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Abstract
Isolated systolic hypertension is associated with higher risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. Despite being the most common form of hypertension in the elderly, it is also detectable among young and middle-aged subjects. Dietary salt (sodium chloride) intake is an important determinant of blood pressure, and high salt intake is associated with greater risk of hypertension and cardiovascular events. In most countries, habitual salt intake at all age categories largely exceeds the international recommendations. Excess salt intake, often interacting with overweight and insulin resistance, may contribute to the development and maintenance of isolated systolic hypertension in young individuals by causing endothelial dysfunction and promoting arterial stiffness through a number of mechanisms, namely increase in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity, sympathetic tone and salt-sensitivity. This short review focused on the epidemiological and clinical evidence, the mechanistic pathways and the cluster of pathophysiological factors whereby excess salt intake may favor the development and maintenance of isolated systolic hypertension in young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanfranco D'Elia
- Medical School, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, ESH Excellence Center of Hypertension, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Strazzullo
- Medical School, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, ESH Excellence Center of Hypertension, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy -
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D'Elia L, Barbato A, Iacone R, Russo O, Strazzullo P, Galletti F. Metabolic syndrome and its components predict the development of arterial stiffening in a sample of adult men. Clin Exp Hypertens 2021; 44:26-33. [PMID: 34459325 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2021.1969664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Metabolic syndrome (MS) and its components are associated with greater cardiovascular risk. A number of studies found a positive association between MS and vascular damage, but few observational studies evaluated the predictive role of MS on arterial stiffening (AS). Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate the ability of MS and its components to predict the risk of AS in an 8-year follow-up of a sample of adult men (Olivetti Heart Study). METHODS The analysis included 778 men without AS (pulse pressure >60 mmHg) at baseline. A positive diagnosis of MS was made by recognized criteria, if at least three components were present. RESULTS At the end of the follow-up period, there was an incidence of 11% in AS. The percentage of participants that developed AS was greater in the MS group than those without MS, also after adjustment for main confounders (odds ratio: 2.5, 95% confidence interval: 1.3-4.9). The risk of AS also increased with increase in the numbers of MS elements (p for trend <.01). In addition, the analysis of the predictive role of the single MS component showed that high blood pressure (HBP) was the strongest predictor. CONCLUSIONS The results of this prospective study indicate a predictive role of MS on AS, independently of main confounders. In addition, HBP seems the strongest predictor of AS among MS components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanfranco D'Elia
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Esh Excellence Center of Hypertension, "Federico II" University of Naples Medical School,Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Barbato
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Esh Excellence Center of Hypertension, "Federico II" University of Naples Medical School,Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Iacone
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Esh Excellence Center of Hypertension, "Federico II" University of Naples Medical School,Naples, Italy
| | - Ornella Russo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Esh Excellence Center of Hypertension, "Federico II" University of Naples Medical School,Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Strazzullo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Esh Excellence Center of Hypertension, "Federico II" University of Naples Medical School,Naples, Italy
| | - Ferruccio Galletti
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Esh Excellence Center of Hypertension, "Federico II" University of Naples Medical School,Naples, Italy
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Guo YM, Sun TC, Wang HP, Chen X. Research progress of melatonin (MT) in improving ovarian function: a review of the current status. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:17930-17947. [PMID: 34228638 PMCID: PMC8312436 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin (MT) is an endogenous hormone mainly synthesized by pineal cells, which has strong endogenous effects of eliminating free radicals and resisting oxidative damages. Melatonin (MT) can not only regulate the body’s seasonal and circadian rhythms; but also delay ovarian senescence, regulate ovarian biological rhythm, promote follicles formation, and improve oocyte quality and fertilization rate. This review aimd to provide evidence concerning the synthesis and distribution, ovarian function, and role of MT in development of follicles and oocytes. Moreover, the role of MT as antioxidative, participating in biological rhythm regulation, was also reviewed. Furthermore, the effects of MT on various ovarian related diseases were analyzed, particularly for the ovarian aging and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ming Guo
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.,National Engineering Research Center of Reproductive Health, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tie Cheng Sun
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Hui Ping Wang
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.,National Engineering Research Center of Reproductive Health, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
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Roshanravan N, Shabestari AN, Alamdari NM, Ostadrahimi A, Separham A, Parvizi R, Jafarabadi MA, Ghodrat M, Akbarzadeh M, Naemi M, Ghazi MKK, Hadi A, Ghaffari S. A novel inflammatory signaling pathway in patients with slow coronary flow: NF-κB/IL-1β/nitric oxide. Cytokine 2021; 143:155511. [PMID: 33839001 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The slow coronary flow (SCF) was identified as delayed opacification of epicardial coronary arteries in the absence of stenotic lesion. Metabolic syndrome (MetS), oxidative stress, and inflammation may be possible known insulting factors for the pathogenesis of SCF. This investigation aimed to assess the relationship between some inflammatory markers, oxidative stress parameters and MetS components with SCF phenomenon. METHODS A total of 35 patients with SCF and 35 subjects with normal coronary flow (NCF) were included in the study. We assessed some inflammatory markers (IL-1β, IL-18, TNF-α, and NF-κB mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)). Moreover, blood samples of the participants were tested for total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and nitric oxide (NO) levels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Diagnosis of MetS was based on the National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III report (ATPIII) criteria, 2005. Diagnostic criteria for coronary flow rates of all subjects were documented by thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) frame count method. RESULTS SCF patients had significantly higher prevalence of MetS (46%, p = 0.048).We found that the level of TAC was significantly higher in the NCF group (p = 0.006). Furthermore, the NO concentration was significantly lower in SCF groups (p = 0.001). A significant incremental difference was detected in IL-1β (fold change 2.82 ± 0.31, p < 0.05) and NF-κB (fold change 4.62 ± 0.32, p < 0.05) mRNA expression in the SCF group when compared with its level in the NCF group. Furthermore, according to logistic regression analysis, there were significant associations between IL-1β, NF-κB expression levels and the incidence of SCF (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Based on the findings of this study, the pathogenesis of the SCF phenomenon may be closely associated with metabolic syndrome and inflammation. The NF-κB/IL-1β/nitric oxide & MetS signaling pathway might be considered as potential therapeutic targets in the management of SCF patients but further researches is required to guarantee these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Roshanravan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Namazi Shabestari
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naimeh Mesri Alamdari
- Students Research Committee, School of Health, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Ostadrahimi
- Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Separham
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rezayat Parvizi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mahshid Ghodrat
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Moloud Akbarzadeh
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Stem Cell And Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Naemi
- Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Amir Hadi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Samad Ghaffari
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Hendrickx JO, Martinet W, Van Dam D, De Meyer GRY. Inflammation, Nitro-Oxidative Stress, Impaired Autophagy, and Insulin Resistance as a Mechanistic Convergence Between Arterial Stiffness and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:651215. [PMID: 33855048 PMCID: PMC8039307 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.651215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The average age of the world's elderly population is steadily increasing. This unprecedented rise in the aged world population will increase the prevalence of age-related disorders such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) and neurodegeneration. In recent years, there has been an increased interest in the potential interplay between CVDs and neurodegenerative syndromes, as several vascular risk factors have been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Along these lines, arterial stiffness is an independent risk factor for both CVD and AD. In this review, we discuss several inflammaging-related disease mechanisms including acute tissue-specific inflammation, nitro-oxidative stress, impaired autophagy, and insulin resistance which may contribute to the proposed synergism between arterial stiffness and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhana O. Hendrickx
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Martinet
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Debby Van Dam
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Institute Born-Bunge, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Guido R. Y. De Meyer
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Herold J, Kalucka J. Angiogenesis in Adipose Tissue: The Interplay Between Adipose and Endothelial Cells. Front Physiol 2021; 11:624903. [PMID: 33633579 PMCID: PMC7900516 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.624903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide health problem, and as its prevalence increases, so does the burden of obesity-associated co-morbidities like type 2 diabetes or cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Adipose tissue (AT) is an endocrine organ embedded in a dense vascular network. AT regulates the production of hormones, angiogenic factors, and cytokines. During the development of obesity, AT expands through the increase in fat cell size (hypertrophy) and/or fat cell number (hyperplasia). The plasticity and expansion of AT is related to its angiogenic capacities. Angiogenesis is a tightly orchestrated process, which involves endothelial cell (EC) proliferation, migration, invasion, and new tube formation. The expansion of AT is accelerated by hypoxia, inflammation, and structural remodeling of blood vessels. The paracrine signaling regulates the functional link between ECs and adipocytes. Adipocytes can secrete both pro-angiogenic molecules, e.g., tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and anti-angiogenic factors, e.g., serpins. If the pro-angiogenic molecules dominate, the angiogenesis is dysregulated and the endothelium becomes dysfunctional. However, if anti-angiogenic molecules are overexpressed relative to the angiogenic regulators, the angiogenesis is repressed, and AT becomes hypoxic. Furthermore, in the presence of chronic nutritional excess, endothelium loses its primary function and contributes to the inflammation and fibrosis of AT, which increases the risk for CVDs. This review discusses the current understanding of ECs function in AT, the cross-talk between adipose and ECs, and how obesity can lead to its dysfunction. Understanding the interplay of angiogenesis with AT can be an approach to therapy obesity and obesity-related diseases such as CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Kalucka
