1
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Ooi SL, Micalos PS, Kim J, Pak SC. Rice bran arabinoxylan compound as a natural product for cancer treatment - an evidence-based assessment of the effects and mechanisms. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2024; 62:367-393. [PMID: 38745507 PMCID: PMC11097709 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2024.2349042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Rice bran arabinoxylan compound (RBAC) is a natural immunomodulator with anticancer properties. OBJECTIVE This study critically evaluates the available evidence on the biological pathways of RBAC and its effects on cancer treatment. METHODS This secondary analysis of a scoping review includes studies evaluating the mechanisms of RBAC on healthy or malignant cells, animal models, or humans for cancer prevention or treatment. Data from randomized controlled trials on survival and quality of life outcomes were subjectd to meta analysis. RESULTS The evidence synthesis was based on 38 articles. RBAC exhibited antitumor properties by promoting apoptosis and restoring immune function in cancer patients to enhance inflammatory and cytotoxic responses to block tumorigenesis. RBAC works synergistically with chemotherapeutic agents by upregulating drug transport. In a clinical trial, combining RBAC with chemoembolization in treating liver cancer showed improved response, reduced recurrence rates, and prolonged survival. RBAC also augments the endogenous antioxidant system to prevent oxidative stress and protect against radiation side effects. In addition, RBAC has chemoprotective effects. Animals and humans have exhibited reduced toxicity and side effects from chemotherapy. Meta analysis indicates that RBAC treatment increases the survival odds by 4.02-times (95% CI: 1.67, 9.69) in the first year and 2.89-times (95% CI: 1.56, 5.35) in the second year. CONCLUSION RBAC is a natural product with immense potential in cancer treatment. Additional research is needed to characterize, quantify, and standardize the active ingredients in RBAC responsible for the anticancer effects. More well-designed, large-scale clinical trials are required to substantiate the treatment efficacies further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Liang Ooi
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst,Australia
| | - Peter S. Micalos
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Port Macquarie, Australia
| | - Jeanman Kim
- STR Biotech Co. Ltd, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sok Cheon Pak
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst,Australia
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2
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Wu C, Zhang G, Wang L, Hu J, Ju Z, Tao H, Li Q, Li J, Zhang W, Sheng J, Hou X, Hu Y. Spatial proteomic profiling elucidates immune determinants of neoadjuvant chemo-immunotherapy in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncogene 2024; 43:2751-2767. [PMID: 39122893 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-03123-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) presents significant clinical and therapeutic challenges due to its aggressive nature and generally poor prognosis. We initiated a Phase II clinical trial (ChiCTR1900027160) to assess the efficacy of a pioneering neoadjuvant chemo-immunotherapy regimen comprising programmed death-1 (PD-1) blockade (Toripalimab), nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel (nab-paclitaxel), and the oral fluoropyrimidine derivative S-1, in patients with locally advanced ESCC. This study uniquely integrates clinical outcomes with advanced spatial proteomic profiling using Imaging Mass Cytometry (IMC) to elucidate the dynamics within the tumor microenvironment (TME), focusing on the mechanistic interplay of resistance and response. Sixty patients participated, receiving the combination therapy prior to surgical resection. Our findings demonstrated a major pathological response (MPR) in 62% of patients and a pathological complete response (pCR) in 29%. The IMC analysis provided a detailed regional assessment, revealing that the spatial arrangement of immune cells, particularly CD8+ T cells and B cells within tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS), and S100A9+ inflammatory macrophages in fibrotic regions are predictive of therapeutic outcomes. Employing machine learning approaches, such as support vector machine (SVM) and random forest (RF) analysis, we identified critical spatial features linked to drug resistance and developed predictive models for drug response, achieving an area under the curve (AUC) of 97%. These insights underscore the vital role of integrating spatial proteomics into clinical trials to dissect TME dynamics thoroughly, paving the way for personalized and precise cancer treatment strategies in ESCC. This holistic approach not only enhances our understanding of the mechanistic basis behind drug resistance but also sets a robust foundation for optimizing therapeutic interventions in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Senior Department of Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, The Fifth Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Guoqing Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Senior Department of Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, The Fifth Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinlong Hu
- Department of Oncology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhongjian Ju
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, The First Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Haitao Tao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Senior Department of Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, The Fifth Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Li
- The Shapingba Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Li
- Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
| | - Jianpeng Sheng
- College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China.
- Chinese Institutes for Medical Research, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaobin Hou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, The First Medical Center, Beijing, China.
| | - Yi Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Senior Department of Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, The Fifth Medical Center, Beijing, China.
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3
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Bahman F, Choudhry K, Al-Rashed F, Al-Mulla F, Sindhu S, Ahmad R. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor: current perspectives on key signaling partners and immunoregulatory role in inflammatory diseases. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1421346. [PMID: 39211042 PMCID: PMC11358079 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1421346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a versatile environmental sensor and transcription factor found throughout the body, responding to a wide range of small molecules originating from the environment, our diets, host microbiomes, and internal metabolic processes. Increasing evidence highlights AhR's role as a critical regulator of numerous biological functions, such as cellular differentiation, immune response, metabolism, and even tumor formation. Typically located in the cytoplasm, AhR moves to the nucleus upon activation by an agonist where it partners with either the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT) or hypoxia-inducible factor 1β (HIF-1β). This complex then interacts with xenobiotic response elements (XREs) to control the expression of key genes. AhR is notably present in various crucial immune cells, and recent research underscores its significant impact on both innate and adaptive immunity. This review delves into the latest insights on AhR's structure, activating ligands, and its multifaceted roles. We explore the sophisticated molecular pathways through which AhR influences immune and lymphoid cells, emphasizing its emerging importance in managing inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, we discuss the exciting potential of developing targeted therapies that modulate AhR activity, opening new avenues for medical intervention in immune-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemah Bahman
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Khubaib Choudhry
- Department of Human Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fatema Al-Rashed
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Translational Research, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Sardar Sindhu
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait
- Animal & Imaging Core Facilities, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Rasheed Ahmad
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait
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4
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Karwig L, Moore PF, Alber G, Eschke M. Distinct characteristics of unique immunoregulatory canine non-conventional TCRαβ pos CD4 negCD8α neg double-negative T cell subpopulations. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1439213. [PMID: 39185407 PMCID: PMC11341405 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1439213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Conventional CD4pos regulatory T (Treg) cells characterized by expression of the key transcription factor forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) are crucial to control immune responses, thereby maintaining homeostasis and self-tolerance. Within the substantial population of non-conventional T cell receptor (TCR)αβpos CD4negCD8αneg double-negative (dn) T cells of dogs, a novel FoxP3pos Treg-like subset was described that, similar to conventional CD4pos Treg cells, is characterized by high expression of CD25. Noteworthy, human and murine TCRαβpos regulatory dn T cells lack FoxP3. Immunosuppressive capacity of canine dn T cells was hypothesized based on expression of inhibitory molecules (interleukin (IL)-10, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4, CTLA4). Here, to verify their regulatory function, the dnCD25pos (enriched for FoxP3pos Treg-like cells) and the dnCD25neg fraction, were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of Beagle dogs and analyzed in an in vitro suppression assay in comparison to conventional CD4posCD25pos Treg cells (positive control) and CD4posCD25neg T cells (negative control). Canine dnCD25pos T cells suppressed the Concanavalin A-driven proliferation of responder PBMC to a similar extent as conventional CD4posCD25pos Treg cells. Albeit to a lesser extent than FoxP3-enriched dn and CD4posCD25pos populations, even dnCD25neg T cells reduced the proliferation of responder cells. This is remarkable, as dnCD25neg T cells have a FoxP3neg phenotype comparable to non-suppressive CD4posCD25neg T cells. Both, CD25pos and CD25neg dn T cells, can mediate suppression independent of cell-cell contact and do not require additional signals from CD4posCD25neg T cells to secrete inhibitory factors in contrast to CD4posCD25pos T cells. Neutralization of IL-10 completely abrogated the suppression by dnCD25pos and CD4posCD25pos Treg cells in a Transwell™ system, while it only partially reduced suppression by dnCD25neg T cells. Taken together, unique canine non-conventional dnCD25pos FoxP3pos Treg-like cells are potent suppressor cells in vitro. Moreover, inhibition of proliferation of responder T cells by the dnCD25neg fraction indicates suppressive function of a subset of dn T cells even in the absence of FoxP3. The identification of unique immunoregulatory non-conventional dn T cell subpopulations of the dog in vitro is of high relevance, given the immunotherapeutic potential of manipulating regulatory T cell responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Karwig
- Institute of Immunology/Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter F. Moore
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Gottfried Alber
- Institute of Immunology/Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria Eschke
- Institute of Immunology/Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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Bhattacharya S, Paraskar G, Jha M, Gupta GL, Prajapati BG. Deciphering Regulatory T-Cell Dynamics in Cancer Immunotherapy: Mechanisms, Implications, and Therapeutic Innovations. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:2215-2236. [PMID: 39144553 PMCID: PMC11320738 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.4c00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
This Review explores how tumor-associated regulatory cells (Tregs) affect cancer immunotherapy. It shows how Tregs play a role in keeping the immune system in check, how cancers grow, and how well immunotherapy work. Tregs use many ways to suppress the immune system, and these ways are affected by the tumor microenvironment (TME). New approaches to cancer therapy are showing promise, such as targeting Treg checkpoint receptors precisely and using Fc-engineered antibodies. It is important to tailor treatments to each patient's TME in order to provide personalized care. Understanding Treg biology is essential for creating effective cancer treatments and improving the long-term outcomes of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankha Bhattacharya
- School
of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM’S
NMIMS Deemed-to-be University, Shirpur, Maharashtra 425405, India
| | - Gaurav Paraskar
- School
of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM’S
NMIMS Deemed-to-be University, Shirpur, Maharashtra 425405, India
| | - Megha Jha
- School
of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM’S
NMIMS Deemed-to-be University, Shirpur, Maharashtra 425405, India
| | - Girdhari Lal Gupta
- School
of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM’S
NMIMS Deemed-to-be University, Shirpur, Maharashtra 425405, India
| | - Bhupendra G. Prajapati
- Shree.
