipsenol in North America. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 109:1205-1214. [PMID: 27106224 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tow071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Detection tools are needed for Monochamus species (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) because they are known to introduce pine wilt disease by vectoring nematodes in Asia, Europe, and North America. In 2012-2014, we examined the effects of the semiochemicals monochamol and ipsenol on the flight responses of the sawyer beetles Monochamus carolinensis (Olivier), Monochamus clamator (LeConte), Monochamus mutator LeConte, Monochamus notatus (Drury), Monochamus obtusus Casey, Monochamus scutellatus (Say), and Monochamus titillator (F.) complex (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) to traps baited with α-pinene. Experiments were set in pine forests in New Brunswick and Ontario (Canada), and Arizona, Georgia, Michigan, Montana, Oregon, South Carolina, Utah, and Washington (United States). In brief, 40 traps were placed in 10 blocks of 4 traps per block per location. Traps were baited with: 1) α-pinene; 2) α-pinene + monochamol; 3) α-pinene + ipsenol; and 4) α-pinene + monochamol + ipsenol. Monochamol increased catches of six species and one species complex of Monochamus with an additive effect of ipsenol for five species and one species complex. There was no evidence of synergy between monochamol and ipsenol on beetle catches. Monochamol had no effect on catches of other Cerambycidae or on any associated species of bark beetles, weevils, or bark beetle predators. We present a robust data set suggesting that the combination of α-pinene, ipsenol, and monochamol may be a useful lure for detecting Monochamus species.
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41
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Artyushenko PV, Tomilin FN, Kuzubov AA, Ovchinnikov SG, Tsikalova PE, Ovchinnikova TM, Soukhovolsky VG. Action of the atomic and electronic structure of pheromone molecules on the effectiveness of communication in xylophagous insects. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476616020074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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42
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Álvarez G, Ammagarahalli B, Hall DR, Pajares JA, Gemeno C. Smoke, pheromone and kairomone olfactory receptor neurons in males and females of the pine sawyer Monochamus galloprovincialis (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 82:46-55. [PMID: 26296453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The response of antennal olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) of Monochamus galloprovincialis to several odourants was tested using single sensillum electrophysiology. Behaviourally active pheromone, and kairomone (host and sympatric bark beetle pheromone) odours were tested alongside smoke compounds released by burnt wood that are potentially attractive to the insect. The antennae bore several types of sensilla. Two plate areas in the proximal and distal ends of each antennal segment were covered with basiconic sensilla that responded to the odour stimuli. Sensilla basiconica contained one or two cells of different spike amplitude. The 32 male and 38 female ORNs tested responded with excitations or inhibitions to the different plant odours. In general the response of male and female receptors was very similar so they were pooled to perform a cluster analysis on ORN responses. Six ORNs were clearly specialised for pheromone reception. Responses to kairomone and smoke odours were less specific than those of pheromone, but a group of 9 cells was clearly excited by smoke compounds (mainly eugenol and 4-methyl 2-methoxyphenol), a group of 8 cells was very responsive to α-pinene, β-pinene and cis-verbenol, and a group of 14 cells responded to a wider range of compounds. The rest of the cells (47%) were either non-responsive or slightly inhibited by smoke compounds. Dose-response curves were obtained for several compounds. Different compounds induced significantly different latencies and these appeared to be unrelated to their boiling point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Álvarez
- Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid-CIFOR-INIA, Av. Madrid 44, 34004 Palencia, Spain.
| | - Byrappa Ammagarahalli
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - David R Hall
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Juan A Pajares
- Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid-CIFOR-INIA, Av. Madrid 44, 34004 Palencia, Spain
| | - César Gemeno
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
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43
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David G, Giffard B, van Halder I, Piou D, Jactel H. Energy allocation during the maturation of adults in a long-lived insect: implications for dispersal and reproduction. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2015; 105:629-636. [PMID: 26156230 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485315000553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Energy allocation strategies have been widely documented in insects and were formalized in the context of the reproduction process by the terms 'capital breeder' and 'income breeder'. We propose here the extension of this framework to dispersal ability, with the concepts of 'capital disperser' and 'income disperser', and explore the trade-off in resource allocation between dispersal and reproduction. We hypothesized that flight capacity was sex-dependent, due to a trade-off in energy allocation between dispersal and egg production in females. We used Monochamus galloprovincialis as model organism, a long-lived beetle which is the European vector of the pine wood nematode. We estimated the flight capacity with a flight mill and used the number of mature eggs as a proxy for the investment in reproduction. We used the ratio between dry weights of the thorax and the abdomen to investigate the trade-off. The probability of flying increased with the adult weight at emergence, but was not dependent on insect age or sex. Flight distance increased with age in individuals but did not differ between sexes. It was also positively associated with energy allocation to thorax reserves, which increased with age. In females, the abdomen weight and the number of eggs also increase with age with no negative effect on flight capacity, indicating a lack of trade-off. This long-lived beetle has a complex strategy of energy allocation, being a 'capital disperser' in terms of flight ability, an 'income disperser' in terms of flight performance and an 'income breeder' in terms of egg production.
