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Kim J, Islam SMT, Qiao F, Singh AK, Khan M, Won J, Singh I. Regulation of B cell functions by S-nitrosoglutathione in the EAE model. Redox Biol 2021; 45:102053. [PMID: 34175668 PMCID: PMC8246645 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells play both protective and pathogenic roles in T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases by releasing regulatory vs. pathogenic cytokines. B cell-depleting therapy has been attempted in various autoimmune diseases but its efficacy varies and can even worsen symptoms due to depletion of B cells releasing regulatory cytokines along with B cells releasing pathogenic cytokines. Here, we report that S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and GSNO-reductase (GSNOR) inhibitor N6022 drive upregulation of regulatory cytokine (IL-10) and downregulation of pathogenic effector cytokine (IL-6) in B cells and protected against the neuroinflammatory disease of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In human and mouse B cells, the GSNO/N6022-mediated regulation of IL-10 vs. IL-6 was not limited to regulatory B cells but also to a broad range of B cell subsets and antibody-secreting cells. Adoptive transfer of B cells from N6022 treated EAE mice or EAE mice deficient in the GSNOR gene also regulated T cell balance (Treg > Th17) and reduced clinical disease in the recipient EAE mice. The data presented here provide evidence of the role of GSNO in shifting B cell immune balance (IL-10 > IL-6) and the preclinical relevance of N6022, a first-in-class drug targeting GSNOR with proven human safety, as therapeutics for autoimmune disorders including multiple sclerosis. GSNO and GSNOR inhibitor (N6022) upregulates IL-10 and downregulates IL-6 in B cells. GSNO/N6022-mediated cytokine regulation occurs in a broad range of B cell subsets. GSNO/N6022 treatment ameliorates autoimmune disease of EAE. B cell transfer from N6022-treated or GSNOR null EAE mice to EAE mice shifts T cell balance (Treg > Th17) and alleviates EAE. The data provide the first insight into the therapeutic potential of GSNO/N6022 targeting B cells in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - S M Touhidul Islam
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Fei Qiao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Avtar K Singh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Mushfiquddin Khan
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Jeseong Won
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Inderjit Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Research Service, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA.
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DiSano KD, Gilli F, Pachner AR. Memory B Cells in Multiple Sclerosis: Emerging Players in Disease Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:676686. [PMID: 34168647 PMCID: PMC8217754 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.676686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Once thought to be primarily driven by T cells, B cells are emerging as central players in MS immunopathogenesis. Interest in multiple B cell phenotypes in MS expanded following the efficacy of B cell-depleting agents targeting CD20 in relapsing-remitting MS and inflammatory primary progressive MS patients. Interestingly, these therapies primarily target non-antibody secreting cells. Emerging studies seek to explore B cell functions beyond antibody-mediated roles, including cytokine production, antigen presentation, and ectopic follicle-like aggregate formation. Importantly, memory B cells (Bmem) are rising as a key B cell phenotype to investigate in MS due to their antigen-experience, increased lifespan, and rapid response to stimulation. Bmem display diverse effector functions including cytokine production, antigen presentation, and serving as antigen-experienced precursors to antibody-secreting cells. In this review, we explore the cellular and molecular processes involved in Bmem development, Bmem phenotypes, and effector functions. We then examine how these concepts may be applied to the potential role(s) of Bmem in MS pathogenesis. We investigate Bmem both within the periphery and inside the CNS compartment, focusing on Bmem phenotypes and proposed functions in MS and its animal models. Finally, we review how current immunomodulatory therapies, including B cell-directed therapies and other immunomodulatory therapies, modify Bmem and how this knowledge may be harnessed to direct therapeutic strategies in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista D. DiSano
- Department of Neurology, Geisel School of Medicine & Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
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Lu W, Cui C, Wang Y, Sun X, Wang S, Yang M, Yu Y, Wang L. CpG ODN as an adjuvant arouses the vigor of B cells by relieving the negative regulation of surface TLR9 to enhance the antibody response to vaccine. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:4213-4224. [PMID: 33950279 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11316-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The surface Toll-like receptor 9 (sTLR9) has been identified on the surface of the B cells and was presumed to be a negative regulator of B cell responses. CpG ODN, a TLR9 agonist, has been successfully used as an adjuvant of hepatitis B vaccine to enhance antibody responses. However, it is unknown whether the sTLR9 is involved in regulating the activation and maturation of B cells in the antibody responses induced by CpG ODN-adjuvanted vaccines. In this study, we immunized mice with hepatitis B vaccine adjuvanted by CpG ODN (CpG 5805) and found that CpG 5805 enhanced the antibody response to vaccine and meanwhile down-regulated the sTLR9 levels on B cells. With antibody feeding assay and flow cytometry analysis, we further found that CpG 5805 induced a movement of the sTLR9 in B cells, internalized first and then mobilized to endosomes. Accompanied with the movement, CD80, CD86, CD40, and MHC II molecules were significantly up-regulated on the B cells. Interestingly, the B cells with internalized sTLR9 enlarged morphologically, and the sTLR9 levels were obviously lower and CD40 levels were obviously higher on the enlarged B cells. Together, the data presented here uncover that CpG ODN can induce the mobilization and relocation of sTLR9 in B cells, thereby triggering the B cell vigor by relieving the negative regulatory effect of sTLR9 on B cells, which may be one of the mechanisms for CpG ODN acting as a vaccine adjuvant to enhance the antibody response.Key points• CpG ODN-enhanced antibody response positively associates with B cell sTLR9 reduction.• CpG ODN reduces the sTLR9 levels by relocating it from B cell surface to endosomes.• sTLR9 reduction arouses B cell vigor via promoting B cell maturation and activation. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Lu
- Department of Molecular Biology in College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics in The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuiyun Cui
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology in College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics in The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomeng Sun
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengnan Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology in College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics in The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology in College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics in The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongli Yu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liying Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology in College of Basic Medical Sciences and Institute of Pediatrics in The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China.
