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Han X, Xing L, Hong Y, Zhang X, Hao B, Lu JY, Huang M, Wang Z, Ma S, Zhan G, Li T, Hao X, Tao Y, Li G, Zhou S, Zheng Z, Shao W, Zeng Y, Ma D, Zhang W, Xie Z, Deng H, Yan J, Deng W, Shen X. Nuclear RNA homeostasis promotes systems-level coordination of cell fate and senescence. Cell Stem Cell 2024; 31:694-716.e11. [PMID: 38631356 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2024.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Understanding cellular coordination remains a challenge despite knowledge of individual pathways. The RNA exosome, targeting a wide range of RNA substrates, is often downregulated in cellular senescence. Utilizing an auxin-inducible system, we observed that RNA exosome depletion in embryonic stem cells significantly affects the transcriptome and proteome, causing pluripotency loss and pre-senescence onset. Mechanistically, exosome depletion triggers acute nuclear RNA aggregation, disrupting nuclear RNA-protein equilibrium. This disturbance limits nuclear protein availability and hinders polymerase initiation and engagement, reducing gene transcription. Concurrently, it promptly disrupts nucleolar transcription, ribosomal processes, and nuclear exporting, resulting in a translational shutdown. Prolonged exosome depletion induces nuclear structural changes resembling senescent cells, including aberrant chromatin compaction, chromocenter disassembly, and intensified heterochromatic foci. These effects suggest that the dynamic turnover of nuclear RNA orchestrates crosstalk between essential processes to optimize cellular function. Disruptions in nuclear RNA homeostasis result in systemic functional decline, altering the cell state and promoting senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Han
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Linqing Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yantao Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xuechun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bo Hao
- SXMU-Tsinghua Collaborative Innovation Center for Frontier Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - J Yuyang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mengyuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zuhui Wang
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shaoqian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ge Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaowen Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yibing Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guanwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuqin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wen Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yitian Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dacheng Ma
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Bioinformatics Division, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Department of Automation, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenhao Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhen Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Bioinformatics Division, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Department of Automation, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiangwei Yan
- SXMU-Tsinghua Collaborative Innovation Center for Frontier Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Wulan Deng
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaohua Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; SXMU-Tsinghua Collaborative Innovation Center for Frontier Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China.
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Reja SI, Minoshima M, Hori Y, Kikuchi K. Recent advancements of fluorescent biosensors using semisynthetic probes. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 247:115862. [PMID: 38147718 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent biosensors are crucial experimental tools for live-cell imaging and the quantification of different biological analytes. Fluorescent protein (FP)-based biosensors are widely used for imaging applications in living systems. However, the use of FP-based biosensors is hindered by their large size, poor photostability, and laborious genetic manipulations required to improve their properties. Recently, semisynthetic fluorescent biosensors have been developed to address the limitations of FP-based biosensors using chemically modified fluorescent probes and self-labeling protein tag/peptide tags or DNA/RNA-based hybrid systems. Semisynthetic biosensors have unique advantages, as they can be easily modified using different probes. Moreover, the self-labeling protein tag, which labels synthetically developed ligands via covalent bonds, has immense potential for biosensor development. This review discusses the recent progress in different types of fluorescent biosensors for metabolites, protein aggregation and degradation, DNA methylation, endocytosis and exocytosis, membrane tension, and cellular viscosity. Here, we explain in detail the design strategy and working principle of these biosensors. The information presented will help the reader to create new biosensors using self-labeling protein tags for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahi Imam Reja
- Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masafumi Minoshima
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Hori
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kikuchi
- Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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Otsuka S, Qin XY, Wang W, Ito T, Nansai H, Abe K, Fujibuchi W, Nakao Y, Sone H. iGEM as a human iPS cell-based global epigenetic modulation detection assay provides throughput characterization of chemicals affecting DNA methylation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6663. [PMID: 37095195 PMCID: PMC10125974 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33729-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical-induced dysregulation of DNA methylation during the fetal period is known to contribute to developmental disorders or increase the risk of certain diseases later in life. In this study, we developed an iGEM (iPS cell-based global epigenetic modulation) detection assay using human induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cells that express a fluorescently labeled methyl-CpG-binding domain (MBD), which enables a high-throughput screening of epigenetic teratogens/mutagens. 135 chemicals with known cardiotoxicity and carcinogenicity were categorized according to the MBD signal intensity, which reflects the degree of nuclear spatial distribution/concentration of DNA methylation. Further biological characterization through machine-learning analysis that integrated genome-wide DNA methylation, gene expression profiling, and knowledge-based pathway analysis revealed that chemicals with hyperactive MBD signals strongly associated their effects on DNA methylation and expression of genes involved in cell cycle and development. These results demonstrated that our MBD-based integrated analytical system is a powerful framework for detecting epigenetic compounds and providing mechanism insights of pharmaceutical development for sustainable human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Otsuka
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
- Department of Cellular and Tissue Communication, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8555, Japan
| | - Xian-Yang Qin
- Laboratory for Cellular Function Conversion Technology, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Wenlong Wang
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto University Katsura, Nishikyo-Ku, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ito
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Hiroko Nansai
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Kuniya Abe
- Technology and Development Team for Mammalian Cellular Dynamics, BioResource Center, RIKEN Tsukuba Institute, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0074, Japan
| | - Wataru Fujibuchi
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-Cho, Sho-Goin, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
- Department of Cellular and Tissue Communication, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8555, Japan
| | - Yoichi Nakao
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Hideko Sone
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan.
- Environmental Health and Prevention Research Unit, Department of Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, 601 Matano, Totsuka, Yokohama, 245-0066, Japan.
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Tajbakhsh J, Mortazavi F, Gupta NK. DNA methylation topology differentiates between normal and malignant in cell models, resected human tissues, and exfoliated sputum cells of lung epithelium. Front Oncol 2022; 12:991120. [DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.991120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundGlobal DNA hypomethylation is a prominent feature of cancer cells including lung cancer, that has not been widely explored towards cancer diagnosis. In this study we assess the comparative distribution of global DNA methylation in normal cells versus cancer cells in various specimen models.MethodsWe used in situ immunofluorescence labeling of overall 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and covisualization of global DNA (gDNA) by 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), confocal microscopy and 3D image analysis to derive 5mC/DAPI colocalization patterns in human cell lines (BEAS-2B, A549, H157) and upper respiratory epithelial cells derived from various sources (i.e., sputum from healthy and cancer patients, and resected tissues from normal parenchyma and lung tumors).ResultsBy introducing 5mC/DAPI colocalization index as a metric we could distinguish between normal epithelial cells and aberrantly hypomethylated cancer cells. Cultured lung cancer cells (H157 and A549) had significantly lower indices compared to normal cells (BEAS-2B). Furthermore, we were able to identify such extensively hypomethylated low-index cells in tumor tissues and the matching sputum from cancer patients. In contrast, the indices of cells derived from sputum of healthy individuals had more similarity to epithelial cells of normal parenchyma and the phenotypically normal BEAS-2B cells.ConclusionsThe results suggest that 5mC topology using high-resolution image cytometry shows potential for identifying hypomethylated cancerous cells in human tissues and amongst normal cells in matching sputum, which may render a valuable surrogate for biopsied tissues. This promising feature deserves further validation in more comprehensive studies.
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Novo CL, Wong EV, Hockings C, Poudel C, Sheekey E, Wiese M, Okkenhaug H, Boulton SJ, Basu S, Walker S, Kaminski Schierle GS, Narlikar GJ, Rugg-Gunn PJ. Satellite repeat transcripts modulate heterochromatin condensates and safeguard chromosome stability in mouse embryonic stem cells. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3525. [PMID: 35725842 PMCID: PMC9209518 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31198-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterochromatin maintains genome integrity and function, and is organised into distinct nuclear domains. Some of these domains are proposed to form by phase separation through the accumulation of HP1ɑ. Mouse heterochromatin contains noncoding major satellite repeats (MSR), which are highly transcribed in mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Here, we report that MSR transcripts can drive the formation of HP1ɑ droplets in vitro, and modulate heterochromatin into dynamic condensates in ESCs, contributing to the formation of large nuclear domains that are characteristic of pluripotent cells. Depleting MSR transcripts causes heterochromatin to transition into a more compact and static state. Unexpectedly, changing heterochromatin's biophysical properties has severe consequences for ESCs, including chromosome instability and mitotic defects. These findings uncover an essential role for MSR transcripts in modulating the organisation and properties of heterochromatin to preserve genome stability. They also provide insights into the processes that could regulate phase separation and the functional consequences of disrupting the properties of heterochromatin condensates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Lopes Novo
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK.
- Tommy's National Miscarriage Research Centre at Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
| | - Emily V Wong
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Colin Hockings
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Chetan Poudel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Eleanor Sheekey
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Meike Wiese
- Wellcome - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Hanneke Okkenhaug
- Imaging Facility, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Simon J Boulton
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Artios Pharma Ltd., B940, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3FH, UK
| | - Srinjan Basu
- Wellcome - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Simon Walker
- Imaging Facility, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | | | - Geeta J Narlikar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peter J Rugg-Gunn
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK.