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Affiliation(s)
- G David
- INRA,UMR1202 BIOGECO,F-33610,Cestas,France
| | - B Giffard
- INRA,UMR1202 BIOGECO,F-33610,Cestas,France
| | | | - D Piou
- INRA,UMR1202 BIOGECO,F-33610,Cestas,France
| | - H Jactel
- INRA,UMR1202 BIOGECO,F-33610,Cestas,France
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44
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Miller DR, Crowe CM, Dodds KJ, Galligan LD, de Groot P, Hoebeke ER, Mayfield AE, Poland TM, Raffa KF, Sweeney JD. Ipsenol, Ipsdienol, Ethanol, and α-Pinene: Trap Lure Blend for Cerambycidae and Buprestidae (Coleoptera) in Pine Forests of Eastern North America. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 108:1837-1851. [PMID: 26470326 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tov126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In 2007-2008, we examined the flight responses of wood-boring beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae and Buprestidae) to multiple-funnel traps baited with the pine volatiles, ethanol, and α-pinene [85% (-)], and the bark beetle pheromones, racemic ipsenol and racemic ipsdienol. Experiments were conducted in mature pine stands in Canada (Ontario and New Brunswick) and the United States (Arkansas, Florida, Michigan, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Ohio, Tennessee, and Wisconsin). At each location, traps were deployed in 10 replicate blocks of four traps per block. The trap treatments were: 1) blank control; 2) ipsenol and ipsdienol; 3) ethanol and α-pinene; and 4) a quaternary blend of ipsenol, ipsdienol, ethanol, and α-pinene. Traps baited with the quaternary blend caught the greatest numbers of Acanthocinus nodosus (F.), Acanthocinus obsoletus (Olivier), Acmaeops proteus (Kirby), Astylopsis sexguttata (Say), Rhagium inquisitor (L.) (Cerambycidae), and Buprestis lineata (F.) (Buprestidae). Traps baited with ethanol and α-pinene caught the greatest numbers of Arhopalus rusticus (LeConte), Asemum striatum (L.), Tetropium spp., Xylotrechus sagittatus (Germar) (Cerambycidae), and Buprestis maculipennis Gory (Buprestidae) with minimal interruption by ipsenol and ipsdienol. Our results suggest that multiple-funnel traps baited with the quaternary lure blend of ipsenol, ipsdienol, ethanol, and α-pinene are effective for trapping various species of wood-boring beetles in pine forests of eastern North America, and may have utility in detection programs for adventive species in North America and overseas.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Miller
- Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 320 Green St., Athens, GA 30602.
| | - C M Crowe
- Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 320 Green St., Athens, GA 30602
| | - K J Dodds
- Forest Health Protection, USDA Forest Service, 271 Mast Rd., Durham, NH 03824
| | - L D Galligan
- Department of Entomology, University of Arkansas, 319 Agriculture Building, Fayetteville, AR 72701
| | - P de Groot
- Great Lakes Forestry Center, Natural Resources Canada, 1219 Queen St. East, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, Canada P6A 2E5. Deceased
| | - E R Hoebeke
- Georgia Museum of Natural History and Department of Entomology, 101 Cedar St., University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - A E Mayfield
- Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 200 W. T. Weaver Blvd., Asheville, NC 28804
| | - T M Poland
- Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 3101 Technology Blvd., Ste. F, East Lansing, MI 48910
| | - K F Raffa
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706
| | - J D Sweeney
- Atlantic Forestry Center, Natural Resources Canada, 1300 Regent St., P.O. Box 4000, Fredericton, NB, Canada E3B5P7
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45
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Haran J, Roques A, Bernard A, Robinet C, Roux G. Altitudinal Barrier to the Spread of an Invasive Species: Could the Pyrenean Chain Slow the Natural Spread of the Pinewood Nematode? PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134126. [PMID: 26222551 PMCID: PMC4519352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mountain ranges may delimit the distribution of native species as well as constitute potential barriers to the spread of invasive species. The invasive pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is a severe forest pest inducing pine wilt disease. It is vectored in Europe by a native long-horned beetle, Monochamus galloprovincialis. This study explored the potential of the Pyrenean chain to slow or prevent the natural spread of nematode-infested beetles from the Iberian Peninsula, where the nematode is established and is expanding its range, towards France and the rest of Europe. An analysis of the genetic structure and migration patterns of the beetle populations throughout the Pyrenean mountain range was combined with a spread model simulating the potential movements of nematode-infested beetles across it. The central part of the Pyrenees, which corresponds to the highest elevation zone, was shown to prevent gene flow between the French and Spanish populations of M. galloprovincialis on each side of the