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Mojaverrostami S, Asghari N, Khamisabadi M, Heidari Khoei H. The role of melatonin in polycystic ovary syndrome: A review. Int J Reprod Biomed 2019; 17:865-882. [PMID: 31970309 PMCID: PMC6943797 DOI: 10.18502/ijrm.v17i12.5789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a widespread endocrine disorder, affecting approximately 20% of women within reproductive age. It is associated with hyperandrogenism, obesity, menstrual irregularity, and anovulatory infertility. Melatonin is the main pineal gland hormone involved in the regulation of the circadian rhythm. In recent years, it has been observed that a reduction in melatonin levels of follicular fluid exists in PCOS patients. Melatonin receptors in the ovary and intra-follicular fluid adjust sex steroid secretion at different phases of ovarian follicular maturation. Moreover, melatonin is a strong antioxidant and an effective free radical scavenger, which protects ovarian follicles during follicular maturation. Objective In this paper, we conducted a literature review and the summary of the current research on the role of melatonin in PCOS. Materials and Methods Electronic databases including PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, and Reaxys were searched from their inception to October 2018 using the keywords “Melatonin” AND “Polycystic ovary syndrome” OR “PCOS.” Results Based on the data included in our review, it was found that the administration of melatonin can improve the oocyte and embryo quality in PCOS patients. It may also have beneficial effects in correcting the hormonal alterations in PCOS patients. Conclusion Since metabolic dysfunction is the major finding contributing to the initiation of PCOS, melatonin can hinder this process via its improving effects on metabolic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Mojaverrostami
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narjes Asghari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Heidar Heidari Khoei
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Cela V, Obino MER, Alberga Y, Pinelli S, Sergiampietri C, Casarosa E, Simi G, Papini F, Artini PG. Ovarian response to controlled ovarian stimulation in women with different polycystic ovary syndrome phenotypes. Gynecol Endocrinol 2018; 34:518-523. [PMID: 29271274 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2017.1412429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlled ovarian stimulation (COH) in PCOS is a challenge for fertility expert both ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) and oocytes immaturity are the two major complication. Ovarian response to COH vary widely among POCS patients and while some patients are more likely to show resistance to COH, other experienced an exaggerated response. The aim of our study is to investigate a possible correlation between PCOS phenotypes and the variety of ovarian response to COH and ART outcomes in patients with different PCOS phenotypes. We retrospectively analyzed a total of 71 cycles performed in 44 PCOS infertile patients attending ART at Centre of Infertility and Assisted Reproduction of Pisa University between January 2013 and January 2016. Patientsundergoing IVF with GnRH-antagonist protocol and 150-225 UI/days of recombinant FSH; triggering was carried out using 250 mg of recombinant hCG or a GnRH analogous on the basis of the risk to OHSS. We observed that Phenotype B had a tendency to have a greater doses of gonadotropins used respect to all phenotypes. Phenotype A group showed a greater serum estrogen levels compared to all phenotypes groups, a greater number of follicles of diameter between 8-12 mm found by ultrasound on the day of triggering and a greater mean number of freeze embryo. Additionally serum AMH and antral follicles count (AFC) follow the same trend in the different phenotypes ad they were significantly higher in phenotype A and in phenotype D. In conclusion this study shows that the features of PCOS phenotypes reflect the variety of ovarian response to COH as well as the risks to develop OHSS. Serum AMH and AFC are related to the degree of ovulatory dysfunction making these 'added values' in identifying the different PCOS phenotypes. Phenotype A seems to be the phenotype with the higher risk to develop OHSS and the use of GnRH as a trigger seems to improve oocyte quality. To classify PCOS phenotype at diagnosis might help clinicians to identify patients at greater risk of OHSS, customize therapy and subsequently plan the trigger agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Cela
- a Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Maria Elena Rosa Obino
- a Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Ylenia Alberga
- a Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Sara Pinelli
- a Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Claudia Sergiampietri
- a Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Elena Casarosa
- a Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Giovanna Simi
- a Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Francesca Papini
- a Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Paolo Giovanni Artini
- a Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
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9
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Ramachandran R, Pedersen SH, Amrutkar DV, Petersen S, Jacobsen JM, Hay-Schmidt A, Olesen J, Jansen-Olesen I. Selective cephalic upregulation of p-ERK, CamKII and p-CREB in response to glyceryl trinitrate infusion. Cephalalgia 2018; 38:1057-1070. [PMID: 28738691 DOI: 10.1177/0333102417722511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background A common characteristic of migraine-inducing substances is that they cause headache and no pain in other areas of the body. Few studies have compared pain mechanisms in the trigeminal and spinal systems and, so far, no major differences have been noted. We compared signalling molecules in the trigeminal and spinothalamic system after infusion of the migraine-provoking substance glyceryltrinitrate. Method A catheter was placed in the femoral vein of rats and one week later glyceryltrinitrate 4 µg/kg/min was infused for 20 min. Protein expression in the dura mater, trigeminal ganglion, nucleus caudalis, dorsal root ganglion and the dorsal horn of the thoracic spinal cord was analysed at different time points using western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Results Glyceryltrinitrate caused a threefold increase in expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases at 30 min in the dura mater and nucleus caudalis ( P < 0.05) and at 2 h in the trigeminal ganglion with very few expressions in the dorsal root ganglion. In the nucleus caudalis, expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases and Cam KII increased 2.6-fold and 3.2-fold, respectively, at 2 h after glycerytrinitrate infusion ( P < 0.01). p-CREB/ATF-1 upregulation was observed only at 30 min ( P < 0.05) in the nucleus caudalis. None of these markers showed increased expression in the regions of thoracic spinal cord dorsal horn. Conclusion The dura, trigeminal ganglion and nucleus caudalis are activated shortly after glycerytrinitrate infusion with long-lasting expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases observed in the nucleus caudalis. These activations were not observed at the spinal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshni Ramachandran
- 1 Danish Headache Centre, Department of Neurology, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Sara Hougaard Pedersen
- 1 Danish Headache Centre, Department of Neurology, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Dipak Vasantrao Amrutkar
- 1 Danish Headache Centre, Department of Neurology, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Steffen Petersen
- 1 Danish Headache Centre, Department of Neurology, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Julie Mie Jacobsen
- 1 Danish Headache Centre, Department of Neurology, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Anders Hay-Schmidt
- 2 Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Panum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jes Olesen
- 1 Danish Headache Centre, Department of Neurology, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Inger Jansen-Olesen
- 1 Danish Headache Centre, Department of Neurology, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
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Excess Body Weight, Insulin Resistance and Isolated Systolic Hypertension: Potential Pathophysiological Links. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2017; 25:17-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s40292-017-0240-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Mazidi M, Rezaie P, Kengne AP, Stathopoulou MG, Azimi-Nezhad M, Siest S. VEGF, the underlying factor for metabolic syndrome; fact or fiction? Diabetes Metab Syndr 2017; 11 Suppl 1:S61-S64. [PMID: 28040466 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is currently diagnosed by the co-presence of at least three of the five following abnormalities: abdominal obesity, dysglycaemia, elevated serum triglycerides, low high-density cholesterol (HDL) and finally elevated blood pressure. Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and diabetes. This review is on the associations between MetS and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). VEGF induces migration and proliferation of endothelial cells (ECs), increases vascular permeability and has a role in tumor growth, adipose tissue expansion, age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. Circulating levels of VEGFs are elevated in obese individuals and it has also been suggested that VEGF is secreted from adipose tissues, especially from intra-abdominal adipose tissue. There is abundant evidence to support that poor glycemic control in diabetic patients is associated with increased plasma VEGF, which in turn may cause hypertension and several vascular complications in diabetic patients. Circulating VEGF levels are increased in children and young adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus and middle-aged diabetic patients with proliferative retinopathy. It has been revealed that plasma VEGF increases in patients with hyperlipidemia and may trigger the development of atherosclerosis. It can be concluded that there is a positive association between VEGF and components of MetS. Because of the importance of this relationship, more investigations are needed in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Mazidi
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, International College, University of Chinese Academy of Science (IC-UCAS), West Beichen Road, Chaoyang, China; Key State Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang, Beijing, China
| | - Peyman Rezaie
- Biochemistry of Nutrition Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - A P Kengne
- Non-Communicable Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Maria G Stathopoulou
- UMR INSERM U 1122, IGE-PCV "Interactions Gène-Environnement en Physiopathologie CardioVasculaire ", Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Mohsen Azimi-Nezhad
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran; Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.