S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ganpat University, Kherva, Gujarat 384012, India
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
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6
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Geng RSQ, Wilken B, Sood S, Sibbald RG, Sibbald C. Biomarkers in Pemphigus Vulgaris: A Systematic Review. J Cutan Med Surg 2024:12034754241266136. [PMID: 39075718 DOI: 10.1177/12034754241266136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a rare intraepidermal blistering disease that is potentially life-threatening due to risk of infection and failure of skin barrier function. The identification of biomarkers has the potential to provide diagnostic utility and identify new therapeutic targets. The objective of this systematic review is to identify all potentially relevant PV biomarkers, categorize them, and identify trends to determine the involvement of T-cell-mediated, B-cell-1mediated, and innate immune-mediated pathways in PV pathogenesis. METHODS/RESULTS Medline and Embase databases were searched according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines, resulting in the inclusion of 66 studies that reported on a total of 2463 patients and 146 unique biomarkers. Biomarkers were categorized into T-cell-mediated, B-cell-mediated, and innate immune system pathways. The most notable biomarkers trends include elevations in IL-4, IL-6, IL-17A, anti-Dsg1/3 autoantibodies, and a reduction in Treg cells and FOXP3. CONCLUSION The results of this review support current theories of PV pathogenesis, with increased Th2 activity, increased Th17 activity, decreased Treg activity, and production of anti-Dsg1/3 autoantibodies being observed. Targeting of IL-4 and IL-6 may provide therapeutic benefit. However, more research is required to validate biomarkers for clinical utility and assess viability as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Q Geng
- Temerty School of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bethany Wilken
- Faculty of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Siddhartha Sood
- Temerty School of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ronald G Sibbald
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health & Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cathryn Sibbald
- Division of Pediatric Dermatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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7
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Mashayekhi K, Khazaie K, Faubion WA, Kim GB. Biomaterial-enhanced treg cell immunotherapy: A promising approach for transplant medicine and autoimmune disease treatment. Bioact Mater 2024; 37:269-298. [PMID: 38694761 PMCID: PMC11061617 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are crucial for preserving tolerance in the body, rendering Treg immunotherapy a promising treatment option for both organ transplants and autoimmune diseases. Presently, organ transplant recipients must undergo lifelong immunosuppression to prevent allograft rejection, while autoimmune disorders lack definitive cures. In the last years, there has been notable advancement in comprehending the biology of both antigen-specific and polyclonal Tregs. Clinical trials involving Tregs have demonstrated their safety and effectiveness. To maximize the efficacy of Treg immunotherapy, it is essential for these cells to migrate to specific target tissues, maintain stability within local organs, bolster their suppressive capabilities, and ensure their intended function's longevity. In pursuit of these goals, the utilization of biomaterials emerges as an attractive supportive strategy for Treg immunotherapy in addressing these challenges. As a result, the prospect of employing biomaterial-enhanced Treg immunotherapy holds tremendous promise as a treatment option for organ transplant recipients and individuals grappling with autoimmune diseases in the near future. This paper introduces strategies based on biomaterial-assisted Treg immunotherapy to enhance transplant medicine and autoimmune treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazem Mashayekhi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | | | - William A. Faubion
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Gloria B. Kim
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
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8
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Noblejas-López MDM, García-Gil E, Pérez-Segura P, Pandiella A, Győrffy B, Ocaña A. T-reg transcriptomic signatures identify response to check-point inhibitors. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10396. [PMID: 38710724 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60819-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) is a subtype of CD4+ T cells that produce an inhibitory action against effector cells. In the present work we interrogated genomic datasets to explore the transcriptomic profile of breast tumors with high expression of Tregs. Only 0.5% of the total transcriptome correlated with the presence of Tregs and only four transcripts, BIRC6, MAP3K2, USP4 and SMG1, were commonly shared among the different breast cancer subtypes. The combination of these genes predicted favorable outcome, and better prognosis in patients treated with checkpoint inhibitors. Twelve up-regulated genes coded for proteins expressed at the cell membrane that included functions related to neutrophil activation and regulation of macrophages. A positive association between MSR1 and CD80 with macrophages in basal-like tumors and between OLR1, ABCA1, ITGAV, CLEC5A and CD80 and macrophages in HER2 positive tumors was observed. Expression of some of the identified genes correlated with favorable outcome and response to checkpoint inhibitors: MSR1, CD80, OLR1, ABCA1, TMEM245, and ATP13A3 predicted outcome to anti PD(L)1 therapies, and MSR1, CD80, OLR1, ANO6, ABCA1, TMEM245, and ATP13A3 to anti CTLA4 therapies, including a subgroup of melanoma treated patients. In this article we provide evidence of genes strongly associated with the presence of Tregs that modulates the response to check point inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Mar Noblejas-López
- Translational Research Unit, Translational Oncology Laboratory, Albacete University Hospital, 02008, Albacete, Spain
- Unidad nanoDrug, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008, Albacete, Spain
- Departamento Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia de Albacete-Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008, Albacete, Spain
| | - Elena García-Gil
- Translational Research Unit, Translational Oncology Laboratory, Albacete University Hospital, 02008, Albacete, Spain
| | - Pedro Pérez-Segura
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Atanasio Pandiella
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC, IBSAL and CIBERONC, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Balázs Győrffy
- Department of Bioinformatics, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó U. 7-9, Budapest, 1094, Hungary
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Research Network, Magyar Tudosok Korutja 2, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pecs, Pecs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Alberto Ocaña
- Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario San Carlos (HCSC), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IdISSC) and CIBERONC and Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Unidad START Madrid, Calle Del Prof Martín Lagos, S/N, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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9
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Headen K, Jakaite V, Mesaric VA, Scotta C, Lombardi G, Nicolaides KH, Shangaris P. The Role of Regulatory T Cells and Their Therapeutic Potential in Hypertensive Disease of Pregnancy: A Literature Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4884. [PMID: 38732104 PMCID: PMC11084408 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), including preeclampsia (PE) and gestational hypertension (GH), are major causes of maternal and foetal morbidity and mortality. This review elucidates the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the immunological aspects of HDP and explores their therapeutic potential. Tregs, which play a critical role in maintaining immune homeostasis, are crucial in pregnancy to prevent immune-mediated rejection of the foetus. The review highlights that Tregs contribute to immunological adaptation in normal pregnancy, ensuring foetal acceptance. In contrast, HDP is associated with Treg dysfunction, which is marked by decreased numbers and impaired regulatory capacity, leading to inadequate immune tolerance and abnormal placental development. This dysfunction is particularly evident in PE, in which Tregs fail to adequately modulate the maternal immune response against foetal antigens, contributing to the pathophysiology of the disorder. Therapeutic interventions aiming to modulate Treg activity represent a promising avenue for HDP management. Studies in animal models and limited clinical trials suggest that enhancing Treg functionality could mitigate HDP symptoms and improve pregnancy outcomes. However, given the multifactorial nature of HDP and the intricate regulatory mechanisms of Tregs, the review explores the complexities of translating in vitro and animal model findings into effective clinical therapies. In conclusion, while the precise role of Tregs in HDP is still being unravelled, their central role in immune regulation during pregnancy is indisputable. Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms by which Tregs contribute to HDP and to develop targeted therapies that can safely and effectively harness their regulatory potential for treating hypertensive diseases of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Headen
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (K.H.); (K.H.N.)
- Harris Birthright Research Centre for Fetal Medicine, King’s College Hospital, London SE5 8BB, UK; (V.J.); (V.A.M.)
| | - Vaidile Jakaite
- Harris Birthright Research Centre for Fetal Medicine, King’s College Hospital, London SE5 8BB, UK; (V.J.); (V.A.M.)
| | - Vita Andreja Mesaric
- Harris Birthright Research Centre for Fetal Medicine, King’s College Hospital, London SE5 8BB, UK; (V.J.); (V.A.M.)
| | - Cristiano Scotta
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK; (C.S.); (G.L.)
| | - Giovanna Lombardi
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK; (C.S.); (G.L.)
| | - Kypros H. Nicolaides
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (K.H.); (K.H.N.)
- Harris Birthright Research Centre for Fetal Medicine, King’s College Hospital, London SE5 8BB, UK; (V.J.); (V.A.M.)
| | - Panicos Shangaris
- Department of Women and Children’s Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (K.H.); (K.H.N.)
- Harris Birthright Research Centre for Fetal Medicine, King’s College Hospital, London SE5 8BB, UK; (V.J.); (V.A.M.)
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK; (C.S.); (G.L.)
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, 5th Floor, Bermondsey Wing, Guy’s Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
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10
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Knoedler L, Dean J, Diatta F, Thompson N, Knoedler S, Rhys R, Sherwani K, Ettl T, Mayer S, Falkner F, Kilian K, Panayi AC, Iske J, Safi AF, Tullius SG, Haykal S, Pomahac B, Kauke-Navarro M. Immune modulation in transplant medicine: a comprehensive review of cell therapy applications and future directions. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1372862. [PMID: 38650942 PMCID: PMC11033354 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1372862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Balancing the immune response after solid organ transplantation (SOT) and vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) remains an ongoing clinical challenge. While immunosuppressants can effectively reduce acute rejection rates following transplant surgery, some patients still experience recurrent acute rejection episodes, which in turn may progress to chronic rejection. Furthermore, these immunosuppressive regimens are associated with an increased risk of malignancies and metabolic disorders. Despite significant advancements in the field, these IS related side effects persist as clinical hurdles, emphasizing the need for innovative therapeutic strategies to improve transplant survival and longevity. Cellular therapy, a novel therapeutic approach, has emerged as a potential pathway to promote immune tolerance while minimizing systemic side-effects of standard IS regiments. Various cell types, including chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T), mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), regulatory myeloid cells (RMCs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs), offer unique immunomodulatory properties that may help achieve improved outcomes in transplant patients. This review aims to elucidate the role of cellular therapies, particularly MSCs, T cells, Tregs, RMCs, macrophages, and dendritic cells in SOT and VCA. We explore the immunological features of each cell type, their capacity for immune regulation, and the prospective advantages and obstacles linked to their application in transplant patients. An in-depth outline of the current state of the technology may help SOT and VCA providers refine their perioperative treatment strategies while laying the foundation for further trials that investigate cellular therapeutics in transplantation surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Knoedler
- Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jillian Dean
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Fortunay Diatta
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Noelle Thompson
- University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Samuel Knoedler
- Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Richmond Rhys
- Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Khalil Sherwani
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, Berufsgenossenschaft (BG) Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, University of Heidelberg, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Tobias Ettl
- Department of Dental, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Simon Mayer
- University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Florian Falkner
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, Berufsgenossenschaft (BG) Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, University of Heidelberg, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Katja Kilian
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, Berufsgenossenschaft (BG) Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, University of Heidelberg, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Adriana C. Panayi
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, Berufsgenossenschaft (BG) Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, University of Heidelberg, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Jasper Iske
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, Berlin, Germany
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ali-Farid Safi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Craniologicum, Center for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefan G. Tullius
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Siba Haykal
- Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bohdan Pomahac
- Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martin Kauke-Navarro
- Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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11