- Wellcome - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK.
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Rausch C, Zhang P, Casas-Delucchi CS, Daiß JL, Engel C, Coster G, Hastert FD, Weber P, Cardoso MC. Cytosine base modifications regulate DNA duplex stability and metabolism. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:12870-12894. [PMID: 34133727 PMCID: PMC8682791 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA base modifications diversify the genome and are essential players in development. Yet, their influence on DNA physical properties and the ensuing effects on genome metabolism are poorly understood. Here, we focus on the interplay of cytosine modifications and DNA processes. We show by a combination of in vitro reactions with well-defined protein compositions and conditions, and in vivo experiments within the complex networks of the cell that cytosine methylation stabilizes the DNA helix, increasing its melting temperature and reducing DNA helicase and RNA/DNA polymerase speed. Oxidation of methylated cytosine, however, reverts the duplex stabilizing and genome metabolic effects to the level of unmodified cytosine. We detect this effect with DNA replication and transcription proteins originating from different species, ranging from prokaryotic and viral to the eukaryotic yeast and mammalian proteins. Accordingly, lack of cytosine methylation increases replication fork speed by enhancing DNA helicase unwinding speed in cells. We further validate that this cannot simply be explained by altered global DNA decondensation, changes in histone marks or chromatin structure and accessibility. We propose that the variegated deposition of cytosine modifications along the genome regulates DNA helix stability, thereby providing an elementary mechanism for local fine-tuning of DNA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathia Rausch
- Cell Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Peng Zhang
- Cell Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.,Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Research, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China
| | | | - Julia L Daiß
- Regensburg Center for Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Engel
- Regensburg Center for Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gideon Coster
- Chester Beatty Laboratories, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Florian D Hastert
- Cell Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Patrick Weber
- Cell Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Cristina Cardoso
- Cell Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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Epigenetic effects of insecticides on early differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 75:105174. [PMID: 33865946 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that many insecticides produce significant epigenetic changes during embryogenesis, leading to developmental toxicities. However, the effects of insecticides on DNA methylation status during early development have not been well studied. We developed a novel nuclear phenotypic approach using mouse embryonic stem cells harboring enhanced green fluorescent protein fused with methyl CpG-binding protein to evaluate global DNA methylation changes via high-content imaging analysis. Exposure to imidacloprid, carbaryl, and o,p'-DDT increased the fluorescent intensity of granules in the nuclei, indicating global DNA methylating effects. However, DNA methylation profiling in cell-cycle-related genes, such as Cdkn2a, Dapk1, Cdh1, Mlh1, Timp3, and Rarb, decreased in imidacloprid treatments, suggesting the potential influence of DNA methylation patterns on cell differentiation. We developed a rapid method for evaluating global DNA methylation and used this approach to show that insecticides pose risks of developmental toxicity through DNA methylation.
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Abstract
In the past several decades, the establishment of in vitro models of pluripotency has ushered in a golden era for developmental and stem cell biology. Research in this arena has led to profound insights into the regulatory features that shape early embryonic development. Nevertheless, an integrative theory of the epigenetic principles that govern the pluripotent nucleus remains elusive. Here, we summarize the epigenetic characteristics that define the pluripotent state. We cover what is currently known about the epigenome of pluripotent stem cells and reflect on the use of embryonic stem cells as an experimental system. In addition, we highlight insights from super-resolution microscopy, which have advanced our understanding of the form and function of chromatin, particularly its role in establishing the characteristically "open chromatin" of pluripotent nuclei. Further, we discuss the rapid improvements in 3C-based methods, which have given us a means to investigate the 3D spatial organization of the pluripotent genome. This has aided the adaptation of prior notions of a "pluripotent molecular circuitry" into a more holistic model, where hotspots of co-interacting domains correspond with the accumulation of pluripotency-associated factors. Finally, we relate these earlier hypotheses to an emerging model of phase separation, which posits that a biophysical mechanism may presuppose the formation of a pluripotent-state-defining transcriptional program.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eran Meshorer
- Department of Genetics, the Institute of Life Sciences
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel 9190400
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9
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Phasing the intranuclear organization of steroid hormone receptors. Biochem J 2021; 478:443-461. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Steroid receptors (SRs) encompass a family of transcription factors that regulate the expression of thousands of genes upon binding to steroid hormones and include the glucocorticoid, androgen, progesterone, estrogen and mineralocorticoid receptors. SRs control key physiological and pathological processes, thus becoming relevant drug targets. As with many other nuclear proteins, hormone-activated SRs concentrate in multiple discrete foci within the cell nucleus. Even though these foci were first observed ∼25 years ago, their exact structure and function remained elusive. In the last years, new imaging methodologies and theoretical frameworks improved our understanding of the intranuclear organization. These studies led to a new paradigm stating that many membraneless nuclear compartments, including transcription-related foci, form through a liquid–liquid phase separation process. These exciting ideas impacted the SR field by raising the hypothesis of SR foci as liquid condensates involved in transcriptional regulation. In this work, we review the current knowledge about SR foci formation under the light of the condensate model, analyzing how these structures may impact SR function. These new ideas, combined with state-of-the-art techniques, may shed light on the biophysical mechanisms governing the formation of SR foci and the biological function of these structures in normal physiology and disease.
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Krigerts J, Salmina K, Freivalds T, Zayakin P, Rumnieks F, Inashkina I, Giuliani A, Hausmann M, Erenpreisa J. Differentiating cancer cells reveal early large-scale genome regulation by pericentric domains. Biophys J 2021; 120:711-724. [PMID: 33453273 PMCID: PMC7896032 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Finding out how cells prepare for fate change during differentiation commitment was our task. To address whether the constitutive pericentromere-associated domains (PADs) may be involved, we used a model system with known transcriptome data, MCF-7 breast cancer cells treated with the ErbB3 ligand heregulin (HRG), which induces differentiation and is used in the therapy of cancer. PAD-repressive heterochromatin (H3K9me3), centromere-associated-protein-specific, and active euchromatin (H3K4me3) antibodies, real-time PCR, acridine orange DNA structural test (AOT), and microscopic image analysis were applied. We found a two-step DNA unfolding after 15–20 and 60 min of HRG treatment, respectively. This behavior was consistent with biphasic activation of the early response genes (c-fos - fosL1/myc) and the timing of two transcriptome avalanches reported in the literature. In control, the average number of PADs negatively correlated with their size by scale-free distribution, and centromere clustering in turn correlated with PAD size, both indicating that PADs may create and modulate a suprachromosomal network by fusing and splitting a constant proportion of the constitutive heterochromatin. By 15 min of HRG treatment, the bursting unraveling of PADs from the nucleolus boundary occurred, coinciding with the first step of H3K4me3 chromatin unfolding, confirmed by AOT. The second step after 60 min of HRG treatment was associated with transcription of long noncoding RNA from PADs and peaking of fosL1/c-myc response. We hypothesize that the bursting of PAD clusters under a critical silencing threshold pushes the first transcription avalanche, whereas the destruction of the PAD network enables genome rewiring needed for differentiation repatterning, mediated by early response bivalent genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jekabs Krigerts
- Latvian Biomedicine Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia; University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Talivaldis Freivalds
- Institute of Cardiology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Pawel Zayakin
- Latvian Biomedicine Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - Felikss Rumnieks
- Latvian Biomedicine Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia; University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Inna Inashkina
- Latvian Biomedicine Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - Alessandro Giuliani
- Environment and Health Department, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Michael Hausmann
- Kirchhoff Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Rausch C, Weber P, Prorok P, Hörl D, Maiser A, Lehmkuhl A, Chagin VO, Casas-Delucchi CS, Leonhardt H, Cardoso MC. Developmental differences in genome replication program and origin activation. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 48:12751-12777. [PMID: 33264404 PMCID: PMC7736824 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa1124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To ensure error-free duplication of all (epi)genetic information once per cell cycle, DNA replication follows a cell type and developmental stage specific spatio-temporal program. Here, we analyze the spatio-temporal DNA replication progression in (un)differentiated mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells. Whereas telomeres replicate throughout S-phase, we observe mid S-phase replication of (peri)centromeric heterochromatin in mES cells, which switches to late S-phase replication upon differentiation. This replication timing reversal correlates with and depends on an increase in condensation and a decrease in acetylation of chromatin. We further find synchronous duplication of the Y chromosome, marking the end of S-phase, irrespectively of the pluripotency state. Using a combination of single-molecule and super-resolution microscopy, we measure molecular properties of the mES cell replicon, the number of replication foci active in parallel and their spatial clustering. We conclude that each replication nanofocus in mES cells corresponds to an individual replicon, with up to one quarter representing unidirectional forks. Furthermore, with molecular combing and genome-wide origin mapping analyses, we find that mES cells activate twice as many origins spaced at half the distance than somatic cells. Altogether, our results highlight fundamental developmental differences on progression of genome replication and origin activation in pluripotent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathia Rausch
- Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Patrick Weber
- Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Paulina Prorok
- Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - David Hörl
- Department of Biology II, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Maiser
- Department of Biology II, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Anne Lehmkuhl
- Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Vadim O Chagin
- Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.,Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | | | - M Cristina Cardoso
- Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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12
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Chromatin and transcriptome changes in human myoblasts show spatio-temporal correlations and demonstrate DPP4 inhibition in differentiated myotubes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14336. [PMID: 32868771 PMCID: PMC7459101 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70756-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Although less attention was paid to understanding physical localization changes in cell nuclei recently, depicting chromatin interaction maps is a topic of high interest. Here, we focused on defining extensive physical changes in chromatin organization in the process of skeletal myoblast differentiation. Based on RNA profiling data and 3D imaging of myogenic (NCAM1, DES, MYOG, ACTN3, MYF5, MYF6, ACTN2, and MYH2) and other selected genes (HPRT1, CDH15, DPP4 and VCAM1), we observed correlations between the following: (1) expression change and localization, (2) a gene and its genomic neighbourhood expression and (3) intra-chromosome and microscopical locus-centromere distances. In particular, we demonstrated the negative regulation of DPP4 mRNA (p < 0.001) and protein (p < 0.05) in differentiated myotubes, which coincided with a localization change of the DPP4 locus towards the nuclear lamina (p < 0.001) and chromosome 2 centromere (p < 0.001). Furthermore, we discuss the possible role of DPP4 in myoblasts (supported by an inhibition assay). We also provide positive regulation examples (VCAM1 and MYH2). Overall, we describe for the first time existing mechanisms of spatial gene expression regulation in myoblasts that might explain the issue of heterogenic responses observed during muscle regenerative therapies.