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Borzutzky A, Rauter I, Fried A, Rachid R, McDonald DR, Hammarstrom L, Grimbacher B, Abraham RS, Geha RS. Defective TLR9-driven STAT3 activation in B cells of patients with CVID. Clin Immunol 2018; 197:40-44. [PMID: 30145329 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
B cell activation by Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) ligands is dependent on STAT3 and is important for optimal antibody responses to microbial antigens. B cells from patients with common variable immune deficiency (CVID) have impaired proliferation and differentiation in response to the TLR9 ligand CpG, despite normal levels of TLR9 expression. We demonstrate that CpG-driven STAT3 phosphorylation, but not activation of NFκB and p38, is selectively impaired in B cells from CVID patients. These results suggest that defective STAT3 activation contributes to the defective TLR9 and antibody response of B cells in CVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Borzutzky
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ingrid Rauter
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ari Fried
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rima Rachid
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Douglas R McDonald
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Bodo Grimbacher
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, Freiburg University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roshini S Abraham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States; Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, United States
| | - Raif S Geha
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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Hamonic G, Pasternak JA, Wilson HL. Recognizing conserved non-canonical localization patterns of toll-like receptors in tissues and across species. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 372:1-11. [PMID: 29330675 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2767-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6 were originally characterized as exclusively expressed on the cell surface and TLR 3, 7, 8 and 9 were said to be localized to the endosomes. However, continued research in this area shows that TLR localization may be altered across cell-types, and in response to stimulation, age or disease. Mucosal surfaces must remain tolerant to the commensal flora and thus intracellular or basal lateral localization of TLRs at mucosal surfaces may be necessary to prevent induction of an inflammatory response to commensal flora while still allowing the possibility for the receptors to prime an immune response when a pathogen has crossed the epithelial barrier. Here, we highlight the research specifying 'non-canonical' localization of TLRs in human and animal mucosal tissues and blood-derived cells, while excluding cultured polarized immortalized cells. Reports that only indicate TLR gene/protein expression and/or responsiveness to agonists have been excluded unless the report also indicates surface/intracellular distribution in the cell. Understanding the tissue- and species-specific localization of these specific pattern recognition receptors will lead to a greater appreciation of the way in which TLR ligands promote innate immunity and influence the adaptive immune response. A more comprehensive understanding of this information will potentially aid in the exploitation of the therapeutic or adjuvant potential of selectively localized TLRs and in opening new perspectives in understanding the basis of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Hamonic
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Center (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Dr. Saskatoon, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - J Alex Pasternak
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Center (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Heather L Wilson
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Center (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada.
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Dr. Saskatoon, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B4, Canada.
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Yu X, Wang Y, Lin J, Hu Y, Kawai T, Taubman MA, Han X. Lipopolysaccharides-Induced Suppression of Innate-Like B Cell Apoptosis Is Enhanced by CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide and Requires Toll-Like Receptors 2 and 4. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165862. [PMID: 27812176 PMCID: PMC5094738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate-like B lymphocytes play an important role in innate immunity in periodontal disease through Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. However, it is unknown how innate-like B cell apoptosis is affected by the periodontal infection-associated innate signals. This study is to determine the effects of two major TLR ligands, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN), on innate-like B cell apoptosis. Spleen B cells were isolated from wild type (WT), TLR2 knockout (KO) and TLR4 KO mice and cultured with E. coli LPS alone, P. gingivalis LPS alone, or combined with CpG-ODN for 2 days. B cell apoptosis and expressions of specific apoptosis-related genes were analyzed by flow cytometry and real-time PCR respectively. P. gingivalis LPS, but not E. coli LPS, reduced the percentage of AnnexinV+/7-AAD- cells within IgMhighCD23lowCD43-CD93- marginal zone (MZ) B cell sub-population and IgMhighCD23lowCD43+CD93+ innate response activator (IRA) B cell sub-population in WT but not TLR2KO or TLR4KO mice. CpG-ODN combined with P. gingivalis LPS further reduced the percentage of AnnexinV+/7-AAD- cells within MZ B cells and IRA B cells in WT but not TLR2 KO or TLR4 KO mice. Pro-apoptotic CASP4, CASP9 and Dapk1 were significantly down-regulated in P. gingivalis LPS- and CpG-ODN-treated B cells from WT but not TLR2 KO or TLR4 KO mice. Anti-apoptotic IL-10 was significantly up-regulated in P. gingivalis LPS- and CpG-ODN-treated B cells from WT and TLR2 KO but not TLR4 KO mice. These results suggested that both TLR2 and TLR4 signaling are required for P. gingivalis LPS-induced, CpG-ODN-enhanced suppression of innate-like B cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Yu
- The Forsyth Institute, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Periodontology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhua Wang
- The Forsyth Institute, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Ninth People’s Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Key laboratory, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Lin
- The Forsyth Institute, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Department of stomatology, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Hu
- The Forsyth Institute, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Toshihisa Kawai
- The Forsyth Institute, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Martin A. Taubman
- The Forsyth Institute, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Xiaozhe Han
- The Forsyth Institute, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Sharifi L, Mirshafiey A, Rezaei N, Azizi G, Magaji Hamid K, Amirzargar AA, Asgardoon MH, Aghamohammadi A. The role of toll-like receptors in B-cell development and immunopathogenesis of common variable immunodeficiency. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 12:195-207. [PMID: 26654573 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2016.1114885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most frequent symptomatic primary immune deficiency and is characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia, defect in specific antibody response and increased susceptibility to recurrent infections, malignancy and autoimmunity. Patients with CVID often have defects in post-antigenic B-cell differentiation, with fewer memory B cells and impaired isotype switching. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed on various immune cells as key elements of innate and adaptive immunity. TLR signaling in B cells plays multiple roles in cell differentiation and activation, class-switch recombination and cytokine and antibody production. Moreover, recent studies have shown functional alteration of TLRs responses in CVID patients including poor cell proliferation, impaired upregulation of co-stimulatory molecules and failure in cytokine and immunoglobulin production. The purpose of the present review is to discuss the role of TLRs in B-cell development and function as well as their role in the immunopathogenesis of CVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Sharifi
- a Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Abbas Mirshafiey
- a Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,b Department of Immunology, School of Public Health , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- a Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,c Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Gholamreza Azizi
- d Imam Hassan Mojtaba Hospital , Alborz University of Medical Sciences , Karaj , Iran
| | - Kabir Magaji Hamid
- b Department of Immunology, School of Public Health , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,e Immunology Department, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences , Usmanu Danfodiyo University , Sokoto , Nigeria
| | - Ali Akbar Amirzargar