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Brouwer-Visser J, Fiaschi N, Deering RP, Cygan KJ, Scott D, Jeong S, Boucher L, Gupta NT, Gupta S, Adler C, Topp MS, Bannerji R, Duell J, Advani RH, Flink DM, Chaudhry A, Thurston G, Ambati SR, Jankovic V. Molecular assessment of intratumoral immune cell subsets and potential mechanisms of resistance to odronextamab, a CD20×CD3 bispecific antibody, in patients with relapsed/refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e008338. [PMID: 38519055 PMCID: PMC10961523 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-008338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with relapsed/refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (R/R B-NHL) have a significant need for effective treatment options. Odronextamab is an Fc-silenced, human, CD20×CD3 bispecific antibody that targets CD20-expressing cells via T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity independent of T-cell/major histocompatibility complex interaction. Phase I results in patients with R/R B-NHL demonstrated that odronextamab monotherapy could achieve deep and durable responses with a generally manageable safety profile (ELM-1; NCT02290951). As part of a biomarker analysis of the same study, we investigated potential biomarkers and mechanisms of resistance to odronextamab. METHODS Patients with R/R B-NHL enrolled in ELM-1 received one time per week doses of intravenous odronextamab for 4×21 day cycles, then doses every 2 weeks thereafter. Patient tumor biopsies were obtained at baseline, on-treatment, and at progression. Immune cell markers were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, single-cell RNA sequencing, and whole genome sequencing. RESULTS Baseline tumor biopsies showed that almost all patients had high proportions of B cells that expressed the CD20 target antigen, whereas expression of other B-cell surface antigens (CD19, CD22, CD79b) was more variable. Responses to odronextamab in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma were not related to the relative level of baseline CD20 expression, cell of origin, or high-risk molecular subtype. A potential link was observed between greater tumor programmed cell death-ligand 1 expression and increased likelihood of response to odronextamab. Similarly, a trend was observed between clinical response and increased levels of CD8 T cells and regulatory T cells at baseline. We also identified an on-treatment pharmacodynamic shift in intratumoral immune cell subsets. Finally, loss of CD20 expression through inactivating gene mutations was identified as a potential mechanism of resistance in patients who were treated with odronextamab until progression, as highlighted in two detailed patient cases reported here. CONCLUSIONS This biomarker analysis expands on clinical findings of odronextamab in patients with R/R B-NHL, providing verification of the suitability of CD20 as a therapeutic target, as well as evidence for potential mechanisms of action and resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kamil J Cygan
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - Darius Scott
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - Se Jeong
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - Lauren Boucher
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - Namita T Gupta
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - Suraj Gupta
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | | | - Max S Topp
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rajat Bannerji
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Johannes Duell
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ranjana H Advani
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Dina M Flink
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - Aafia Chaudhry
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - Gavin Thurston
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, New York, USA
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12
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Ajith A, Merimi M, Arki MK, Hossein-khannazer N, Najar M, Vosough M, Sokal EM, Najimi M. Immune regulation and therapeutic application of T regulatory cells in liver diseases. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1371089. [PMID: 38571964 PMCID: PMC10987744 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1371089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ T regulatory cells (Tregs) are a subset of the immunomodulatory cell population that can inhibit both innate and adaptive immunity by various regulatory mechanisms. In hepatic microenvironment, proliferation, plasticity, migration, and function of Tregs are interrelated to the remaining immune cells and their secreted cytokines and chemokines. In normal conditions, Tregs protect the liver from inflammatory and auto-immune responses, while disruption of this crosstalk between Tregs and other immune cells may result in the progression of chronic liver diseases and the development of hepatic malignancy. In this review, we analyze the deviance of this protective nature of Tregs in response to chronic inflammation and its involvement in inducing liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. We will also provide a detailed emphasis on the relevance of Tregs as an effective immunotherapeutic option for autoimmune diseases, liver transplantation, and chronic liver diseases including liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Ajith
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Makram Merimi
- Genetics and Immune Cell Therapy Unit, LBBES Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed Premier, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Mandana Kazem Arki
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nikoo Hossein-khannazer
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Najar
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Centre, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Experimental Cancer Medicine, Institution for Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Etienne Marc Sokal
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mustapha Najimi
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
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13
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Laketa D, Lavrnja I. Extracellular Purine Metabolism-Potential Target in Multiple Sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04104-9. [PMID: 38499905 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04104-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The purinergic signaling system comprises a complex network of extracellular purines and purine-metabolizing ectoenzymes, nucleotide and nucleoside receptors, ATP release channels, and nucleoside transporters. Because of its immunomodulatory function, this system is critically involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and its best-characterized animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). MS is a chronic neuroinflammatory demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease with autoimmune etiology and great heterogeneity, mostly affecting young adults and leading to permanent disability. In MS/EAE, alterations were detected in almost all components of the purinergic signaling system in both peripheral immune cells and central nervous system (CNS) glial cells, which play an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. A decrease in extracellular ATP levels and an increase in its downstream metabolites, particularly adenosine and inosine, were frequently observed at MS, indicating a shift in metabolism toward an anti-inflammatory environment. Accordingly, upregulation of the major ectonucleotidase tandem CD39/CD73 was detected in the blood cells and CNS of relapsing-remitting MS patients. Based on the postulated role of A2A receptors in the transition from acute to chronic neuroinflammation, the association of variants of the adenosine deaminase gene with the severity of MS, and the beneficial effects of inosine treatment in EAE, the adenosinergic system emerged as a promising target in neuroinflammation. More recently, several publications have identified ADP-dependent P2Y12 receptors and the major extracellular ADP producing enzyme nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 2 (NTPDase2) as novel potential targets in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danijela Laketa
- Department of General Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry "Ivan Djaja", Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 3, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia.
| | - Irena Lavrnja
- Institute for Biological Research, Sinisa Stankovic" - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
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14
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Goldmann O, Nwofor OV, Chen Q, Medina E. Mechanisms underlying immunosuppression by regulatory cells. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1328193. [PMID: 38380317 PMCID: PMC10876998 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1328193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulatory cells, such as regulatory T cells (Tregs), regulatory B cells (Bregs), and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), play a crucial role in preserving immune tolerance and controlling immune responses during infections to prevent excessive immune activation. However, pathogens have developed strategies to hijack these regulatory cells to decrease the overall effectiveness of the immune response and persist within the host. Consequently, therapeutic targeting of these immunosuppressive mechanisms during infection can reinvigorate the immune response and improve the infection outcome. The suppressive mechanisms of regulatory cells are not only numerous but also redundant, reflecting the complexity of the regulatory network in modulating the immune responses. The context of the immune response, such as the type of pathogen or tissue involved, further influences the regulatory mechanisms involved. Examples of these immunosuppressive mechanisms include the production of inhibitory cytokines such as interleukin 10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) that inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and dampen the activation and proliferation of effector T cells. In addition, regulatory cells utilize inhibitory receptors like cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) to engage with their respective effector cells, thereby suppressing their function. An alternative approach involves the modulation of metabolic reprogramming in effector immune cells to limit their activation and proliferation. In this review, we provide an overview of the major mechanisms mediating the immunosuppressive effect of the different regulatory cell subsets in the context of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eva Medina
- Infection Immunology Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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15
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Abraham MJ, Goncalves C, McCallum P, Gupta V, Preston SEJ, Huang F, Chou H, Gagnon N, Johnson NA, Miller WH, Mann KK, Del Rincon SV. Tunable PhenoCycler imaging of the murine pre-clinical tumour microenvironments. Cell Biosci 2024; 14:19. [PMID: 38311785 PMCID: PMC10840224 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-024-01199-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tumour microenvironment (TME) consists of tumour-supportive immune cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. PhenoCycler, a high-plex single cell spatial biology imaging platform, is used to characterize the complexity of the TME. Researchers worldwide harvest and bank tissues from mouse models which are employed to model a plethora of human disease. With the explosion of interest in spatial biology, these panoplies of archival tissues provide a valuable resource to answer new questions. Here, we describe our protocols for developing tunable PhenoCycler multiplexed imaging panels and describe our open-source data analysis pipeline. Using these protocols, we used PhenoCycler to spatially resolve the TME of 8 routinely employed pre-clinical models of lymphoma, breast cancer, and melanoma preserved as FFPE. RESULTS Our data reveal distinct TMEs in the different cancer models that were imaged and show that cell-cell contacts differ depending on the tumour type examined. For instance, we found that the immune infiltration in a murine model of melanoma is altered in cellular organization in melanomas that become resistant to αPD-1 therapy, with depletions in a number of cell-cell interactions. CONCLUSIONS This work presents a valuable resource study seamlessly adaptable to any field of research involving murine models. The methodology described allows researchers to address newly formed hypotheses using archival materials, bypassing the new to perform new mouse studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelyn J Abraham
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Paige McCallum
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vrinda Gupta
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Samuel E J Preston
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Fan Huang
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hsiang Chou
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Clinical Research Unit, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Natascha Gagnon
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie A Johnson
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Clinical Research Unit, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Wilson H Miller
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Clinical Research Unit, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Koren K Mann
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Sonia V Del Rincon
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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16
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Teer L, Yaddanapudi K, Chen J. Biophysical Control of the Glioblastoma Immunosuppressive Microenvironment: Opportunities for Immunotherapy. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:93. [PMID: 38247970 PMCID: PMC10813491 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
GBM is the most aggressive and common form of primary brain cancer with a dismal prognosis. Current GBM treatments have not improved patient survival, due to the propensity for tumor cell adaptation and immune evasion, leading to a persistent progression of the disease. In recent years, the tumor microenvironment (TME) has been identified as a critical regulator of these pro-tumorigenic changes, providing a complex array of biomolecular and biophysical signals that facilitate evasion strategies by modulating tumor cells, stromal cells, and immune populations. Efforts to unravel these complex TME interactions are necessary to improve GBM therapy. Immunotherapy is a promising treatment strategy that utilizes a patient's own immune system for tumor eradication and has exhibited exciting results in many cancer types; however, the highly immunosuppressive interactions between the immune cell populations and the GBM TME continue to present challenges. In order to elucidate these interactions, novel bioengineering models are being employed to decipher the mechanisms of immunologically "cold" GBMs. Additionally, these data are being leveraged to develop cell engineering strategies to bolster immunotherapy efficacy. This review presents an in-depth analysis of the biophysical interactions of the GBM TME and immune cell populations as well as the systems used to elucidate the underlying immunosuppressive mechanisms for improving current therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landon Teer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA;