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13
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Muñoz‐López Á, Buchmuller B, Wolffgramm J, Jung A, Hussong M, Kanne J, Schweiger MR, Summerer D. Designer Receptors for Nucleotide‐Resolution Analysis of Genomic 5‐Methylcytosine by Cellular Imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Muñoz‐López
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology TU Dortmund University Otto-Hahn Str. 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
- International Max Planck Research School Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology Otto-Hahn Str. 10 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Benjamin Buchmuller
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology TU Dortmund University Otto-Hahn Str. 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
- International Max Planck Research School Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology Otto-Hahn Str. 10 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Jan Wolffgramm
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology TU Dortmund University Otto-Hahn Str. 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Anne Jung
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology TU Dortmund University Otto-Hahn Str. 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Michelle Hussong
- Department of Epigenetics and Tumor Biology, Medical Faculty University of Cologne Kerpener Str. 62 50937 Köln Germany
| | - Julian Kanne
- Department of Epigenetics and Tumor Biology, Medical Faculty University of Cologne Kerpener Str. 62 50937 Köln Germany
| | - Michal R. Schweiger
- Department of Epigenetics and Tumor Biology, Medical Faculty University of Cologne Kerpener Str. 62 50937 Köln Germany
| | - Daniel Summerer
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology TU Dortmund University Otto-Hahn Str. 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
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14
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Muñoz-López Á, Buchmuller B, Wolffgramm J, Jung A, Hussong M, Kanne J, Schweiger MR, Summerer D. Designer Receptors for Nucleotide-Resolution Analysis of Genomic 5-Methylcytosine by Cellular Imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:8927-8931. [PMID: 32167219 PMCID: PMC7318601 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We report programmable receptors for the imaging‐based analysis of 5‐methylcytosine (5mC) in user‐defined DNA sequences of single cells. Using fluorescent transcription‐activator‐like effectors (TALEs) that can recognize sequences of canonical and epigenetic nucleobases through selective repeats, we imaged cellular SATIII DNA, the origin of nuclear stress bodies (nSB). We achieve high nucleobase selectivity of natural repeats in imaging and demonstrate universal nucleobase binding by an engineered repeat. We use TALE pairs differing in only one such repeat in co‐stains to detect 5mC in SATIII sequences with nucleotide resolution independently of differences in target accessibility. Further, we directly correlate the presence of heat shock factor 1 with 5mC at its recognition sequence, revealing a potential function of 5mC in its recruitment as initial step of nSB formation. This opens a new avenue for studying 5mC functions in chromatin regulation in situ with nucleotide, locus, and cell resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Muñoz-López
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn Str. 10, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Benjamin Buchmuller
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn Str. 10, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jan Wolffgramm
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Anne Jung
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michelle Hussong
- Department of Epigenetics and Tumor Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Köln, Germany
| | - Julian Kanne
- Department of Epigenetics and Tumor Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Köln, Germany
| | - Michal R Schweiger
- Department of Epigenetics and Tumor Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Köln, Germany
| | - Daniel Summerer
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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15
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Verneri P, Vazquez Echegaray C, Oses C, Stortz M, Guberman A, Levi V. Dynamical reorganization of the pluripotency transcription factors Oct4 and Sox2 during early differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5195. [PMID: 32251342 PMCID: PMC7089971 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62235-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluripotency maintenance requires transcription factors (TFs) that induce genes necessary to preserve the undifferentiated state and repress others involved in differentiation. Recent observations support that the heterogeneous distribution of TFs in the nucleus impacts on gene expression. Thus, it is essential to explore how TFs dynamically organize to fully understand their role in transcription regulation. Here, we examine the distribution of pluripotency TFs Oct4 and Sox2 in the nucleus of embryonic stem (ES) cells and inquire whether their organization changes during early differentiation stages preceding their downregulation. Using ES cells expressing Oct4-YPet or Sox2-YPet, we show that Oct4 and Sox2 partition between nucleoplasm and a few chromatin-dense foci which restructure after inducing differentiation by 2i/LIF withdrawal. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy showed distinct changes in Oct4 and Sox2 dynamics after differentiation induction. Specifically, we detected an impairment of Oct4-chromatin interactions whereas Sox2 only showed slight variations in its short-lived, and probably more unspecific, interactions with chromatin. Our results reveal that differentiation cues trigger early changes of Oct4 and Sox2 nuclear distributions that also include modifications in TF-chromatin interactions. This dynamical reorganization precedes Oct4 and Sox2 downregulation and may contribute to modulate their function at early differentiation stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Verneri
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Camila Vazquez Echegaray
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Camila Oses
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martin Stortz
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Guberman
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Valeria Levi
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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16
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Hori Y, Kikuchi K. Chemical Tools with Fluorescence Switches for Verifying Epigenetic Modifications. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:2849-2857. [PMID: 31577127 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic DNA and histone modifications alter chromatin conformation and regulate gene expression. A major DNA modification is methylation, which is catalyzed by DNA methyltransferase (Dnmt) and results in gene suppression. Compared to DNA, histones undergo a greater variety of modification types, one of which is the acetylation of lysine. While histone acetyltransferase (HAT) catalyzes acetylation and activates gene expression, histone deacetylase (HDAC) removes the modification and causes gene suppression. As precise regulation of these epigenetic marks on DNA and histones is critical for cellular functions, their dysregulation causes various diseases including cancer, metabolic syndromes, immune diseases, and psychiatric diseases. Therefore, elucidation of the epigenetic phenomena is important not only in the field of biology but also in medical and pharmaceutical sciences. Furthermore, this field is also attracting industrial interest, because small-molecule inhibitors modulate enzymatic activity for epigenetic modification and are used for cancer treatment. Under these circumstances, various methods for detecting epigenetic modifications have been developed. However, most methods require cell lysis, which is not suitable for real-time detection of enzymatic activity. Since fluorescent probes are attractive chemical tools to solve this issue, chemists made considerable efforts to create fluorescent probes for epigenetics. To date, we have particularly focused on HDAC activity and DNA methylation and have developed fluorescent probes for their detection. The first part of this review describes our recent efforts to develop fluorescent probes for detecting HDAC activity. Since the discovery of HDAC activity in the late 1960s, no fluorescent probe has been developed that can detect enzymatic reactions in a simple, one-step procedure despite its biological and medical importance. We designed fluorescent probes to overcome this limitation by devising two different types of fluorescence switching mechanisms, which are based on aggregation-induced emission (AIE) and intramolecular transesterification. Using these probes, we detected HDAC activity simply by mixing the probes and HDAC for the first time. In the second part, a hybrid approach using a protein-labeling system was employed to detect DNA methylation in living cells. So far, live-cell detection of DNA methylation was conducted by imaging the localization of Fluorescent Proteins (FPs) fused to a methylated DNA-binding domain. However, FP lacks a fluorescence switch and emits fluorescence without binding to methylated DNA. We created a hybrid probe that comprises a fluorogen and a protein and enhances fluorescence intensity upon binding to methylated DNA. To create the hybrid probe, we applied our protein labeling system using the PYP-tag that we previously developed. This method successfully visualized methylated DNA in living cells and verified its dynamics during cell division. Both of the above-mentioned fluorescent probes have great potential for use not only in HDAC and DNA methylation but also in other epigenetics-associated modifications. For example, the mechanism of the HDAC probes can be used to detect histone demethylation. The hybrid probe can be converted to a sensor for imaging acetylated or methylated histones. In this review, we mainly describe how we designed the probes using chemical principles and solved the current obstacles with the probe design and discuss the future prospects of these probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Hori