- c Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Asgardoon
- a Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Asghar Aghamohammadi
- a Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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Karlsen M, Hansen T, Nordal HH, Brun JG, Jonsson R, Appel S. Expression of Toll-like receptor -7 and -9 in B cell subsets from patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120383. [PMID: 25790192 PMCID: PMC4366264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) is a rheumatic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of exocrine glands. As autoantibodies are present in a majority of patients, B cells have been suggested to play an important role in onset and development of the disease. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors triggering innate immune responses. Since an increased expression of TLRs has been detected in other rheumatic diseases the purpose of this study was to explore TLRs in B cells of SS patients. Methods The expression of TLR-7 and -9 in B cell subsets of 25 patients with primary SS (pSS) and 25 healthy controls was analysed in peripheral blood using flow cytometry and real time quantitative PCR. Results We detected similar levels of CD19+ B cells in pSS patients and healthy controls. An increased number of naïve B cells, as well as fewer pre-switched memory B cells were found in pSS patients. No significant differences were observed in TLR-7 and -9 expression in B cells between pSS patients and healthy controls. Conclusion This study shows that pSS patients have an alteration in the B cell subpopulation composition compared to controls, with less pre-switched memory B cells and more naïve B cells. We did not detect any significant disparities in TLR-7 and -9 expression between the two groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Karlsen
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Torbjørn Hansen
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Hilde H. Nordal
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Rheumatology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Johan G. Brun
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Rheumatology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Roland Jonsson
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Rheumatology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Silke Appel
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
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Báez A, Álvarez-Laderas I, Piruat JI, Caballero-Velázquez T, Barbado MV, Millán-Uclés Á, Medrano M, García-Guerrero E, Sánchez-Abarca LI, Pérez-Simón JA. The CD27 + memory B cells display changes in the gene expression pattern in elderly individuals. Immunology 2014; 144:395-404. [PMID: 25196729 PMCID: PMC4557676 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory B cells (MBCs) have a very long life-span as compared to naïve B cells (NBCs), remaining viable for years. It could predispose them to suffer misbalances in the gene expression pattern at the long term, which might be involved in the development of age-related B-cell disorders. In order to identify genes whose expression might change during life, we analyzed the gene expression patterns of CD27- NBCs versus CD27+ MBCs in young and old subjects. Using microarray assays we observed that the expression pattern of CD27- NBCs versus CD27+ MBCs is significantly different. Furthermore, in order to evaluate the age effect, we compared the gene expression pattern of young versus aged subjects in both cell populations. Interestingly, we did not find significant differences in the CD27- NBC population between young and aged individuals, whereas we found 925 genes differentially expressed in CD27+ MBCs. Among these genes, 193 were also differentially expressed in CD27+ MBCs as compared to CD27- NBCs, most of them involved in cell survival, cell growth and proliferation, cellular development and gene expression. We conclude that gene expression profiles of CD27- NBCs and CD27+ MBCs are different. Moreover, whereas the gene expression pattern of CD27+ MBCs varies with age, the same does not happen in CD27- NBCs. This suggests that MBCs undergo time-dependent changes which could underlie a higher susceptibility to dysfunction with age. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Báez
- Haematology Department, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/University of SevilleSeville, Spain
| | - Isabel Álvarez-Laderas
- Haematology Department, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/University of SevilleSeville, Spain
| | - José I Piruat
- Haematology Department, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/University of SevilleSeville, Spain
| | - Teresa Caballero-Velázquez
- Haematology Department, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/University of SevilleSeville, Spain
| | - María Victoria Barbado
- Haematology Department, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/University of SevilleSeville, Spain
| | - África Millán-Uclés
- Haematology Department, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/University of SevilleSeville, Spain
| | - Mayte Medrano
- Haematology Department, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/University of SevilleSeville, Spain
| | - Estefanía García-Guerrero
- Haematology Department, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/University of SevilleSeville, Spain
| | - Luis Ignacio Sánchez-Abarca
- Haematology Department, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/University of SevilleSeville, Spain
| | - José Antonio Pérez-Simón
- Haematology Department, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/University of SevilleSeville, Spain
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Lindau D, Mussard J, Wagner BJ, Ribon M, Rönnefarth VM, Quettier M, Jelcic I, Boissier MC, Rammensee HG, Decker P. Primary blood neutrophils express a functional cell surface Toll-like receptor 9. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:2101-13. [PMID: 23686399 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) represent one of the first lines of defense against pathogens. TLR9 is normally expressed in endosomes/lysosomes where it is activated by pathogen-derived DNA. Here we show that freshly isolated human and mouse primary PMNs express TLR9 at the cell surface ex vivo. Moreover, surface TLR9 expression is upregulated upon activation of PMNs with different stimuli and not only TLR9 agonists. Importantly, surface TLR9 is processed, active, and functional. TLR9 ligands, oligo-nucleotides containing unmethylated CpG motifs, indeed bind to surface TLR9 and binding was strongly observed at the cell surface of human cells expressing surface TLR9 and at the surface of WT but not TLR9-deficient mouse PMNs. Finally, CpG oligonucleotides cross-linked onto a solid phase and having no access to intracellular TLR9 are able to trigger cell surface TLR9 and induce neutrophil activation, even when endosomal acidification is inhibited. This is the first demonstration of a functional TLR9 expressed at the cell surface of human primary cells. This pathway may be triggered when pathogen-derived TLR9 ligands cannot reach the endosome, offering a rescue mechanism for neutrophil activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Lindau
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Hamzeh-Cognasse H, Damien P, Nguyen KA, Arthaud CA, Eyraud MA, Chavarin P, Absi L, Osselaer JC, Pozzetto B, Cognasse F, Garraud O. Immune-reactive soluble OX40 ligand, soluble CD40 ligand, and interleukin-27 are simultaneously oversecreted in platelet components associated with acute transfusion reactions. Transfusion 2013; 54:613-25. [PMID: 23944651 DOI: 10.1111/trf.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukoreduction of labile blood components dramatically decreases the frequency of minor, intermediate, and severe adverse events (AEs), referred to as acute transfusion reactions (ATRs), especially after transfusion of platelet components (PCs). The pathophysiology of AEs may result from accumulation of soluble, secreted, platelet (PLT) factors with proinflammatory functions stored in PCs. Thus, several cosynergizing factors associated with PLT accumulation in PCs may contribute to clinically reported ATRs with inflammatory symptoms. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We screened for 65 PLT-associated secretory products in PCs that caused ATRs and identified PLT molecules associated with ATRs and inflammation. A functional in vitro study using PC supernatants assayed on reporting immune cells was performed to indicate relevance. RESULTS Among 10,600 apheresis PCs, 30 caused inflammatory ATRs and contained significantly elevated levels of soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L), interleukin (IL)-27, and soluble OX40 ligand (sOX40L). Normal PLTs secreted IL-27 and sOX40L at bioactive concentrations upon thrombin stimulation and were up regulated in association with ATRs, similar to sCD40L. Other secreted products were identified but not investigated further as their positivity was not consistent. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the putative participation of PLT-derived sOX40L, IL-27, and sCD40L, which accumulate in PC supernatants, with inflammatory-type ATRs. Further studies are required to determine the clinical significance of these findings to forecast preventive measures whenever possible.