| | - Sophie Siest
- UMR INSERM U 1122, IGE-PCV "Interactions Gène-Environnement en Physiopathologie CardioVasculaire ", Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
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12
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Vural P, Kabaca G, Firat RD, Degirmencioglu S. Administration of Selenium Decreases Lipid Peroxidation and Increases Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetes Mellitus. CELL JOURNAL 2017; 19:452-460. [PMID: 28836407 PMCID: PMC5570410 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2017.4161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective The imbalance in oxidant/antioxidant status plays a pivotal role in diabetes
mellitus (DM). Selenium is a integral component of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione
peroxidase. Se treatment induces angiogenesis and improves endothelial function through
increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The aim of this study
is to investigate the effect of selenium on oxidative stress, VEGF, and endothelin 1 (ET1)
in a DM rat model.
Materials and Methods We performed an experimental animal study with 64 adult male
Wistar-Albino rats. Rats were divided into the following groups (n=8): control (C)7, C21,
C+sodium selenite (Se)7, and C+Se21 (control rats), and DM7, DM21, DM+Se7, and
DM+Se21 (diabetic rats). Diabetes was induced by 2-deoxy-2-(3-methyl-3-nitrosoureido)-
D-glucopyranose [streptozotocin (STZ)]. Three weeks after STZ, DM+Se7 rats received
intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of 0.4 mg/kg Se for 7 days. The DM+Se21 rats received
these injections for 21 days. The same dose/duration of Se was administered to the
C+Se7 and C+Se21 groups. The remaining rats (C7, C21, DM7, DM21) received physi-
ologic saline injections for 7 or 21 days. Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), malon-
dialdehyde (MDA), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), and endothelial function
markers (VEGF and ET1) in plasma samples were measured.
Results Diabetic rats (DM7 and DM21) had significantly increased plasma FRAP
(P=0.002, P=0.001), AOPP (P=0.024, P=0.01), MDA (P=0.004, P=0.001), and ET1
(P=0.028, P=0.003) levels compared with C7 and C21 control rats. VEGF (P=0.02, P=0.01)
significantly decreased in DM7 and DM21 diabetic rats compared with their controls (C7,
C21). Se administration reversed the increased MDA and decreased VEGF levels, and
lowered plasma glucose levels in the DM+Se7 and DM+Se21 diabetic groups compared
with diabetic rats (DM7, DM21). We observed positive correlations between FRAP-AOPP
(r=0.460), FRAP-ET1 (r=0.510), AOPP-MDA (r=0.270), and AOPP-ET1 (r=0.407), and a
negative correlation between MDA-VEGF (r=-0.314).
Conclusion We observed accentuated oxidative stress and impaired endothelial
function in diabetes. Se treatment reduced lipid peroxidation and hyperglycemia. Se
probably improved endothelial dysfunction in diabetic rats because of the increased
VEGF levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pervinl Vural
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Gulcan Kabaca
- Department of Oral Surgery, Istanbul Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Refia Deniz Firat
- Department of Oral Surgery, Istanbul Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevgin Degirmencioglu
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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13
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Das S, Bhattacharyya D. Destabilization of Human Insulin Fibrils by Peptides of Fruit Bromelain Derived From Ananas comosus (Pineapple). J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:4881-4896. [PMID: 28548677 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Deposition of insulin aggregates in human body leads to dysfunctioning of several organs. Effectiveness of fruit bromelain from pineapple in prevention of insulin aggregate was investigated. Proteolyses of bromelain was done as par human digestive system and the pool of small peptides was separated from larger peptides and proteins. Under conditions of growth of insulin aggregates from its monomers, this pool of peptides restricted the reaction upto formation of oligomers of limited size. These peptides also destabilized preformed insulin aggregates to oligomers. These processes were followed fluorimetrically using Thioflavin T and 1-ANS, size-exclusion HPLC, dynamic light scattering, atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Sequences of insulin (A and B chains) and bromelain were aligned using Clustal W software to predict most probable sites of interactions. Synthetic tripeptides corresponding to the hydrophobic interactive sites of bromelain showed disaggregation of insulin suggesting specificity of interactions. The peptides GG and AAA serving as negative controls showed no potency in destabilization of aggregates. Disaggregation potency of the peptides was also observed when insulin was deposited on HepG2 liver cells where no formation of toxic oligomers occurred. Amyloidogenic des-octapeptide (B23-B30 of insulin) incapable of cell signaling showed cytotoxicity similar to insulin. This toxicity could be neutralized by bromelain derived peptides. FT-IR and far-UV circular dichroism analysis indicated that disaggregated insulin had structure distinctly different from that of its hexameric (native) or monomeric states. Based on the stoichiometry of interaction and irreversibility of disaggregation, the mechanism/s of the peptides and insulin interactions has been proposed. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 4881-4896, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sromona Das
- Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mallick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Debasish Bhattacharyya
- Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mallick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
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14
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Silva L, Subiabre M, Araos J, Sáez T, Salsoso R, Pardo F, Leiva A, San Martín R, Toledo F, Sobrevia L. Insulin/adenosine axis linked signalling. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 55:45-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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Zhang Y, Sun X, Icli B, Feinberg MW. Emerging Roles for MicroRNAs in Diabetic Microvascular Disease: Novel Targets for Therapy. Endocr Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1210/er.2016-1122.2017.1.test] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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16
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Zhang Y, Sun X, Icli B, Feinberg MW. Emerging Roles for MicroRNAs in Diabetic Microvascular Disease: Novel Targets for Therapy. Endocr Rev 2017; 38:145-168. [PMID: 28323921 PMCID: PMC5460677 DOI: 10.1210/er.2016-1122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic, low-grade systemic inflammation and impaired microvascular function are critical hallmarks in the development of insulin resistance. Accordingly, insulin resistance is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Accumulating studies demonstrate that restoration of impaired function of the diabetic macro- and microvasculature may ameliorate a range of cardiovascular disease states and diabetes-associated complications. In this review, we focus on the emerging role of microRNAs (miRNAs), noncoding RNAs that fine-tune target gene expression and signaling pathways, in insulin-responsive tissues and cell types important for maintaining optimal vascular homeostasis and preventing the sequelae of diabetes-induced end organ injury. We highlight current pathophysiological paradigms of miRNAs and their targets involved in regulating the diabetic microvasculature in a range of diabetes-associated complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, wound healing, and myocardial injury. We provide an update of the potential use of circulating miRNAs diagnostically in type I or type II diabetes. Finally, we discuss emerging delivery platforms for manipulating miRNA expression or function as the next frontier in therapeutic intervention to improve diabetes-associated microvascular dysfunction and its attendant clinical consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China, and
| | - Xinghui Sun
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - Basak Icli
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Mark W. Feinberg
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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17
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Singh K, Sandler S, Espes D. The Increased Circulating Plasma Levels of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Do Not Correlate to Metabolic Control. J Diabetes Res 2017; 2017:6192896. [PMID: 28421206 PMCID: PMC5379085 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6192896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim. To characterize the plasma levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) and its relation to both present and historical metabolic control and microvascular complications. Methods. Plasma levels of VEGF and routine clinical parameters were analyzed in 115 patients with long-standing T1D and 45 healthy controls (HC). All patients were under clinical routine diabetes treatment at Uppsala University Hospital. Results. The plasma levels of VEGF were increased by 37% in patients with T1D when compared to HC (18.2 ± 0.8 versus 13.2 ± 1.0 pg/ml, p < 0.001). The levels of VEGF correlated to insulin needs and BMI but not to present or historical metabolic control. The levels of VEGF were similar in patients with T1D and microvascular complications (microalbuminuria and retinopathy) when compared with patients without microvascular complications. Historical HbA1c levels were found to be the best predictor for present metabolic control. Conclusion. Circulating plasma levels of VEGF do not correlate to present or historical metabolic control in long-standing T1D and the levels are not affected by the presence of microvascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailash Singh