- Graduate School of Engineering and Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Engineering and Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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17
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Shin M, Vaughn A, Momb J, Appling DR. Deletion of neural tube defect-associated gene Mthfd1l causes reduced cranial mesenchyme density. Birth Defects Res 2019; 111:1520-1534. [PMID: 31518072 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periconceptional intake of supplemental folic acid can reduce the incidence of neural tube defects by as much as 70%, but the mechanisms by which folic acid supports cellular processes during neural tube closure are unknown. The mitochondrial 10-formyl-tetrahydrofolate synthetase MTHFD1L catalyzes production of formate, thus generating one-carbon units for cytoplasmic processes. Deletion of Mthfd1l causes embryonic lethality, developmental delay, and neural tube defects in mice. METHODS To investigate the role of mitochondrial one-carbon metabolism during cranial neural tube closure, we have analyzed cellular morphology and function in neural tissues in Mthfd1l knockout embryos. RESULTS The head mesenchyme showed significantly lower cellular density in Mthfd1l nullizygous embryos compared to wildtype embryos during the process of neural tube closure. Apoptosis and neural crest cell specification were not affected by deletion of Mthfd1l. Sections from the cranial region of Mthfd1l knockout embryos exhibited decreased cellular proliferation, but only after completion of neural tube closure. Supplementation of pregnant dams with formate improved mesenchymal density and corrected cell proliferation in the nullizygous embryos. CONCLUSIONS Deletion of Mthfd1l causes decreased density in the cranial mesenchyme and this defect is improved with formate supplementation. This study reveals a mechanistic link between folate-dependent mitochondrially produced formate, head mesenchyme formation and neural tube defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhye Shin
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Amanda Vaughn
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Jessica Momb
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Dean R Appling
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
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18
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Abstract
5-Methylcytosine is the major epigenetic modification occurring on DNA. It is known to be involved not only in gene expression regulation but also in the control of chromatin structure. However, this modification is also found on different types of RNA, including mRNA. Generally, biomolecular techniques are applied for studying the epigenetic profile of nucleic acids. Here, we describe the ultrastructural detection of 5-methylcytosine as an unusual approach to localize this modification on chromatin regions and/or RNA single molecules. This tool requires a careful sample preparation to preserve antigen epitopes that will be revealed immunocytochemically by a specific anti-5-methylcytosine antibody. The multiple staining procedures that can be adopted allow the identification of both DNA or RNA. A semiquantitative analysis can also be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Masiello
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Biggiogera
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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19
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Schlesinger S, Meshorer E. Open Chromatin, Epigenetic Plasticity, and Nuclear Organization in Pluripotency. Dev Cell 2019; 48:135-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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20
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Chromatin remodeling in Drosophila preblastodermic embryo extract. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10927. [PMID: 30026552 PMCID: PMC6053431 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromatin is known to undergo extensive remodeling during nuclear reprogramming. However, the factors and mechanisms involved in this remodeling are still poorly understood and current experimental approaches to study it are not best suited for molecular and genetic analyses. Here we report on the use of Drosophila preblastodermic embryo extracts (DREX) in chromatin remodeling experiments. Our results show that incubation of somatic nuclei in DREX induces changes in chromatin organization similar to those associated with nuclear reprogramming, such as rapid binding of the germline specific linker histone dBigH1 variant to somatic chromatin, heterochromatin reorganization, changes in the epigenetic state of chromatin, and nuclear lamin disassembly. These results raise the possibility of using the powerful tools of Drosophila genetics for the analysis of chromatin changes associated with this essential process.
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21
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Nucleosomes of polyploid trophoblast giant cells mostly consist of histone variants and form a loose chromatin structure. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5811. [PMID: 29643413 PMCID: PMC5895725 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23832-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Trophoblast giant cells (TGCs) are one of the cell types that form the placenta and play multiple essential roles in maintaining pregnancy in rodents. TGCs have large, polyploid nuclei resulting from endoreduplication. While previous studies have shown distinct gene expression profiles of TGCs, their chromatin structure remains largely unknown. An appropriate combination of canonical and non-canonical histones, also known as histone variants, allows each cell to exert its cell type-specific functions. Here, we aimed to reveal the dynamics of histone usage and chromatin structure during the differentiation of trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) into TGCs. Although the expression of most genes encoding canonical histones was downregulated, the expression of a few genes encoding histone variants such as H2AX, H2AZ, and H3.3 was maintained at a relatively high level in TGCs. Both the micrococcal nuclease digestion assay and nucleosome stability assay using a microfluidic device indicated that chromatin became increasingly loose as TSCs differentiated. Combinatorial experiments involving H3.3-knockdown and -overexpression demonstrated that variant H3.3 resulted in the formation of loose nucleosomes in TGCs. In conclusion, our study revealed that TGCs possessed loose nucleosomes owing to alterations in their histone composition during differentiation.
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22
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LINE-1 hypomethylation is inversely correlated with UHRF1 overexpression in gastric cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:6666-6670. [PMID: 29616129 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is an important epigenetic modification that alters gene expression; DNA hypomethylation contributes to tumorigenesis through multiple processes. In the present study, the methylation of long interspersed element-1 (LINE-1) in 95 gastric cancer (GC) tissues and matched adjacent normal tissues was investigated by pyrosequencing. LINE-1 methylation was compared with the expression of ubiquitin-like with PHD and ring-finger protein 1 (UHRF1), an essential regulator of DNA methylation, using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Significant hypomethylation of LINE-1 and overexpression of UHRF1 were observed in GC tissues compared with the matched controls (P<0.001 and P=0.001, respectively). LINE-1 hypomethylation was inversely correlated with UHRF1 overexpression in GC tissues (r=-0.026, P=0.028). In addition, LINE-1 hypomethylation in GC was significantly associated with Lauren's histological classification, tumor differentiation and background intestinal metaplasia (P=0.014, P=0.042 and P=0.034, respectively). These results suggest that LINE-1 hypomethylation may be a potential biomarker for GC and it is indirectly regulated by UHRF1 overexpression.
