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Kasamatsu H, Chino T, Hasegawa T, Utsunomiya N, Utsunomiya A, Yamada M, Oyama N, Hasegawa M. A cysteine proteinase inhibitor ALLN alleviates bleomycin-induced skin and lung fibrosis. Arthritis Res Ther 2023; 25:156. [PMID: 37626391 PMCID: PMC10463804 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-023-03130-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disease that is characterized by fibrosis in the skin and internal organs, such as the lungs. Activated differentiation of progenitor cells, which are mainly resident fibroblasts, into myofibroblasts is considered a key mechanism underlying the overproduction of extracellular matrix and the resultant tissue fibrosis in SSc. Calpains are members of the Ca2+-dependent cysteine protease family, whose enzymatic activities participate in signal transduction and tissue remodeling, potentially contributing to fibrosis in various organs. However, the roles of calpain in the pathogenesis of SSc remain unknown. This study aimed to examine the anti-fibrotic properties of N-acetyl-Leu-Leu-norleucinal (ALLN), one of the cysteine proteinase inhibitors that primarily inhibit calpain, in vitro and in vivo, to optimally translate into the therapeutic utility in human SSc. METHODS Normal human dermal and lung fibroblasts pretreated with ALLN were stimulated with recombinant transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), followed by assessment of TGF-β1/Smad signaling and fibrogenic molecules. RESULTS ALLN treatment significantly inhibited TGF-β1-induced phosphorylation and nuclear transport of Smad2/3 in skin and lung fibroblasts. TGF-β1-dependent increases in α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA), collagen type I, fibronectin 1, and some mesenchymal transcription markers were attenuated by ALLN. Moreover, our findings suggest that ALLN inhibits TGF-β1-induced mesenchymal transition in human lung epithelial cells. Consistent with these in vitro findings, administering ALLN (3 mg/kg/day) three times a week intraperitoneally remarkably suppressed the development of skin and lung fibrosis in a SSc mouse model induced by daily subcutaneous bleomycin injection. The number of skin- and lung-infiltrating CD3+ T cells decreased in ALLN-treated mice compared with that in control-treated mice. Phosphorylation of Smad3 and/or an increase in αSMA-positive myofibroblasts was significantly inhibited by ALLN treatment on the skin and lungs. However, no adverse effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS Our results prove that calpains can be a novel therapeutic target for skin and lung fibrosis in SSc, considering its inhibitor ALLN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kasamatsu
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka-Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-Cho, Yoshida-Gun, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Takenao Chino
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka-Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-Cho, Yoshida-Gun, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Takumi Hasegawa
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka-Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-Cho, Yoshida-Gun, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Natsuko Utsunomiya
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka-Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-Cho, Yoshida-Gun, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Akira Utsunomiya
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka-Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-Cho, Yoshida-Gun, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Masami Yamada
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka-Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-Cho, Yoshida-Gun, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Noritaka Oyama
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka-Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-Cho, Yoshida-Gun, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Minoru Hasegawa
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka-Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji-Cho, Yoshida-Gun, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan.