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stellan Sandler
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel Espes
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Daniel Espes:
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18
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Kollmann M, Martins WP, Lima MLS, Craciunas L, Nastri CO, Richardson A, Raine-Fenning N. Strategies for improving outcome of assisted reproduction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2016; 48:709-718. [PMID: 26924636 DOI: 10.1002/uog.15898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify, appraise and summarize the current evidence regarding the efficacy of strategies aimed at improving assisted reproductive techniques in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). METHODS A comprehensive literature search of the standard medical databases was performed. The last electronic search was run in July 2015. The primary outcome measures were live birth/ongoing pregnancy and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). The secondary outcome measures were clinical pregnancy and miscarriage. RESULTS We screened 1021 records and completely assessed 173, finally including 66 studies in the quantitative analysis. Many different interventions were assessed, however the overall quality of the studies was low. We observed moderate-quality evidence that there is no clinically relevant difference in live birth/ongoing pregnancy rates (relative risk (RR), 0.95 (95% CI, 0.84-1.08)), or clinical pregnancy (RR, 1.02 (95% CI, 0.91-1.15)) when comparing antagonist and agonist protocols for ovarian stimulation. Additionally, we found low-quality evidence that metformin improves live birth/ongoing pregnancy (RR, 1.28 (95% CI, 1.01-1.63)) and clinical pregnancy rates (RR, 1.26 (95% CI, 1.04-1.53)) when compared with placebo or no intervention. We further found low-quality evidence that there is no clinically relevant difference in live birth/ongoing pregnancy rates (RR, 1.03 (95% CI, 0.80-1.34)) and clinical pregnancy rates (RR, 0.99 (95% CI, 0.81-1.22)) when comparing human menopausal gonadotropin for inducing ovulation and artificial preparation with estradiol valerate for endometrial preparation for frozen embryo transfer (FET). Low-quality evidence suggests that mannitol compared with no intervention (RR, 0.54 (95% CI, 0.39-0.77)) and antagonist protocols compared with agonist protocols (RR, 0.63 (95% CI, 0.49-0.80)) reduce rates of OHSS. CONCLUSION There is low- to moderate-quality evidence suggesting that antagonist protocols are preferable to agonist ones, because they reduce the incidence of OHSS without interfering with clinical pregnancy and live birth for women with PCOS. Additionally there is low-quality evidence pointing to a benefit of metformin supplementation on clinical pregnancy and live birth; and that ovulation induction and administration of estradiol seem to be equally effective for endometrial preparation before FET for women with PCOS. For all other interventions, the evidence is of very low quality, not allowing any meaningful conclusions to be drawn. Estrategias para mejorar el resultado de la reproducción asistida en mujeres con síndrome de ovario poliquístico: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis RESUMEN OBJETIVOS: Identificar, evaluar y resumir la evidencia actual sobre la eficacia de las estrategias para mejorar las técnicas de reproducción asistida en mujeres con síndrome de ovario poliquístico (SOP). MÉTODOS: Se realizó una búsqueda exhaustiva de literatura en las bases de datos médicas estándar. La última búsqueda electrónica se realizó en julio de 2015. Las medidas de resultado primarias fueron los nacimientos vivos/embarazos en curso y el síndrome de hiperestimulación ovárica (SHO). Las medidas de resultado secundarias fueron el embarazo confirmado ecográficamente y el aborto. RESULTADOS Se cribaron 1021 registros, de los que se evaluaron por completo 173, para finalmente incluir 66 estudios en el análisis cuantitativo. Aunque se evaluaron muchas intervenciones diferentes, en general la calidad de los estudios fue baja. Se observó evidencia de calidad moderada de que no hay diferencias relevantes clínicamente en las tasas de nacimientos vivos/embarazos en curso (riesgo relativo (RR): 0,95 (IC 95%, 0,84-1,08)), o de embarazos confirmados ecográficamente (RR: 1,02 (IC 95%, 0,91-1,15)), cuando se comparan los protocolos de antagonistas y agonistas para la estimulación ovárica. Además, se encontró evidencia de baja calidad en que la metformina mejora las tasas de nacimientos vivos/embarazos en curso (RR: 1,28 (IC 95%, 1,01-1,63)) y de embarazos confirmados ecográficamente (RR: 1,26 (IC 95%, 1,04-1,53)) en comparación con un placebo o la no intervención. Se encontró también evidencia de baja calidad en que no hay diferencias relevantes clínicamente en las tasas de nacimientos vivos/embarazos en curso (RR: 1,03 (IC 95%, 0,80-1,34)) y las tasas de embarazos confirmados ecográficamente (RR: 0,99 (IC 95%, 0.81-1,22)) al comparar la gonadotropina menopáusica humana para la inducción de la ovulación y la preparación artificial con el valerato de estradiol para preparar el endometrio para la transferencia de embriones congelados (TEC). La baja calidad de la evidencia sugiere que el manitol, en comparación con la no intervención (RR: 0,54 (IC 95%, 0,39-0,77)), y los protocolos de antagonistas, en comparación con los protocolos de agonistas (RR: 0,63 (IC 95%, 0,49-0,80)), reducen las tasas de SHO. CONCLUSIÓN: Hay evidencia de calidad baja a moderada que sugiere que los protocolos de antagonistas son preferibles a los de agonistas, ya que reducen la tasa de SHO sin interferir con el embarazo confirmado ecográficamente y los nacimientos vivos en las mujeres con SOP. Además, existe evidencia de baja calidad que indica un beneficio del uso de metformina como aporte suplementario en embarazos confirmados ecográficamente y en nacimientos vivos; y que la inducción de la ovulación y la administración de estradiol parecen ser igualmente eficaces para la preparación del endometrio antes de la TEC en mujeres con SOP. Para el resto de procedimientos, la evidencia es de muy baja calidad, y por ello no permite extraer conclusiones importantes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kollmann
- Division of Obstetrics and Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - W P Martins
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - M L S Lima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - L Craciunas
- Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Clinical Academic Office, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - C O Nastri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - A Richardson
- Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Nurture Fertility, The East Midlands Fertility Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - N Raine-Fenning
- Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Nurture Fertility, The East Midlands Fertility Centre, Nottingham, UK
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19
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Yan Q, Sun D, Li X, Chen G, Zheng Q, Li L, Gu C, Feng B. Association of blood glucose level and hypertension in Elderly Chinese Subjects: a community based study. BMC Endocr Disord 2016; 16:40. [PMID: 27412111 PMCID: PMC4944450 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-016-0119-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a scarcity of epidemiological researches examining the relationship between blood pressure (BP) and glucose level among older adults. The objective of the current study was to investigate the association of high BP and glucose level in elderly Chinese. METHODS A cross-sectional study of a population of 2092 Chinese individuals aged over 65 years was conducted. Multiple logistic analysis was used to explore the association between hypertension and hyperglycemia. Independent risk factors for systolic and diastolic BP were analyzed using stepwise linear regression. RESULTS Subjects in impaired fasting glucose group (IFG) (n = 144) and diabetes (n = 346), as compared with normal fasting glucose (NFG) (n = 1277), had a significant higher risk for hypertension, with odds ratios (ORs) of 1.81 (95 % CI, 1.39-2.35) (P = 0.000) and 1.40 (95 % CI, 1.09-1.80) (P = 0.009), respectively. Higher fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels in the normal range were still significantly associated with a higher prevalence of hypertension in both genders, with ORs of 1.24 (95 % CI, 0.85-1.80), R (2) = 0.114, P = 0.023 in men and 1.61 (95 % CI, 1.12-2.30), R (2) = 0.082, P = 0.010 in women, respectively, when compared with lower FPG. Linear regression analysis revealed FPG was an independent factor of systolic and diastolic BP. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that hyperglycemia as well as higher FPG within the normal range is associated with a higher prevalence of hypertension independent of other cardiovascular risk factors in elderly Chinese. Further studies are needed to explore the relationship between hyperglycemia and hypertension in a longitudinal setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Yan
- />Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120 China
| | - Dongmei Sun
- />Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120 China
- />Puxing Community Health-Care Center, Pudong New District, 250 GuiChang Road, Shanghai, 200136 China
| | - Xu Li
- />Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120 China
| | - Guoliang Chen
- />Puxing Community Health-Care Center, Pudong New District, 250 GuiChang Road, Shanghai, 200136 China
| | - Qinghu Zheng
- />Puxing Community Health-Care Center, Pudong New District, 250 GuiChang Road, Shanghai, 200136 China
| | - Lun Li
- />Puxing Community Health-Care Center, Pudong New District, 250 GuiChang Road, Shanghai, 200136 China
| | - Chenhong Gu
- />Puxing Community Health-Care Center, Pudong New District, 250 GuiChang Road, Shanghai, 200136 China
| | - Bo Feng
- />Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 150 Jimo Road, Shanghai, 200120 China
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20
