Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells by carboxybutyrylated glucosamine takes place via down-regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase-mediated nuclear factor-kappaB signaling

Marine Carotenoids: Unlocking Advanced Antioxidant Mechanisms and Therapeutic Applications for Oxidative Stress

Marine ecosystems are a rich source of bioactive compounds, with carotenoids like astaxanthin, fucoxanthin, and zeaxanthin demonstrating significant antioxidant properties. These carotenoids neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS), protecting against oxidative damage. This review examines their molecular structures, biosynthesis pathways, and mechanisms of action, including radical scavenging and involvement in key signaling pathways. Antioxidant assays confirm their potent ability to mitigate oxidative stress, with therapeutic implications for chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and diabetes. Carotenoids also show promise in food, cosmetic, and nutraceutical applications, emphasizing the importance of sustainable sourcing. This review highlights the role of carotenoids in preventive health strategies and their potential to address oxidative stress-related diseases.

Exploring the Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Australian Native Plants Based on their Ethnopharmacological Knowledge

Inflammation represents the inherent protective reaction of the human body to various harmful agents and noxious stimuli. Standard anti-inflammatory therapy including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are associated with several side effects. In the past decades, people rely on medicinal plants for the treatment of inflammation. The traditional utilization of medicinal plants is regarded as a safe, cost-effective, and broadly accepted approach. In this study, anti-inflammatory activity of plants traditionally utilized by the D'harawal people in Australia has been assessed in vitro. Eighty Australian native plants were screened based on the Dharawal Pharmacopeia for their inhibitory effect on the nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and interferon (IFN)-γ stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophages for their anti-inflammatory activity. From the eighty ethanolic extracts screened, seventeen displayed potent NO inhibition with an IC50 recorded below 15 μg/mL. The aim of this review was to utilise the ethnopharmacological knowledge and to correlate the anti-inflammatory activity of the seventeen plants with either their known or unknown phytochemicals reported in the literature. In doing so, we have created a snapshot of Australian native plant candidates that warrant further chemical investigation associated with their anti-inflammatory activity.

Investigation of the effects of urotensin II receptors in LPS-induced inflammatory response in HUVEC cell line through calcineurin/NFATc/IL-2 pathway

PURPOSE

The effect of urotensin II (U-II), a powerful endogenous vasoconstrictor substance, on the immune system and its mediators is very important. It was herein aimed to demonstrate the possible relationship between the calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1/interleukin-2 (CaN/NFATc/IL-2) pathway and urotensin receptors (UTRs) in inflammatory response due to lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

METHODS

An LPS-induced inflammation model was used on the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) cell line and drugs were applied accordingly, forming the following groups: Control Group, LPS Group, Agonist Group (10-8 ​M U-II), Antagonist Group (10-6 ​M palosuran), Tacrolimus (TAC) Group (10 ​ng/mL FK-506), Agonist ​+ ​TAC Group, and Antagonist ​+ ​TAC Group. Gene expression analyses were performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

RESULTS

In the analysis of the cell viability at 48 and 72 ​h, there was a decrease in the Agonist Group, while in the Agonist ​+ ​TAC Group, the cell viability increased. In the Antagonist Group, cell viability was maintained when compared to the LPS Group, while in the TAC Group, this effect was reduced. The mRNA expression levels of UTR, CaN, NFATc, IL-2 receptor (IL-2R), IL-6 and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) were higher in the LPS Group than in the Control Group, and even the UTR, CaN, NFATc, IL-2R were higher with agonist administration. This effect of the agonist was shown to be completely mitigated in the presence of the CaN inhibitor.

CONCLUSION

U-II and its receptors can perform key functions regarding the endothelial cell damage via the CaN/NFATc/IL-2 pathway.

Glucosamine and Chondroitin Use and Mortality Among Adults in the United States from 1999 to 2014

Introduction: Glucosamine and chondroitin are supplements that are often, but not always, used in combination for arthritis and joint pain. Multiple studies have suggested that glucosamine and chondroitin may be associated with reduced risk of several diseases, as well as all-cause, cancer- and respiratory disease-specific mortality. Methods: Nationally representative data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were used to further evaluate the association between glucosamine and chondroitin with mortality. Participants include 38,021 adults, ages 20+ years and older, who completed the detailed NHANES between 1999 and 2014. Participants were followed for death through linkage with the National Death Index through the end of 2015, over which time 4905 deaths occurred. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for overall and cause-specific mortality were estimated using Cox regression models. Results: Despite glucosamine and chondroitin use appearing to be inversely associated with mortality in the minimally adjusted models, no association was observed in multivariable models (glucosamine: HR = 1.02; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.86-1.21, chondroitin: HR = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.87-1.25). No association with cancer mortality or other mortality rate was observed after multivariable adjustment. There was a suggestive, nonsignificant inverse association for cardiovascular-specific mortality (glucosamine HR = 0.72; 95% CI: 0.46-1.15, chondroitin: HR = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.47-1.21). Conclusion: The lack of significant relationship between glucosamine and chondroitin use and all-cause or cause-specific mortality after adjusting extensively for multiple covariates in this nationally representative adult population was in contrast to prior literature. Given the limited power to explore the cause-specific mortality, future well-powered studies will be needed to better understand the potential association with cardiovascular-specific mortality.

Combination of Taurine and Black Pepper Extract as a Treatment for Cardiovascular and Coronary Artery Diseases

The shift in modern dietary regimens to "Western style" and sedentary lifestyles are believed to be partly responsible for the increase in the global burden of cardiovascular diseases. Natural products have been used throughout human history as treatments for a plethora of pathological conditions. Taurine and, more recently, black pepper have gained attention for their beneficial health effects while remaining non-toxic even when ingested in excess. Taurine, black pepper, and the major terpene constituents found in black pepper (i.e., β-caryophyllene; α-pinene; β-pinene; α-humulene; limonene; and sabinene) that are present in PhytoCann BP^® have been shown to have cardioprotective effects based on anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, anti-hypertensive and anti-atherosclerotic mechanisms. This comprehensive review of the literature focuses on determining whether the combination of taurine and black pepper extract is an effective natural treatment for reducing cardiovascular diseases risk factors (i.e., hypertension and hyperhomocysteinemia) and for driving anti-inflammatory, antioxidative and anti-atherosclerotic mechanisms to combat coronary artery disease, heart failure, myocardial infarction, and atherosclerotic disease.