| | - Kavitha Yaddanapudi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Immuno-Oncology Program, Brown Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Division of Immunotherapy, Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Joseph Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA;
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17
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Elsaghir A, El-Sabaa EMW, Zahran AM, Mandour SA, Salama EH, Aboulfotuh S, El-Morshedy RM, Tocci S, Mandour AM, Ali WE, Abdel-Wahid L, Sayed IM, El-Mokhtar MA. Elevated CD39+T-Regulatory Cells and Reduced Levels of Adenosine Indicate a Role for Tolerogenic Signals in the Progression from Moderate to Severe COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17614. [PMID: 38139439 PMCID: PMC10744088 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections trigger inflammation by controlling ATP release. CD39 ectoenzymes hydrolyze ATP/ADP to AMP, which is converted by CD73 into anti-inflammatory adenosine (ADO). ADO is an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant molecule which can enhance viral persistence and severity. The CD39-CD73-adenosine axis contributes to the immunosuppressive T-reg microenvironment and may affect COVID-19 disease progression. Here, we investigated the link between CD39 expression, mostly on T-regs, and levels of CD73, adenosine, and adenosine receptors with COVID-19 severity and progression. Our study included 73 hospitalized COVID-19 patients, of which 33 were moderately affected and 40 suffered from severe infection. A flow cytometric analysis was used to analyze the frequency of T-regulatory cells (T-regs), CD39+ T-regs, and CD39+CD4+ T-cells. Plasma concentrations of adenosine, IL-10, and TGF-β were quantified via an ELISA. An RT-qPCR was used to analyze the gene expression of CD73 and adenosine receptors (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3). T-reg cells were higher in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy controls (7.4 ± 0.79 vs. 2.4 ± 0.28; p < 0.0001). Patients also had a higher frequency of the CD39+ T-reg subset. In addition, patients who suffered from a severe form of the disease had higher CD39+ T-regs compared with moderately infected patients. CD39+CD4+ T cells were increased in patients compared to the control group. An analysis of serum adenosine levels showed a marked decrease in their levels in patients, particularly those suffering from severe illness. However, this was paralleled with a marked decline in the expression levels of CD73. IL-10 and TGF-β levels were higher in COVID-19; in addition, their values were also higher in the severe group. In conclusion, there are distinct immunological alterations in CD39+ lymphocyte subsets and a dysregulation in the adenosine signaling pathway in COVID-19 patients which may contribute to immune dysfunction and disease progression. Understanding these immunological alterations in the different immune cell subsets and adenosine signaling provides valuable insights into the pathogenesis of the disease and may contribute to the development of novel therapeutic approaches targeting specific immune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Elsaghir
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Ehsan M. W. El-Sabaa
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Asmaa M. Zahran
- Department of Clinical Pathology, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Sahar A. Mandour
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia 11566, Egypt
| | - Eman H. Salama
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Sahar Aboulfotuh
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Reham M. El-Morshedy
- Department of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Stefania Tocci
- Department of Biomedical & Nutritional Sciences, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Ahmed Mohamed Mandour
- Department of Anesthesia and ICU, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Wael Esmat Ali
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Lobna Abdel-Wahid
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M. Sayed
- Department of Biomedical & Nutritional Sciences, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Mohamed A. El-Mokhtar
- Gilbert & Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos P.O. Box 36, Lebanon
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
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18
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Elalouf A, Elalouf H, Rosenfeld A. Modulatory immune responses in fungal infection associated with organ transplant - advancements, management, and challenges. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1292625. [PMID: 38143753 PMCID: PMC10748506 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1292625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Organ transplantation stands as a pivotal achievement in modern medicine, offering hope to individuals with end-stage organ diseases. Advancements in immunology led to improved organ transplant survival through the development of immunosuppressants, but this heightened susceptibility to fungal infections with nonspecific symptoms in recipients. This review aims to establish an intricate balance between immune responses and fungal infections in organ transplant recipients. It explores the fundamental immune mechanisms, recent advances in immune response dynamics, and strategies for immune modulation, encompassing responses to fungal infections, immunomodulatory approaches, diagnostics, treatment challenges, and management. Early diagnosis of fungal infections in transplant patients is emphasized with the understanding that innate immune responses could potentially reduce immunosuppression and promise efficient and safe immuno-modulating treatments. Advances in fungal research and genetic influences on immune-fungal interactions are underscored, as well as the potential of single-cell technologies integrated with machine learning for biomarker discovery. This review provides a snapshot of the complex interplay between immune responses and fungal infections in organ transplantation and underscores key research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Elalouf
- Department of Management, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Hadas Elalouf
- Information Science Department, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ariel Rosenfeld
- Information Science Department, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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19
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Prame Kumar K, Ooi JD, Goldberg R. The interplay between the microbiota, diet and T regulatory cells in the preservation of the gut barrier in inflammatory bowel disease. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1291724. [PMID: 38107848 PMCID: PMC10722198 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1291724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is becoming more common in the Western world due to changes in diet-related microbial dysbiosis, genetics and lifestyle. Incidences of gut permeability can predate IBD and continued gut barrier disruptions increase the exposure of bacterial antigens to the immune system thereby perpetuating chronic inflammation. Currently, most of the approved IBD therapies target individual pro-inflammatory cytokines and pathways. However, they fail in approximately 50% of patients due to their inability to overcome the redundant pro inflammatory immune responses. There is increasing interest in the therapeutic potential of T regulatory cells (Tregs) in inflammatory conditions due to their widespread capability to dampen inflammation, promote tolerance of intestinal bacteria, facilitate healing of the mucosal barrier and ability to be engineered for more targeted therapy. Intestinal Treg populations are inherently shaped by dietary molecules and gut microbiota-derived metabolites. Thus, understanding how these molecules influence Treg-mediated preservation of the intestinal barrier will provide insights into immune tolerance-mediated mucosal homeostasis. This review comprehensively explores the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and immune system in influencing the intestinal barrier function to attenuate the progression of colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Prame Kumar
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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20
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Lebel Y, Milo T, Bar A, Mayo A, Alon U. Excitable dynamics of flares and relapses in autoimmune diseases. iScience 2023; 26:108084. [PMID: 37915612 PMCID: PMC10616393 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Many autoimmune disorders exhibit flares in which symptoms erupt and then decline, as exemplified by multiple sclerosis (MS) in its relapsing-remitting form. Existing mathematical models of autoimmune flares often assume regular oscillations, failing to capture the stochastic and non-periodic nature of flare-ups. We suggest that autoimmune flares are driven by excitable dynamics triggered by stochastic events auch as stress, infection and other factors. Our minimal model, involving autoreactive and regulatory T-cells, demonstrates this concept. Autoimmune response initiates antigen-induced expansion through positive feedback, while regulatory cells counter the autoreactive cells through negative feedback. The model explains the decrease in MS relapses during pregnancy and the subsequent surge postpartum, based on lymphocyte dynamics. Additionally, it identifies potential therapeutic targets, predicting significant reduction in relapse rate from mild adjustments of regulatory T cell activity or production. These findings indicate that excitable dynamics may underlie flare-ups across various autoimmune disorders, potentially informing treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Lebel
- Department Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Tomer Milo
- Department Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Alon Bar
- Department Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Avi Mayo
- Department Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Uri Alon
- Department Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100 Israel
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21
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Benamar M, Chen Q, Martinez-Blanco M, Chatila TA. Regulatory T cells in allergic inflammation. Semin Immunol 2023; 70:101847. [PMID: 37837939 PMCID: PMC10842049 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells maintain immune tolerance to allergens at the environmental interfaces in the airways, skin and gut, marshalling in the process distinct immune regulatory circuits operative in the respective tissues. Treg cells are coordinately mobilized with allergic effector mechanisms in the context of a tissue-protective allergic inflammatory response against parasites, toxins and potentially harmful allergens, serving to both limit the inflammation and promote local tissue repair. Allergic diseases are associated with subverted Treg cell responses whereby a chronic allergic inflammatory environment can skew Treg cells toward pathogenic phenotypes that both perpetuate and aggravate disease. Interruption of Treg cell subversion in chronic allergic inflammatory conditions may thus provide novel therapeutic strategies by re-establishing effective immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Benamar
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qian Chen
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Monica Martinez-Blanco
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Talal A Chatila
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Lead Contact, USA.
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22
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Abduh MS, Saghir SAM, Al-Gabri NA, Ahmeda AF, Abdelkarim M, Aldaqal SM, Alshawsh MA. Interleukin-35 and Thymoquinone nanoparticle-based intervention for liver protection against paracetamol-induced liver injury in rats. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023; 30:103806. [PMID: 37766887 PMCID: PMC10519855 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Paracetamol (PAR) is a commonly used antipyretic and analgesic agent, but its excessive usage can induce liver damage and major health consequences. Interleukin-35 (IL-35) is utilized to treat immunological disorders, intestinal illness, arthritis, allergic disease, hepatitis, and cancer. Thymoquinone (THYO) is also effective against a wide range of disorders. Consequently, this study sought out to explore the ameliorative effects of IL-35 and THYO against PAR-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Sixty male rats were separated into six groups (10 rats/group): I control (0.5 mL NaCl, 0.9%/rat via oral gavage); II (IL-35), and III (TYHO) received intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of IL-35 (200 ng/kg) or THYO (0.5 mg/kg), respectively. Group IV (PAR) received 600 mg/kg of PAR orally; V (PAR + IL-35) and VI (PAR + TYHO); rats received 600 mg/kg of PAR orally and i.p injection of IL-35 (200 ng/kg) or THYO (0.5 mg/kg), respectively. Administration of IL-35 or THYO markedly mitigated the increasing in the levels of liver parameters triggered by PAR and noticeable enhancement of antioxidant and immunological markers were observed. Additionally, IL-35 or THYO decreased TNF-α, NF-κB, IL-10, IL-6 and IFN-γ in contrast to the PAR control group. Moreover, levels of Capase-3, and cytochrome C were significantly reduced by THYO or IL35, while, levels of Bcl-2 were markedly increased. Furthermore, significant downregulation of IL1-β, TNF-α, TGF-β, and Caspas-3 genes, as well as significant upregulation of Bcl-2 and IL-10 expression were detected. In conclusion, IL-35 and THYO insulated liver from PAR toxicity by mitigating oxidative stress, tissue damage, inflammation, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisa Siddiq Abduh
- Immune Responses in Different Diseases Research Group, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Ayesh Mohammed Saghir
- Department of Medical Analysis, Princess Aisha Bint Al-Hussein College of Nursing and Medical Sciences, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma’an 71111, Jordan
| | - Naif Ahmed Al-Gabri
- Laboratory of Salam Veterinary Group, Burydha 51911, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Thamar University, Thamar 124401, Yemen
| | - Ahmad Faheem Ahmeda
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Ajman University, Ajman 346, United Arab Emirates
- Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mouaadh Abdelkarim
- College of General Education, University of Doha for Science and Technology, Jelaiah Street, Duhail North, 24449 Doha, Qatar
| | - Saleh Mohammad Aldaqal
- Immune Responses in Different Diseases Research Group, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Abdullah Alshawsh
- School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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23