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Jia G, Aroor AR, DeMarco VG, Martinez-Lemus LA, Meininger GA, Sowers JR. Vascular stiffness in insulin resistance and obesity. Front Physiol 2015; 6:231. [PMID: 26321962 PMCID: PMC4536384 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes are associated with a substantially increased prevalence of vascular fibrosis and stiffness, with attendant increased risk of cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease. Although the underlying mechanisms and mediators of vascular stiffness are not well understood, accumulating evidence supports the role of metabolic and immune dysregulation related to increased adiposity, activation of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system, reduced bioavailable nitric oxide, increased vascular extracellular matrix (ECM) and ECM remodeling in the pathogenesis of vascular stiffness. This review will give a brief overview of the relationship between obesity, insulin resistance and increased vascular stiffness to provide a contemporary understanding of the proposed underlying mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghong Jia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Missouri School of Medicine Columbia, MO, USA ; Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Annayya R Aroor
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Missouri School of Medicine Columbia, MO, USA ; Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Vincent G DeMarco
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Missouri School of Medicine Columbia, MO, USA ; Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital Columbia, MO, USA ; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Luis A Martinez-Lemus
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital Columbia, MO, USA ; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine Columbia, MO, USA ; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Gerald A Meininger
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine Columbia, MO, USA ; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri Columbia, MO, USA
| | - James R Sowers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Missouri School of Medicine Columbia, MO, USA ; Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital Columbia, MO, USA ; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine Columbia, MO, USA ; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri Columbia, MO, USA
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21
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Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is associated with adverse health outcomes and is a growing problem worldwide. Although efforts to harmonise the definition of metabolic syndrome have helped to better understand the prevalence and the adverse outcomes associated with the disorder on a global scale, the mechanisms underpinning the metabolic changes that define it are incompletely understood. Accumulating evidence from laboratory and human studies suggests that activation of the sympathetic nervous system has an important role in metabolic syndrome. Indeed, treatment strategies commonly recommended for patients with metabolic syndrome, such as diet and exercise to induce weight loss, are associated with sympathetic inhibition. Pharmacological and device-based approaches to target activation of the sympathetic nervous system directly are available and have provided evidence to support the important part played by sympathetic regulation, particularly for blood pressure and glucose control. Preliminary evidence is encouraging, but whether therapeutically targeting sympathetic overactivity could help to prevent metabolic syndrome and attenuate its adverse outcomes remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Schlaich
- Neurovascular Hypertension and Kidney Disease and Human Neurotransmitters Laboratories, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Nora Straznicky
- Neurovascular Hypertension and Kidney Disease and Human Neurotransmitters Laboratories, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Elisabeth Lambert
- Neurovascular Hypertension and Kidney Disease and Human Neurotransmitters Laboratories, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gavin Lambert
- Neurovascular Hypertension and Kidney Disease and Human Neurotransmitters Laboratories, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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22
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Mathur RS, Tan BK. British Fertility Society Policy and Practice Committee: Prevention of Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome. HUM FERTIL 2014; 17:257-68. [DOI: 10.3109/14647273.2014.961745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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23
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Jia G, Aroor AR, Sowers JR. Arterial Stiffness: A Nexus between Cardiac and Renal Disease. Cardiorenal Med 2014; 4:60-71. [PMID: 24847335 DOI: 10.1159/000360867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the Western world, and vascular function is determined by structural and functional properties of the arterial vascular wall. Cardiorenal metabolic syndrome such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, kidney disease, and aging are conditions that predispose to arterial stiffening, which is a pathological alteration of the vascular wall and ultimately results in target organ damage in heart and kidney. In this review, we provide new insights on the interactions between arterial stiffness, vascular resistance and pulse wave velocity as well as final end-organ damage in heart and kidney. Better understanding of the mechanisms of arterial functional and hemodynamic alteration may help in developing more refined therapeutic strategies aimed to reduce cardiovascular and chronic kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghong Jia
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Mo., USA ; Diabetes Cardiovascular Center, Mo., USA ; Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Mo., USA
| | - Annayya R Aroor
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Mo., USA ; Diabetes Cardiovascular Center, Mo., USA ; Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Mo., USA
| | - James R Sowers
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Mo., USA ; Diabetes Cardiovascular Center, Mo., USA ; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, Mo., USA ; Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Mo., USA
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24
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Ata B, Tulandi T. Pathophysiology of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome and strategies for its prevention and treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/eog.09.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Abstract
There is growing recognition that obesity is reaching epidemic proportions throughout the world. In adults, obesity is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. A series of endocrine, metabolic and hemodynamic mechanisms have been responsible for the development of obesity-hypertension. These mechanisms include: a suppressed biologic activity and availability of natriuretic peptide, increased sympathetic adrenergic activity, release of angiotensin ll from adipocytes and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, leptin resistance, chronic hyperleptinemia and hyperinsulinemia. The systemic hemodynamic profile of obesity includes high intravascular volume, increased cardiac output and inappropriately normal peripheral resistance. The cardiovascular adaptations to these changes include changes in vascular responsiveness and concentric-eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy, and may be responsible for increased risk of congestive heart failure, arrhythmia and sudden death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Morse
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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26
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Doronzo G, Viretto M, Barale C, Russo I, Mattiello L, Anfossi G, Trovati M. Oleic acid increases synthesis and secretion of VEGF in rat vascular smooth muscle cells: role of oxidative stress and impairment in obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:18861-80. [PMID: 24065093 PMCID: PMC3794811 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140918861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by poor collateral vessel formation, a process involving vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) action on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Free fatty acids are involved in the pathogenesis of obesity vascular complications, and we have aimed to clarify whether oleic acid (OA) enhances VEGF synthesis/secretion in VSMC, and whether this effect is impaired in obesity. In cultured aortic VSMC from lean and obese Zucker rats (LZR and OZR, respectively) we measured the influence of OA on VEGF-A synthesis/secretion, signaling molecules and reactive oxygen species (ROS). In VSMC from LZR we found the following: (a) OA increases VEGF-A synthesis/secretion by a mechanism blunted by inhibitors of Akt, mTOR, ERK-1/2, PKC-beta, NADPH-oxidase and mitochondrial electron transport chain complex; (b) OA activates the above mentioned signaling pathways and increases ROS; (c) OA-induced activation of PKC-beta enhances oxidative stress, which activates signaling pathways responsible for the increased VEGF synthesis/secretion. In VSMC from OZR, which present enhanced baseline oxidative stress, the above mentioned actions of OA on VEGF-A, signaling pathways and ROS are impaired: this impairment is reproduced in VSMC from LZR by incubation with hydrogen peroxide. Thus, in OZR chronically elevated oxidative stress causes a resistance to the action on VEGF that OA exerts in LZR by increasing ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Doronzo
- Internal Medicine and Metabolic Disease Unit, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences of the University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano (Turin) 10043, Italy.