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12
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Garraud O, Borhis G, Badr G, Degrelle S, Pozzetto B, Cognasse F, Richard Y. Revisiting the B-cell compartment in mouse and humans: more than one B-cell subset exists in the marginal zone and beyond. BMC Immunol 2012. [PMID: 23194300 PMCID: PMC3526508 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-13-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunological roles of B-cells are being revealed as increasingly complex by functions that are largely beyond their commitment to differentiate into plasma cells and produce antibodies, the key molecular protagonists of innate immunity, and also by their compartmentalisation, a more recently acknowledged property of this immune cell category. For decades, B-cells have been recognised by their expression of an immunoglobulin that serves the function of an antigen receptor, which mediates intracellular signalling assisted by companion molecules. As such, B-cells were considered simple in their functioning compared to the other major type of immune cell, the T-lymphocytes, which comprise conventional T-lymphocyte subsets with seminal roles in homeostasis and pathology, and non-conventional T-lymphocyte subsets for which increasing knowledge is accumulating. Since the discovery that the B-cell family included two distinct categories — the non-conventional, or extrafollicular, B1 cells, that have mainly been characterised in the mouse; and the conventional, or lymph node type, B2 cells — plus the detailed description of the main B-cell regulator, FcγRIIb, and the function of CD40+ antigen presenting cells as committed/memory B-cells, progress in B-cell physiology has been slower than in other areas of immunology. Cellular and molecular tools have enabled the revival of innate immunity by allowing almost all aspects of cellular immunology to be re-visited. As such, B-cells were found to express “Pathogen Recognition Receptors” such as TLRs, and use them in concert with B-cell signalling during innate and adaptive immunity. An era of B-cell phenotypic and functional analysis thus began that encompassed the study of B-cell microanatomy principally in the lymph nodes, spleen and mucosae. The novel discovery of the differential localisation of B-cells with distinct phenotypes and functions revealed the compartmentalisation of B-cells. This review thus aims to describe novel findings regarding the B-cell compartments found in the mouse as a model organism, and in human physiology and pathology. It must be emphasised that some differences are noticeable between the mouse and human systems, thus increasing the complexity of B-cell compartmentalisation. Special attention will be given to the (lymph node and spleen) marginal zones, which represent major crossroads for B-cell types and functions and a challenge for understanding better the role of B-cell specificities in innate and adaptive immunology.
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13
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Yehudai D, Snir A, Peri R, Halasz K, Haj T, Odeh M, Kessel A. B cell-activating factor enhances interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 production by ODN-activated human B cells. Scand J Immunol 2012; 76:371-7. [PMID: 22725135 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2012.02752.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We aim to investigate the additive value of B cell-activating factor (BAFF) when added to oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN)-activated B cells with respect to TLR-9, CD69, MHC-II expression, IL-6 and IL-10 secretion and B cell cycling. Therefore, B cells from healthy individuals were incubated under the following conditions: (1) B cells with medium, (2) B cells with ODN 0.5 μm, (3) B cells with BAFF 20 μm and (4) B cells with both ODN 0.5 μm and BAFF 20 μm. We found that addition of BAFF did not enhance the expression of TLR-9, CD69 and MHC-II in ODN-activated B cells. Incubation of B cells with BAFF and ODN together leads to a marked elevation of IL-6 and IL-10 levels compared to ODN alone. Synthesis and mitosis were higher in B cells stimulated by BAFF than in B cells stimulated by ODN. These findings suggest that both BAFF and TLR-9 contribute independently to B cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Yehudai
- Department of Internal Medicine A, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
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14
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Abstract
The discovery of host-encoded gene products that sense molecular patterns in infectious microbes, and the demonstration of their role in triggering innate and adaptive immune responses, has been a key milestone in our understanding of immunology. Twenty-three years after Janeway first outlined the fundamental concepts of the 'pattern recognition' model, and 15 years since the identification of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), new insights continue to be revealed, and questions remain. For example, innate immune responses to microbes that are mediated by PRRs have historically been viewed as the domain of innate immune cell populations such as dendritic cells and macrophages. New evidence, however, has pointed to the role of B-cell-intrinsic TLR activation in shaping antibody responses. These studies have revealed that TLRs regulate a complex transcriptional network that controls multiple steps in the development of antigen-specific antibodies. This review covers these recent developments regarding the role of TLRs in B-cell gene expression and function in vitro and in vivo, and highlights the remaining challenges in the field, with particular emphasis on the role of TLRs in antibody responses to viral infection. A more complete understanding of how TLRs regulate antibody responses will lead to improved vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward P Browne
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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15
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Barr TA, Shen P, Brown S, Lampropoulou V, Roch T, Lawrie S, Fan B, O'Connor RA, Anderton SM, Bar-Or A, Fillatreau S, Gray D. B cell depletion therapy ameliorates autoimmune disease through ablation of IL-6-producing B cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 209:1001-10. [PMID: 22547654 PMCID: PMC3348102 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20111675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 462] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
B cells have paradoxical roles in autoimmunity, exerting both pathogenic and protective effects. Pathogenesis may be antibody independent, as B cell depletion therapy (BCDT) leads to amelioration of disease irrespective of autoantibody ablation. However, the mechanisms of pathogenesis are poorly understood. We demonstrate that BCDT alleviates central nervous system autoimmunity through ablation of IL-6-secreting pathogenic B cells. B cells from mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) secreted elevated levels of IL-6 compared with B cells from naive controls, and mice with a B cell-specific IL-6 deficiency showed less severe disease than mice with wild-type B cells. Moreover, BCDT ameliorated EAE only in mice with IL-6-sufficient B cells. This mechanism of pathogenesis may also operate in multiple sclerosis (MS) because B cells from MS patients produced more IL-6 than B cells from healthy controls, and this abnormality was normalized with B cell reconstitution after Rituximab treatment. This suggests that BCDT improved disease progression, at least partly, by eliminating IL-6-producing B cells in MS patients. Taking these data together, we conclude that IL-6 secretion is a major mechanism of B cell-driven pathogenesis in T cell-mediated autoimmune disease such as EAE and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom A Barr
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
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16
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Ireland SJ, Blazek M, Harp CT, Greenberg B, Frohman EM, Davis LS, Monson NL. Antibody-independent B cell effector functions in relapsing remitting Multiple Sclerosis: Clues to increased inflammatory and reduced regulatory B cell capacity. Autoimmunity 2012; 45:400-14. [DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2012.665529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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17