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23
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Nakamura K, Baba Y, Kosumi K, Harada K, Shigaki H, Miyake K, Kiyozumi Y, Ohuchi M, Kurashige J, Ishimoto T, Iwatsuki M, Sakamoto Y, Yoshida N, Watanabe M, Nakao M, Baba H. UHRF1 regulates global DNA hypomethylation and is associated with poor prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:57821-57831. [PMID: 27507047 PMCID: PMC5295392 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Global DNA hypomethylation contributes to oncogenesis through various mechanisms. The level of long interspersed nucleotide element-1 (LINE- 1) methylation is considered a surrogate marker of global DNA methylation, and is attracting interest as a good predictor of cancer prognosis. However, the mechanism how LINE-1 (global DNA) methylation is controlled in cancer cells remains to be fully elucidated. Ubiquitin-like with PHD and RING finger domain 1 (UHRF1) plays a crucial role in DNA methylation. UHRF1 is overexpressed in many cancers, and UHRF1 overexpression may be a mechanism underlying DNA hypomethylation in cancer cells. Nonetheless, the relationship between UHRF1, LINE-1 methylation level, and clinical outcome in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains unclear. Results In ESCC cell lines, vector-mediated UHRF1 overexpression caused global DNA (LINE-1) hypomethylation and, conversely, UHRF1 knockdown using siRNA increased the global DNA methylation level. In ESCC tissues, UHRF1 expression was significantly associated with LINE-1 methylation levels. Furthermore, UHRF1 overexpression correlated with poor prognosis in our cohort of 160 ESCC patients. Materials and Methods The relationships between UHRF1 expression and LINE-1 methylation level (i.e., global DNA methylation level) were investigated using ESCC tissues and cell lines. In addition, we examined the correlation between UHRF1 expression, LINE-1 methylation, and clinical outcome in patients with ESCC. Conclusions Our results suggest that UHRF1 is a key epigenetic regulator of DNA methylation and might be a potential target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Nakamura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kosumi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kazuto Harada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hironobu Shigaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Keisuke Miyake
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Kiyozumi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mayuko Ohuchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Junji Kurashige
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Ishimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masaaki Iwatsuki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yasuo Sakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Naoya Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masayuki Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Nakao
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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24
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Tsuji S, Futaki S, Imanishi M. Sequence-specific recognition of methylated DNA by an engineered transcription activator-like effector protein. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:14238-14241. [PMID: 27872906 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc06824c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A 5mC-selective TALE-repeat was created by screening a TALE repeat library containing randomized amino acids at repeat variable diresidues and their neighboring residues. The new repeat showed high 5mC discrimination ability. An artificial TALE containing the new repeat activated an endogenous gene in a genomic methylation status-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Tsuji
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
| | - Shiroh Futaki
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
| | - Miki Imanishi
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
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25
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Hori Y, Otomura N, Nishida A, Nishiura M, Umeno M, Suetake I, Kikuchi K. Synthetic-Molecule/Protein Hybrid Probe with Fluorogenic Switch for Live-Cell Imaging of DNA Methylation. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:1686-1690. [PMID: 29381073 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid probes consisting of synthetic molecules and proteins are powerful tools for detecting biological molecules and signals in living cells. To date, most targets of the hybrid probes have been limited to pH and small analytes. Although biomacromolecules are essential to the physiological function of cells, the hybrid-probe-based approach has been scarcely employed for live-cell detection of biomacromolecules. Here, we developed a hybrid probe with a chemical switch for live-cell imaging of methylated DNA, an important macromolecule in the repression of gene expression. Using a protein labeling technique, we created a hybrid probe containing a DNA-binding fluorogen and a methylated-DNA-binding domain. The hybrid probe enhanced fluorescence intensity upon binding to methylated DNA and successfully monitored methylated DNA during mitosis. The hybrid probe offers notable advantages absent from probes based on small molecules or fluorescent proteins and is useful for live-cell analyses of epigenetic phenomena and diseases related to DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Hori
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University , Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Norimichi Otomura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ayuko Nishida
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Miyako Nishiura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Maho Umeno
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Isao Suetake
- Laboratory of Epigenetics, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University , Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Center for Twin Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University , Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,College of Nutrition, Koshien University , Takaraduka, Hyogo 665-0006, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University , Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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26
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Tsuji S, Shinoda K, Futaki S, Imanishi M. Sequence-specific 5mC detection in live cells based on the TALE-split luciferase complementation system. Analyst 2018; 143:3793-3797. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an00562a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The newly developed TALE-split luciferase complementation system enabled sequence-specific 5mC detection of genomic DNA in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Tsuji
- Institute for Chemical Research
- Kyoto University
- Uji
- Japan
| | - Kouki Shinoda
- Institute for Chemical Research
- Kyoto University
- Uji
- Japan
| | - Shiroh Futaki
- Institute for Chemical Research
- Kyoto University
- Uji
- Japan
| | - Miki Imanishi
- Institute for Chemical Research
- Kyoto University
- Uji
- Japan
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27
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Lungu C, Pinter S, Broche J, Rathert P, Jeltsch A. Modular fluorescence complementation sensors for live cell detection of epigenetic signals at endogenous genomic sites. Nat Commun 2017; 8:649. [PMID: 28935858 PMCID: PMC5608954 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00457-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigation of the fundamental role of epigenetic processes requires methods for the locus-specific detection of epigenetic modifications in living cells. Here, we address this urgent demand by developing four modular fluorescence complementation-based epigenetic biosensors for live-cell microscopy applications. These tools combine engineered DNA-binding proteins with domains recognizing defined epigenetic marks, both fused to non-fluorescent fragments of a fluorescent protein. The presence of the epigenetic mark at the target DNA sequence leads to the reconstitution of a functional fluorophore. With this approach, we could for the first time directly detect DNA methylation and histone 3 lysine 9 trimethylation at endogenous genomic sites in live cells and follow dynamic changes in these marks upon drug treatment, induction of epigenetic enzymes and during the cell cycle. We anticipate that this versatile technology will improve our understanding of how specific epigenetic signatures are set, erased and maintained during embryonic development or disease onset.Tools for imaging epigenetic modifications can shed light on the regulation of epigenetic processes. Here, the authors present a fluorescence complementation approach for detection of DNA and histone methylation at endogenous genomic sites allowing following of dynamic changes of these marks by live-cell microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Lungu
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, Stuttgart University, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sabine Pinter
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, Stuttgart University, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Julian Broche
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, Stuttgart University, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Philipp Rathert
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, Stuttgart University, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Albert Jeltsch
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, Stuttgart University, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
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28
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Masiello I, Biggiogera M. Ultrastructural localization of 5-methylcytosine on DNA and RNA. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:3057-3064. [PMID: 28391361 PMCID: PMC11107537 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2521-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation is the major epigenetic modification and it is involved in the negative regulation of gene expression. Its alteration can lead to neoplastic transformation. Several biomolecular approaches are nowadays used to study this modification on DNA, but also on RNA molecules, which are known to play a role in different biological processes. RNA methylation is one of the most common RNA modifications and 5-methylcytosine presence has recently been suggested in mRNA. However, an analysis of nucleic acid methylation at electron microscope is still lacking. Therefore, we visualized DNA methylation status and RNA methylation sites in the interphase nucleus of HeLa cells and rat hepatocytes by ultrastructural immunocytochemistry and cytochemical staining. This approach represents an efficient alternative to study nucleic acid methylation. In particular, this ultrastructural method makes the visualization of this epigenetic modification on a single RNA molecule possible, thus overcoming the technical limitations for a (pre-)mRNA methylation analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Masiello
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Biggiogera
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
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29
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Zhang P, Rausch C, Hastert FD, Boneva B, Filatova A, Patil SJ, Nuber UA, Gao Y, Zhao X, Cardoso MC. Methyl-CpG binding domain protein 1 regulates localization and activity of Tet1 in a CXXC3 domain-dependent manner. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:7118-7136. [PMID: 28449087 PMCID: PMC5499542 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosine modifications diversify and structure the genome thereby controlling proper development and differentiation. Here, we focus on the interplay of the 5-methylcytosine reader Mbd1 and modifier Tet1 by analyzing their dynamic subcellular localization and the formation of the Tet oxidation product 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in mammalian cells. Our results demonstrate that Mbd1 enhances Tet1-mediated 5-methylcytosine oxidation. We show that this is due to enhancing the localization of Tet1, but not of Tet2 and Tet3 at heterochromatic DNA. We find that the recruitment of Tet1 and concomitantly its catalytic activity eventually leads to the displacement of Mbd1 from methylated DNA. Finally, we demonstrate that increased Tet1 heterochromatin localization and 5-methylcytosine oxidation are dependent on the CXXC3 domain of Mbd1, which recognizes unmethylated CpG dinucleotides. The Mbd1 CXXC3 domain deletion isoform, which retains only binding to methylated CpGs, on the other hand, blocks Tet1-mediated 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine conversion, indicating opposite biological effects of Mbd1 isoforms. Our study provides new insights on how cytosine modifications, their modifiers and readers cross-regulate themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Cell Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Cathia Rausch
- Cell Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Florian D. Hastert
- Cell Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Boyana Boneva
- Cell Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Alina Filatova
- Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sujit J. Patil
- Cell Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ulrike A. Nuber
- Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Yu Gao
- Waisman Center & Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- Waisman Center & Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - M. Cristina Cardoso
- Cell Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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Toriyama M, Toriyama M, Wallingford JB, Finnell RH. Folate-dependent methylation of septins governs ciliogenesis during neural tube closure. FASEB J 2017; 31:3622-3635. [PMID: 28432198 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700092r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Periconception maternal folic acid (vitamin B9) supplementation can reduce the prevalence of neural tube defects (NTDs), although just how folates benefit the developing embryo and promote closing of the neural tube and other morphologic processes during development remains unknown. Folate contributes to a 1-carbon metabolism, which is essential for purine biosynthesis and methionine recycling and affects methylation of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins. Herein, we used animal models and cultured mammalian cells to demonstrate that disruption of the methylation pathway mediated by folate compromises normal neural tube closure (NTC) and ciliogenesis. We demonstrate that the embryos with NTD failed to adequately methylate septin2, a key regulator of cilium structure and function. We report that methylation of septin2 affected its GTP binding activity and formation of the septin2-6-7 complex. We propose that folic acid promotes normal NTC in some embryos by regulating the methylation of septin2, which is critical for normal cilium formation during early embryonic development.-Toriyama, M., Toriyama, M., Wallingford, J. B., Finnell, R. H. Folate-dependent methylation of septins governs ciliogenesis during neural tube closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manami Toriyama
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Michinori Toriyama
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - John B Wallingford
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Richard H Finnell
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, Texas, USA;
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31