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Cubbon RM, Mercer BN, Sengupta A, Kearney MT. Importance of insulin resistance to vascular repair and regeneration. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 60:246-63. [PMID: 23466555 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic insulin resistance is apparent across a spectrum of clinical disorders, including obesity and diabetes, and is characterized by an adverse clustering of cardiovascular risk factors related to abnormal cellular responses to insulin. These disorders are becoming increasingly prevalent and represent a major global public health concern because of their association with significant increases in atherosclerosis-related mortality. Endogenous repair mechanisms are thought to retard the development of vascular disease, and a growing evidence base supports the adverse impact of the insulin-resistant phenotype upon indices of vascular repair. Beyond the impact of systemic metabolic changes, emerging data from murine studies also provide support for abnormal insulin signaling at the level of vascular cells in retarding vascular repair. Interrelated pathophysiological factors, including reduced nitric oxide bioavailability, oxidative stress, altered growth factor activity, and abnormal intracellular signaling, are likely to act in conjunction to impede vascular repair while also driving vascular damage. Understanding of these processes is shaping novel therapeutic paradigms that aim to promote vascular repair and regeneration, either by recruiting endogenous mechanisms or by the administration of cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Cubbon
- Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, LIGHT Laboratories, The University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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VEGF genetic polymorphisms affect the responsiveness to sildenafil in clinical and postoperative erectile dysfunction. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2012; 13:437-42. [DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2012.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Effects of high glucose on vascular endothelial growth factor synthesis and secretion in aortic vascular smooth muscle cells from obese and lean Zucker rats. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:9478-9488. [PMID: 22949809 PMCID: PMC3431807 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13089478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by insulin deficiency, type 2 by both insulin deficiency and insulin resistance: in both conditions, hyperglycaemia is accompanied by an increased cardiovascular risk, due to increased atherosclerotic plaque formation/instabilization and impaired collateral vessel formation. An important factor in these phenomena is the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), a molecule produced also by Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (VSMC). We aimed at evaluating the role of high glucose on VEGF-A164 synthesis and secretion in VSMC from lean insulin-sensitive and obese insulin-resistant Zucker rats (LZR and OZR). In cultured aortic VSMC from LZR and OZR incubated for 24 h with d-glucose (5.5, 15 and 25 mM) or with the osmotic controls l-glucose and mannitol, we measured VEGF-A164 synthesis (western, blotting) and secretion (western blotting and ELISA). We observed that: (i) d-glucose dose-dependently increases VEGF-A164 synthesis and secretion in VSMC from LZR and OZR (n = 6, ANOVA p = 0.002–0.0001); (ii) all the effects of 15 and 25 mM d-glucose are attenuated in VSMC from OZR vs. LZR (p = 0.0001); (iii) l-glucose and mannitol reproduce the VEGF-A164 modulation induced by d-glucose in VSMC from both LZR and OZR. Thus, glucose increases via an osmotic mechanism VEGF synthesis and secretion in VSMC, an effect attenuated in the presence of insulin resistance.
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Metformin reduces risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome during gonadotropin-stimulated in vitro fertilization cycles: a randomized, controlled trial. Fertil Steril 2011; 96:1384-1390.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Doronzo G, Viretto M, Russo I, Mattiello L, Di Martino L, Cavalot F, Anfossi G, Trovati M. Nitric oxide activates PI3-K and MAPK signalling pathways in human and rat vascular smooth muscle cells: Influence of insulin resistance and oxidative stress. Atherosclerosis 2011; 216:44-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Fuhler GM, Diks SH, Peppelenbosch MP, Kerr WG. Widespread deregulation of phosphorylation-based signaling pathways in multiple myeloma cells: opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Mol Med 2011; 17:790-8. [PMID: 21541441 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2011.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a neoplasm of plasma cell origin that is largely confined to the bone marrow (BM). Chromosomal translocations and other genetic events are known to contribute to deregulation of signaling pathways that lead to transformation of plasma cells and progression to malignancy. However, the tumor stroma may also provide trophic support and enhance resistance to therapy. Phosphorylation of proteins on tyrosine, serine and threonine residues plays a pivotal role in cell growth and survival. Therefore, knowing the status of phosphorylation-based signaling pathways in cells may provide key insights into how cell growth and survival is promoted in tumor cells. To provide a more comprehensive molecular analysis of signaling disruptions in MM, we conducted a kinome profile comparison of normal plasma cells and MM plasma cells as well as their surrounding cells from normal BM and diseased BM. Integrated pathway analysis of the profiles obtained reveals deregulation of multiple signaling pathways in MM cells but also in surrounding bone marrow blood cells compared to their normal counterparts. The deregulated kinase activities identified herein, which include the mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin)/p70S6K and ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2) pathways, are potential novel molecular targets in this lethal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenny Manel Fuhler
- Department of Gasteroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Changes in proteomic features induced by insulin on vascular smooth muscle cells from spontaneous hypertensive rats in vitro. Cell Biochem Biophys 2011; 58:97-106. [PMID: 20803099 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-010-9096-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hyperinsulinemia is a risk factor in atherosclerosis formation that it stimulated vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) proliferation and migration. To understand the underlying molecular mechanism involved in the processes of cellular response to insulin, VSMCs from Wistar-Kyoto rat (WKY) and spontaneous hypertensive rat (SHR) were isolated and cultured, and its proteome was comparatively analyzed with normal control by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). Results showed that the proliferation of VSMCs from SHR be more sensitive to insulin stimulation than that VSMCs from WKY. The detectable spots ranged from 537 to 608 on the gels in VSMCs of SHR, and 413 ± 31 spots in VSMCs of WKY. The different expressed protein spots in VSMCs of SHR were then isolated and measured by matrix-assisted desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). A total of 18 spots showed a sharp clear spectrum, and 13 spots matched with the known proteins from database. These proteins were mainly involved in cytoskeleton, glycometabolism, and post-translational processes. Among these proteins, OPN and matrix gla protein were up-regulated expression proteins, while α-SM actin was down-regulated. Furthermore, these preliminarily identified proteins confirmed by RT-PCR and western blotting analysis were coincident with the changes in 2-DE check. In addition, the cytoskeleton changes and migration rate of VSMCs from SHR treated by insulin increased significantly. The results showed that insulin plays a crucial role in activating proliferation and migration of VSMCs, by regulating the phenotype switch of VSMCs.
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Tso L. The use of metformin in assisted reproductive techniques for polycystic ovary syndrome patients. MIDDLE EAST FERTILITY SOCIETY JOURNAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mefs.2010.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Adipocytokines in atherothrombosis: focus on platelets and vascular smooth muscle cells. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010:174341. [PMID: 20652043 PMCID: PMC2905911 DOI: 10.1155/2010/174341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 03/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral obesity is a relevant pathological condition closely associated with high risk of atherosclerotic vascular disease including myocardial infarction and stroke. The increased vascular risk is related also to peculiar dysfunction in the endocrine activity of adipose tissue responsible of vascular impairment (including endothelial dysfunction), prothrombotic tendency, and low-grade chronic inflammation. In particular, increased synthesis and release of different cytokines, including interleukins and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and adipokines—such as leptin—have been reported as associated with future cardiovascular events. Since vascular cell dysfunction plays a major role in the atherothrombotic complications in central obesity, this paper aims at focusing, in particular, on the relationship between platelets and vascular smooth muscle cells, and the impaired secretory pattern of adipose tissue.
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Vural P, Küskü-Kiraz Z, Doğru-Abbasoğlu S, Çil E, Karadağ B, Uysal M. Vascular endothelial growth factor +405 G/C,−460 T/C and −2578 A/C polymorphisms are not associated with insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome. Int J Immunogenet 2010; 37:239-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2010.00915.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Insulin is a vascular hormone, able to influence vascular cell responses. In this review, we consider the insulin actions on vascular endothelium and on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) both in physiological conditions and in the presence of insulin resistance. In particular, we focus the relationships between activation of insulin signalling pathways of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3-K) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the different vascular actions of insulin, with a particular attention to the insulin ability to activate the pathway nitric oxide (NO)/cyclic GMP/PKG via PI3-K, owing to the peculiar relevance of NO in vascular biology. We also discuss the insulin actions mediated by the MAPK pathway (such as endothelin-1 synthesis and secretion and VSMC proliferation and migration) and by the interactions between the two pathways, both in insulin-sensitive and in insulin-resistant states. Finally, we consider the influence of free fatty acids, cytokines and endothelin on vascular insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Anfossi
- Internal Medicine University Unit, San Luigi Gonzaga Faculty of Medicine and Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Turin University, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy
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Tokac M, Aktan M, Ak A, Duman S, Tokgozoglu L, Aygul N, Paksoy Y, Porat Y. Autologous transplantation of arterial cells improves cardiac function in a rabbit model of infarcted myocardium. Stem Cells Dev 2009; 19:927-34. [PMID: 19739969 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular cardiomyoplasty is a promising approach for the treatment of severe heart failure. However, the question which cell line is the best to use is still a matter of debate. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of arterial media-intima cell suspension (AMICS) transplantation in rabbit myocardial infarct model. The study was divided into 2 groups: group A (the cell-treated group, n = 9) and group B (the medium injection group, n = 8). Group A was further divided into 2 subgroups as branch-1 (treated with unlabeled cells) and branch-2 (treated with iron-labeled cells). The experimental myocardial infarction (MI) was induced by ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery with a combination of cryoinjury. Ten days after the MI, cells obtained from autologous femoral arteries were injected into the injured myocardium of group A, while group B received an injection of only DMEM medium. Clinical, echocardiographic, and histopathologic evaluations were done. As compared to the ninth day values, echocardiography showed a significant improvement in systolic functions and left ventricular (LV) dimensions of the cell-treated group on the 30th day. In the heart biopsy sections of branch-1, the immunostained injected cells were observed to exist closely, suggesting an organization. Cells existing separately and lumen-like structure organizations stained positive with both smooth muscle cell (SMC) alpha-actin and Prussian Blue were also showed in the histological observation of branch-2. Autologous AMICS transplantation seems to be a feasible and efficacious method for cellular cardiomyoplasty in our rabbit model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Tokac
- Department of Cardiology, Selcuk University, Meram Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey.