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Lafarge S, Hamzeh-Cognasse H, Richard Y, Pozzetto B, Cogné M, Cognasse F, Garraud O. Complexes between nuclear factor-κB p65 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 are key actors in inducing activation-induced cytidine deaminase expression and immunoglobulin A production in CD40L plus interleukin-10-treated human blood B cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2011; 166:171-83. [PMID: 21985363 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04465.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) transcription factor pathway plays an important role in many biological phenomena. STAT3 transcription is triggered by cytokine-associated signals. Here, we use isolated human B cells to analyse the role of STAT3 in interleukin (IL)-10 induced terminal B cell differentiation and in immunoglobulin (Ig)A production as a characteristic readout of IL-10 signalling. We identified optimal conditions for inducing in-vitro IgA production by purified blood naive B cells using IL-10 and soluble CD40L. We show that soluble CD40L consistently induces the phosphorylation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 but not of STAT3, while IL-10 induces the phosphorylation of STAT3 but not of NF-κB p65. Interestingly, while soluble CD40L and IL-10 were synergistic in driving the terminal maturation of B cells into IgA-producing plasma cells, they did not co-operate earlier in the pathway with regard to the transcription factors NF-κB p65 or STAT3. Blocking either NF-κB p65 or STAT3 profoundly altered the production of IgA and mRNA for activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), an enzyme strictly necessary for Ig heavy chain recombination. Finally, the STAT3 pathway was directly activated by IL-10, while IL-6, the main cytokine otherwise known for activating the STAT3 pathway, did not appear to be involved in IL-10-induced-STAT3 activation. Our results suggest that STAT3 and NF-κB pathways co-operate in IgA production, with soluble CD40L rapidly activating the NF-κB pathway, probably rendering STAT3 probably more reactive to IL-10 signalling. This novel role for STAT3 in B cell development reveals a potential therapeutic or vaccine target for eliciting IgA humoral responses at mucosal interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lafarge
- EFS Auvergne-Loire, Saint-Etienne, France
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18
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Abstract
Strategies for inducing immune tolerance are fundamentally similar across a spectrum of immune-mediated disorders, including allergic disease, autoimmunity, and rejection of allografts. In each case, the objective of establishing an immunoregulatory balance is challenged by variable upswings in effector cell populations and proinflammatory mediators of immunity, requiring careful, and innovative therapeutic intervention to restore stability. The Immune Tolerance Network, an international consortium sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, seeks to advance both the scientific understanding and the clinical success of immune therapies for these disorders, through an innovative and collaborative effort involving clinical trials and mechanistic studies. Over the last decade, scientists have evaluated cell-based ablation and deviation strategies in trials using lymphocyte-specific targeting, induction of host-donor hematopoietic chimerism, induction of antigen-specific immune regulation, and a variety of antigen desensitization approaches. In this article, we review some of the highlights of this experience and discuss the potential for progress, utilizing new insights into regulatory mechanisms and biomarker signatures of tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald T Nepom
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101-2795, USA.
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19
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Buchanan RM, Popowych Y, Arsic N, Townsend HGG, Mutwiri GK, Potter AA, Babiuk LA, Griebel PJ, Wilson HL. B-cell activating factor (BAFF) promotes CpG ODN-induced B cell activation and proliferation. Cell Immunol 2011; 271:16-28. [PMID: 21724179 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
It is controversial whether naïve B cells are directly activated in response to TLR9 ligand, CpG ODN. Although bovine blood-derived CD21(+) B cells express TLR9 and proliferate in response to CpG in mixed-cell populations, purified bovine B cells do not proliferate significantly in response to CpG ODN, even when the B cell receptor is engaged. When co-cultured with CD14(+) myeloid cells and/or B-cell activating factor (BAFF), a cytokine produced by activated myeloid cells, there was a significant increase in CpG-specific B cell proliferation, and the number of large B cells in general or positive for CD25, all of which are markers for B cell activation. These data suggest that activated myeloid cells and BAFF prime B cells for significant CpG-specific activation. Understanding the signals required to mediate efficient CpG-induced, antigen-independent and T-cell independent activation of B cells has implications for polyclonal B cell activation and the development of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle M Buchanan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan, Canada
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20
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Booth J, Wilson H, Jimbo S, Mutwiri G. Modulation of B cell responses by Toll-like receptors. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 343:131-40. [PMID: 20824286 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-1031-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
B lymphocytes are well known because of their key role in mediating humoral immune responses. Upon encounter with antigen and on cognate interaction with T cells, they differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells, which are critical for protection against a variety of pathogens. In addition to their antibody-production function, B cells are efficient antigen-presenting cells and express a variety of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs). Engagement of these PRRs with their respective ligands results in cytokine and chemokine secretion and the upregulation of co-stimulatory molecules. These events constitute innate immune responses. Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation provides a third signal for B cell activation and is essential for optimal antigen-specific antibody responses. In some situations, TLR activation in B cells can result in autoimmunity. The purpose of this review is to provide some insights into the way that TLRs influence innate and adaptive B cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaum Booth
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization/International Vaccine Center, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, S7N 5E3
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21
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TLR1/2, TLR7, and TLR9 signals directly activate human peripheral blood naive and memory B cell subsets to produce cytokines, chemokines, and hematopoietic growth factors. J Clin Immunol 2010; 31:89-98. [PMID: 20821041 PMCID: PMC3064903 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-010-9456-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, it has been reported that using multiple signals, murine and human B cells secrete several cytokines with pro-inflammatory and immunoregulatory properties. We present the first comprehensive analysis of 24 cytokines, chemokines, and hematopoietic growth factors production by purified human peripheral blood B cells (CD19+), and naive (CD19+CD27-) and memory (CD19+CD27+) B cells in response to direct and exclusive signaling provided by toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands Pam3CSK (TLR1/TLR2), Imiquimod (TLR7), and GpG-ODN2006 (TLR9). All three TLR ligands stimulated B cells (CD19+) to produce cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-13, and IL-10, and chemokines MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MCP-1, IP-10, and IL-8. However, GM-CSF and G-CSF production was predominantly induced by TLR2 agonist. Most cytokines/chemokines/hematopoietic growth factors were predominantly or exclusively produced by memory B cells, and in general, TLR2 signal was more powerful than signal provided viaTLR7 and TLR9. No significant secretion of eotaxin, IFN-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-7, IL-15, IL-17, IL-12p40, IL-12p70, and TNF-β (lymphotoxin) was observed. These data demonstrate that human B cells can be directly activated viaTLR1/TLR2, TLR7, and TLR9 to induce secretion of cytokines, chemokines, and hematopoietic growth factors and suggest a role of B cells in immune response against microbial pathogenesis and immune homeostasis.