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Wang J, Zhao X, Wan YY. Intricacies of TGF-β signaling in Treg and Th17 cell biology. Cell Mol Immunol 2023; 20:1002-1022. [PMID: 37217798 PMCID: PMC10468540 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01036-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Balanced immunity is pivotal for health and homeostasis. CD4+ helper T (Th) cells are central to the balance between immune tolerance and immune rejection. Th cells adopt distinct functions to maintain tolerance and clear pathogens. Dysregulation of Th cell function often leads to maladies, including autoimmunity, inflammatory disease, cancer, and infection. Regulatory T (Treg) and Th17 cells are critical Th cell types involved in immune tolerance, homeostasis, pathogenicity, and pathogen clearance. It is therefore critical to understand how Treg and Th17 cells are regulated in health and disease. Cytokines are instrumental in directing Treg and Th17 cell function. The evolutionarily conserved TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β) cytokine superfamily is of particular interest because it is central to the biology of both Treg cells that are predominantly immunosuppressive and Th17 cells that can be proinflammatory, pathogenic, and immune regulatory. How TGF-β superfamily members and their intricate signaling pathways regulate Treg and Th17 cell function is a question that has been intensely investigated for two decades. Here, we introduce the fundamental biology of TGF-β superfamily signaling, Treg cells, and Th17 cells and discuss in detail how the TGF-β superfamily contributes to Treg and Th17 cell biology through complex yet ordered and cooperative signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junying Wang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Xingqi Zhao
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Yisong Y Wan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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24
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Kizilbash N, Suhail N, Alzahrani AK, Basha WJ, Soliman M. Natural regulatory T cells increase significantly in pediatric patients with parasitic infections: Flow cytometry study. INDIAN J PATHOL MICR 2023; 66:556-559. [PMID: 37530338 DOI: 10.4103/ijpm.ijpm_1262_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The most accepted definition of regulatory T cells (Tregs) relies on the expression of several biomarkers, including CD4, CD25, and transcription factor, Foxp3. The Tregs maintain tolerance to self-antigens and prevent autoimmune diseases. Aim The purpose of this study was to determine the difference in natural Treg levels in Entamoeba histolytica, Schistosoma mansoni, Giardia lamblia, Enterobius vermicularis, and Hymenolepis nana infected patients. Setting and Design Fifty-one pediatric subjects (29 males and 22 females) were recruited from a tertiary care hospital, and were divided into infected and non-infected (control) groups. The mean age of the subjects was 8.7 years. Materials and Methods Blood samples were collected from infected and non-infected groups, and change in the level of Tregs in these subjects was investigated by flow cytometry. Statistical Analysis Used The statistical analysis of data was performed by SPSS software. Quantitative data used in this study included mean and standard deviation. Data from the two groups were compared by the Student's t-test. The age of the patient and infection status were used for multivariate logistic regression analysis. Odds ratios (ORs) were estimated within a 95% confidence interval, and a P value of <0.05 was considered significant. Results and Conclusions The levels of natural regulatory T cells, indicated by the biomarkers, CD4+, CD25+, and Foxp3+, increase significantly in patients infected by Entamoeba histolytica, Schistosoma mansoni, Giardia lamblia, Enterobius vermicularis, and Hymenolepis nana as compared to controls. They also increase in cases of mixed infection as compared to infection by a single parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Kizilbash
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nida Suhail
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Khuzaim Alzahrani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
| | - W Jamith Basha
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Soliman
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
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25
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Iriki H, Mukai M, Asahina Y, Kubo Y, Ito H, Amagai M, Takahashi H. Attenuation of OX40 signaling suppression by age disrupts peripheral deletion of CD4 + T cells specific for the epidermal autoantigen desmoglein 3. Immun Ageing 2023; 20:26. [PMID: 37308897 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-023-00353-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Various autoimmune responses increase with age, but the underlying mechanism is not clear. In this study, we used CD4+ T cells expressing a transgenic T cell receptor specific for desmoglein 3 (Dsg3), which is the target antigen of the autoimmune bullous disease pemphigus vulgaris, to examine how peripheral immunological tolerance against pathogenic autoreactive CD4+ T cells changes with age. Dsg3-specific T cells were deleted within 14 days after adoptive transfer into young mice (8 weeks old), while they escaped deletion when transferred into older mice over 42 weeks old. Dsg3-specific T cells produced higher levels of the proinflammatory cytokine IFN-γ in aged mice than in young mice. In addition, the expression levels of both OX40 and Birc5, which are important for cell survival in T cell clonal proliferation, were higher in aged than in young mice. The dysfunction in suppressing proinflammatory cytokine secretion and Birc5 upregulation in Dsg3-specific autoreactive T cells may reflect an aspect of the preliminary steps in autoimmune disease development in the aged population. Understanding this mechanism may lead to better risk evaluation of autoimmune disease development and to onset prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisato Iriki
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Miho Mukai
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Asahina
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yoko Kubo
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hiromi Ito
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masayuki Amagai
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
- Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-Cho, Tsurumi-Ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hayato Takahashi
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
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26
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Guo R, Li J, Hu J, Fu Q, Yan Y, Xu S, Wang X, Jiao F. Combination of epidrugs with immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer immunotherapy: From theory to therapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 120:110417. [PMID: 37276826 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy based on immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has revolutionized treatment strategies in multiple types of cancer. However, the resistance and relapse as associated with the extreme complexity of cancer-immunity interactions remain a major challenge to be resolved. Owing to the epigenome plasticity of cancer and immune cells, a growing body of evidence has been presented indicating that epigenetic treatments have the potential to overcome current limitations of immunotherapy, thus providing a rationalefor the combination of ICIs with epigenetic agents (epidrugs). In this review, we first make an overview about the epigenetic regulations in tumor biology and immunodevelopment. Subsequently, a diverse array of inhibitory agents under investigations targeted epigenetic modulators (Azacitidine, Decitabine, Vorinostat, Romidepsin, Belinostat, Panobinostat, Tazemetostat, Enasidenib and Ivosidenib, etc.) and immune checkpoints (Atezolizmab, Avelumab, Cemiplimab, Durvalumb, Ipilimumab, Nivolumab and Pembrolizmab, etc.) to increase anticancer responses were described and the potential mechanisms were further discussed. Finally, we summarize the findings of clinical trials and provide a perspective for future clinical studies directed at investigating the combination of epidrugs with ICIs as a treatment for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Jixia Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Jinxia Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Qiang Fu
- School of Pharmacology, Institute of Aging Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Yunfei Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Sen Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory & Health Service Training, 970 Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistic Support Force, Yantai 264002, PR China.
| | - Fei Jiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, PR China.
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27
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Zhang H, Wang H, Ye L, Bao S, Zhang R, Che J, Luo W, Yu C, Wang W. Comprehensive transcriptomic analyses identify KDM genes-related subtypes with different TME infiltrates in gastric cancer. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:454. [PMID: 37202737 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-10923-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone lysine demethylases (KDMs) have been reported in various malignances, which affect transcriptional regulation of tumor suppressor or oncogenes. However, the relationship between KDMs and formation of tumor microenvironment (TME) in gastric cancer (GC) remain unclear and need to be comprehensively analyzed.In the present study, 24 KDMs were obtained and consensus molecular subtyping was performed using the "NMF" method to stratify TCGA-STAD into three clusters. The ssGSEA and CIBERSORT algorithms were employed to assess the relative infiltration levels of various cell types in the TME. The KDM_score was devised to predict patient survival outcomes and responses to both immunotherapy and chemotherapy.Three KDM genes-related molecular subtypes were Figured out in GC with distinctive clinicopathological and prognostic features. Based on the robust KDM genes-related risk_score and nomogram, established in our work, GC patients' clinical outcome can be well predicted. Furthermore, low KDM genes-related risk_score exhibited the more effective response to immunotherapy and chemotherapy.This study characterized three KDM genes-related TME pattern with unique immune infiltration and prognosis by comprehensively analyses of transcriptomic profiling. Risk_score was also built to help clinicians decide personalized anticancer treatment for GC patients, including in prediction of immunotherapy and chemotherapy response for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichao Zhang
- Department of Osteoporosis and Bone Disease, Research Section of Geriatric Metabolic Bone Disease, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai Geriatric Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Haoran Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Li Ye
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Suyun Bao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Suqian Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, 223800, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ruijia Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ji Che
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wenqin Luo
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Cheng Yu
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changshu No. 2 People's Hospital, No.18, Taishan Road, Changshu, 215500, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Lianshui People's Hospital of Kangda College Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, 223400, People's Republic of China.
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28
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Knoedler L, Knoedler S, Panayi AC, Lee CAA, Sadigh S, Huelsboemer L, Stoegner VA, Schroeter A, Kern B, Mookerjee V, Lian CG, Tullius SG, Murphy GF, Pomahac B, Kauke-Navarro M. Cellular activation pathways and interaction networks in vascularized composite allotransplantation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1179355. [PMID: 37266446 PMCID: PMC10230044 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1179355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) is an evolving field of reconstructive surgery that has revolutionized the treatment of patients with devastating injuries, including those with limb losses or facial disfigurement. The transplanted units are typically comprised of different tissue types, including skin, mucosa, blood and lymphatic vasculature, muscle, and bone. It is widely accepted that the antigenicity of some VCA components, such as skin, is particularly potent in eliciting a strong recipient rejection response following transplantation. The fine line between tolerance and rejection of the graft is orchestrated by different cell types, including both donor and recipient-derived lymphocytes, macrophages, and other immune and donor-derived tissue cells (e.g., endothelium). Here, we delineate the role of different cell and tissue types during VCA rejection. Rejection of VCA grafts and the necessity of life-long multidrug immunosuppression remains one of the major challenges in this field. This review sheds light on recent developments in decoding the cellular signature of graft rejection in VCA and how these may, ultimately, influence the clinical management of VCA patients by way of novel therapies that target specific cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Knoedler
- Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Samuel Knoedler
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Adriana C. Panayi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Microsurgery, Burn Center, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, University of Heidelberg, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Catherine A. A. Lee
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sam Sadigh
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lioba Huelsboemer
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Viola A. Stoegner
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Schroeter
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Barbara Kern
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vikram Mookerjee
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Christine G. Lian
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Stefan G. Tullius
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - George F. Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bohdan Pomahac
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Martin Kauke-Navarro
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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29
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Mazinani M, Rahbarizadeh F. New cell sources for CAR-based immunotherapy. Biomark Res 2023; 11:49. [PMID: 37147740 PMCID: PMC10163725 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-023-00482-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, in which a patient's own T lymphocytes are engineered to recognize and kill cancer cells, has achieved striking success in some hematological malignancies in preclinical and clinical trials, resulting in six FDA-approved CAR-T products currently available in the market. Despite impressive clinical outcomes, concerns about treatment failure associated with low efficacy or high cytotoxicity of CAR-T cells remain. While the main focus has been on improving CAR-T cells, exploring alternative cellular sources for CAR generation has garnered growing interest. In the current review, we comprehensively evaluated other cell sources rather than conventional T cells for CAR generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Mazinani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-111, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahbarizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-111, Tehran, Iran.