An Evaluation of the Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Effects of the Marine Toxin C17-SAMT in Human TK6 and HepaRG Cell Lines

This study investigates the genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of C17-sphinganine analog mycotoxin (C17-SAMT) using in vitro assays. C17-SAMT was previously identified as the cause of unusual toxicity in cultured mussels from the Bizerte Lagoon in northern Tunisia. While a previous in vivo genotoxicity study was inconclusive, in vitro results demonstrated that C17-SAMT induced an increase in micronucleus formation in human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells at concentrations of 0.87 µM and 1.74 µM. In addition, multiparametric cytotoxicity assays were performed in the human hepatoma HepaRG cell line, which showed that C17-SAMT induced mitochondrial dysfunction, decreased cellular ATP levels, and altered the expression of various proteins, including superoxide dismutase SOD2, heme oxygenase HO-1, and NF-κB. These results suggest that C17-SAMT is mutagenic in vitro and can induce mitochondrial dysfunction in HepaRG cells. However, the exact mode of action of this toxin requires further investigation. Overall, this study highlights the potential toxicity of C17-SAMT and the need for further research to better understand its effects.

Myrtinols A-F: New Anti-Inflammatory Peltogynoid Flavonoid Derivatives from the Leaves of Australian Indigenous Plant Backhousia myrtifolia

Our in-house ethnopharmacological knowledge directed our anti-inflammatory investigation into the leaves of Backhousia mytifolia. Bioassay guided isolation of the Australian indigenous plant Backhousia myrtifolia led to the isolation of six new rare peltogynoid derivatives named myrtinols A-F (1-6) along with three known compounds 4-O-methylcedrusin (7), 7-O-methylcedrusin (8) and 8-demethylsideroxylin (9). The chemical structures of all the compounds were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic data analysis, and absolute configuration was established using X-ray crystallography analysis. All compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity by assessing the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production and tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF-α) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon (IFN)-γ activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. A structure activity relationship was also established between compounds (1-6), noting promising anti-inflammatory potential by compounds 5 and 9 with an IC₅₀ value of 8.51 ± 0.47 and 8.30 ± 0.96 µg/mL for NO inhibition and 17.21 ± 0.22 and 46.79 ± 5.87 µg/mL for TNF-α inhibition, respectively.

Fermentation of Abelmoschus manihot Extract with Halophilic Bacillus licheniformis CP6 Results in Enhanced Anti-Inflammatory Activities

Microbial fermentation provides a valorization strategy, through biotransformation, to convert plant-derived raw materials into health-promoting agents. In this study, we have investigated the antioxidative activity of Abelmoschus manihot fermented with various Bacillaceae strains from specific environments and demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effects of Bacillus licheniformis CP6 fermented A. manihot extract (FAME) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated Raw264.7 macrophages. Of 1500 bacteria isolated from various specific environments, 47 extracellular protease- and amylase-producing strains with qualified presumption safety status, belonging to the family Bacillaceae, were selected for A. manihot fermentation. Among them, strain CP6, a halophilic bacterium isolated from Tongyeong seawater in Korea and identified as B. licheniformis, showed the highest antioxidant activity. In particular, FAME exerted anti-inflammatory effects on LPS-stimulated Raw264.7 macrophages. Consequently, FAME had a potent inhibitory effect on nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated macrophages, without cytotoxicity. Moreover, FAME downregulated LPS-induced pro-inflammatory mediator and enzyme levels in LPS-induced Raw264.7 cells, including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, iNOS, and COX-2, compared to levels when cells were incubated in A. manihot extract (IAME). Further detailed characterization indicated that FAME suppresses inflammation by blocking NF-κB via IKK phosphorylation inhibition and IκB-α degradation and by downregulating NO production, and inflammatory mediators also decreased NF-κB translocation. Furthermore, FAME inhibited LPS-stimulated activation of MAPKs, including ERK1/2, JNK, and p38, compared to that with either IAME. Therefore, we suggest that FAME could be used for inflammation-related disorders.

Evaluation of Marker Compounds and Biological Activity of In Vitro Regenerated and Commercial Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) DC. Roots Subjected to Steam Processing

Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) DC., belonging to the family Scrophulariaceae, has been known since immemorial times as a prominent oriental drug in East Asia that can treat various ailments, such as kidney disorders, anemia, and diabetes. In order to be applied for medical purposes, R. glutinosa is commonly processed using steam to increase its efficacy and biological activity. The increasing demand for R. glutinosa in the traditional medicine industry encouraged many researchers to develop a fast, efficient, and high-quality production system using biotechnological approaches. This study aimed to compare the chemical and biological activities of in vitro regenerated R. glutinosa (PKR) and commercial R. glutinosa (PCR) samples subjected to steam processing. We assessed the effects of steam processing and the differences in R. glutinosa material on 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (5-HMF) content, total flavonoid and phenolic content, antioxidant activity, nitric oxide (NO) levels, and anti-inflammatory activity. PKR samples showed a significantly higher content of 5-HMF (0.15%) as compared to PCR samples (0.05%). Compared to unprocessed R. glutinosa (UPR) and PCR samples, PKR again showed the highest total phenolic and flavonoid content of 41.578 mg GAE/g and 17.208 mg RUE/g, respectively. Meanwhile, both processed R. glutinosa samples (PKR and PCR) showed a significantly higher DPPH antioxidant activity ((67.095 + 1.005)% and (61.579 + 0.907)%, respectively) than unprocessed R. glutinosa ((31.452 + 1.371)%). In addition, both PKR and PCR samples showed good anti-inflammatory activity by showing similar effects such as the inhibition of NO production and the suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Based on these results, PKR fulfilled the Chinese pharmacopeia standards, in terms of the amount of the marker compounds and showed a high level of bioactivity. Therefore, these findings are expected to be useful in verifying the efficacy of herbal medicines and the availability of suitable materials for medicinal use.

Microalgal Carotenoids: Therapeutic Application and Latest Approaches to Enhance the Production

Microalgae are microscopic photosynthetic organisms frequently found in fresh and marine water ecosystems. Various microalgal species have been considered a reservoir of diverse health-value products, including vitamins, proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides, and are broadly utilized as food and for the treatment of human ailments such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, allergies, and immunodeficiency. Microalgae-derived carotenoids are the type of accessory pigment that possess light-absorbing potential and play a significant role in metabolic functions. To date, nearly a thousand carotenoids have been reported, but a very less number of microalgae have been used for the commercial production of carotenoids. This review article briefly discussed the carotenoids of microalgal origin and their therapeutic application. In addition, we have briefly compiled the optimization of culture parameters used to enhance microalgal carotenoid production. In addition, the latest biotechnological approaches used to improve the yields of carotenoid has also been discussed.