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Frankowska N, Lisowska K, Witkowski JM. Proteolysis dysfunction in the process of aging and age-related diseases. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 3:927630. [PMID: 35958270 PMCID: PMC9361021 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.927630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we discuss in detail the most relevant proteolytic systems that together with chaperones contribute to creating the proteostasis network that is kept in dynamic balance to maintain overall functionality of cellular proteomes. Data accumulated over decades demonstrate that the effectiveness of elements of the proteostasis network declines with age. In this scenario, failure to degrade misfolded or faulty proteins increases the risk of protein aggregation, chronic inflammation, and the development of age-related diseases. This is especially important in the context of aging-related modification of functions of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Frankowska
- Department of Physiopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Lisowska
- Department of Physiopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek M Witkowski
- Department of Physiopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Chen Y, Su Z, Liu F. Effects of functionally diverse calpain system on immune cells. Immunol Res 2021; 69:8-17. [PMID: 33483937 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-021-09177-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Calpains are a family of nonlysosomal cysteine proteases, which play important roles in numerous physiological and pathological processes. Locations of them dictates the functions so that they are classified as ubiquitously expressed calpains and tissue-specific calpains. Recent studies are mainly focused on conventional calpains (calpain-1,2) in development and diseases, and increasing people pay attention to other subtypes of calpains but may not been summarized appropriately. Growing evidence suggests that calpains are also involved in immune regulation. However, seldom articles review the regulation of calpains on immune cells. The aim of this article is to review the research progress of each calpain isozyme and the effect of calpains on immune cells, especially the promotion effect of calpains on the immune response of macrophage, neutrophils, dendritic cells, mast cells, natural killed cells, and lymphocytes. These effects would hold great promise for the clinical application of calpains as a practicable therapeutic option in the treatment of immune related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqi Chen
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Zhaoliang Su
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Fang Liu
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
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Zhao X, Gu M, Xu X, Wen X, Yang G, Li L, Sheng P, Meng F. CCL3/CCR1 mediates CD14 +CD16 - circulating monocyte recruitment in knee osteoarthritis progression. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2020; 28:613-625. [PMID: 32006659 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Monocyte-derived macrophages, as the predominant immune cell type that is increased in inflamed synovium, play a vital role during knee osteoarthritis (KOA) progression. However, the mechanisms underlying the recruitment of circulating monocytes to osteoarthritic knees remain uncertain. Based on previous data obtained from plasma, we investigated the contributions of CCL2, CCL3, CCL4 and their cognate receptors in circulating monocyte chemotaxis and KOA development. METHODS Using flow cytometry staining, we characterized the expression patterns of the chemokine receptors in CD14+CD16- circulating monocytes from KOA patients and healthy volunteers. The expression of chemokines in synovial fluids, synovium and cartilage was investigated in KOA patients and in patients without KOA. The role of chemokines and their cognate receptors in the chemotaxis of CD14+CD16- circulating monocytes was assessed using chemokine neutralizing antibodies (NA) and receptor antagonists in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS The majority of CD14+CD16- circulating monocytes were CCR1-and CCR2-positive. CCL2, CCL3 and CCL4 were elevated in synovial fluid of KOA patients compared with that of controls. The most likely source of these chemokines is inflamed synovium and cartilage in the osteoarthritic knee. The CCL3/CCR1 and CCL2/CCR2 axes showed substantial ability to recruit CD14+CD16- monocytes in transwell assays. Similar results were confirmed in a mouse model of collagenase-induced KOA (CIA) in which blocking either the CCL3/CCR1 axis or the CCL2/CCR2 axis reduced synovial hyperplasia and F4/80+ macrophage infiltration. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that, analogous to the CCL2/CCR2 axis, CCL3 produced in osteoarthritic knees can chemoattract circulating monocytes to the inflamed synovium through CCR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhao
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China.
| | - M Gu
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China
| | - X Xu
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - X Wen
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China
| | - G Yang
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China
| | - L Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fetal Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China
| | - P Sheng
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China
| | - F Meng
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China.
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Calpain Activation by Ca2+ and Its Role in Phagocytosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1246:129-151. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-40406-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
The calpain activity in cells can be experimentally manipulated in vitro by calpain inhibitors, and various types of calpain inhibitors such as peptide aldehydes and α-mercapto-acrylic acid derivatives are widely used as a valuable tool to elucidate the physiological and pathological roles of calpain. Here I describe the experimental procedures with calpain inhibitors, with human neutrophils being primarily used in this experiment. It should be noted that potent calpain inhibitors not only inhibit the calpain activity but also stimulate cell functions via direct activation of human formyl peptide receptors and/or other G protein-coupled receptors depending on the inhibitors used.