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22
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Abstract
Patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) typically respond to initial treatment but subsequently relapse. This pattern suggests that a population of MCL cells is both drug resistant and capable of clonogenic growth. The intracellular enzyme retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) provides resistance to several toxic agents. ALDH can also identify stem cells in normal adult tissues and tumorigenic cancer stem cells in several human malignancies. We studied ALDH expression in MCL and found small populations of ALDH(+) cells that were highly clonogenic. Moreover, ALDH(+) MCL cells were relatively quiescent and resistant to a wide range of agents. Normal B cells can be activated by specific unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG) DNA motifs through toll-like receptor 9, and we found that the synthetic CpG oligonucleotide 2006 (CpG) reduced the frequency of quiescent ALDH(+) MCL cells, induced terminal plasma cell differentiation, and limited tumor formation in vitro and in vivo. Treatment with CpG also significantly enhanced the activity of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib that was associated with induction of the unfolded protein response. Our data suggest that CpG may target clonogenic and resistant ALDH(+) cells as well as improve the activity of proteasome inhibitors in MCL.
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23
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Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) play a central role in the initiation of the innate immune response to pathogens. Upon recognition of molecular motifs specific for microbial molecules TLR mediate pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and enhance antigen presentation; in B cells they further promote expansion, class switch recombination and immunoglobulin secretion. As a result of their adjuvant properties, TLR ligands have become an integral component of antimicrobial vaccines. In spite of this, little is known of the direct effects of TLR engagement on B-lymphocyte function. The scope of this review is to outline the differences in TLR expression and reactivity in murine and human B-cell subsets and to provide an overview of the currently available literature. We will further discuss the possible roles of TLR in regulating B-cell effector functions and shaping antibody-mediated defence against microbial pathogens in vivo.
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24
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Alousi AM, Uberti J, Ratanatharathorn V. The role of B cell depleting therapy in graft versus host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant. Leuk Lymphoma 2010; 51:376-89. [DOI: 10.3109/10428190903586318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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25
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Perez Vidakovics MLA, Jendholm J, Mörgelin M, Månsson A, Larsson C, Cardell LO, Riesbeck K. B cell activation by outer membrane vesicles--a novel virulence mechanism. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000724. [PMID: 20090836 PMCID: PMC2799554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretion of outer membrane vesicles (OMV) is an intriguing phenomenon of Gram-negative bacteria and has been suggested to play a role as virulence factors. The respiratory pathogens Moraxella catarrhalis reside in tonsils adjacent to B cells, and we have previously shown that M. catarrhalis induce a T cell independent B cell response by the immunoglobulin (Ig) D-binding superantigen MID. Here we demonstrate that Moraxella are endocytosed and killed by human tonsillar B cells, whereas OMV have the potential to interact and activate B cells leading to bacterial rescue. The B cell response induced by OMV begins with IgD B cell receptor (BCR) clustering and Ca(2+) mobilization followed by BCR internalization. In addition to IgD BCR, TLR9 and TLR2 were found to colocalize in lipid raft motifs after exposure to OMV. Two components of the OMV, i.e., MID and unmethylated CpG-DNA motifs, were found to be critical for B cell activation. OMV containing MID bound to and activated tonsillar CD19(+) IgD(+) lymphocytes resulting in IL-6 and IgM production in addition to increased surface marker density (HLA-DR, CD45, CD64, and CD86), whereas MID-deficient OMV failed to induce B cell activation. DNA associated with OMV induced full B cell activation by signaling through TLR9. Importantly, this concept was verified in vivo, as OMV equipped with MID and DNA were found in a 9-year old patient suffering from Moraxella sinusitis. In conclusion, Moraxella avoid direct interaction with host B cells by redirecting the adaptive humoral immune response using its superantigen-bearing OMV as decoys.