Glucosamine use, smoking and risk of incident chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a large prospective cohort study

Chronic inflammation exerts pleiotropic effects in the aetiology and progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Glucosamine is widely used in many countries and may have anti-inflammatory properties. We aimed to prospectively evaluate the association of regular glucosamine use with incident COPD risk and explore whether such association could be modified by smoking in the UK Biobank cohort, which recruited more than half a million participants aged 40-69 years from across the UK between 2006 and 2010. Cox proportional hazards models with adjustment for potential confounding factors were used to calculate hazard ratios (HR) as well as 95 % CI for the risk of incident COPD. During a median follow-up of 8·96 years (interquartile range 8·29-9·53 years), 9016 new-onset events of COPD were documented. We found that the regular use of glucosamine was associated with a significantly lower risk of incident COPD with multivariable adjusted HR of 0·80 (95 % CI, 0·75, 0·85; P < 0·001). When subgroup analyses were performed by smoking status, the adjusted HR for the association of regular glucosamine use with incident COPD were 0·84 (0·73, 0·96), 0·84 (0·77, 0·92) and 0·71 (0·62, 0·80) among never smokers, former smokers and current smokers, respectively. No significant interaction was observed between glucosamine use and smoking status (P_{for interaction} = 0·078). Incident COPD could be reduced by 14 % to 84 % through a combination of regular glucosamine use and smoking cessation.

Glucosamine Use and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: Results from UK Biobank

BACKGROUND

Use of the dietary supplement glucosamine has been associated with reduced risk of colorectal cancer (CRC); however, it remains unclear if the association varies by screening status, time, and other factors.

METHODS

We therefore evaluated these questions in UK Biobank. Multivariable-adjusted Hazard Ratios (HRs) and 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CI) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression.

RESULTS

No association was observed between use of glucosamine and risk of CRC overall (HR: 0.94; 95% CI: 0.85-1.04). However, the association varied by screening status (p-interaction:0.05), with an inverse association observed only among never-screened individuals (HR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.76-0.98). When stratified by study time, an inverse association was observed in early follow-up among those entering the cohort in early years (2006-2008, HR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.67-0.95). No heterogeneity was observed by age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, or use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

CONCLUSIONS

While there was no association between glucosamine use and CRC overall, the inverse association among never-screened individuals mirrors our observations in prior exploratory analyses of US cohorts. The National Health Service Bowel Cancer Screening Program started in 2006 in England and was more widely implemented across the UK by 2009. In line with this, we observed an inverse association limited to early follow-up in those surveyed 2006-2008, before screening was widely implemented.

IMPACT

These data suggest that unscreened individuals may benefit from use of glucosamine; however, further studies are needed to confirm the interplay of screening and timing.

Supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE) as green extraction technology for high-value metabolites of algae, its potential trends in food and human health

Application of high-value algal metabolites (HVAMs) in cosmetics, additives, pigments, foods and medicines are very important. These HVAMs can be obtained from the cultivation of micro- and macro-algae. These metabolites can benefit human and animal health in a physiological and nutritional manner. However, because of conventional extraction methods and their energy and the use of pollutant solvents, the availability of HVAMs from algae remains insufficient. Receiving their sustainability and environmental benefits have recently made green extraction technologies for HVAM extractions more desirable. But very little information is available about the technology of green extraction of algae from these HVAM. This review, therefore, highlights the supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE) as principal green extraction technologyand theirideal parameters for extracting HVAMs. In first, general information is provided concerning the HVAMs and their components of macro and micro origin. The review also includes a description of SCFE technology's properties, instrumentation operation, solvents used, and the merits and demerits. Moreover, there are several HVAMs associated with their numerous high-level biological activities which include high-level antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antimicrobial activity and have potential health-beneficial effects in humans since they are all HVAMs, such as foods and nutraceuticals. Finally, it provides future insights, obstacles, and suggestions for selecting the right technologies for extraction.

Comparative Evaluation of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Active Compounds Identified in Ardisia elliptica Extracts from Different Plant Parts

Ardisia elliptica Thunb. (AE) has been used as food and in traditional medicine to prevent and treat fever, diarrhea, chest pain, liver poisoning, and parturition complications in Southeast Asian countries. This study focused on phytochemical constituents of AE extracts and their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in vitro by evaluating nitric oxide production, and DPPH and FRAP radical scavenging activity. The bioactive compounds from different plant parts, including old leaves, young leaves, flowers, roots, and fruits, were identified. The results showed the highest phenolic and flavonoid content in the root extract among all extracts, which resulted in the most potent free radical scavenging activity revealed by the DPPH and FRAP assay. The roots and flowers showed the highest bergenin (3.36±0.22 mg/g dry weight) and quercetin (2.99±0.10 mg/g dry weight) content, respectively. In contrast, embelin was found only in the fruits. Interestingly, AE extracts significantly suppressed the mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, leading to inhibition of nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Conclusively, the results suggest the natural products of AE extracts as effective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents that can be utilized for food and pharmaceutical applications.

Protective effects of GLHP from Gracilaria lemaneiformis against UVB-induced photodamage in human immortalized keratinocytes cells and BALB/c mice

Our previous study showed that the water-soluble heteropolysaccharide extracted from Gracilaria lemaneiformis (GLHP) has excellent anti-inflammation and anti-oxidant properties. This study explored the efficacy of GLHP against skin anti-photoaging in human immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT) cells and BALB/c mice under UVB irradiation. Cell viability, antiapoptotic, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity, mitochondrial membrane potential, and cell wound scratch assays were conducted, as well as assessment of inflammation markers and sun protection factors. The in vitro results showed that GLHP pretreatment significantly inhibited UVB-induced apoptosis, reversed the decrease of cell viability via downregulating the expression of apoptosis-related protein caspase-3, accelerated the migration of HaCaT cells, and promoted wound healing. Notably, the protective effect of GLHP may be associated with the scavenging of ROS and the decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential. Moreover, GLHP pretreatment significantly restrained the upregulation of iNOS (UVB-induced inflammation marker), suppressed the expression of P-ERK and NF-κB, and decreased the activity of MMPs, suggesting that it exerts the therapeutic effects by inhibiting the MAPK/NF-κB signal pathway. Results obtained after conducting the in vivo assay confirmed that GLHP could reverse the UVB-induced increase of epidermal thickness in BALB/c mice. In conclusion, this study shows that GLHP can be utilized as a safer resource in the manufacture of anti-aging cosmetics because it exerts excellent anti-photoaging effects.

Dietary Moutan Cortex Radicis Improves Serum Antioxidant Capacity and Intestinal Immunity and Alters Colonic Microbiota in Weaned Piglets

Background:Moutan cortex radicis (MCR), as a common traditional Chinese medicine, has been widely used as an antipyretic, antiseptic, and anti-inflammatory agent in China.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary MCR supplementation on the antioxidant capacity and intestinal health of the pigs and to explore whether MCR exerts positive effects on intestinal health via regulating nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway and intestinal microbiota.