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Mikosik A, Jasiulewicz A, Daca A, Henc I, Frąckowiak JE, Ruckemann-Dziurdzińska K, Foerster J, Le Page A, Bryl E, Fulop T, Witkowski JM. Roles of calpain-calpastatin system (CCS) in human T cell activation. Oncotarget 2018; 7:76479-76495. [PMID: 27835610 PMCID: PMC5363525 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response is determined by the speed of the T cell reaction to antigens assured by a state of readiness for proliferation and cytokine secretion. Proliferation, apoptosis and motion of many cell types are controlled by cytoplasmic proteases - μ- and m-calpain - and their inhibitor calpastatin, together forming the “calpain-calpastatin system” (CCS), assumed to modify their targets only upon activation-dependent cytoplasmic Ca2+ increase. Contrastingly to this notion, using quantitative real time PCR and semiquantitative flow cytometry respectively, we show here that the CCS genes are constitutively expressed, and that both calpains are constitutively active in resting, circulating human CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that calpain inhibition in the resting T cells prevents them from proliferation in vitro and greatly reduces secretion of multiple cytokines. The mechanistic reason for these effects of calpain inhibition on T cell functions might be the demonstrated significant reduction of the expression of active (phosphorylated) upstream signalling molecules, including the phospholipase C gamma, p56Lck and NFκB, in the inhibitor-treated cells. Thus, we propose that the constitutive, self-regulatory calpain-calpastatin system activity in resting human T cells is a necessary, controlling element of their readiness for complex and effective response to antigenic challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mikosik
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Agnieszka Daca
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Rheumatology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Izabella Henc
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Rheumatology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | | | - Jerzy Foerster
- Department of Clinical and Social Gerontology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aurelie Le Page
- Research Center on Ageing, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ewa Bryl
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Rheumatology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tamas Fulop
- Research Center on Ageing, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jacek M Witkowski
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
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Liu Y, Dhall S, Castro A, Chan A, Alamat R, Martins-Green M. Insulin regulates multiple signaling pathways leading to monocyte/macrophage chemotaxis into the wound tissue. Biol Open 2018; 7:bio.026187. [PMID: 29101099 PMCID: PMC5827262 DOI: 10.1242/bio.026187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex process that involves sequential phases that overlap in time and space and affect each other dynamically at the gene and protein levels. We previously showed that insulin accelerates wound healing by stimulating faster and regenerative healing. One of the processes that insulin stimulates is an increase in monocyte/macrophage chemotaxis. In this study, we performed experiments in vivo and in vitro to elucidate the signaling transduction pathways that are involved in insulin-induced monocyte/macrophage chemotaxis. We found that insulin stimulates THP-1 cell chemotaxis in a dose-dependent and insulin receptor-dependent manner. We also show that the kinases PI3K-Akt, SPAK/JNK, and p38 MAPK are key molecules in the insulin-induced signaling pathways that lead to chemoattraction of the THP-1 cell. Furthermore, both PI3K-Akt and SPAK/JNK signaling involve Rac1 activation, an important molecule in regulating cell motility. Indeed, topical application of Rac1 inhibitor at an early stage during the healing process caused delayed and impaired healing even in the presence of insulin. These results delineate cell and molecular mechanisms involved in insulin-induced chemotaxis of monocyte/macrophage, cells that are critical for proper healing. Summary: Insulin regulates multiple signaling pathways leading to monocyte/macrophage chemotaxis into the wound tissue, involving -Akt, SPAK/JNK, and p38 MAPK which in turn are involved in Rac1 activation. Furthermore, these results augment our understanding of the insulin-regulated wound inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, ShangHai JiaoTong University School of Medicine Ruijin hospital, Shanghai, P.R.China 200025
| | - Sandeep Dhall
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Anthony Castro
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Alex Chan
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Raquelle Alamat
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Manuela Martins-Green