- Research and Development Center of Biotechnology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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30
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Zhang Z, Xu Q, Huang L. B cell depletion therapies in autoimmune diseases: Monoclonal antibodies or chimeric antigen receptor-based therapy? Front Immunol 2023; 14:1126421. [PMID: 36855629 PMCID: PMC9968396 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1126421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune system detects foreign pathogens, distinguishes them from self-antigens and responds to defend human body. When this self-tolerance is disrupted, the overactive immune system attacks healthy tissues or organs and the autoimmune diseases develop. B cells and plasma cells contribute a lot to pathogenesis and persistence of autoimmune diseases in both autoantibody-dependent and autoantibody-independent ways. Accumulating data indicates that treatments aiming to eliminate antibody-secreting cells (B cells or plasma cells) are effective in a wide spectrum of autoimmune diseases. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) deplete B cell lineage or plasma cells by signaling disruption, complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Engineered-T cells armed with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have been adopted from field of hematological malignancies as a method to eliminate B cells or plasma cells. In this review, we update our understanding of B cell depletion therapies in autoimmune diseases, review the mechanism, efficacy, safety and application of monoclonal antibodies and CAR-based immunotherapies, and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of these treatment options for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Huang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Immunotherapy Research Center for Hematologic Diseases of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Liang Huang,
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31
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Brown S, Dayan JH, Kataru RP, Mehrara BJ. The Vicious Circle of Stasis, Inflammation, and Fibrosis in Lymphedema. Plast Reconstr Surg 2023; 151:330e-341e. [PMID: 36696336 PMCID: PMC9881755 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000009866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY Lymphedema is a progressive disease of the lymphatic system arising from impaired lymphatic drainage, accumulation of interstitial fluid, and fibroadipose deposition. Secondary lymphedema resulting from cancer treatment is the most common form of the disease in developed countries, affecting 15% to 40% of patients with breast cancer after lymph node dissection. Despite recent advances in microsurgery, outcomes remain variable and, in some cases, inadequate. Thus, development of novel treatment strategies is an important goal. Research over the past decade suggests that lymphatic injury initiates a chronic inflammatory response that regulates the pathophysiology of lymphedema. T-cell inflammation plays a key role in this response. In this review, the authors highlight the cellular and molecular mechanisms of lymphedema and discuss promising preclinical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stav Brown
- From the Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | - Joseph H Dayan
- From the Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | - Raghu P Kataru
- From the Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | - Babak J Mehrara
- From the Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
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32
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So L, Obata-Ninomiya K, Hu A, Muir VS, Takamori A, Song J, Buckner JH, Savan R, Ziegler SF. Regulatory T cells suppress CD4+ effector T cell activation by controlling protein synthesis. J Exp Med 2023; 220:213791. [PMID: 36598533 PMCID: PMC9827529 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) suppress the activation and subsequent effector functions of CD4 effector T cells (Teffs). However, molecular mechanisms that enforce Treg-mediated suppression in CD4 Teff are unclear. We found that Tregs suppressed activation-induced global protein synthesis in CD4 Teffs prior to cell division. We analyzed genome-wide changes in the transcriptome and translatome of activated CD4 Teffs. We show that mRNAs encoding for the protein synthesis machinery are regulated at the level of translation in activated CD4 Teffs by Tregs. Tregs suppressed global protein synthesis of CD4 Teffs by specifically inhibiting mRNAs of the translation machinery at the level of mTORC1-mediated translation control through concerted action of immunosuppressive cytokines IL-10 and TGFβ. Lastly, we found that the therapeutic targeting of protein synthesis with the RNA helicase eIF4A inhibitor rocaglamide A can alleviate inflammatory CD4 Teff activation caused by acute Treg depletion in vivo. These data show that peripheral tolerance is enforced by Tregs through mRNA translational control in CD4 Teffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lomon So
- Center for Fundamental Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Alex Hu
- Center for Systems Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Virginia S. Muir
- Center for Systems Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ayako Takamori
- Center for Fundamental Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jing Song
- Center for Fundamental Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jane H. Buckner
- Center for Fundamental Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ram Savan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,Correspondence to Ram Savan:
| | - Steven F. Ziegler
- Center for Fundamental Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,Steven F. Ziegler:
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Regulatory T Cells: Liquid and Living Precision Medicine for the Future of VCA. Transplantation 2023; 107:86-97. [PMID: 36210500 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transplant rejection remains a challenge especially in the field of vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA). To blunt the alloreactive immune response' stable levels of maintenance immunosupression are required. However' the need for lifelong immunosuppression poses the risk of severe side effects, such as increased risk of infection, metabolic complications, and malignancies. To balance therapeutic efficacy and medication side effects, immunotolerance promoting immune cells (especially regulatory T cells [Treg]) have become of great scientific interest. This approach leverages immune system mechanisms that usually ensure immunotolerance toward self-antigens and prevent autoimmunopathies. Treg can be bioengineered to express a chimeric antigen receptor or a T-cell receptor. Such bioengineered Treg can target specific antigens and thereby reduce unwanted off-target effects. Treg have demonstrated beneficial clinical effects in solid organ transplantation and promising in vivo data in VCAs. In this review, we summarize the functional, phenotypic, and immunometabolic characteristics of Treg and outline recent advancements and current developments regarding Treg in the field of VCA and solid organ transplantation.
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Goswami TK, Singh M, Dhawan M, Mitra S, Emran TB, Rabaan AA, Mutair AA, Alawi ZA, Alhumaid S, Dhama K. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) and their therapeutic potential against autoimmune disorders - Advances and challenges. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2035117. [PMID: 35240914 PMCID: PMC9009914 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2035117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are caused when immune cells act against self-protein. This biological self-non-self-discrimination phenomenon is controlled by a distinct group of lymphocytes known as regulatory T cells (Tregs), which are key inflammatory response regulators and play a pivotal role in immune tolerance and homeostasis. Treg-mediated robust immunosuppression provides self-tolerance and protection against autoimmune diseases. However, once this system fails to operate or poorly operate, it leads to an extreme situation where immune system reacts against self-antigens and destroys host organs, thus causing autoimmune diseases. Tregs can target both innate and adaptive immunity via modulating multiple immune cells such as neutrophils, monocytes, antigen-presenting cells, B cells, and T cells. This review highlights the Treg-mediated immunosuppression, role of several markers and their interplay during Treg development and differentiation, and advances in therapeutic aspects of Treg cells to reduce severity of autoimmunity-related conditions along with emphasizing limitations and challenges of their usages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapas Kumar Goswami
- Immunology Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Mithilesh Singh
- Immunology Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Manish Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
- The Trafford Group of Colleges, Manchester, UK
| | - Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Ali A. Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Abbas Al Mutair
- Research Center, Almoosa Specialist Hospital, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- College of Nursing, Princess Norah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- School of Nursing, Wollongong University, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Zainab Al Alawi
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alhumaid
- Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Al-Ahsa Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
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35
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Sun Y, Yuan Y, Zhang B, Zhang X. CARs: a new approach for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2022; 66:711-728. [PMID: 36346550 PMCID: PMC9641699 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2212-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-based therapeutic interventions represented a breakthrough in cancer treatment. Following the success of the CAR-T-cell strategy, this novel therapeutic approach has been applied to other diseases, including autoimmune diseases. Using CAR-T cells to deplete pathological immune cells (i.e., B cells, autoreactive B or T cells, and accessory antigen-presenting cells (APCs)) has resulted in favorable outcomes in diseases characterized by excessive autoantibody levels or hyperactive lymphocyte cell numbers. The importance of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) in restoring immune tolerance has been well established, and CAR-Tregs have shown promising therapeutic potential in treating autoimmune diseases. Moreover, prior experience from the cancer field has provided sufficient paradigms for understanding how to optimize the structure and function of CARs to improve their function, persistence, stability and safety. In this review, we describe the potential application of CAR-T cells and CAR-Tregs in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, and we summarize the currently available strategies of gene editing and synthetic biological tools that have improved the practical application of CAR-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeting Sun
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College; Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine; State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Yeshuang Yuan
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College; Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine; State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Bo Zhang
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730 China
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36
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Boccalatte F, Mina R, Aroldi A, Leone S, Suryadevara CM, Placantonakis DG, Bruno B. Advances and Hurdles in CAR T Cell Immune Therapy for Solid Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5108. [PMID: 36291891 PMCID: PMC9600451 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14205108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells in solid tumors have so far yielded limited results, in terms of therapeutic effects, as compared to the dramatic results observed for hematological malignancies. Many factors involve both the tumor cells and the microenvironment. The lack of specific target antigens and severe, potentially fatal, toxicities caused by on-target off-tumor toxicities constitute major hurdles. Furthermore, the tumor microenvironment is usually characterized by chronic inflammation, the presence of immunosuppressive molecules, and immune cells that can reduce CAR T cell efficacy and facilitate antigen escape. Nonetheless, solid tumors are under investigation as possible targets despite their complexity, which represents a significant challenge. In preclinical mouse models, CAR T cells are able to efficiently recognize and kill several tumor xenografts. Overall, in the next few years, there will be intensive research into optimizing novel cell therapies to improve their effector functions and keep untoward effects in check. In this review, we provide an update on the state-of-the-art CAR T cell therapies in solid tumors, focusing on the preclinical studies and preliminary clinical findings aimed at developing optimal strategies to reduce toxicity and improve efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Boccalatte
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Roberto Mina
- Division of Hematology, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, TO, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, TO, Italy
| | - Andrea Aroldi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, MB, Italy
| | - Sarah Leone
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Carter M. Suryadevara
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Dimitris G. Placantonakis
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Brain and Spine Tumor Center/Neuroscience Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Benedetto Bruno
- Division of Hematology, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, TO, Italy
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, TO, Italy
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37
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Ortiz-López N, Fuenzalida C, Dufeu MS, Pinto-León A, Escobar A, Poniachik J, Roblero JP, Valenzuela-Pérez L, Beltrán CJ. The immune response as a therapeutic target in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:954869. [PMID: 36300120 PMCID: PMC9589255 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.954869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a complex and heterogeneous disorder considered a liver-damaging manifestation of metabolic syndrome. Its prevalence has increased in the last decades due to modern-day lifestyle factors associated with overweight and obesity, making it a relevant public health problem worldwide. The clinical progression of NAFLD is associated with advanced forms of liver injury such as fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). As such, diverse pharmacological strategies have been implemented over the last few years, principally focused on metabolic pathways involved in NAFLD progression. However, a variable response rate has been observed in NAFLD patients, which is explained by the interindividual heterogeneity of susceptibility to liver damage. In this scenario, it is necessary to search for different therapeutic approaches. It is worth noting that chronic low-grade inflammation constitutes a central mechanism in the pathogenesis and progression of NAFLD, associated with abnormal composition of the intestinal microbiota, increased lymphocyte activation in the intestine and immune effector mechanisms in liver. This review aims to discuss the current knowledge about the role of the immune response in NAFLD development. We have focused mainly on the impact of altered gut-liver-microbiota axis communication on immune cell activation in the intestinal mucosa and the role of subsequent lymphocyte homing to the liver in NAFLD development. We further discuss novel clinical trials that addressed the control of the liver and intestinal immune response to complement current NAFLD therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Ortiz-López
- Laboratory of Immunogastroenterology, Unit of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina Fuenzalida
- Laboratory of Immunogastroenterology, Unit of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Soledad Dufeu
- Laboratory of Immunogastroenterology, Unit of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Araceli Pinto-León
- Laboratory of Immunogastroenterology, Unit of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Jaime Poniachik
- Unit of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Roblero
- Unit of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lucía Valenzuela-Pérez
- Laboratory of Immunogastroenterology, Unit of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Caroll J. Beltrán
- Laboratory of Immunogastroenterology, Unit of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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38
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DeMaio A, Mehrotra S, Sambamurti K, Husain S. The role of the adaptive immune system and T cell dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:251. [PMID: 36209107 PMCID: PMC9548183 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02605-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune system and associated inflammation are vital in surveillance and host protection against internal and external threats, but can secondarily damage host tissues. The central nervous system is immune-privileged and largely protected from the circulating inflammatory pathways. However, T cell involvement and the disruption of the blood-brain barriers have been linked to several neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis. Under normal physiological conditions, regulatory T cells (Treg cells) dampen the inflammatory response of effector T cells. In the pathological states of many neurodegenerative disorders, the ability of Treg cells to mitigate inflammation is reduced, and a pro-inflammatory environment persists. This perspective review provides current knowledge on the roles of T cell subsets (e.g., effector T cells, Treg cells) in neurodegenerative and ocular diseases, including uveitis, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and glaucoma. Many neurodegenerative and ocular diseases have been linked to immune dysregulation, but the cellular events and molecular mechanisms involved in such processes remain largely unknown. Moreover, the role of T cells in ocular pathologies remains poorly defined and limited literature is available in this area of research. Adoptive transfer of Treg cells appears to be a vital immunological approach to control ocular pathologies. Similarities in T cell dysfunction seen among non-ocular neurodegenerative diseases suggest that this area of research has a great potential to develop better therapeutic agents for ocular diseases and warrants further studies. Overall, this perspective review article provides significant information on the roles of T cells in numerous ocular and non-ocular neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa DeMaio
- Department of Ophthalmology, Storm Eye Institute, Room 713, Medical University of South Carolina, 167 Ashley Ave, SC, 29425, Charleston, USA
| | - Shikhar Mehrotra
- Department of Surgery, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, SC, 29425, Charleston, USA
| | - Kumar Sambamurti
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, SC, 29425, Charleston, USA
| | - Shahid Husain
- Department of Ophthalmology, Storm Eye Institute, Room 713, Medical University of South Carolina, 167 Ashley Ave, SC, 29425, Charleston, USA.