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Smith RS, Gao L, Bledsoe G, Chao L, Chao J. Intermedin is a new angiogenic growth factor. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 297:H1040-7. [PMID: 19592612 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00404.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Intermedin (IMD) is a newly discovered peptide closely related to adrenomedullin. We recently reported that IMD gene delivery prevented kidney damage and capillary loss in a rat model of chronic renal injury. In this study, we evaluated the role of IMD in angiogenesis in the ischemic hindlimb. Adenovirus containing human IMD or control adenovirus (Ad.Null) was injected into the adductor muscles of rats immediately after femoral artery ligation. The expression of human IMD was detected in the skeletal muscle 5 days after the viral injection. Blood perfusion in the ischemic hindlimb was monitored by laser-Doppler imaging from 1 to 3 wk after gene delivery. When compared with animals receiving Ad.Null, those with IMD gene transfer resulted in a time-dependent increase in blood perfusion. IMD gene delivery also increased capillary and arteriole density in ischemic hindlimb, identified by anti-CD-31 and alpha-smooth muscle actin immunostaining. Angiogenesis promoted by IMD was confirmed by increased capillary formation and hemoglobin content in Matrigel implants containing IMD peptide in mice. In cultured endothelial cells, IMD induced cell migration and tube formation, and these effects were blocked by the inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), Akt, nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2), and anti-IMD-neutralizing antibody. IMD was found to increase the phosphorylation of ERK, Akt, and endothelial NOS, as well as to augment NO formation, VEGF, and VEGFR-2 synthesis. Taken together, these results indicate that IMD enhances angiogenesis through ERK, Akt/NOS/NO, and VEGF/VEGFR-2 signaling pathways and raises the potential of IMD gene or peptide administration in the modulation of endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425-2211, USA
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Mathur R, Kailasam C, Jenkins J. Review of the evidence base of strategies to prevent ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. HUM FERTIL 2009; 10:75-85. [PMID: 17564886 DOI: 10.1080/14647270601111239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The English-language literature was reviewed to examine the evidence base for strategies that have been used to prevent ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). Prediction of OHSS by pretreatment patient characteristics and ovarian response parameters is unreliable, with a significant number of OHSS cases occurring in patients not thought to be high risk, while the majority of 'high-risk' cycles do not result in OHSS. Alternatives to ovarian stimulation should always be considered, depending on the clinical situation. Monofollicular ovulation induction with a cautious step-up regime carries a lower risk of overstimulation than step-down regimes. In in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles, a low starting dose of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and the use of 5000 iu human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) for final follicular maturation may benefit patients at high risk of OHSS. The role of GnRH antagonists is unclear. In women with polycystic ovaries, who are undergoing ovarian stimulation for IVF, metformin co-treatment may reduce the risk of OHSS. Coasting of cycles with over-response is associated with a reduced risk of OHSS, although precise criteria for initiating and ending coasting are not definable at present. Elective cryopreservation of all embryos prevents late OHSS, but its value has been poorly researched. The literature does not support a role for intravenous albumin, administered around the time of oocyte retrieval, in preventing OHSS. Evidence is insufficient regarding a possible role for hexa-ethyl starch. hCG should not be used for luteal support, as it is associated with a higher risk of OHSS, and equivalent pregnancy rates are obtained with the use of progesterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Mathur
- Reproductive Medicine and Surgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Obesity Obesity-induced hypertension and target organ damage: current knowledge and future directions. J Hypertens 2009; 27:207-11. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e32831dafaf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Komori K, Tsujimura A, Takao T, Matsuoka Y, Miyagawa Y, Takada S, Nonomura N, Okuyama A. Nitric oxide synthesis leads to vascular endothelial growth factor synthesis via the NO/cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) pathway in human corpus cavernosal smooth muscle cells. J Sex Med 2008; 5:1623-35. [PMID: 18331270 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.00772.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vascular smooth muscle cells express endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and produce nitric oxide (NO). Recently, increased NO production has been reported to induce the synthesis and secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) via the NO/cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) pathway. L-arginine (L-arg), the precursor of NO, and selective phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitors that increase levels of intracellular cGMP may complementarily enhance VEGF synthesis in corpus cavernosal smooth muscle cells (CCSMCs), and may consequently restore impaired endothelial function. Expression of eNOS in corpus cavernosal smooth muscle has also been reported. However, it is unclear whether CCSMCs can generate NO. AIM To elucidate whether CCSMCs can synthesize NO and whether NO synthesis enhances VEGF synthesis via the NO/cGMP pathway. METHODS Corpus cavernosal cells were cultured and characterized by immunocytochemistry and immunoblotting. CCSMCs were treated with L-arg. CCSMCs were also incubated with L-arg and with vardenafil, an inhibitor of PDE-5. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Release of NO from cells was confirmed by assay of NO metabolites (NOx). Intracellular cGMP concentration and VEGF concentration in the medium were measured. RESULTS Isolated cells were determined to be CCSMCs. The expression of eNOS by CCSMCs was also identified. NOx and cGMP levels in the L-arg-treated group were significantly greater than those in the control group. VEGF and cGMP levels in the L-arg-treated group were also significantly greater than those in the control group. VEGF and cGMP levels in the L-arg + vardenafil-treated group were significantly greater than those in the L-arg-treated group and the control group. CONCLUSIONS CCSMCs express eNOS and synthesize NO. NO synthesis leads to enhancement of VEGF synthesis via the NO/cGMP pathway. Combined L-arg and vardenafil treatment, which can enhance VEGF production, may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of erectile dysfunction as well as endothelial dysfunction in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Komori
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Abstract
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are relatively new agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. They act as agonists at the PPAR-gamma nuclear receptor and their therapeutic effects include decreased insulin resistance and hyperglycaemia, an improved plasma lipid, inflammation and pro-coagulant profile, and amelioration of hypertension, microalbuminuria and hepatic steatosis. The most common side effects of TZDs include weight gain and oedema, with occasional reports of congestive heart failure (CHF). This review discusses the benefit-risk profile of TZDs in treating patients with type 2 diabetes, with particular reference to the heart. To provide context, we explore briefly the epidemiology and pathophysiology of heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes, touch on the association of heart disease and cardiovascular mortality with antihyperglycaemic treatment modalities other than TZDs, and then focus on the effects of TZDs on the heart, cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes. We describe the cluster of host factors, which seems to predispose patients with type 2 diabetes to TZD-induced or TZD-exacerbated oedema and CHF and then provide an overview of the putative mechanisms of these TZD-related side effects. We also propose that certain diuretics (amiloride and spironolactone), by targeting the distal nephron that expresses PPARgamma in collecting duct cells, might be of benefit in ameliorating the fluid retention and oedema associated with TZDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Buckingham
- Unit for Metabolic Medicine, Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Cardiovascular Division, King's College London School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London UK.