mountains. Conversely, strong admixture was detected between populations located on both sides of low elevation hills, and especially at the east and west extremities of the mountain range. Simulations of the spread of nematode-infested beetles under various thresholds of beetle survival and pine wilt disease expression gave results consistent with the variation in genetic make-up, suggesting that western and eastern hillsides may represent corridors favoring natural spread of the nematode from the Iberian Peninsula to France. Simulations also showed that temperature rise due to climate change may significantly reduce the extent of the barrier formed by highest elevations. Our results support the hypothesis that the Pyrenean chain represents a partial barrier to the natural spread of nematode-infested beetles. These results, which have to be considered together with potential human-assisted long-distance spread of the nematode, highlight priority zones for future pest monitoring and management programs. More generally, such an integrated approach could be used to assess the role of mountain chains in the potential spread of other invasive pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Haran
- INRA, UR633 Zoologie Forestière, F-45075 Orléans, France
- Université d’Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Alain Roques
- INRA, UR633 Zoologie Forestière, F-45075 Orléans, France
| | - Alexis Bernard
- INRA, UR633 Zoologie Forestière, F-45075 Orléans, France
| | | | - Géraldine Roux
- INRA, UR633 Zoologie Forestière, F-45075 Orléans, France
- Université d’Orléans, Orléans, France
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Diversity of bacteria carried by pinewood nematode in USA and phylogenetic comparison with isolates from other countries. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105190. [PMID: 25127255 PMCID: PMC4134288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pine wilt disease (PWD) is native to North America and has spread to Asia and Europe. Lately, mutualistic relationship has been suggested between the pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus the causal nematode agent of PWD, and bacteria. In countries where PWN occurs, nematodes from diseased trees were reported to carry bacteria from several genera. However no data exists for the United States. The objective of this study was to evaluate the diversity of the bacterial community carried by B. xylophilus, isolated from different Pinus spp. with PWD in Nebraska, United States. The bacteria carried by PWN belonged to Gammaproteobacteria (79.9%), Betaproteobacteria (11.7%), Bacilli (5.0%), Alphaproteobacteria (1.7%) and Flavobacteriia (1.7%). Strains from the genera Chryseobacterium and Pigmentiphaga were found associated with the nematode for the first time. These results were compared to results from similar studies conducted from other countries of three continents in order to assess the diversity of bacteria with associated with PWN. The isolates from the United States, Portugal and China belonged to 25 different genera and only strains from the genus Pseudomonas were found in nematodes from all countries. The strains from China were closely related to P. fluorescens and the strains isolated from Portugal and USA were phylogenetically related to P. mohnii and P. lutea. Nematodes from the different countries are associated with bacteria of different species, not supporting a relationship between PWN with a particular bacterial species. Moreover, the diversity of the bacteria carried by the pinewood nematode seems to be related to the geographic area and the Pinus species. The roles these bacteria play within the pine trees or when associated with the nematodes, might be independent of the presence of the nematode in the tree and only related on the bacteria's relationship with the tree.
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Evaluating habitat suitability for the establishment of Monochamus spp. through climate-based niche modeling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102592. [PMID: 25019408 PMCID: PMC4097063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pine sawyer beetle species of the genus Monochamus are vectors of the nematode pest Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. The introduction of these species into new habitats is a constant threat for those regions where the forestry industry depends on conifers, and especially on species of Pinus. To obtain information about the potential risk of establishment of these insects in Chile, we performed climate-based niche modeling using data for five North American and four Eurasian Monochamus species using a Maxent approach. The most important variables that account for current distribution of these species are total annual precipitation and annual and seasonal average temperatures, with some differences between North American and Eurasian species. Projections of potential geographic distribution in Chile show that all species could occupy at least 37% of the area between 30° and 53°S, where industrial plantations of P. radiata are concentrated. Our results indicated that Chile seems more suitable for Eurasian than for North American species.