Methods: MCR powder was identified by LC-MS analysis. Selected 32 weaned piglets (21 d of age, 6.37 ± 0.10 kg average BW) were assigned (8 pens/diet, 1 pig/pen) to 4 groups and fed with a corn-soybean basal diet supplemented with 0, 2,000, 4,000, and 8,000 mg/kg MCR for 21 d. After the piglets were sacrificed, antioxidant indices, histomorphology examination, and inflammatory signaling pathway expression were assessed. The 16s RNA sequencing was used to analyze the effects of MCR on the intestinal microbiota structure of piglets.

Results: Supplemental 4,000 mg/kg MCR significantly increased (P < 0.05) the average daily weight gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), total antioxidative capability, colonic short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) concentrations, and the crypt depth in the jejunum but decreased (P < 0.05) the mRNA expression levels of interferon γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, inhibiting kappa-B kinase β (IKKβ), inhibiting nuclear factor kappa-B (IκBα), and NF-κB in the jejunum and ileum. Microbiota sequencing identified that MCR supplementation significantly increased the microbial richness indices (Chao1, ACE, and observed species, P < 0.05) and the relative abundances of Firmicutes and Lactobacillus (P < 0.05), decreased the relative abundances of Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, unidentified_Lachnospiraceae, and Enterococcus (P < 0.05) and had no significant effects on the diversity indices (Shannon and Simpson, P > 0.05). Microbial metabolic phenotypes analysis also showed that the richness of aerobic bacteria and facultative anaerobic bacteria, oxidative stress tolerance, and biofilm forming were significantly increased (P < 0.05), and the richness of anaerobic bacteria and pathogenic potential of gut microbiota were reduced (P < 0.05) by MCR treatment. Regression analysis showed that the optimal MCR supplemental level for growth performance, serum antioxidant capacity, and intestinal health of weaned piglets was 3,420 ~ 4,237 mg/kg.

Conclusions: MCR supplementation improved growth performance and serum antioxidant capacity, and alleviated intestinal inflammation by inhibiting the IKKβ/IκBα/NF-κB signaling pathway and affecting intestinal microbiota in weaned piglets.

The anti-inflammatory effect of ent-kaur-15-en-17-al-18-oic acid on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells associated with NF-κB and P38/MAPK pathways

Ent-kaur-15-en-17-al-18-oic acid (LL-3) was demonstrated that it can inhibit LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production and macrophage migration, maintain homeostasis of oxidative stress, including increased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), decreased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and maintenance of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) activities and inhibit oxidative stress-induced P38 and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathways to decrease inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygense-2 (COX-2), and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α mRNA expressions without marked cytotoxicity. These findings revealed that LL-3 could serve as a candidate lead compound for further studying anti-inflammatory therapies.[Formula: see text].

In vitro anti-inflammatory potential of marine macromolecules cross-linked bio-composite scaffold on LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells for cartilage tissue engineering applications

Biomaterials serve as an integral component of tissue engineering. They are designed to provide architectural framework of native extracellular matrix so as to encourage cell growth and eventual tissue regeneration. Naturally occurring biopolymers as scaffolds offer options for cartilage tissue engineering due to anti-inflammatory, biocompatibility, biodegradability, low toxicity of degradation by-products and plasticity in processing into a variety of material formats. Here we studied in vitro anti-inflammatory potential of marine macromolecules cross-linked bio-composite scaffold composed of hydroxyapatite, alginate, chitosan and fucoidan named as HACF on LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The effects of HACF on the viability of RAW264.7 cells, nitrite level, intracellular ROS as well as the mRNA levels of NF-κB, iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were examined in LPS induced RAW264.7 macrophage cells. The results revealed that HACF hydrogel scaffold exerts anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the production of ROS, suppress NF-kB translocation to the nucleus and thereby inhibiting the production of inflammatory mediators. Hence, our results confirm that HACF has a strong anti-oxidant capacity to inhibit inflammation associated gene expression by suppressing NF-kB signaling pathway. It clearly reveals the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of HACF hydrogel scaffold on LPS induced RAW 264.7 cells.

Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Oxidant Effects of Korean Ginseng Berry Extract in LPS-Activated RAW264.7 Macrophages

Inflammatory macrophages stimulated by LPS disrupt homeostasis in the production of inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide (NO). These are the causes of inflammation-related diseases and various cancers. The present study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of Korean ginseng berry extract (KGB) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. NO and prostaglandin E2 (PGE[Formula: see text] production was elevated in response to LPS stimulation and was dose-dependently reduced by pretreatment with KGB. The expression levels of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA and protein were also reduced by KGB treatment. KGB treatment significantly suppressed the LPS-induced gene expression and production of cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1[Formula: see text], IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-[Formula: see text] (TNF-[Formula: see text]. Furthermore, KGB inhibited the translocation of nuclear expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-[Formula: see text]B) by preventing inhibitory factor-kappa B (I[Formula: see text]B[Formula: see text] phosphorylation and suppressing the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38. Additionally, decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and increased glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities were observed following KGB treatment. Taken together, these results indicated that KGB possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects, mediated by the inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling pathway in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. KGB may represent a potential therapeutic agent for inflammatory and oxidative stress-related diseases.

Glucosamine and Chondroitin Use in Relation to C-Reactive Protein Concentration: Results by Supplement Form, Formulation, and Dose

Objectives: Glucosamine and chondroitin supplements have been associated with reduced inflammation, as measured by C-reactive protein (CRP). It is unclear if associations vary by formulation (glucosamine alone vs. glucosamine+chondroitin), form (glucosamine hydrochloride vs. glucosamine sulfate), or dose. Design, Subjects, Setting, Location: The authors evaluated these questions using cross-sectional data collected between 1999 and 2010 on 21,917 US adults, surveyed as part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Exposures: Glucosamine and chondroitin use was assessed during an in-home interview; exposures include supplement formulation, form, and dose. Outcome/Analysis: CRP was measured using blood collected at interview. Survey-weighted linear regression was used to evaluate the multivariable-adjusted association between exposures and log-transformed CRP. Results: In early years (1999-2004), use of glucosamine (ratio = 0.87; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.79-0.96) and chondroitin (ratio = 0.83; 95% CI = 0.72-0.95) was associated with reduced CRP. However, associations significantly varied by calendar time (p-interaction = 0.04 and p-interaction = 0.01, respectively), with associations nonsignificant in later years (ratio = 1.09; 95% CI = 0.94-1.28 and ratio = 1.16; 95% CI = 0.99-1.35, respectively). Consequently, all analyses have been stratified by calendar time. Associations did not significantly differ by formulation in either set of years; however, significant associations were observed for combined use of glucosamine+chondroitin (ratioearly = 0.82; 95% CI = 0.72-0.95; ratiolate = 1.16; 1.00-1.35), but not glucosamine alone. Associations also did not significantly differ by supplement form. Even so, a significant inverse association was observed only for glucosamine sulfate in the early years (ratio = 0.78; 95% CI = 0.64-0.95); no significant association was observed for glucosamine hydrochloride. No significant trends were observed by dose. Conclusions: Although a significant inverse association was observed for glucosamine and chondroitin and CRP in early years, this association did not hold in later years. This pattern held for combined use of glucosamine+chondroitin as well as glucosamine sulfate, although associations did not significantly vary by supplement form, formulation, or dose. Further study is needed to better understand these associations in the context of calendar time.