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MESH Headings
- Adhesins, Bacterial/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Separation
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- CpG Islands/immunology
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin D/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Membrane Microdomains/immunology
- Membrane Microdomains/metabolism
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Moraxella catarrhalis/immunology
- Moraxella catarrhalis/pathogenicity
- Moraxellaceae Infections/immunology
- Palatine Tonsil/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Sinusitis/immunology
- Sinusitis/microbiology
- Virulence
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johan Jendholm
- Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Matthias Mörgelin
- Section of Clinical and Experimental Infectious Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anne Månsson
- Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Christer Larsson
- Center for Molecular Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lars-Olaf Cardell
- Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Kristian Riesbeck
- Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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26
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Juarez E, Nuñez C, Sada E, Ellner JJ, Schwander SK, Torres M. Differential expression of Toll-like receptors on human alveolar macrophages and autologous peripheral monocytes. Respir Res 2010; 11:2. [PMID: 20051129 PMCID: PMC2817655 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-11-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are critical components in the regulation of pulmonary immune responses and the recognition of respiratory pathogens such as Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (M.tb). Through examination of human alveolar macrophages this study attempts to better define the expression profiles of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 in the human lung compartment which are as yet still poorly defined. METHODS Sixteen healthy subjects underwent venipuncture, and eleven subjects underwent additional bronchoalveolar lavage to obtain peripheral blood mononuclear and bronchoalveolar cells, respectively. Surface and intracellular expression of TLRs was assessed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and qRT-PCR. Cells were stimulated with TLR-specific ligands and cytokine production assessed by ELISA and cytokine bead array. RESULTS Surface expression of TLR2 was significantly lower on alveolar macrophages than on blood monocytes (1.2 +/- 0.4% vs. 57 +/- 11.1%, relative mean fluorescence intensity [rMFI]: 0.9 +/- 0.1 vs. 3.2 +/- 0.1, p < 0.05). The proportion of TLR4 and TLR9-expressing cells and the rMFIs of TLR4 were comparable between alveolar macrophages and monocytes. The surface expression of TLR9 however, was higher on alveolar macrophages than on monocytes (rMFI, 218.4 +/- 187.3 vs. 4.4 +/- 1.4, p < 0.05) while the intracellular expression of the receptor and the proportion of TLR9 positive cells were similar in both cell types. TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 mRNA expression was lower in bronchoalveolar cells than in monocytes.Pam3Cys, LPS, and M.tb DNA upregulated TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 mRNA in both, bronchoalveolar cells and monocytes. Corresponding with the reduced surface and mRNA expression of TLR2, Pam3Cys induced lower production of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 in bronchoalveolar cells than in monocytes. Despite comparable expression of TLR4 on both cell types, LPS induced higher levels of IL-10 in monocytes than in alveolar macrophages. M.tb DNA, the ligand for TLR9, induced similar levels of cytokines in both cell types. CONCLUSION The TLR expression profile of autologous human alveolar macrophages and monocytes is not identical, therefore perhaps contributing to compartmentalized immune responses in the lungs and systemically. These dissimilarities may have important implications for the design and efficacy evaluation of vaccines with TLR-stimulating adjuvants that target the respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmeralda Juarez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, (Calzada de Tlalpan) México City, (14080), México
| | - Carlos Nuñez
- Servicio de Broncoscopia, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, (Calzada de Tlalpan) México City, (14080), México
| | - Eduardo Sada
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, (Calzada de Tlalpan) México City, (14080), México
| | - Jerrold J Ellner
- Center for Emerging & Reemerging Pathogens, University of Medicine and Dentistry New Jersey, (S Orange Ave), Newark, (07103), USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston Medical Center (Albany Street), Boston, (02118), USA
| | - Stephan K Schwander
- Center for Emerging & Reemerging Pathogens, University of Medicine and Dentistry New Jersey, (S Orange Ave), Newark, (07103), USA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Medicine and Dentistry New Jersey - School of Public Health (Hoes Lane) Piscataway, (08854), USA
- Center for Global Public Health, University of Medicine and Dentistry New Jersey - School of Public Health (Hoes Lane) Piscataway, (08854), USA
| | - Martha Torres
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, (Calzada de Tlalpan) México City, (14080), México
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Yu JE, Knight AK, Radigan L, Marron TU, Zhang L, Sanchez-Ramón S, Cunningham-Rundles C. Toll-like receptor 7 and 9 defects in common variable immunodeficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 124:349-56, 356.e1-3. [PMID: 19592080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Revised: 05/10/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia, reduced numbers of peripheral blood isotype-switched memory B cells, and loss of plasma cells. OBJECTIVE Because Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation of B cells can initiate and potentially sustain normal B cell functions, we examined functional outcomes of TLR7 and TLR9 signaling in CVID B cells. METHODS TLR7-mediated, TLR7/8-mediated, and TLR9-mediated cell proliferation, isotype switch, and immunoglobulin production by control and CVID B cells or isolated naive and memory B cell subsets were examined. We quantitated TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-12 production in response to TLR1-9 ligands and measured IFN-alpha production by TLR7-stimulated PBMCs and isolated plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). IFN-beta mRNA expression by TLR3-stimulated fibroblasts was assessed. RESULTS Unlike CD27(+) B cells of controls, TLR7-activated, TLR7/8-activated, or TLR9-activated CVID B cells or isolated CD27(+) B cells did not proliferate, upregulate CD27, or shed surface IgD. TLR-stimulated CVID B cells failed to upregulate activation-induced cytosine deaminase mRNA or produce IgG and IgA. TLR7-stimulated PBMCs and pDCs produced little or no IFN-alpha. Reconstituting IFN-alpha in TLR7-stimulated CVID B-cell cultures facilitated proliferation, CD27 upregulation, and isotype switch. These TLR defects are restricted because CVID PBMCs stimulated with TLR ligands produced normal amounts of TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-12; TLR3-mediated expression of IFN-beta by CVID fibroblasts was normal. CONCLUSION Defective TLR7 and TLR9 signaling in CVID B cells and pDCs, coupled with deficient IFN-alpha, impairs CVID B cell functions and prevents TLR-mediated augmentation of humoral immunity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce E Yu
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Schmidlin H, Diehl SA, Blom B. New insights into the regulation of human B-cell differentiation. Trends Immunol 2009; 30:277-85. [PMID: 19447676 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Revised: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