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van der Vegt SA, Wang YJ, Polonchuk L, Wang K, Waters SL, Baker RE. A model-informed approach to assess the risk of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced autoimmune myocarditis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:966180. [PMID: 36249751 PMCID: PMC9555336 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.966180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), as a novel immunotherapy, are designed to modulate the immune system to attack malignancies. Despite their promising benefits, immune-related adverse events (IRAEs) may occur, and incidences are bound to increase with surging demand of this class of drugs in treating cancer. Myocarditis, although rare compared to other IRAEs, has a significantly higher fatal frequency. Due to the overwhelming complexity of the immune system, this condition is not well understood, despite the significant research efforts devoted to it. To better understand the development and progression of autoimmune myocarditis and the roles of ICIs therein, we suggest a new approach: mathematical modelling. Mathematical modelling of myocarditis has enormous potential to determine which parts of the immune system are critical to the development and progression of the disease, and therefore warrant further investigation. We provide the immunological background needed to develop a mathematical model of this disease and review relevant existing models of immunology that serve as the mathematical inspiration needed to develop this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solveig A. van der Vegt
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Solveig A. van der Vegt,
| | - Ying-Jie Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre of Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Liudmila Polonchuk
- Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ken Wang
- Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sarah L. Waters
- Oxford Centre for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth E. Baker
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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40
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Hu W, Pei Y, Ning R, Li P, Zhang Z, Hong Z, Bao C, Guo X, Sun Y, Zhang Q. Immunomodulatory effects of carbon ion radiotherapy in patients with localized prostate cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022:10.1007/s00432-022-04194-9. [PMID: 36138265 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04194-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiotherapy is one of the main local treatment modalities for prostate cancer, while immunosuppressive effect induced by radiotherapy is an important factor of radiation resistance and treatment failure. Carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT) is a novel radiotherapy technique and the immunomodulatory effect of CIRT provides the possibility of overcoming radioresistance and improving efficacy. The aim of this study was to assess the immune response evoked by CIRT in localized prostate cancer patients. METHODS Thirty-two patients were treated by CIRT combined with or without hormone therapy and peripheral blood samples were collected before and after CIRT. Investigation of peripheral immune cell frequency, proliferation, and cytokine expression was conducted by flow cytometry, real-time quantitative PCR and ELISA. RESULTS There were no significant differences in the frequencies of CD3 + , CD4 + , CD8 + T cells and NK cells after CIRT. CD4/CD8 ratio increased whereas B cells decreased. All lymphocyte subsets except regulatory T cells (Tregs) displayed increased proliferation and T cells exhibited increased functionality after CIRT, characterized by modestly increased cytokine secretion of TNF. Moreover, higher frequencies of Tregs were shown. Neither monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) nor early MDSCs changed after CIRT. TGF-β1 gene expression decreased while IL-6 showed a non-significant trend towards a decrease. Both IL-10 gene expression and plasma TGF-β1 level were unchanged. CONCLUSION CIRT demonstrates the potential to elicit immune activation in localized prostate cancer patients, based on sparing lymphocytes, increased lymphocyte proliferation, enhanced T-cell functionality, together with limited induction of immunosuppressive cells and reduced expression of immunosuppressive cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai, 201321, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology (20dz2261000), Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai, 201321, China
| | - Yulei Pei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai, 201321, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology (20dz2261000), Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai, 201321, China
| | - Renli Ning
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology (20dz2261000), Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai, 201321, China.,Department of Research and Development, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai, 201321, China
| | - Ping Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology (20dz2261000), Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai, 201321, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Shanghai, 201321, China
| | - Zhenshan Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai, 201321, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology (20dz2261000), Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai, 201321, China
| | - Zhengshan Hong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology (20dz2261000), Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai, 201321, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Shanghai, 201321, China
| | - Cihang Bao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology (20dz2261000), Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai, 201321, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Shanghai, 201321, China
| | - Xiaomao Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology (20dz2261000), Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai, 201321, China. .,Department of Research and Development, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai, 201321, China.
| | - Yun Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology (20dz2261000), Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai, 201321, China. .,Department of Research and Development, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai, 201321, China.
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai, 201321, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology (20dz2261000), Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai, 201321, China.
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Fatemi SA, Macklin KS, Zhang L, Mousstaaid A, Poudel S, Poudel I, Peebles ED. Improvement in the Immunity- and Vitamin D3-Activity-Related Gene Expression of Coccidiosis-Challenged Ross 708 Broilers in Response to the In Ovo Injection of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:2517. [PMID: 36230268 PMCID: PMC9558988 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Effects of the in ovo administration of two vitamin D3 sources (vitamin D3 (D3) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3)) on the expression of D3 activity- and immunity-related genes in broilers subjected to a coccidiosis infection were investigated. At 18 d of incubation (doi), five in ovo injection treatments were administrated to live embryonated Ross 708 broiler hatching eggs: non-injected (1) and diluent-injected (2) controls, or diluent injection containing 2.4 μg of D3 (3) or 2.4 μg of 25OHD3 (4), or their combination (5). Birds in the in ovo-injected treatments were challenged at 14 d of age (doa) with a 20× dosage of a live coccidial vaccine. At 14 and 28 doa, the expression of eight immunity-related genes (IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, TLR-4, TLR-15, MyD88, TGF-β4, and IFN-γ) and four D3 activity-related genes (1α-hydroxylase, 25-hydroxylase, 24-hydroxylase, and VDR) in the jejunum of one bird in each treatment-replicate group were evaluated. No significant treatment effects were observed for any of the genes before challenge. However, at 2 weeks post-challenge, the expression of 1α-hydroxylase, TGF-β4, and IL-10 increased in birds that received 25OHD3 alone in comparison to all the other in ovo-injected treatment groups. Additionally, the expression of 24-hydroxylase and IL-6 decreased in birds that received 25OHD3 in comparison to those injected with diluent or D3 alone. It was concluded that the in ovo injection of 2.4 μg of 25OHD3 may improve the intestinal immunity as well as the activity of D3 in Ross 708 broilers subjected to a coccidiosis challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Abolghasem Fatemi
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Kenneth S. Macklin
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Ayoub Mousstaaid
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Sabin Poudel
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Ishab Poudel
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Edgar David Peebles
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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Curry J, Alnemri A, Philips R, Fiorella M, Sussman S, Stapp R, Solomides C, Harshyne L, South A, Luginbuhl A, Tuluc M, Martinez-Outschoorn U, Argiris A, Linnenbach A, Johnson J. CD8+ and FoxP3+ T-Cell Cellular Density and Spatial Distribution After Programmed Death-Ligand 1 Check Point Inhibition. Laryngoscope 2022. [PMID: 36125263 DOI: 10.1002/lary.30389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyze CD8+ and FoxP3+ T-cell cellular density (CD) and intercellular distances (ID) in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) samples from a neoadjuvant trial of durvalumab +/- metformin. METHODS Paired pre- and post-treatment primary HNSCC tumor samples were stained for CD8+ and FoxP3+. Digital image analysis was used to determine estimated mean CD8+ and FoxP3+ CDs and CD8+-FoxP3+ IDs in the leading tumor edge (LTE) and tumor adjacent stroma (TAS) stratified by treatment arm, human papillomavirus (HPV) status, and pathologic treatment response. A subset of samples was characterized for T-cell related signatures using digital spatial genomic profiling. RESULTS Post-treatment analysis revealed a significant decrease in FoxP3+ CD and an increase in CD8+ CDs in the TAS between patients receiving durvalumab and metformin versus durvlaumab alone. Both treatment arms demonstrated significant post-treatment increases in ID. Although HPV+ and HPV- had similar immune cell CDs in the tumor microenvironment, HPV+ pre-treatment samples had 1.60 times greater ID compared with HPV- samples, trending toward significance (p = 0.05). At baseline, pathologic responders demonstrated a 1.16-fold greater CD8+ CDs in the LTE (p = 0.045) and 2.28-fold greater ID (p = 0.001) than non-responders. Digital spatial profiling revealed upregulation of FoxP3+ and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) in the TAS (p = 0.006, p = 0.026) in samples from pathologic responders. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of CD8+ and FoxP3+ detected population differences according to HPV status, pathologic response, and treatment. Greater CD8+-FoxP3+ ID was associated with pathologic response. CD8+ and FoxP3+ T-cell distributions may be predictive of response to immune checkpoint inhibition. CLINICALTRIALS gov (Identifier NCT03618654). LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3 Laryngoscope, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Curry
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Angela Alnemri
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Ramez Philips
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Michele Fiorella
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Sarah Sussman
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Robert Stapp
- Department of Pathology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Charalambos Solomides
- Department of Pathology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Larry Harshyne
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.,Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Andrew South
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Adam Luginbuhl
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Madalina Tuluc
- Department of Pathology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | | | - Athanassios Argiris
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Alban Linnenbach
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Jennifer Johnson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
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43
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Role of Histone Deacetylases in T-Cell Development and Function. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147828. [PMID: 35887172 PMCID: PMC9320103 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are a group of enzymes called “epigenetic erasers”. They remove the acetyl group from histones changing the condensation state of chromatin, leading to epigenetic modification of gene expression and various downstream effects. Eighteen HDACs have been identified and grouped into four classes. The role of HDACs in T-cells has been extensively studied, and it has been proven that many of them are important players in T-cell development and function. In this review, we present the current state of knowledge on the role of HDACs in the early stages of T-cell development but also in the functioning of mature lymphocytes on the periphery, including activation, cytokine production, and metabolism regulation.