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Michel LYM, Hoenderop JGJ, Bindels RJM. Calpain-3-mediated regulation of the Na⁺-Ca²⁺ exchanger isoform 3. Pflugers Arch 2015; 468:243-55. [PMID: 26503425 PMCID: PMC4713461 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-015-1747-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+ disturbances are observed when Ca2+-dependent cysteine proteases malfunction, causing muscle weakness and wasting. For example, loss of calpain-3 (CAPN3) activity leads to limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 2A (LGMD2A). In neuronal excitotoxicity, the cleavage of the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger isoform 3 (NCX3) has been associated with an increase in activity and elevation of the Ca2+ content in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Since NCX3 is expressed in skeletal muscle, we evaluated the cleavage of different NCX3 splice variants by CAPN1 and CAPN3. Using Fura-2-based cellular Ca2+ imaging, we showed for the first time that CAPN3 increases NCX3 activity and that only NCX3-AC, the variant predominantly expressed in skeletal muscle, is sensitive to calpain. The silencing of the endogenous CAPN1 and the expression of the inactive form of CAPN3 (C129S CAPN3) confirmed the specificity for CAPN1 and CAPN3. Functional studies revealed that cellular Ca2+ uptake through the reverse mode of NCX3 was significantly increased independently of the mode of activation of the exchanger by either a rise in intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) or Na+ ([Na+]i). Subsequently, the sensitivity to CAPN1 and CAPN3 could be abrogated by removal of the six residues coded in exon C of NCX3-AC. Additionally, mutation of the Leu-600 and Leu-601 suggested the presence of a cleavage site at Leu-602. The increased Ca2+ uptake of NCX3 might participate in the Ca2+ refilling of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) after the excitation-contraction uncoupling following exercise and therefore be implicated in the impaired reticular Ca2+ storage observed in LGMD2A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauriane Y M Michel
- From the Department of Physiology, Centre for System Biology and Bioenergetics, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost G J Hoenderop
- From the Department of Physiology, Centre for System Biology and Bioenergetics, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - René J M Bindels
- From the Department of Physiology, Centre for System Biology and Bioenergetics, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Curtin AE, Zhou L. An agent-based model of the response to angioplasty and bare-metal stent deployment in an atherosclerotic blood vessel. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94411. [PMID: 24732072 PMCID: PMC3986389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE While animal models are widely used to investigate the development of restenosis in blood vessels following an intervention, computational models offer another means for investigating this phenomenon. A computational model of the response of a treated vessel would allow investigators to assess the effects of altering certain vessel- and stent-related variables. The authors aimed to develop a novel computational model of restenosis development following an angioplasty and bare-metal stent implantation in an atherosclerotic vessel using agent-based modeling techniques. The presented model is intended to demonstrate the body's response to the intervention and to explore how different vessel geometries or stent arrangements may affect restenosis development. METHODS The model was created on a two-dimensional grid space. It utilizes the post-procedural vessel lumen diameter and stent information as its input parameters. The simulation starting point of the model is an atherosclerotic vessel after an angioplasty and stent implantation procedure. The model subsequently generates the final lumen diameter, percent change in lumen cross-sectional area, time to lumen diameter stabilization, and local concentrations of inflammatory cytokines upon simulation completion. Simulation results were directly compared with the results from serial imaging studies and cytokine levels studies in atherosclerotic patients from the relevant literature. RESULTS The final lumen diameter results were all within one standard deviation of the mean lumen diameters reported in the comparison studies. The overlapping-stent simulations yielded results that matched published trends. The cytokine levels remained within the range of physiological levels throughout the simulations. CONCLUSION We developed a novel computational model that successfully simulated the development of restenosis in a blood vessel following an angioplasty and bare-metal stent deployment based on the characteristics of the vessel cross-section and stent. A further development of this model could ultimately be used as a predictive tool to depict patient outcomes and inform treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia E. Curtin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Leming Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Health Information Management, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Grebeňová D, Röselová P, Pluskalová M, Halada P, Rösel D, Suttnar J, Brodská B, Otevřelová P, Kuželová K. Proteins implicated in the increase of adhesivity induced by suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid in leukemic cells. J Proteomics 2012; 77:406-22. [PMID: 23022583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) treatment increases the adhesivity of leukemic cells to fibronectin at clinically relevant concentrations. Now, we present the results of the proteomic analysis of SAHA effects on leukemic cell lines using 2-DE and ProteomLab PF2D system. Histone acetylation at all studied acetylation sites reached the maximal level after 5 to 10 h of