Anti-neuroinflammatory Effect of Short-Chain Fatty Acid Acetate against Alzheimer's Disease via Upregulating GPR41 and Inhibiting ERK/JNK/NF-κB

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a high-incidence neurodegenerative disease in the elderly. Acetate (Ace) is a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) with neuroprotective activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects and its possible mechanisms of SCFA Ace on AD. A male APP/PS1 transgenic mouse was given intragastric administration Ace for 4 weeks. Cognitive function and microglia activation in mice were assessed. Furthermore, Ace pretreated amyloid-β (Aβ)-induced BV2 microglia, and the levels of CD11b, COX-2, and G-protein-coupled receptor 41 (GPR41) and phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and NF-κB p65 were determined. Our results revealed that Ace significantly attenuated the cognitive impairment and decreased the CD11b level in the APP/PS1 mice. Moreover, Ace inhibited the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65, ERK, and JNK and decreased the levels of COX-2 and interleukin 1β in the Aβ-stimulated BV2 microglia. Finally, Ace increased the GPR41 level in the Aβ-stimulated BV2 cells. The finding indicated that Ace exerted antineuroinflammatory effects via the upregulation of GPR41 and suppression of the ERK/JNK/NF-κB pathway, which might provide an alternative therapy strategy of AD.

Myricitrin blocks activation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways to protect nigrostriatum neuron in LPS-stimulated mice

Myricitrin, a bioactive and natural flavonoids, is well known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, the anti-neuroinflammation and possible mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, the present study was to investigate the possible mechanism of its neuroprotection and anti-neuroinflammation in the nigrostriatum of LPS-stimulated mice. The results showed that myricitrin improved neuron injury and raised the expressions of PSD-95 protein and TH protein in the nigrostriatum of LPS-stimulated mice. In addition, myricitrin decreased the production of pro-inflammatory factors including IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα, decreased the level of chemokine MCP-1, and suppressed the expressions of COX-2 and iNOS. Meanwhile, myricitrin suppressed HMGB1, TLR4, and MyD88 expression in the nigrostriatum of LPS-stimulated mice. Furthermore, myricitrin inhibited NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways activated by LPS. In conclusion, our studies suggest that myricitrin blocks activation of protects NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways to nigrostiatum neuron from injury in LPS-stimulated mice and is beneficial to treatment nigrostriatum inflammation of PD.

Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba Attenuates Neuroinflammation in BV2 Microglia upon LPS Stimulation by Inducing HO-1 Activity and Inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK

Microglial activation and the resulting neuroinflammation are associated with a variety of brain diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Thus, the control of microglial activation is an important factor in the development of drugs that can treat or prevent inflammation-related neurodegenerative disorders. Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba (ARA) has been reported to exhibit antioxidant, gastroprotective, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the effects of ARA ethanolic extract (ARAE) on microglia-mediated neuroinflammation have not been fully elucidated. In this work, we explored the anti-neuroinflammatory properties and underlying molecular mechanisms of ARAE in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglial BV2 cells. Our results showed that ARAE significantly attenuates the production of nitric oxide (NO) and inflammatory cytokines induced by LPS. ARAE treatment also inhibited the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 without causing cytotoxicity. ARAE markedly attenuated the transcriptional activities of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) phosphorylation, and induced heme oxygenase (HO)-1 expression. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that ARAE contains three main components—atractylenolide I, atractylenolide III, and atractylodin—all compounds that significantly inhibit the production of inflammatory factors. These findings indicate that ARAE may be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammation-related neurodegenerative diseases.

Microalgae for High-Value Products Towards Human Health and Nutrition

Microalgae represent a potential source of renewable nutrition and there is growing interest in algae-based dietary supplements in the form of whole biomass, e.g., Chlorella and Arthrospira, or purified extracts containing omega-3 fatty acids and carotenoids. The commercial production of bioactive compounds from microalgae is currently challenged by the biorefinery process. This review focuses on the biochemical composition of microalgae, the complexities of mass cultivation, as well as potential therapeutic applications. The advantages of open and closed growth systems are discussed, including common problems encountered with large-scale growth systems. Several methods are used for the purification and isolation of bioactive compounds, and many products from microalgae have shown potential as antioxidants and treatments for hypertension, among other health conditions. However, there are many unknown algal metabolites and potential impurities that could cause harm, so more research is needed to characterize strains of interest, improve overall operation, and generate safe, functional products.

The Effect of Adiponectin on the Regulation of Filaggrin Expression in Normal Human Epidermal Keratinocytes

Background

Adiponectin, an adipokine secreted from adipocytes, affects energy metabolism and also shows anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory properties. Recent studies have reported that adiponectin plays a role in regulating skin inflammation.

Objective

This study aimed to investigate the effect of adiponectin on the expression of filaggrin (FLG) in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs).

Methods

NHEKs were serum-starved for 6h before being treated with adiponectin. Afterward, cell viability was assessed by MTT assay. We also treated with calcium, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-13 to provide positive and negative comparative controls, respectively. Gene mRNA expression was quantified using real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and protein expression was evaluated using Western blot. To evaluate the relationship among mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), activator protein 1 (AP-1), and FLG, we also treated cells with inhibitors for MAPKs JNK, p38, and ERK1/2.

Results

FLG and FLG-2 mRNA expression in NHEKs significantly increased after treatment with 10 µg/ml adiponectin. Adiponectin also restored FLG and FLG-2 mRNA expression that was otherwise inhibited by treatment with IL-4 and IL-13. Adiponectin induced FLG expression via AP-1 and MAPK signaling.

Conclusion

Adiponectin positively regulated the expression of FLG and could be useful as a therapeutic agent to control diseases related to disrupted skin barrier function.