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Sabour D, Srinivasan SP, Rohani S, Wagh V, Gaspar JA, Panek D, Ardestani MA, Doss MX, Riet N, Abken H, Hescheler J, Papadopoulos S, Sachinidis A. STRIP2 Is Indispensable for the Onset of Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2017; 5:116-129. [PMID: 28480311 PMCID: PMC5415327 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The role of striatin interacting protein 2 (Strip2) in differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) is still under debate. Strip2-silenced murine (KD) ESCs were differentiated for 4, 8, 12, and 16 days. We show that Strip2 is distributed in the perinucleus or nuclei of wild-type (WT) undifferentiated ESCs, but is localized in high-density nuclear bodies in differentiated cells. CellNet analysis of microarray gene expression data for the KD and scrambled control (SCR) embryoid bodies (EBs), as well as immunostainings of key pluripotent factors, demonstrated that differentiation of KD ESCs is repressed. This occurs even in 16-day-old EBs, which possessed a high tumorigenic potential. Correlated with very high expression levels of epigenetic regulator genes, Hat1 and Dnmt3, enzymatic activities of the histone acetyltransferase type B (Hat1) and DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3 beta (Dnmt3b) were higher in differentiated 16-day-old KD EBs than in SCR or WT EBs. The expression levels of let-7, 290, and 302 microRNA families were opposed in KD ESCs, while KD EBs had levels comparable to WT and SCR ESCs during differentiation. Strip2 is critical for the regular differentiation of ESCs. Moreover, Strip2 deficient ESCs showed a dysregulation of epigenetic regulators and microRNAs regulating pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davood Sabour
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne (UKK), Robert-Koch-Strasse 39, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sureshkumar Perumal Srinivasan
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne (UKK), Robert-Koch-Strasse 39, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Susan Rohani
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne (UKK), Robert-Koch-Strasse 39, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Vilas Wagh
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne (UKK), Robert-Koch-Strasse 39, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - John Antonydas Gaspar
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne (UKK), Robert-Koch-Strasse 39, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Darius Panek
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne (UKK), Robert-Koch-Strasse 39, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Mostafa Abootorabi Ardestani
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Strasse 39, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Xavier Doss
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne (UKK), Robert-Koch-Strasse 39, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Nicole Riet
- Department I for Internal Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Robert-Koch-Strasse 21, University of Cologne, and University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Hinrich Abken
- Department I for Internal Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Robert-Koch-Strasse 21, University of Cologne, and University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hescheler
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne (UKK), Robert-Koch-Strasse 39, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Symeon Papadopoulos
- Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Strasse 39, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Agapios Sachinidis
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne (UKK), Robert-Koch-Strasse 39, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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32
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Festuccia N, Gonzalez I, Navarro P. The Epigenetic Paradox of Pluripotent ES Cells. J Mol Biol 2016; 429:1476-1503. [PMID: 27988225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The propagation and maintenance of gene expression programs are at the foundation of the preservation of cell identity. A large and complex set of epigenetic mechanisms enables the long-term stability and inheritance of transcription states. A key property of authentic epigenetic regulation is being independent from the instructive signals used for its establishment. This makes epigenetic regulation, particularly epigenetic silencing, extremely robust and powerful to lock regulatory states and stabilise cell identity. In line with this, the establishment of epigenetic silencing during development restricts cell potency and maintains the cell fate choices made by transcription factors (TFs). However, how more immature cells that have not yet established their definitive fate maintain their transitory identity without compromising their responsiveness to signalling cues remains unclear. A paradigmatic example is provided by pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cells derived from a transient population of cells of the blastocyst. Here, we argue that ES cells represent an interesting "epigenetic paradox": even though they are captured in a self-renewing state characterised by extremely efficient maintenance of their identity, which is a typical manifestation of robust epigenetic regulation, they seem not to heavily rely on classical epigenetic mechanisms. Indeed, self-renewal strictly depends on the TFs that previously instructed their undifferentiated identity and relies on a particular signalling-dependent chromatin state where repressive chromatin marks play minor roles. Although this "epigenetic paradox" may underlie their exquisite responsiveness to developmental cues, it suggests that alternative mechanisms to faithfully propagate gene regulatory states might be prevalent in ES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Festuccia
- Epigenetics of Stem Cells, Department of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3738, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Inma Gonzalez
- Epigenetics of Stem Cells, Department of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3738, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Pablo Navarro
- Epigenetics of Stem Cells, Department of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3738, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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Agrawal K, Das V, Otmar M, Krečmerová M, Džubák P, Hajdúch M. Cell-based DNA demethylation detection system for screening of epigenetic drugs in 2D, 3D, and xenograft models. Cytometry A 2016; 91:133-143. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Agrawal
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University; Hněvotínská 5 77900 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Viswanath Das
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University; Hněvotínská 5 77900 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Otmar
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; v.v.i, Flemingovo náměstí 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Krečmerová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; v.v.i, Flemingovo náměstí 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Petr Džubák
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University; Hněvotínská 5 77900 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Marián Hajdúch
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University; Hněvotínská 5 77900 Olomouc Czech Republic
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Tobias IC, Brooks CR, Teichroeb JH, Villagómez DA, Hess DA, Séguin CA, Betts DH. Small-Molecule Induction of Canine Embryonic Stem Cells Toward Naïve Pluripotency. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:1208-22. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ian C. Tobias
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Courtney R. Brooks
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan H. Teichroeb
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel A. Villagómez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - David A. Hess
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Children's Health Research Institute, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, Krembil Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Robarts Research Institute, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario Canada
| | - Cheryle A. Séguin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Children's Health Research Institute, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dean H. Betts
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Children's Health Research Institute, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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35
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Kress C, Montillet G, Jean C, Fuet A, Pain B. Chicken embryonic stem cells and primordial germ cells display different heterochromatic histone marks than their mammalian counterparts. Epigenetics Chromatin 2016; 9:5. [PMID: 26865862 PMCID: PMC4748481 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-016-0056-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chromatin epigenetics participate in control of gene expression during metazoan development. DNA methylation and post-translational modifications (PTMs) of histones have been extensively characterised in cell types present in, or derived from, mouse embryos. In embryonic stem cells (ESCs) derived from blastocysts, factors involved in deposition of epigenetic marks regulate properties related to self-renewal and pluripotency. In the germ lineage, changes in histone PTMs and DNA demethylation occur during formation of the primordial germ cells (PGCs) to reset the epigenome of the future gametes. Trimethylation of histone H3 on lysine 27 (H3K27me3) by Polycomb group proteins is involved in several epigenome-remodelling steps, but it remains unclear whether these epigenetic features are conserved in non-mammalian vertebrates. To investigate this question, we compared the abundance and nuclear distribution of the main histone PTMs, 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) in chicken ESCs, PGCs and blastodermal cells (BCs) with differentiated chicken ESCs and embryonic fibroblasts. In addition, we analysed the expression of chromatin modifier genes to better understand the establishment and dynamics of chromatin epigenetic profiles. Results The nuclear distributions of most PTMs and 5hmC in chicken stem cells were similar to what has been described for mammalian cells. However, unlike mouse pericentric heterochromatin (PCH), chicken ESC PCH contained high levels of trimethylated histone H3 on lysine 27 (H3K27me3). In differentiated chicken cells, PCH was less enriched in H3K27me3 relative to chromatin overall. In PGCs, the H3K27me3 global level was greatly reduced, whereas the H3K9me3 level was elevated. Most chromatin modifier genes known in mammals were expressed in chicken ESCs, PGCs and BCs. Genes presumably involved in de novo DNA methylation were very highly expressed. DNMT3B and HELLS/SMARCA6 were highly expressed in chicken ESCs, PGCs and BCs compared to differentiated chicken ESCs and embryonic fibroblasts, and DNMT3A was strongly expressed in ESCs, differentiated ESCs and BCs. Conclusions Chicken ESCs and PGCs differ from their mammalian counterparts with respect to H3K27 methylation. High enrichment of H3K27me3 at PCH is specific to pluripotent cells in chicken. Our results demonstrate that the dynamics in chromatin constitution described during mouse development is not universal to all vertebrate species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13072-016-0056-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Kress
- Inserm, U1208, INRA, USC1361, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, 18 avenue du Doyen Lépine, 69500 Bron, France ; Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Guillaume Montillet
- Inserm, U1208, INRA, USC1361, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, 18 avenue du Doyen Lépine, 69500 Bron, France ; Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Christian Jean
- Inserm, U1208, INRA, USC1361, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, 18 avenue du Doyen Lépine, 69500 Bron, France ; Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Aurélie Fuet
- Inserm, U1208, INRA, USC1361, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, 18 avenue du Doyen Lépine, 69500 Bron, France ; Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Bertrand Pain
- Inserm, U1208, INRA, USC1361, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, 18 avenue du Doyen Lépine, 69500 Bron, France ; Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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36
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Hogan MS, Parfitt DE, Zepeda-Mendoza CJ, Shen MM, Spector DL. Transient pairing of homologous Oct4 alleles accompanies the onset of embryonic stem cell differentiation. Cell Stem Cell 2016; 16:275-88. [PMID: 25748933 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between chromatin organization and transcriptional regulation is an area of intense investigation. We characterized the spatial relationships between alleles of the Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog genes in single cells during the earliest stages of mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation and during embryonic development. We describe homologous pairing of the Oct4 alleles during ESC differentiation and embryogenesis, and we present evidence that pairing is correlated with the kinetics of ESC differentiation. Importantly, we identify critical DNA elements within the Oct4 promoter/enhancer region that mediate pairing of Oct4 alleles. Finally, we show that mutation of OCT4/SOX2 binding sites within this region abolishes inter-chromosomal interactions and affects accumulation of the repressive H3K9me2 modification at the Oct4 enhancer. Our findings demonstrate that chromatin organization and transcriptional programs are intimately connected in ESCs and that the dynamic positioning of the Oct4 alleles is associated with the transition from pluripotency to lineage specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S Hogan
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Watson School of Biological Sciences, One Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - David-Emlyn Parfitt
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics & Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Cinthya J Zepeda-Mendoza
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Watson School of Biological Sciences, One Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Michael M Shen
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics & Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - David L Spector
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Watson School of Biological Sciences, One Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
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Mattout A, Cabianca DS, Gasser SM. Chromatin states and nuclear organization in development--a view from the nuclear lamina. Genome Biol 2015; 16:174. [PMID: 26303512 PMCID: PMC4549078 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-015-0747-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatial distribution of chromatin domains in interphase nuclei changes dramatically during development in multicellular organisms. A crucial question is whether nuclear organization is a cause or a result of differentiation. Genetic perturbation of lamina–heterochromatin interactions is helping to reveal the cross-talk between chromatin states and nuclear organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mattout
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Daphne S Cabianca
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Susan M Gasser
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland. .,University of Basel, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland.