SAHA treatment. No difference in histone acetylation between subtoxic and toxic SAHA doses was observed. SAHA treatment induced cofilin phosphorylation at Ser3, an increase in vimentin and paxillin expression and a decrease in stathmin expression as confirmed by western-blotting and immunofluorescence microscopy. The interaction of cofilin with 14-3-3 epsilon was documented using both Duolink system and coimmunoprecipitation. However, this interaction was independent of cofilin Ser3 phosphorylation and the amount of 14-3-3-ε-bound cofilin did not rise following SAHA treatment. SAHA-induced increase in the cell adhesivity was associated with an increase in PAK phosphorylation in CML-T1 cells and was abrogated by simultaneous treatment with IPA-3, a PAK inhibitor. The effects of SAHA on JURL-MK1 cells were similar to those of other histone deacetylase inhibitors, tubastatin A and sodium butyrate. The proteome analysis also revealed several potential non-histone targets of histone deacetylases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Grebeňová
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic
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12
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Gene expression profiling in dermatitis herpetiformis skin lesions. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:198956. [PMID: 22991566 PMCID: PMC3443590 DOI: 10.1155/2012/198956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 07/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) is an autoimmune blistering skin disease associated with gluten-sensitive enteropathy (CD). In order to investigate the pathogenesis of skin lesions at molecular level, we analysed the gene expression profiles in skin biopsies from 6 CD patients with DH and 6 healthy controls using Affymetrix HG-U133A 2.0 arrays. 486 genes were differentially expressed in DH skin compared to normal skin: 225 were upregulated and 261 were downregulated. Consistently with the autoimmune origin of DH, functional classification of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) indicates a B- and T-cell immune response (LAG3, TRAF5, DPP4, and NT5E). In addition, gene modulation provides evidence for a local inflammatory response (IL8, PTGFR, FSTL1, IFI16, BDKRD2, and NAMPT) with concomitant leukocyte recruitment (CCL5, ENPP2), endothelial cell activation, and neutrophil extravasation (SELL, SELE). DEGs also indicate overproduction of matrix proteases (MMP9, ADAM9, and ADAM19) and proteolytic enzymes (CTSG, ELA2, CPA3, TPSB2, and CMA1) that may contribute to epidermal splitting and blister formation. Finally, we observed modulation of genes involved in cell growth inhibition (CGREF1, PA2G4, and PPP2R1B), increased apoptosis (FAS, TNFSF10, and BASP1), and reduced adhesion at the dermal epidermal junction (PLEC1, ITGB4, and LAMA5). In conclusion, our results identify genes that are involved in the pathogenesis of DH skin lesions.
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Nassar D, Letavernier E, Baud L, Aractingi S, Khosrotehrani K. Calpain activity is essential in skin wound healing and contributes to scar formation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37084. [PMID: 22615899 PMCID: PMC3353912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is a multistep phenomenon that relies on complex interactions between various cell types. Calpains are ubiquitously expressed proteases regulating several processes including cellular adhesion and motility as well as inflammation and angiogenesis. Calpains can be targeted by inhibitors, and their inhibition was shown to reduce organ damage in various disease models. We aimed to assess the role of calpains in skin healing and the potential benefit of calpain inhibition on scar formation. We used a pertinent model where calpain activity is inhibited only in lesional organs, namely transgenic mice overexpressing calpastatin (CPST), a specific natural calpain inhibitor. CPST mice showed a striking delay in wound healing particularly in the initial steps compared to wild types (WT). CPST wounds displayed reduced proliferation in the epidermis and delayed re-epithelization. Granulation tissue formation was impaired in CPST mice, with a reduction in CD45+ leukocyte infiltrate and in CD31+ blood vessel density. Interestingly, wounds on WT skin grafted on CPST mice (WT/CPST) showed a similar delayed healing with reduced angiogenesis and inflammation compared to wounds on WT/WT mice demonstrating the implication of calpain activity in distant extra-cutaneous cells during wound healing. CPST wounds showed a reduction in alpha-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) expressing myofibroblasts as well as αSMA RNA expression suggesting a defect in granulation tissue contraction. At later stages of skin healing, calpain inhibition proved beneficial by reducing collagen production and wound fibrosis. In vitro, human fibroblasts exposed to calpeptin, a pan-calpain inhibitor, showed reduced collagen synthesis, impaired TGFβ-induced differentiation into αSMA-expressing myofibroblasts, and were less efficient in a collagen gel contraction assay. In conclusion, calpains are major players in granulation tissue formation. In view of their specific effects on fibroblasts a late inhibition of calpains should be considered for scar reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dany Nassar
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMRS938, Paris, France.