Ingredients from Litsea garrettii as Potential Preventive Agents against Oxidative Insult and Inflammatory Response

Oxidative stress and inflammation undoubtedly contribute to the pathogenesis of many human diseases. The nuclear transcription factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) and the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) play central roles in regulation of oxidative stress and inflammation and thus are targets for developing agents against oxidative stress- and inflammation-related diseases. Our previous study indicated that the EtOH extract of Litsea garrettii protected human bronchial epithelial cells against oxidative insult via the activation of Nrf2. In the present study, a systemic phytochemical investigation of L. garrettii led to the isolation of twenty-one chemical ingredients, which were further evaluated for their inhibitions on oxidative stress and inflammation using NAD(P)H:quinone reductase (QR) assay and nitric oxide (NO) production assay. Of these ingredients, 3-methoxy-5-pentyl-phenol (MPP, 5) was identified as an Nrf2 activator and an NF-κB inhibitor. Further studies demonstrated the following: (i) MPP upregulated the protein levels of Nrf2, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and glutamate-cysteine ligase regulatory subunit (GCLM); enhanced the nuclear translocation and stabilization of Nrf2; and inhibited arsenic [As(III)]-induced oxidative insult in normal human lung epithelial Beas-2B cells. And (ii) MPP suppressed the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 subunit; inhibited the lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) stimulated increases of NF-κB p65 subunit, COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-1β; and blocked the LPS-induced biodegrade of IκB-α in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. Taken together, MPP displayed potential preventive effects against inflammation- and oxidative stress-related diseases.

The Anti-neuroinflammatory Activity of Tectorigenin Pretreatment via Downregulated NF-κB and ERK/JNK Pathways in BV-2 Microglial and Microglia Inactivation in Mice With Lipopolysaccharide

The activation of microglia is decisively involved with the neurodegeneration observed in many neuroinflammatory pathologies, such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. Tectorigenin (TEC) is an isoflavone isolated from various medicinal plants, such as Pueraria thunbergiana Benth, Belamcanda chinensis, and Iris unguicularis. In the present study, the neuroinflammatory effects of TEC were evaluated in both lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated BV-2 microglial and mouse models. TEC remarkably inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. TEC also inhibits the production and expression of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells. In addition, TEC suppressed the LPS-induced activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) to regulate the inflammatory mediators, such as inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), TNF-α, and IL-6. These results indicate that TEC may inhibit neuronal inflammation through the downregulation of inflammatory mediators, including iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, and IL-6 by suppressing NF-κB/ERK/JNK-related signaling pathways. Furthermore, cotreatment with TEC and ERK inhibitor SCH772984 or JNK inhibitor SP600125 suppressed the overproduction of LPS-induced NO production in BV-2 cells. Consistent with the results of in vitro experiments, an LPS-induced brain inflammation mouse model, administration of TEC effectively decrease the levels of malondialdehyde, iNOS in hippocampus, and prevented increases in the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in the serum. TEC showed marked attenuation of microglial activation. Finally, TEC inhibited protein expression of toll-like receptor 4 and myeloid differentiation factor 88 in LPS-activated BV-2 microglia and mouse models. Taken altogether, the cumulative findings suggested that TEC holds the potential to develop as a neuroprotective drug for the intervention of neuroinflammatory disorders.

Glucosamine use and risk of colorectal cancer: results from the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort

PURPOSE

Use of glucosamine supplements has been associated with reduced risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) in previous studies; however, information on this association remains limited.

METHODS

We examined the association between glucosamine use and CRC risk among 113,067 men and women in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort. Glucosamine use was first reported in 2001 and updated every 2 years thereafter. Participants were followed from 2001 through June of 2011, during which time 1440 cases of CRC occurred.

RESULTS

As has been observed in prior studies, current use of glucosamine, modeled using a time-varying exposure, was associated with lower risk of CRC (HR 0.83; 95% CI 0.71-0.97) compared to never use. However, for reasons that are unclear, this reduction in risk was observed for shorter-duration use (HR 0.68; 95% CI 0.52-0.87 for current users with ≤ 2 years use) rather than longer-duration use (HR 0.90; 95% CI 0.72-1.13 for current users with 3 to < 6 years of use; HR 0.99; 95% CI 0.76-1.29 for current users with ≥ 6 years of use).

CONCLUSIONS

Further research is needed to better understand the association between glucosamine use and risk of CRC, and how this association may vary by duration of use.

A Review of the Biological Activities of Microalgal Carotenoids and Their Potential Use in Healthcare and Cosmetic Industries

Carotenoids are natural pigments that play pivotal roles in many physiological functions. The characteristics of carotenoids, their effects on health, and the cosmetic benefits of their usage have been under investigation for a long time; however, most reviews on this subject focus on carotenoids obtained from several microalgae, vegetables, fruits, and higher plants. Recently, microalgae have received much attention due to their abilities in producing novel bioactive metabolites, including a wide range of different carotenoids that can provide for health and cosmetic benefits. The main objectives of this review are to provide an updated view of recent work on the health and cosmetic benefits associated with carotenoid use, as well as to provide a list of microalgae that produce different types of carotenoids. This review could provide new insights to researchers on the potential role of carotenoids in improving human health.

Gold nanoflowers synthesized using Acanthopanacis cortex extract inhibit inflammatory mediators in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages via NF-κB and AP-1 pathways

We reported the rapid synthesis (<8s) of gold nanoparticles at room temperature using Acanthopanacis cortex extract (A-AuNPs). We characterized the A-AuNPs using several analytical techniques and found that nano-flower type A-AuNPs, which are known to possess a coarse surface with a high surface to volume ratio, conferring these particles with high binding capacity for various biological molecules. After confirming the stability of the nanoparticles, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of A-AuNPs in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. These nanoparticles inhibited LPS-induced iNOS and COX-2 protein as well as gene expression level, along with reduction of NO and PGE₂ production. Furthermore, we observed that the A-AuNPs inhibited translocation of NF-κB and AP-1 through phosphorylation of MAPK signaling by western blot analysis. In summary, we synthesized gold nanoflowers in an economical and eco-friendly way using Acanthopanacis cortex extract and the resultant flower-like A-AuNPs had anti-inflammatory activity, highlighting their potential as therapeutic candidates for suppression of inflammatory-mediated diseases.

Anti-inflammatory effect and mechanism of action of Lindera erythrocarpa essential oil in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells

The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical constituents of Lindera erythrocarpa essential oil (LEO) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and evaluate their inhibitory effect on the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Fifteen compounds, accounting for 63.7 % of the composition of LEO, were identified. The main compounds were nerolidol (18.73 %), caryophyllene (14.41 %), α-humulene (7.73 %), germacrene-D (4.82 %), and α-pinene (4.47 %). LEO significantly inhibited the expression of inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase and cyclooxygenase-2, and subsequent production of NO and prostaglandin E₂. In addition, it reduced the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells. The molecular mechanism underlying the effect of LEO was associated with inhibition of the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Furthermore, LEO inhibited LPS-induced phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitor of kappa B-α, which is required for the activation of the p50 and p65 nuclear factor (NF)-κB subunits in RAW264.7 cells. Taken together, these data suggest that LEO exerted its anti-inflammatory effect by downregulating LPS-induced production of pro-inflammatory mediators through the inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK signaling in RAW264.7 cells.