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44
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Leukemia derived dendritic cell (DC leu) mediated immune response goes along with reduced (leukemia-specific) regulatory T-cells. Immunobiology 2022; 227:152237. [PMID: 35749805 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The blastmodulatory Kit-M, composed of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating-factor (GM-CSF) and Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), is known to convert myeloid leukaemic blasts (from AML patients) into leukaemia derived dendritic cells (DCleu), which activate immunoreactive cells to gain antileukemic/leukaemia-specific activity. In this study we had a special focus on the influence of Kit-M treated, DC/DCleu containing patients'whole blood (WB, n = 16) on the provision of immunosuppressive regulatory T-cells. We could confirm that Kit-M significantly increased frequencies of (mature) dendritic cells (DC) and DCleu from leukemic whole blood (WB) without induction of blast proliferation. After mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) with patients' T-cells we confirmed that DCleu mediated leukemia-specific responses- going along with activated and leukemia-specific T- and NK-cells in an intracellular cytokine staining assay (ICS) and a degranulation assay (Deg)- resulted in an increased anti-leukemic cytotoxicity (Cytotoxicity Fluorolysis Assay = CTX). We could demonstrate that (leukemia-specific) CD4+ and CD8+ regulatory T-cell population (Treg) decreased significantly after MLC compared to controls. We found significant positive correlations of leukemia-specific CD3+CD4+ cells with frequencies of (mature) DCleu. Achieved anti-leukemic cytotoxicity correlated significantly positive with leukemia-specific CD3+CD8+ cells and significantly negatively with (leukemia-specific) Treg. In summary we demonstrate that immunesuppressive (leukemia-specific) regulatory T-cells are significantly downregulated after Kit-M triggered MLC- going along with a (reinstalled) antileukemic reactivity of the immune system (as demonstrated with functional assays ICS, Deg, CTX).
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45
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Rezaei Kahmini F, Shahgaldi S, Azimi M, Mansourabadi AH. Emerging therapeutic potential of regulatory T (Treg) cells for rheumatoid arthritis: New insights and challenges. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108858. [PMID: 35597122 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune-related disorder characterized by chronic inflammation. Although the etiopathogenesis of RA still remains to be clarified, it is supposed that the breakdown of immune self-tolerance may contribute to the development of RA. Thus, restoring of immune tolerance at the site of inflammation is the ultimate goal of RA treatment. Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are the main suppressive cells that maintain tolerance and inhibit immunity against auto-antigen. Of note, recent studies demonstrated the efficacy of adoptive transfer of Treg cells in the modulation of the unwanted immune response, which makes them an ideal candidate to maintain immune homeostasis and restore antigen-specific tolerance in the case of RA and other autoimmune diseases. This review intends to submit recent finding of Treg cells-based therapies in RA with a focus on strategies applied to improve the therapeutic value of Treg cells to restore immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Rezaei Kahmini
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Shahab Shahgaldi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Azimi
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Mansourabadi
- Department of Immunology, School of medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Immunogenetics Research Network (IgReN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
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46
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Bernaldo-de-Quirós E, Cózar B, López-Esteban R, Clemente M, Gil-Jaurena JM, Pardo C, Pita A, Pérez-Caballero R, Camino M, Gil N, Fernández-Santos ME, Suarez S, Pion M, Martínez-Bonet M, Correa-Rocha R. A Novel GMP Protocol to Produce High-Quality Treg Cells From the Pediatric Thymic Tissue to Be Employed as Cellular Therapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:893576. [PMID: 35651624 PMCID: PMC9148974 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.893576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their suppressive capacity, the adoptive transfer of regulatory T cells (Treg) has acquired a growing interest in controlling exacerbated inflammatory responses. Limited Treg recovery and reduced quality remain the main obstacles in most current protocols where differentiated Treg are obtained from adult peripheral blood. An alternate Treg source is umbilical cord blood, a promising source of Treg cells due to the higher frequency of naïve Treg and lower frequency of memory T cells present in the fetus’ blood. However, the Treg number isolated from cord blood remains limiting. Human thymuses routinely discarded during pediatric cardiac surgeries to access the retrosternal operative field has been recently proposed as a novel source of Treg for cellular therapy. This strategy overcomes the main limitations of current Treg sources, allowing the obtention of very high numbers of undifferentiated Treg. We have developed a novel good manufacturing practice (GMP) protocol to obtain large Treg amounts, with very high purity and suppressive capacity, from the pediatric thymus (named hereafter thyTreg). The total amount of thyTreg obtained at the end of the procedure, after a short-term culture of 7 days, reach an average of 1,757 x106 (range 50 x 106 – 13,649 x 106) cells from a single thymus. The thyTreg product obtained with our protocol shows very high viability (mean 93.25%; range 83.35% – 97.97%), very high purity (mean 92.89%; range 70.10% – 98.41% of CD25+FOXP3+ cells), stability under proinflammatory conditions and a very high suppressive capacity (inhibiting in more than 75% the proliferation of activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in vitro at a thyTreg:responder cells ratio of 1:1). Our thyTreg product has been approved by the Spanish Drug Agency (AEMPS) to be administered as cell therapy. We are recruiting patients in the first-in-human phase I/II clinical trial worldwide that evaluates the safety, feasibility, and efficacy of autologous thyTreg administration in children undergoing heart transplantation (NCT04924491). The high quality and amount of thyTreg and the differential features of the final product obtained with our protocol allow preparing hundreds of doses from a single thymus with improved therapeutic properties, which can be cryopreserved and could open the possibility of an “off-the-shelf” allogeneic use in another individual.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beatriz Cózar
- Laboratory of Immune-Regulation, Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IISGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío López-Esteban
- Laboratory of Immune-Regulation, Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IISGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maribel Clemente
- Cell Culture Unit, Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IISGM), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Pardo
- Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Unit, Hospital Materno Infantil Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Pita
- Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Unit, Hospital Materno Infantil Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón Pérez-Caballero
- Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Unit, Hospital Materno Infantil Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuela Camino
- Pediatric Heart Transplant Unit, Hospital Materno Infantil Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Gil
- Pediatric Heart Transplant Unit, Hospital Materno Infantil Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Susana Suarez
- Cell Production Unit, Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IISGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marjorie Pion
- Laboratory of Immune-Regulation, Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IISGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Martínez-Bonet
- Laboratory of Immune-Regulation, Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IISGM), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Rafael Correa-Rocha, ; Marta Martínez-Bonet,
| | - Rafael Correa-Rocha
- Laboratory of Immune-Regulation, Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IISGM), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Rafael Correa-Rocha, ; Marta Martínez-Bonet,
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47
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Arjomandnejad M, Kopec AL, Keeler AM. CAR-T Regulatory (CAR-Treg) Cells: Engineering and Applications. Biomedicines 2022; 10:287. [PMID: 35203496 PMCID: PMC8869296 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells are critical for maintaining immune tolerance. Recent studies have confirmed their therapeutic suppressive potential to modulate immune responses in organ transplant and autoimmune diseases. However, the unknown and nonspecific antigen recognition of polyclonal Tregs has impaired their therapeutic potency in initial clinical findings. To address this limitation, antigen specificity can be conferred to Tregs by engineering the expression of transgenic T-cell receptor (TCR) or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR). In contrast to TCR Tregs, CAR Tregs are major histocompatibility complex (MHC) independent and less dependent on interleukin-2 (IL-2). Furthermore, CAR Tregs maintain Treg phenotype and function, home to the target tissue and show enhanced suppressive efficacy compared to polyclonal Tregs. Additional development of engineered CAR Tregs is needed to increase Tregs' suppressive function and stability, prevent CAR Treg exhaustion, and assess their safety profile. Further understanding of Tregs therapeutic potential will be necessary before moving to broader clinical applications. Here, we summarize recent studies utilizing CAR Tregs in modulating immune responses in autoimmune diseases, transplantation, and gene therapy and future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motahareh Arjomandnejad
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA; (M.A.); (A.L.K.)
| | - Acadia L. Kopec
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA; (M.A.); (A.L.K.)
| | - Allison M. Keeler
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA; (M.A.); (A.L.K.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
- NeuroNexus Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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48
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Mathematical modelling of autoimmune myocarditis and the effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors. J Theor Biol 2022; 537:111002. [PMID: 35007511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2021.111002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune myocarditis is a rare, but frequently fatal, side effect of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), a class of cancer therapies. Despite extensive experimental work on the causes, development and progression of this disease, much still remains unknown about the importance of the different immunological pathways involved. We present a mathematical model of autoimmune myocarditis and the effects of ICIs on its development and progression to either resolution or chronic inflammation. From this, we gain a better understanding of the role of immune cells, cytokines and other components of the immune system in driving the cardiotoxicity of ICIs. We parameterise the model using existing data from the literature, and show that qualitative model behaviour is consistent with disease characteristics seen in patients in an ICI-free context. The bifurcation structures of the model show how the presence of ICIs increases the risk of developing autoimmune myocarditis. This predictive modelling approach is a first step towards determining treatment regimens that balance the benefits of treating cancer with the risk of developing autoimmune myocarditis.
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49
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Park Y, Kwok SK. Recent Advances in Cell Therapeutics for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases. Immune Netw 2022; 22:e10. [PMID: 35291648 PMCID: PMC8901702 DOI: 10.4110/in.2022.22.e10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic autoimmune diseases arise from loss of self-tolerance and immune homeostasis between effector and regulator functions. There are many therapeutic modalities for autoimmune diseases ranging from conventional disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs and immunosuppressants exerting nonspecific immune suppression to targeted agents including biologic agents and small molecule inhibitors aiming at specific cytokines and intracellular signal pathways. However, such current therapeutic strategies can rarely induce recovery of immune tolerance in autoimmune disease patients. To overcome limitations of conventional treatment modalities, novel approaches using specific cell populations with immune-regulatory properties have been attempted to attenuate autoimmunity. Recently progressed biotechnologies enable sufficient in vitro expansion and proper manipulation of such ‘tolerogenic’ cell populations to be considered for clinical application. We introduce 3 representative cell types with immunosuppressive features, including mesenchymal stromal cells, Tregs, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Their cellular definitions, characteristics, mechanisms of immune regulation, and recent data about preclinical and clinical studies in systemic autoimmune diseases are reviewed here. Challenges and limitations of each cell therapy are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngjae Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Ki Kwok
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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50
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Arjomandnejad M, Sylvia K, Blackwood M, Nixon T, Tang Q, Muhuri M, Gruntman AM, Gao G, Flotte TR, Keeler AM. Modulating immune responses to AAV by expanded polyclonal T-regs and capsid specific chimeric antigen receptor T-regulatory cells. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2021; 23:490-506. [PMID: 34853797 PMCID: PMC8605179 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immune responses to adeno-associated virus (AAV) capsids limit the therapeutic potential of AAV gene therapy. Herein, we model clinical immune responses by generating AAV capsid-specific chimeric antigen receptor (AAV-CAR) T cells. We then modulate immune responses to AAV capsid with AAV-CAR regulatory T cells (Tregs). AAV-CAR Tregs in vitro display phenotypical Treg surface marker expression, and functional suppression of effector T cell proliferation and cytotoxicity. In mouse models, AAV-CAR Tregs mediated continued transgene expression from an immunogenic capsid, despite antibody responses, produced immunosuppressive cytokines, and decreased tissue inflammation. AAV-CAR Tregs are also able to bystander suppress immune responses to immunogenic transgenes similarly mediating continued transgene expression, producing immunosuppressive cytokines, and reducing tissue infiltration. Taken together, AAV-CAR T cells and AAV-CAR Tregs are directed and powerful immunosuppressive tools to model and modulate immune responses to AAV capsids and transgenes in the local environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motahareh Arjomandnejad
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Katelyn Sylvia
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Meghan Blackwood
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Thomas Nixon
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Qiushi Tang
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Manish Muhuri
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Alisha M Gruntman
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.,NeuroNexus Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Terence R Flotte
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Allison M Keeler
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.,NeuroNexus Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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