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Zhao Z, Ni Y, Chen J, Zhong J, Yu H, Xu X, He H, Yan Z, Scholze A, Liu D, Zhu Z, Tepel M. Increased migration of monocytes in essential hypertension is associated with increased transient receptor potential channel canonical type 3 channels. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32628. [PMID: 22438881 PMCID: PMC3306381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased transient receptor potential canonical type 3 (TRPC3) channels have been observed in patients with essential hypertension. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that increased monocyte migration is associated with increased TRPC3 expression. Monocyte migration assay was performed in a microchemotaxis chamber using chemoattractants formylated peptide Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Proteins were identified by immunoblotting and quantitative in-cell Western assay. The effects of TRP channel-inhibitor 2–aminoethoxydiphenylborane (2-APB) and small interfering RNA knockdown of TRPC3 were investigated. We observed an increased fMLP-induced migration of monocytes from hypertensive patients compared with normotensive control subjects (246±14% vs 151±10%). The TNF-α-induced migration of monocytes in patients with essential hypertension was also significantly increased compared to normotensive control subjects (221±20% vs 138±18%). In the presence of 2-APB or after siRNA knockdown of TRPC3 the fMLP-induced monocyte migration was significantly blocked. The fMLP-induced changes of cytosolic calcium were significantly increased in monocytes from hypertensive patients compared to normotensive control subjects. The fMLP-induced monocyte migration was significantly reduced in the presence of inhibitors of tyrosine kinase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase. We conclude that increased monocyte migration in patients with essential hypertension is associated with increased TRPC3 channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Zhao
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, China
| | - Yinxing Ni
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Zhong
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, China
| | - Xingsen Xu
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongbo He
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhencheng Yan
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, China
| | - Alexandra Scholze
- Department of Nephrology, Charité, Berlin, Germany; and University of Southern Denmark, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Odense, Denmark
| | - Daoyan Liu
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (DL); (Z. Zhu)
| | - Zhiming Zhu
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail: (DL); (Z. Zhu)
| | - Martin Tepel
- Department of Nephrology, Charité, Berlin, Germany; and University of Southern Denmark, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Odense, Denmark
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Stimulation of human formyl peptide receptors by calpain inhibitors: homology modeling of receptors and ligand docking simulation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 516:121-7. [PMID: 22005393 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Calpain inhibitors, including peptide aldehydes (N-acetyl-Leu-Leu-Nle-CHO and N-acetyl-Leu-Leu-Met-CHO) and α-mercapto-acrylic acid derivatives (PD150606 and PD151746), have been shown to stimulate phagocyte functions via activation of human formyl peptide receptor (hFPR) and/or hFPR-like 1 (hFPRL1). Using the homology modeling of the receptors and the ligand docking simulation, here we show that these calpain inhibitors could bind to the putative N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLF) binding site on hFPR and/or hFPRL1. The studies with HEK-293 cells stably expressing hFPR or hFPRL1 showed that the concentrations of calpain inhibitors required to induce an increase in cytoplasmic free Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](i)) was much higher (>100 folds) than those of fMLF and Trp-Lys-Tyr-Met-Val-D-Met (WKYMVm). HEK-293 cells expressing hFPR or hFPRL1 with the mutated fMLF binding site never exhibited the [Ca(2+)](i) response to calpain inhibitors. When the optimal concentrations of each stimulus were used, pretreatment of cells with fMLF or WKYMVm abolished an increase in [Ca(2+)](i) induced by calpain inhibitors as well as the same stimulus, whereas pretreatment of cells with calpain inhibitors significantly suppressed, but never abolished, the [Ca(2+)](i) response induced by fMLF or WKYMVm, suggesting that the binding affinity of the inhibitors to the putative fMLF binding site may be lower than that of fMLF or WKYMVm.