Roxatidine attenuates mast cell-mediated allergic inflammation via inhibition of NF-κB and p38 MAPK activation

Roxatidine is an active metabolite of roxatidine acetate hydrochloride which is a histamine H₂-receptor antagonist that is used to treat gastric and duodenal ulcers. In this study, we investigated the anti-allergic inflammatory effects and the underlying molecular mechanism of roxatidine in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and calcium ionophore (PMACI)-stimulated human mast cells-1 (HMC-1), compound 48/80-induced anaphylactic animal model and chemical allergen-induced contact hypersensitivity (CHS) models. Roxatidine suppressed the mRNA and protein expression of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in PMACI-stimulated HMC-1 and compound 48/80-induced anaphylactic mice. In addition, roxatidine attenuated PMACI-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB and the phosphorylation of MKK3/6 and MK2, which are both involved in the p38 MAPK pathway. Furthermore, we observed that roxatidine suppressed the activation of caspase-1, an IL-1β converting enzyme, in PMACI-stimulated HMC-1 and compound 48/80-induced anaphylactic mice. In CHS model, roxatidine significantly reduced ear swelling, increased number of mast cells, production levels of cytokines and migration of dendritic cells. Our findings provide evidence that the anti-allergic inflammatory properties of roxatidine are mediated by the inhibition of NF-κB and caspase-1 activation, p38 MAPK pathway and mast cell-derived cytokine production. Taken together, the in vitro and in vivo anti-allergic inflammatory effects suggest a possible therapeutic application of roxatidine in allergic inflammatory diseases.

Fargesin exerts anti-inflammatory effects in THP-1 monocytes by suppressing PKC-dependent AP-1 and NF-ĸB signaling

BACKGROUND

Fargesin is a lignan from Magnolia fargesii, an oriental medicine used in the treatment of nasal congestion and sinusitis. The anti-inflammatory properties of this compound have not been fully elucidated yet.

PURPOSE

This study focused on assessing the anti-inflammatory effects of fargesin on phorbal ester (PMA)-stimulated THP-1 human monocytes, and the molecular mechanisms underlying them.

METHODS

Cell viability was evaluated by MTS assay. Protein expression levels of inflammatory mediators were analyzed by Western blotting, ELISA, Immunofluorescence assay. mRNA levels were measured by Real-time PCR. Promoter activities were elucidated by Luciferase assay.

RESULTS

It was found that pre-treatment with fargesin attenuated significantly the expression of two major inflammatory mediators, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Fargesin also inhibited the production of pro-inflammation cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α) and chemokine (CCL-5). Besides, nuclear translocation of transcription factors nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-ĸB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1), which regulate multiple pro-inflammatory genes, was suppressed by fargesin in a PKC-dependent manner. Furthermore, among the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), only c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) was downregulated by fargesin in a PKC-dependent manner, and this reduction was involved in PMA-induced AP-1 and NF-ĸB nuclear translocation attenuation, demonstrated using a specific JNK inhibitor.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, our results found that fargesin exhibits anti-inflammation effects on THP-1 cells via suppression of PKC pathway including downstream JNK, nuclear factors AP-1 and NF-ĸB. These results suggest that fargesin has anti-inflammatory properties with potential applications in drug development against inflammatory disorders.

Glibenclamide–sulfonylurea receptor 1 antagonist alleviates LPS-induced BV2 cell activation through the p38/MAPK pathway

We investigated the anti-neuroinflammatory activity and mechanism of glibenclamide, sulfonylurea receptor 1 (Sur1) antagonist, against LPS-induced microglial activationin vitro.

Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Moringa oleifera in Downregulating the NF-κB Signaling Pathway in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Macrophages

In the present investigation, we prepared four different solvent fractions (chloroform, hexane, butanol, and ethyl acetate) of Moringa oleifera extract to evaluate its anti-inflammatory potential and cellular mechanism of action in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells. Cell cytotoxicity assay suggested that the solvent fractions were not cytotoxic to macrophages at concentrations up to 200 µg/mL. The ethyl acetate fraction suppressed LPS-induced production of nitric oxide and proinflammatory cytokines in macrophages in a concentration-dependent manner and was more effective than the other fractions. Immunoblot observations revealed that the ethyl acetate fraction effectively inhibited the expression of inflammatory mediators including cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 through suppression of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Furthermore, it upregulated the expression of the inhibitor of κB (IκBα) and blocked the nuclear translocation of NF-κB. These findings indicated that the ethyl acetate fraction of M. oleifera exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-stimulated macrophages via suppression of the NF-κB signaling pathway.

A Prenylated Xanthone, Cudratricusxanthone A, Isolated from Cudrania tricuspidata Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation through Inhibition of NF-κB and p38 MAPK Pathways in BV2 Microglia

Cudrania tricuspidata Bureau (Moraceae) is an important source of traditional Korean and Chinese medicines used to treat neuritis and inflammation. Cudratricusxanthone A (1), a prenylated xanthone, isolated from C. tricuspidata, has a variety of biological and therapeutic activities. The goal of this study was to examine the effects of compound 1 on neuroinflammation and characterize its mechanism of action in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglia. Cudratricusxanthone A (1) suppressed the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 enzymes and decreased the production of iNOS-derived nitric oxide and COX-2-derived prostaglandin E2 in LPS-stimulated mouse BV2 microglia. The compound also decreased tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-12 production; inhibited the phosphorylation and degradation of IκB-α; and blocked the nuclear translocation of p50 and p65 in mouse BV2 microglia induced by LPS. Cudratricusxanthone A (1) had inhibitory effects on nuclear factor kappa B DNA-binding activity. Additionally, it inhibited the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. Our data suggests that cudratricusxanthone A (1) may be a useful therapeutic agent in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases caused by neuroinflammation.

Adiponectin Suppresses UVB-Induced Premature Senescence and hBD2 Overexpression in Human Keratinocytes

Recent studies have revealed that adiponectin can suppress cellular inflammatory signaling pathways. This study aimed to elucidate the effect of adiponectin on the unregulated production of hBD2 in UVB-induced premature senescent keratinocytes. We constructed an in vitro model of premature senescent keratinocytes through repeated exposure to low energy UVB. After repeated low energy UVB exposure, there was significant generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induction of senescence-associated markers, including senescence associated beta-galactosidase activity and expression of p16^INK4a and histone H2AX. In addition, the present clinical study showed higher expression of hBD2 in sun-exposed skin of elderly group, and the overexpression of hBD2 was observed by c-Fos activation in vitro. Adiponectin has the ability to scavenge ROS and consequently inhibit MAPKs and SA-markers in UVB-exposed keratinocytes. An inhibitor study demonstrated that adiponectin downregulated hBD2 mRNA expression through suppression of the AP-1 transcription factor components c-Fos via inactivation of p38 MAPK. Collectively, the dysregulated production of hBD2 by the induction of oxidative stress was attenuated by adiponectin through the suppression of p38 and JNK/SAPK MAPK signaling in UVB-mediated premature senescent inducible conditions. These results suggest the feasibility of adiponectin as an anti-photoaging and anti-inflammatory agent in the skin.