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The histone acetyltransferase Myst2 regulates Nanog expression, and is involved in maintaining pluripotency and self-renewal of embryonic stem cells. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:941-50. [PMID: 25743411 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The histone acetyltransferase Myst2 plays an important role in embryogenesis, but its function in undifferentiated ES cells remains poorly understood. Here, we show that Myst2 plays a role in pluripotency and self-renewal of ES cells. Myst2 deficiency results in loss of characteristic morphology, decreased alkaline phosphatase staining and reduced histone acetylation, as well as aberrant expression of pluripotency and differentiation markers. Our ChIP data reveal a direct association of Myst2 with the Nanog promoter and Myst2-dependent Oct4 binding on the Nanog promoter. Together our data suggest that Myst2-mediated histone acetylation may be required for recruitment of Oct4 to the Nanog promoter, thereby regulating Nanog transcription in ES cells.
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Tajbakhsh J, Stefanovski D, Tang G, Wawrowsky K, Liu N, Fair JH. Dynamic heterogeneity of DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation in embryonic stem cell populations captured by single-cell 3D high-content analysis. Exp Cell Res 2015; 332:190-201. [PMID: 25700729 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cell-surface markers and transcription factors are being used in the assessment of stem cell fate and therapeutic safety, but display significant variability in stem cell cultures. We assessed nuclear patterns of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC, associated with pluripotency), a second important epigenetic mark, and its combination with 5-methylcytosine (5mC, associated with differentiation), also in comparison to more established markers of pluripotency (Oct-4) and endodermal differentiation (FoxA2, Sox17) in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC) over a 10-day differentiation course in vitro: by means of confocal and super-resolution imaging together with 3D high-content analysis, an essential tool in single-cell screening. IN SUMMARY 1) We did not measure any significant correlation of putative markers with global 5mC or 5hmC. 2) While average Oct-4 levels stagnated on a cell-population base (0.015 lnIU/day), Sox17 and FoxA2 increased 22-fold and 3-fold faster, respectively (Sox17: 0.343 lnIU/day; FoxA2: 0.046 lnIU/day). In comparison, global DNA methylation levels increased 4-fold faster (0.068 lnIU/day), and global hydroxymethylation declined at 0.046 lnIU/day, both with a better explanation of the temporal profile. 3) This progression was concomitant with the occurrence of distinct nuclear codistribution patterns that represented a heterogeneous spectrum of states in differentiation; converging to three major coexisting 5mC/5hmC phenotypes by day 10: 5hmC(+)/5mC(-), 5hmC(+)/5mC(+), and 5hmC(-)/5mC(+) cells. 4) Using optical nanoscopy we could delineate the respective topologies of 5mC/5hmC colocalization in subregions of nuclear DNA: in the majority of 5hmC(+)/5mC(+) cells 5hmC and 5mC predominantly occupied mutually exclusive territories resembling euchromatic and heterochromatic regions, respectively. Simultaneously, in a smaller subset of cells we observed a tighter colocalization of the two cytosine variants, presumably delineating chromatin domains in remodeling. We conclude that 1) 5mC emerges as the most differential marker in our model system. 2) However, the combined enrollment of the two DNA modifications provided higher-definition screening and lead to the identification of cell subpopulations based on differential 5hmC/5mC phenotypes corresponding to different 5hmC/5mC ratios. The results encourage: a) assessing the regenerative potential of early-endodermal cells enriched for the three DNA methylation/hydroxymethylation categories, and b) exploring the universality of this type of epigenetic phenotyping across other lineage-specific differentiations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Tajbakhsh
- Chromatin Biology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Translational Cytomics Group, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
| | - Darko Stefanovski
- Translational Cytomics Group, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19348, USA
| | - George Tang
- Chromatin Biology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Translational Cytomics Group, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Kolja Wawrowsky
- Translational Cytomics Group, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Naiyou Liu
- Department of Surgery and UF Health Comprehensive Transplant Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Fair
- Department of Surgery and UF Health Comprehensive Transplant Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
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Çelik S. Understanding the complexity of antigen retrieval of DNA methylation for immunofluorescence-based measurement and an approach to challenge. J Immunol Methods 2014; 416:1-16. [PMID: 25435341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cytosine methylation (5-methylcytosine, 5meC) in the CpG-rich regions of the mammalian genome is an important epigenetic mechanism playing roles in transcription regulation and genomic stability. The abnormalities in DNA methylation can occur in various types of cancer and some genetic diseases. The measurement of DNA methylation is therefore important and there is a range of methodologies used to detect DNA methylation. Many methods based on bisulfite treatment appeared with a lack of specificity after recent discoveries of various modifications of methylated cytosine, however there are new treatments developed to overcome this limitation. Immunofluorescence is currently known to be able to specifically detect DNA methylation as it uses different antibodies against 5meC and its derivatives, but it is a semi-quantitative method. Immunofluorescence protocols commonly include fixation of cells followed by permeabilisation, antigen retrieval, and treatments with antibodies. Establishing the strategy for antigen retrieval of immunofluorescence is important to unmask epitopes (i.e. 5meC) from other proteins, and therefore to access the antigen of interest. There are many approaches used for antigen retrieval induced by acid, enzyme and/or heat. The selection of antigen retrieval method can depend on a variety of such antigen-based or cell-based conditions, since the dynamic structure of DNA and chromatin accounts for the complexity of involved proteins to mask the epitope. This review aims to specifically focus on the complexity of in situ detection of DNA methylation by immunofluorescence-based methods using antigen retrieval with the current understanding of DNA methylation mechanism, and suggests conditions for antigenic retrieval of 5meC epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selcen Çelik
- Human Reproduction and Development Unit, Kolling Institute for Medical Research, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney 2065, Australia.