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48
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Wang Z, Luo YQ, Shi J, Gao R, Wang G. Quantitative classification and environmental interpretation of secondary forests 18 years after the invasion of pine forests by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) in China. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2014; 14:ieu158. [PMID: 25527600 PMCID: PMC5657938 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieu158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
With growing concerns over the serious ecological problems in pine forests (Pinus massoniana, P. thunbergii) caused by the invasion of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (the pine wood nematode), a particular challenge is to determine the succession and restoration of damaged pine forests in Asia. We used two-way indicator species analysis and canonical correlation analysis for the hierarchical classification of existing secondary forests that have been restored since the invasion of B. xylophilus 18 years ago. Biserial correlation analysis was used to relate the spatial distribution of species to environmental factors. After 18 years of natural recovery, the original pine forest had evolved into seven types of secondary forest. Seven environmental factors, namely soil depth, humus depth, soil pH, aspect, slope position, bare rock ratio, and distance to the sea, were significantly correlated with species distribution. Furthermore, we proposed specific reform measures and suggestions for the different types of secondary forest formed after the damage and identified the factors driving the various forms of restoration. These results suggest that it is possible to predict the restoration paths of damaged pine forests, which would reduce the negative impact of B. xylophilus invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Forest Protection Department, Forestry College, Beijing Forestry University, P.O. Box 113, Beijing 100083, China Ecology division, Zhoushan Forestry Institute, Zhejiang 316000, China
| | - You-Qing Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Forest Protection Department, Forestry College, Beijing Forestry University, P.O. Box 113, Beijing 100083, China Ecology division, Zhoushan Forestry Institute, Zhejiang 316000, China
| | - Juan Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Forest Protection Department, Forestry College, Beijing Forestry University, P.O. Box 113, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ruihe Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, Forest Protection Department, Forestry College, Beijing Forestry University, P.O. Box 113, Beijing 100083, China
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49
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Oh IJ, Ju WT, Kim YJ, Jung WJ, Kim KY, Park RD. Nematicidal activity of Auxarthron reticulatum DY-2 against the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus mucronatus. NEMATOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-00002775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Auxarthron reticulatumDY-2 was isolated from field soils in Jeonnam Province, South Korea, and its culture filtrate was active as a bionematicide agent against the pine wood nematodeBursaphelenchus mucronatus. The nematicidal activity againstB. mucronatuswas proportional to the concentration of the culture filtrate. The nematicidal compounds, dimethyl fumarate and bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, were isolated and identified fromA. reticulatumDY-2 culture filtrate using silica gel column chromatography combined with high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The bioassays on nematicidal activity revealed that bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and dimethyl fumarate at 1% concentration resulted in 70 and 100% mortality ofB. mucronatus, respectively, after 48 h exposure. This is the first report that these two compounds exhibit a property of nematicidal activity, especially onBursaphelenchusspp.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Jae Oh
- Glucosamine Saccharide Materials-National Research Laboratory (GSM-NRL), Division of Applied Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - Wan-Taek Ju
- Glucosamine Saccharide Materials-National Research Laboratory (GSM-NRL), Division of Applied Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - Young-Ju Kim
- Marine and Environmental Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, South Korea
| | - Woo-Jin Jung
- Glucosamine Saccharide Materials-National Research Laboratory (GSM-NRL), Division of Applied Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - Kil-Yong Kim
- Glucosamine Saccharide Materials-National Research Laboratory (GSM-NRL), Division of Applied Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - Ro-Dong Park
- Glucosamine Saccharide Materials-National Research Laboratory (GSM-NRL), Division of Applied Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
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50
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Sequence variability of the MspI satellite DNA family of the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus at different geographic scales. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2013; 70:120-9. [PMID: 24076248 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tandemly repeated sequences known as satellite DNA (satDNA) generally exhibit complex evolutionary patterns of concerted evolution in which mutations are homogenized and fixed in a stochastic process of molecular drive. Here, the nucleotidic variability of the MspI satDNA family of the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is analyzed in order to understand the evolutionary dynamics of satDNA at the intraspecific level. A total of 425 MspI monomer units, either PCR-amplified from isolates of local (Peninsula of Setúbal, Portugal) or worldwide origin, or retrieved from the B. xylophilus genome sequence, were characterized and compared. Whatever their origin, sliding window analysis of sequence variability patterns among monomers revealed low, moderate and highly variant domains, indicating that variable levels of evolutionary constraint may act upon the entire monomers. The phylogenetic inference based on the different sets of MspI satDNA family for this species shows a broad polymorphism of the individual monomers, which were distributed into four main clusters. However, such clustering appeared independent from the geographic origin of the nematodes, and could not discriminate isolates or groups of geographically close isolates. Rather, the formation of different phylogenetic groups within this satDNA family suggests an a priori embodying of a set of diverging repeats from a common ancestor satDNA library, which have been differently amplified along the evolutionary pathway of this species. The present work improves knowledge on the evolutionary dynamics of satDNA at the intraspecific level, and provides new information on satDNA sequence variability among natural populations sampled at a local geographic scale.
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