Moracin C, A Phenolic Compound Isolated from Artocarpus heterophyllus, Suppresses Lipopolysaccharide-Activated Inflammatory Responses in Murine Raw264.7 Macrophages

Artocarpus heterophyllus, a popular tropical fruit commonly known as the jackfruit tree, is normally planted in subtropical or tropical areas. Since a variety of phytochemicals isolated from A. heterophyllus have been found to possess potently anti-inflammatory, antiviral and antimalarial activities, researchers have devoted much interest to its potential pharmaceutical value. However, the exact mechanism underlying its anti-inflammatory activity is not well characterized. In this study, seven natural products isolated from A. heterophyllus, including 25-Hydroxycycloart-23-en-3-one (HY), Artocarpin (AR), Dadahol A (DA), Morachalcone A (MA), Artoheterophyllin B (AB), Cycloheterophyllin (CY) and Moracin C (MC) were collected. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated inflammatory response in RAW264.7 macrophages were used in this study. Among these compounds, MC significantly inhibited LPS-activated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) release without marked cytotoxicity. Furthermore, MC effectively reduced LPS stimulated up-regulation of mRNA and protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and serval pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)). Mechanistic studies revealed that the anti-inflammatory effect of MC was associated with the activation of the mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) (including p38, ERK and JNK) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathways, especially reducing the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 subunit as revealed by nuclear separation experiment and confocal microscopy.

Use of glucosamine and chondroitin supplements in relation to risk of colorectal cancer: Results from the Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals follow-up study

Recent epidemiologic evidence has emerged to suggest that use of glucosamine and chondroitin supplements may be associated with reduced risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). We therefore evaluated the association between use of these non-vitamin, non-mineral supplements and risk of CRC in two prospective cohorts, the Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Regular use of glucosamine and chondroitin was first assessed in 2002 and participants were followed until 2010, over which time 672 CRC cases occurred. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate relative risks (RRs) within each cohort, and results were pooled using a random effects meta-analysis. Associations were comparable across cohorts, with a RR of 0.79 (95% CI: 0.63-1.00) observed for any use of glucosamine and a RR of 0.77 (95% CI: 0.59-1.01) observed for any use of chondroitin. Use of glucosamine in the absence of chondroitin was not associated with risk of CRC, whereas use of glucosamine + chondroitin was significantly associated with risk (RR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.58-0.999). The association between use of glucosamine + chondroitin and risk of CRC did not change markedly when accounting for change in exposure status over follow-up (RR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.58-0.96), nor did the association significantly vary by sex, aspirin use, body mass index, or physical activity. The association was comparable for cancers of the colon and rectum. Results support a protective association between use of glucosamine and chondroitin and risk of CRC. Further study is needed to better understand the chemopreventive potential of these supplements.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Melandrii Herba Ethanol Extract via Inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK Signaling Pathways and Induction of HO-1 in RAW 264.7 Cells and Mouse Primary Macrophages

Melandrii Herba (MH) is a traditional Asian medicinal herb used to treat breast cancer, anuria, and diseases of lactation. However, its biological properties and molecular mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity and underlying molecular mechanism of MH ethanol extract (MHE) on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated inflammatory response in macrophages. MHE cytotoxicity was determined using a cell counting kit (CCK) assay. The effects of MHE on the production of NO, inflammatory cytokines, and related proteins and mRNAs were determined using the Griess test, ELISA, Western blotting, and real-time RT-PCR, respectively. In addition, intracellular signaling pathways, such as NF-κB, MAPK, and HO-1, were analyzed using Western blotting. Our results revealed that MHE treatment significantly inhibited the secretion of NO and inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in macrophages, at sub-cytotoxic concentrations. Furthermore, MHE treatment inhibited iNOS expression and induced HO-1 expression. Finally, the transcriptional activities of NF-κB and MAPK activation were significantly suppressed by MHE in LPS-stimulated macrophages. The results indicate that MHE exerts anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing inflammatory mediator production via NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways inhibition and induction of HO-1 expression in macrophages. Therefore, our results suggest the potential value of MHE as an inflammatory therapeutic agent developed from a natural substance.

Effect of pecan phenolics on the release of nitric oxide from murine RAW 264.7 macrophage cells

Inflammation is linked to numerous chronic disease states. Phenolic compounds have attracted attention because a number of these compounds possess anti-inflammatory properties. A phenolic crude extract was prepared from pecans and separated by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography into low- and high-molecular-weight (LMW/HMW) fractions. Anti-inflammatory properties of these fractions were assessed in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells. NO and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was monitored after 3 different experimental protocols: (1) pre-treatment with Escherichia coli O111:B4 lipopolysaccharide (LPS); (2) pre-treatment with a pecan crude extract and its fractions; and (3) co-incubation of LPS with a pecan crude extract and its fractions. The LMW fraction displayed a dose-dependent decrease in NO production and a significant decrease from the LPS control in ROS production when cells were either co-incubated with or pre-treated with LPS. The phenolics were characterized by HPLC to help identify those responsible for the observed effect.

PICK1 confers anti-inflammatory effects in acute liver injury via suppressing M1 macrophage polarization

Protein interacting with C kinase 1 (PICK1) is a scaffolding protein mainly implicated in neurological diseases, however, the function of PICK1 in acute liver injury (ALI) remains unknown. Our study found a dramatical decrease in mRNA and protein levels of PICK1 in liver tissues and isolated Kupffer cells (KCs) from the liver in mice with ALI. Furthermore, pretreatment the mice with ALI with FSC-231, a pharmacological inhibitor of PICK1, could significantly augment inflammatory response. Furthermore, in vitro studies showed that both lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) significantly reduced the expression of PICK1, while IL-4 elevated its expression in RAW 264.7 cells. Additionally, over-expression of PICK1 inhibited the expression of M1 biomarkers by suppressing NF-κB activity, and enhanced the expression of M2 biomarkers by promoting STAT6 activity. In contrast, knockdown of PICK1 or FSC-231 pretreatment promoted M1 polarization and suppressed M2 polarization. Besides, caveolin-1 was identified as a potential target gene controlled by PICK1 in RAW 264.7 cells. Mechanistic investigation revealed a dual role of PICK1 in regulating macrophage polarization and implied PICK1 as a potential therapeutic target in ALI.