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16
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Beltran L, Chaussade C, Vanhaesebroeck B, Cutillas PR. Calpain interacts with class IA phosphoinositide 3-kinases regulating their stability and signaling activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:16217-22. [PMID: 21930956 PMCID: PMC3182684 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1107692108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Class IA phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are signaling enzymes with key roles in the regulation of essential cellular functions and disease, including cancer. Accordingly, their activity is tightly controlled in cells to maintain homeostasis. The formation of multiprotein complexes is a ubiquitous mechanism to regulate enzyme activity but the contribution of protein-protein interactions to the regulation of PI3K signaling is not fully understood. We designed an affinity purification quantitative mass spectrometry strategy to identify proteins interacting dynamically with PI3K in response to pathway activation, with the view that such binding partners may have a functional role in pathway regulation. Our study reveals that calpain small subunit 1 interacts with PI3K and that the association between these proteins is lower in cells stimulated with serum compared to starved cells. Calpain and PI3K activity assays confirmed these results, thus demonstrating that active calpain heterodimers associate dynamically with PI3K. In addition, calpains were found to cleave PI3K proteins in vitro (resulting in a reduction of PI3K lipid kinase activity) and to regulate endogenous PI3K protein levels in vivo. Further investigations revealed that calpains have a role in the negative regulation of PI3K/Akt pathway activity (as measured by Akt and ribosomal S6 phosphorylation) and that their inhibition promotes cell survival during serum starvation. These results indicate that the interaction between calpain and PI3K is a novel mechanism for the regulation of class IA PI3K stability and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claire Chaussade
- Cell Signaling Group, Centre for Cell Signaling, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Bart Vanhaesebroeck
- Cell Signaling Group, Centre for Cell Signaling, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
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Fujita H, Kato T, Watanabe N, Takahashi T, Kitagawa S. Calpain inhibitors stimulate phagocyte functions via activation of human formyl peptide receptors. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 513:51-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Liu Y, Liu F, Grundke-Iqbal I, Iqbal K, Gong CX. Deficient brain insulin signalling pathway in Alzheimer's disease and diabetes. J Pathol 2011; 225:54-62. [PMID: 21598254 DOI: 10.1002/path.2912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Brain glucose metabolism is impaired in Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is reported to increase the risk for dementia, including AD, but the underlying mechanism is not understood. Here, we investigated the brain insulin-PI3K-AKT signalling pathway in the autopsied frontal cortices from nine AD, 10 T2DM, eight T2DM-AD and seven control cases. We found decreases in the levels and activities of several components of the insulin-PI3K-AKT signalling pathway in AD and T2DM cases. The deficiency of insulin-PI3K-AKT signalling was more severe in individuals with both T2DM and AD (T2DM-AD). This decrease in insulin-PI3K-AKT signalling could lead to activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β, the major tau kinase. The levels and the activation of the insulin-PI3K-AKT signalling components correlated negatively with the level of tau phosphorylation and positively with protein O-GlcNAcylation, suggesting that impaired insulin-PI3K-AKT signalling might contribute to neurodegeneration in AD through down-regulation of O-GlcNAcylation and the consequent promotion of abnormal tau hyperphosphorylation and neurodegeneration. The decrease in brain insulin-PI3K-AKT signalling also correlated with the activation of calpain I in the brain, suggesting that the decrease might be caused by calpain over-activation. Our findings provide novel insight into the molecular mechanism by which type 2 diabetes mellitus increases the risk for developing cognitive impairment and dementia in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA
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Wernimont SA, Simonson WTN, Greer PA, Seroogy CM, Huttenlocher A. Calpain 4 is not necessary for LFA-1-mediated function in CD4+ T cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10513. [PMID: 20479866 PMCID: PMC2866319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T cell activation and immune synapse formation require the appropriate activation and clustering of the integrin, LFA-1. Previous work has reported that the calpain family of calcium-dependent proteases are important regulators of integrin activation and modulate T cell adhesion and migration. However, these studies have been limited by the use of calpain inhibitors, which have known off-target effects. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here, we used a LoxP/CRE system to specifically deplete calpain 4, a small regulatory calpain subunit required for expression and activity of ubiquitously expressed calpains 1 and 2, in CD4+ T cells. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells developed normally in Capn4(F/F):CD4-CRE mice and had severely diminished expression of Calpain 1 and 2, diminished talin proteolysis and impaired casein degradation. Calpain 4-deficient T cells showed no difference in adhesion or migration on the LFA-1 ligand ICAM-1 compared to control T cells. Moreover, there was no impairment in conjugation between Capn4(F/F):CD4-CRE T cells and antigen presenting cells, and the conjugates were still capable of polarizing LFA-1, PKC-theta and actin to the immune synapse. Furthermore, T cells from Capn4(F/F):CD4-CRE mice showed normal proliferation in response to either anti-CD3/CD28 coated beads or cognate antigen-loaded splenocytes. Finally, there were no differences in the rates of apoptosis following extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic stimuli. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Our findings demonstrate that calpain 4 is not necessary for LFA-1-mediated adhesion, conjugation or migration. These results challenge previous reports that implicate a central role for calpains in the regulation of T cell LFA-1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Wernimont
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - William T. N. Simonson
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Greer
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine M. Seroogy
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Anna Huttenlocher
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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Vinciguerra M, Musaro A, Rosenthal N. Regulation of Muscle Atrophy in Aging and Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 694:211-33. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7002-2_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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