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Russo I, Del Mese P, Doronzo G, Mattiello L, Viretto M, Bosia A, Anfossi G, Trovati M. Resistance to the nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine 5'-monophosphate/protein kinase G pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells from the obese Zucker rat, a classical animal model of insulin resistance: role of oxidative stress. Endocrinology 2008; 149:1480-9. [PMID: 18079207 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-0920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Some in vivo and ex vivo studies demonstrated a resistance to the vasodilating effects of nitric oxide (NO) in insulin-resistant states and, in particular, obese Zucker rats (OZR). To evaluate the biochemical basis of this phenomenon, we aimed to identify defects of the NO/cGMP/cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) pathway in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from OZR and lean Zucker rats (LZR) by measuring: 1) NO donor ability to increase cGMP in the absence and presence of inhibitors of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) and phosphodiesterases (PDEs); 2) NO and cGMP ability to induce, via PKG, vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) phosphorylation at serine 239 and PDE5 activity; 3) protein expression of sGC, PKG, total VASP, and PDE5; 4) superoxide anion concentrations and ability of antioxidants (superoxide dismutase+catalase and amifostine) to influence the NO/cGMP/PKG pathway activation; and 5) hydrogen peroxide influence on PDE5 activity and VASP phosphorylation. VSMCs from OZR vs. LZR showed: 1) baseline cGMP concentrations higher, at least in part owing to reduced catabolism by PDEs; 2) impairment of NO donor ability to increase cGMP, even in the presence of PDE inhibitors, suggesting a defect in the NO-induced sGC activation; 3) reduction of NO and cGMP ability to activate PKG, indicated by the impaired ability to phosphorylate VASP at serine 239 and to increase PDE5 activity via PKG; 4) similar baseline protein expression of sGC, PKG, total VASP, and PDE5; and 5) higher levels of superoxide anion. Antioxidants partially prevented the defects of the NO/cGMP/PKG pathway observed in VSMCs from OZR, which were reproduced by hydrogen peroxide in VSMCs from LZR, suggesting the pivotal role of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Russo
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10043 Orbassano (TO), Italy
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Palomba S, Oppedisano R, Tolino A, Orio F, Zullo F. Metformin use in infertile patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: an evidence-based overview. Reprod Biomed Online 2008; 16:327-35. [DOI: 10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60592-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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46
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Tomada I, Tomada N, Vendeira P. Disfunção eréctil e obesidade. Rev Int Androl 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1698-031x(07)74071-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Mancia G, Bousquet P, Elghozi JL, Esler M, Grassi G, Julius S, Reid J, Van Zwieten PA. The sympathetic nervous system and the metabolic syndrome. J Hypertens 2007; 25:909-20. [PMID: 17414649 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e328048d004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Studies performed in the past two decades have unequivocally shown that several of the components of the metabolic syndrome are associated with indirect and direct markers of adrenergic overdrive. This is the case for hypertension and obesity, in which resting tachycardia, elevated plasma norepinephrine values, increased sympathetic nerve traffic, as well as augmented levels of total and regional norepinephrine spillover have been reported. This is also the case for insulin resistance, i.e. a metabolic condition frequently complicating the various components of the pathological condition identified as the 'metabolic syndrome'. After briefly describing the epidemiological and the cardiovascular risk profile of the disease, this paper will examine the behaviour of the sympathetic nervous system in the metabolic syndrome as well as the mechanisms potentially responsible for this neurogenic abnormality. This will be followed by an analysis of the role played by neuroadrenergic factors in disease progression as well as in the pathogenesis of its complications. Finally, the therapeutic implications of these findings will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Mancia
- Ospedale San Gerardo dei Tintori, Università Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Milan, Italy.
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Dullaart RPF, Oomen PHN, Sluiter WJ. Circulating vascular endothelial growth factor is unaffected by acute hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Intern Med 2007; 18:193-5. [PMID: 17449390 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2006.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2006] [Revised: 09/04/2006] [Accepted: 11/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) may predict microvascular complications in type 1 diabetes mellitus and are elevated when metabolic control is poor. We tested whether serum VEGF is influenced by prevailing glucose and insulin levels. METHODS In 15 type 1 diabetic patients, serum VEGF, plasma von Willebrand factor antigen (vWF-Ag), and serum soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (s-ICAM) levels were measured after 210 min of hyperglycemia (blood glucose target 12.0 mmol/l) and hyperinsulinemia (insulin infused at 120 mU/kg/h), alone and in combination. These were then compared with the levels obtained at the end of a 210-min normoglycemic (blood glucose target 5.0 mmol/l) standard insulin clamp (insulin infused at 30 mU/kg/h). RESULTS VEGF (p>0.60) as well as vWF-AG (p>0.80) and s-ICAM (p>0.20) remained unchanged at the end of the three intervention periods. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that no special precautions, in terms of concurrent measurement of glucose or timing of insulin administration, are necessary when interpreting circulating VEGF in this patient category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin P F Dullaart
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30001, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Despite criticism regarding its clinical relevance, the concept of the metabolic syndrome improves our understanding of both the pathophysiology of insulin resistance and its associated metabolic changes and vascular consequences. Free fatty acids (FFA) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) play prominent roles in the development of insulin resistance by impairing the intracellular insulin signalling transduction pathway. Obesity is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and strongly related to insulin resistance. In case of obesity, FFAs and TNF-alpha are produced in abundance by adipocytes, whereas the production of adiponectin, an anti-inflammatory adipokine, is reduced. This imbalanced production of pro- and anti-inflammatory adipokines, as observed in adipocyte dysfunction, is thought to be the driving force behind insulin resistance. The role of several recently discovered adipokines such as resistin, visfatin and retinol-binding protein (RBP)-4 in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance is increasingly understood. Insulin resistance induces several metabolic changes, including hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia and hypertension, all leading to increased cardiovascular risk. In addition, the dysfunctional adipocyte, reflected largely by low adiponectin levels and a high TNF-alpha concentration, directly influences the vascular endothelium, causing endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Adipocyte dysfunction could therefore be regarded as the common antecedent of both insulin resistance and atherosclerosis and functions as the link between obesity and cardiovascular disease. Targeting the dysfunctional adipocyte may reduce the risk for both cardiovascular disease and the development of type 2 diabetes. Although lifestyle intervention remains the cornerstone of therapy in improving insulin sensitivity and its associated metabolic changes, medical treatment might prove to be important as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M J Wassink
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands
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50
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Doronzo G, Russo I, Mattiello L, Riganti C, Anfossi G, Trovati M. Insulin activates hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha in human and rat vascular smooth muscle cells via phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways: impairment in insulin resistance owing to defects in insulin signalling. Diabetologia 2006; 49:1049-63. [PMID: 16506055 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-006-0156-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2005] [Accepted: 11/17/2005] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We previously demonstrated that insulin stimulates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) synthesis and secretion via phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3-K) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) from humans and from insulin-sensitive lean Zucker fa/+ rats. We also showed that this effect is attenuated in VSMC from insulin-resistant obese Zucker fa/fa rats. As it is not known whether the effects of insulin on VEGF involve activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), we aimed to evaluate: (1) whether insulin modulates HIF-1alpha protein synthesis and activity; (2) the insulin signalling pathways involved; and (3) the role of insulin resistance. METHODS Using aortic VSMC taken from humans and Zucker rats and cultured in normoxia, the following were evaluated: (1) dose-dependent (0.5, 1, 2 nmol/l) and time-dependent (2, 4, 6 h) effects exerted by insulin on HIF-1alpha content in both nucleus and cytosol, measured by Western blots; (2) insulin effects on HIF-1 DNA-binding activity on the VEGF gene, measured by electrophoretic mobility shift assay; and (3) involvement of the insulin signalling molecules in these insulin actions, by using the following inhibitors: LY294002 (PI3-K), PD98059 (extracellular signal regulated kinase [ERK]), SP600125 (Jun N terminal kinase [JNK]), SB203580 (p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase) and rapamycin (mammalian target of rapamycin), and by detecting the insulin signalling molecules by Western blots. RESULTS In aortic VSMC from humans and Zucker fa/+ rats cultured in normoxia insulin increases the HIF-1alpha content in cytosol and nucleus via dose- and time-dependent mechanisms, and HIF-1 DNA-binding activity on the VEGF gene. The insulin-induced increase of HIF-1alpha is blunted by the translation inhibitor cycloheximide, LY294002, PD98059, SP600125 and rapamycin, but not by SB203580. It is also reduced in Zucker fa/fa rats, which present an impaired ability of insulin to induce Akt, ERK-1/2 and JNK-1/2 phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These results provide a biological mechanism for the impaired collateral vessel formation in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Doronzo
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, I-10043, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
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