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Awazu A. Segregation and phase inversion of strongly and weakly fluctuating Brownian particle mixtures and a chain of such particle mixtures in spherical containers. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 90:042308. [PMID: 25375495 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.90.042308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the segregation pattern formation of strongly and weakly fluctuating Brownian particle mixtures confined in a three-dimensional spherical container. We consider systems where the particle motion is restricted by the harmonic external trapping potential and the container edge wall. In such systems, two segregation patterns are observed. When the container radius is sufficiently large, more weakly fluctuating particles accumulate near the center of the container than strongly fluctuating particles. On the other hand, the distributions of the strongly and weakly fluctuating particles are inverted when the container radius is small. With no external trapping potentials, we find similar segregation and phase inversion if the particles construct a chain (heterofluctuating polymer) and are confined in a three-dimensional spherical container. We could apply these phenomena in the study of biopolymer behavior, such as chromosomes in the cell nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Awazu
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kagami-yama 1-3-1, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan and Research Center for Mathematics on Chromatin Live Dynamics. Kagami-yama 1-3-1, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
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42
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Okamoto A. DNA-Osmium Complexes: Recent Developments in the Operative Chemical Analysis of DNA Epigenetic Modifications. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:1958-65. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Momb J, Appling DR. Mitochondrial one-carbon metabolism and neural tube defects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 100:576-83. [PMID: 24985542 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neural tube defects (NTDs) are one of the most common birth defects in humans. Maternal intake of folic acid was linked to prevention of NTDs in the 1970s. This realization led to the establishment of mandatory and/or voluntary food folic acid fortification programs in many countries that have reduced the incidence of NTDs by up to 70% in humans. Despite 40 years of intensive research, the biochemical mechanisms underlying the protective effects of folic acid remain unknown. RESULTS Recent research reveals a role for mitochondrial folate-dependent one-carbon metabolism in neural tube closure. CONCLUSION In this article, we review the evidence linking NTDs to aberrant mitochondrial one-carbon metabolism in humans and mouse models. The potential of formate, a product of mitochondrial one-carbon metabolism, to prevent NTDs is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Momb
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
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Ueda J, Maehara K, Mashiko D, Ichinose T, Yao T, Hori M, Sato Y, Kimura H, Ohkawa Y, Yamagata K. Heterochromatin dynamics during the differentiation process revealed by the DNA methylation reporter mouse, MethylRO. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 2:910-24. [PMID: 24936475 PMCID: PMC4050349 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, DNA is methylated at CpG sites, which play pivotal roles in gene silencing and chromatin organization. Furthermore, DNA methylation undergoes dynamic changes during development, differentiation, and in pathological processes. The conventional methods represent snapshots; therefore, the dynamics of this marker within living organisms remains unclear. To track this dynamics, we made a knockin mouse that expresses a red fluorescent protein (RFP)-fused methyl-CpG-binding domain (MBD) protein from the ROSA26 locus ubiquitously; we named it MethylRO (methylation probe in ROSA26 locus). Using this mouse, we performed RFP-mediated methylated DNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeDIP-seq), whole-body section analysis, and live-cell imaging. We discovered that mobility and pattern of heterochromatin as well as DNA methylation signal intensity inside the nuclei can be markers for cellular differentiation status. Thus, the MethylRO mouse represents a powerful bioresource and technique for DNA methylation dynamics studies in developmental biology, stem cell biology, as well as in disease states. Changes in DNA methylation are tracked in living mice Heterochromatin structure changes dynamically during development and differentiation Heterochromatin of preimplantation embryonic cells is highly dynamic than ESCs Heterochromatin pattern in nucleus can be a marker for cell differentiation states
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ueda
- Center for Genetic Analysis of Biological Responses, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazumitsu Maehara
- Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, JST-CREST, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Daisuke Mashiko
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takako Ichinose
- Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, JST-CREST, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tatsuma Yao
- Research and Development Center, Fuso Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., Osaka 536-8523, Japan
| | - Mayuko Hori
- Center for Genetic Analysis of Biological Responses, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuko Sato
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ohkawa
- Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, JST-CREST, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamagata
- Center for Genetic Analysis of Biological Responses, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Corresponding author
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Shiura H, Okamoto A, Sasaki H, Abe K. Whole-mount MeFISH: a novel technique for simultaneous visualization of specific DNA methylation and protein/RNA expression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95750. [PMID: 24755742 PMCID: PMC3995954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the spatiotemporal changes in cellular status that occur during embryonic development, it is desirable to detect simultaneously the expression of genes, proteins, and epigenetic modifications in individual embryonic cells. A technique termed methylation-specific fluorescence in situ hybridization (MeFISH) was developed recently that can visualize the methylation status of specific DNA sequences in cells fixed on a glass slide. Here, we adapted this glass slide-based MeFISH to the study of intact embryos, and established a method called whole-mount MeFISH. This method can be applied to any DNA sequences in theory and, as a proof-of-concept experiment, we examined the DNA methylation status of satellite repeats in developing mouse primordial germ cells, in which global DNA demethylation is known to take place, and obtained a result that was consistent with previous findings, thus validating the MeFISH method. We also succeeded in combining whole-mount MeFISH with immunostaining or RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (RNA-FISH) techniques by adopting steps to retain signals of RNA-FISH or immunostaining after harsh denaturation step of MeFISH. The combined methods enabled the simultaneous visualization of DNA methylation and protein or RNA expression at single-cell resolution without destroying embryonic and nuclear structures. This whole-mount MeFISH technique should facilitate the study of the dynamics of DNA methylation status during embryonic development with unprecedented resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirosuke Shiura
- Technology & Development Team for Mammalian Genome Dynamics, RIKEN BioResource Center, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akimitsu Okamoto
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sasaki
- Division of Epigenomics and Development, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, and Epigenome Network Research Center, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kuniya Abe
- Technology & Development Team for Mammalian Genome Dynamics, RIKEN BioResource Center, Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Li Y, Miyanari Y, Shirane K, Nitta H, Kubota T, Ohashi H, Okamoto A, Sasaki H. Sequence-specific microscopic visualization of DNA methylation status at satellite repeats in individual cell nuclei and chromosomes. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:e186. [PMID: 23990328 PMCID: PMC3799461 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylation-specific fluorescence in situ hybridization (MeFISH) was developed for microscopic visualization of DNA methylation status at specific repeat sequences in individual cells. MeFISH is based on the differential reactivity of 5-methylcytosine and cytosine in target DNA for interstrand complex formation with osmium and bipyridine-containing nucleic acids (ICON). Cell nuclei and chromosomes hybridized with fluorescence-labeled ICON probes for mouse major and minor satellite repeats were treated with osmium for crosslinking. After denaturation, fluorescent signals were retained specifically at satellite repeats in wild-type, but not in DNA methyltransferase triple-knockout (negative control) mouse embryonic stem cells. Moreover, using MeFISH, we successfully detected hypomethylated satellite repeats in cells from patients with immunodeficiency, centromeric instability and facial anomalies syndrome and 5-hydroxymethylated satellite repeats in male germ cells, the latter of which had been considered to be unmethylated based on anti-5-methylcytosine antibody staining. MeFISH will be suitable for a wide range of applications in epigenetics research and medical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Li
- Division of Epigenomics and Development, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, and Epigenome Network Research Center, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan, The Cancer Institute, Tangshan People's Hospital, Hebei 063001, China, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg, F-67404 Illkirch, Cité Universitaire de Strasbourg, France, Department of Epigenetics Medicine, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan, Division of Medical Genetics, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama 339-8551, Japan and Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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Hori Y, Norinobu T, Sato M, Arita K, Shirakawa M, Kikuchi K. Development of Fluorogenic Probes for Quick No-Wash Live-Cell Imaging of Intracellular Proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:12360-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja405745v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kyohei Arita
- Graduate School of Medical Life
Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama,
Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
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Li X, Li L, Pandey R, Byun JS, Gardner K, Qin Z, Dou Y. The histone acetyltransferase MOF is a key regulator of the embryonic stem cell core transcriptional network. Cell Stem Cell 2013; 11:163-78. [PMID: 22862943 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2011] [Revised: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) maintain self-renewal and the potential for rapid response to differentiation cues. Both ESC features are subject to epigenetic regulation. Here we show that the histone acetyltransferase Mof plays an essential role in the maintenance of ESC self-renewal and pluripotency. ESCs with Mof deletion lose characteristic morphology, alkaline phosphatase (AP) staining, and differentiation potential. They also have aberrant expression of the core transcription factors Nanog, Oct4, and Sox2. Importantly, the phenotypes of Mof null ESCs can be partially suppressed by Nanog overexpression, supporting the idea that Mof functions as an upstream regulator of Nanog in ESCs. Genome-wide ChIP-sequencing and transcriptome analyses further demonstrate that Mof is an integral component of the ESC core transcriptional network and that Mof primes genes for diverse developmental programs. Mof is also required for Wdr5 recruitment and H3K4 methylation at key regulatory loci, highlighting the complexity and interconnectivity of various chromatin regulators in ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhi Li
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong 250100, China
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Abstract
The functional impact of aberrant DNA methylation and the widespread alterations in DNA methylation in cancer development have led to the development of a variety of methods to characterize the DNA methylation patterns. This chapter critiques and describes the major approaches to analyzing DNA methylation.
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50
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Deletion of Mthfd1l causes embryonic lethality and neural tube and craniofacial defects in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 110:549-54. [PMID: 23267094 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1211199110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal supplementation with folic acid is known to reduce the incidence of neural tube defects (NTDs) by as much as 70%. Despite the strong clinical link between folate and NTDs, the biochemical mechanisms through which folic acid acts during neural tube development remain undefined. The Mthfd1l gene encodes a mitochondrial monofunctional 10-formyl-tetrahydrofolate synthetase, termed MTHFD1L. This gene is expressed in adults and at all stages of mammalian embryogenesis with localized regions of higher expression along the neural tube, developing brain, craniofacial structures, limb buds, and tail bud. In both embryos and adults, MTHFD1L catalyzes the last step in the flow of one-carbon units from mitochondria to cytoplasm, producing formate from 10-formyl-THF. To investigate the role of mitochondrial formate production during embryonic development, we have analyzed Mthfd1l knockout mice. All embryos lacking Mthfd1l exhibit aberrant neural tube closure including craniorachischisis and exencephaly and/or a wavy neural tube. This fully penetrant folate-pathway mouse model does not require feeding a folate-deficient diet to cause this phenotype. Maternal supplementation with sodium formate decreases the incidence of NTDs and partially rescues the growth defect in embryos lacking Mthfd1l. These results reveal the critical role of mitochondrially derived formate in mammalian development, providing a mechanistic link between folic acid and NTDs. In light of previous studies linking a common splice variant in the human MTHFD1L gene with increased risk for NTDs, this mouse model provides a powerful system to help elucidate the specific metabolic mechanisms that underlie folate-associated birth defects, including NTDs.
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