B lymphocytes provide the cellular basis of the humoral immune response. All stages of this process, from B-cell activation to formation of germinal centers and differentiation into memory B cells or plasma cells, are influenced by extrinsic signals and controlled by transcriptional regulation. Compared to naïve B cells, memory B cells display a distinct expression profile, which allows for their rapid secondary responses. Indisputably, many B-cell malignancies result from aberrations in the circuitry controlling B-cell function, particularly during the germinal centre (GC) reaction. Here, we review new insights into memory B-cell subtypes, recent literature on transcription factors regulating human B-cell differentiation and further evidence for B-cell lymphomagenesis emanating from errors during GC cell reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Schmidlin
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Burns AM, Ma L, Li Y, Yin D, Shen J, Xu J, Chong AS. Memory alloreactive B cells and alloantibodies prevent anti-CD154-mediated allograft acceptance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:1314-24. [PMID: 19155477 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.3.1314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The impact of memory B cells and alloantibodies on the ability to induce transplantation tolerance has not been elucidated. We have developed a murine heart transplant model that isolates the contributions of functional memory B cells from memory T cells in allograft rejection. Memory 3-83 B cells with dual specificity for H-2K(k) and H-2K(b) were generated in 3-83 Igi BCR knockin (BALB/c background) mice by the transplantation of C3H (H-2K(k)) hearts in the absence of immunosuppression. To test the effect of functional memory 3-83 B cells, C3H-primed 3-83 Igi recipients were challenged with C57BL/6 hearts (H-2K(b)) at 60-90 days post-C3H heart transplant and treated with anti-CD154 mAbs. Despite immunosuppression, the C57BL/6 hearts were acutely rejected within 10-13 days and graft rejection was associated with increased frequencies of C57BL/6-specific IFN-gamma-producing T cells. Histology revealed significant numbers of infiltrating T cells, consistent with acute T cell-mediated rejection. The resistance to tolerance induction was dependent on the synergistic effects of memory 3-83 B cells and alloantibodies, whereas memory T cells are not necessary. We conclude that the combined effects of functional memory B cells and alloantibodies prevent anti-CD154-mediated graft acceptance by facilitating the CD40-CD154-independent activation of alloreactive T cells. This study provides insight into the potential ability of memory B cells and alloantibodies to prevent anti-CD154-mediated graft acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrea M Burns
- Section of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Ortega-Villaizan M, Chico V, Falco A, Perez L, Coll JM, Estepa A. The rainbow trout TLR9 gene and its role in the immune responses elicited by a plasmid encoding the glycoprotein G of the viral haemorrhagic septicaemia rhabdovirus (VHSV). Mol Immunol 2009; 46:1710-7. [PMID: 19272649 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2008] [Revised: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to improve the knowledge about the factors contributing to the immunogenicity of the DNA vaccines based on the viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus glycoprotein G gene, through identifying the rainbow trout Toll-like receptor 9 (Omtlr9) gene that curiously contains an insertion of an incomplete transposon at the 5'-end of the third intron. Concerning the role played by this receptor in the fish innate defence, in response to the injection of a plasmid (pAE6) encoding or not the viral haemorrhagic septicaemia rhabdovirus (VHSV) glycoprotein G gene (pAE6-G), the presence of Omtlr9 transcripts remained unchanged in the fish secondary lymphoid organs while was highly increased at the injection site (muscle). The level of Omtlr9 transcripts correlated with those of cluster of differentiation 83 (cd83) and CXC chemokine receptor 4 (cxcr4), suggesting the recruitment of dendritic-like cells into the muscle as the source of Omtlr9 expressing cells. Transcription of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (tnf alpha) and interleukin-6 (il6) genes, two cytokines directly related to TLR9 induction with unmethylated CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs), was solely observed in head kidney and spleen of the fish immunised with pAE6-G. Thus, the glycoprotein G of VHSV could be more implicated in triggering the pathways for TNF-alpha and IL6 production than the recognition of the unmethylated CpG motifs of the plasmid backbone by OmTLR9. Therefore, our results seem to indicate that OmTLR9-mediated recognition of plasmid DNA is not the key of the innate immune recognition of the adjuvant elements of fish DNA vaccines.
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Good KL, Avery DT, Tangye SG. Resting human memory B cells are intrinsically programmed for enhanced survival and responsiveness to diverse stimuli compared to naive B cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:890-901. [PMID: 19124732 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.2.890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced secondary Ab responses are a vital component of adaptive immunity, yet little is understood about the intrinsic and extrinsic regulators of naive and memory B cells that result in differences in their responses to Ag. Microarray analysis, together with surface and intracellular phenotyping, revealed that memory B cells have increased expression of members of the TNF receptor, SLAM (signaling lymphocytic activation molecule), B7, and Bcl2 families, as well as the TLR-related molecule CD180 (RP105). Accordingly, memory B cells exhibited enhanced survival, proliferation, and Ig secretion, and they entered division more rapidly than did naive B cells in response to both T cell-dependent and T cell-independent stimuli. Furthermore, both IgM and isotype-switched memory B cells, but not naive B cells, costimulated CD4+ T cells in vitro through a mechanism dependent on their constitutive expression of CD80 and CD86. This study demonstrates that up-regulation of genes involved in activation, costimulation, and survival provides memory B cells with a unique ability to produce enhanced immune responses and contributes to the maintenance of the memory B cell pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim L Good
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
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Bekeredjian-Ding I, Doster A, Schiller M, Heyder P, Lorenz HM, Schraven B, Bommhardt U, Heeg K. TLR9-activating DNA up-regulates ZAP70 via sustained PKB induction in IgM+ B cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 181:8267-77. [PMID: 19050243 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.12.8267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In the past, ZAP70 was considered a T cell-specific kinase, and its aberrant expression in B-CLL cells was interpreted as a sign of malignant transformation and dedifferentiation. It was only recently that ZAP70 was detected in normal human B cells. In this study, we show that TLR9-activated B cells resemble B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells with regard to CD5, CD23, CD25, and heat shock protein 90 expression. Furthermore, stimulatory CpG and GpC DNA oligonucleotides target CD27(+)IgM(+) and CD27(-)IgM(+) B cells (but not IgM(-) B cells) and enhance ZAP70 expression predominantly in the IgM(+)CD27(+) B cell subset. ZAP70 is induced via activation of TLR-7 or -9 in a MyD88-dependent manner, depends on protein kinase B (PKB)/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling and is rapamycin sensitive. Furthermore, ZAP70 expression levels correlate with induction of cyclin A2, prolonged B cell proliferation, and sustained induction of PKB. These events are not observed upon CD40 ligation. However, this deficit can be overcome by the expression of constitutively active PKB, given that CD40 ligation of PKB-transgenic B cells induces B cell proliferation and ZAP70 expression. These results highlight a major difference between CD40- and TLR-7/9-mediated B cell activation and suggest that ZAP70 expression levels in B cells give an estimate of the proliferative potential and the associated PKB availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Bekeredjian-Ding
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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