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Kim YJ, Oh J, Jung S, Kim CJ, Choi J, Jeon YK, Kim HJ, Kim JW, Suh CH, Lee Y, Im SH, Crotty S, Choi YS. The transcription factor Mef2d regulates B:T synapse-dependent GC-T FH differentiation and IL-21-mediated humoral immunity. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadf2248. [PMID: 36961907 PMCID: PMC10311795 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adf2248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Communication between CD4 T cells and cognate B cells is key for the former to fully mature into germinal center-T follicular helper (GC-TFH) cells and for the latter to mount a CD4 T cell-dependent humoral immune response. Although this interaction occurs in a B:T synapse-dependent manner, how CD4 T cells transcriptionally regulate B:T synapse formation remains largely unknown. Here, we report that Mef2d, an isoform of the myocyte enhancer factor 2 (Mef2) transcription factor family, is a critical regulator of this process. In CD4 T cells, Mef2d negatively regulates expression of Sh2d1a, which encodes SLAM-associated protein (SAP), a critical regulator of B:T synapses. We found that Mef2d regulates Sh2d1a expression via DNA binding-dependent transcriptional repression, inhibiting SAP-dependent B:T synapse formation and preventing antigen-specific CD4 T cells from differentiating into GC-TFH cells. Mef2d also impeded IL-21 production by CD4 T cells, an important B cell help signaling molecule, via direct repression of the Il21 gene. In contrast, CD4 T cell-specific disruption of Mef2d led to a substantial increase in GC-TFH differentiation in response to protein immunization, concurrent with enhanced SAP expression. MEF2D mRNA expression inversely correlates with human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patient autoimmune parameters, including circulating TFH-like cell frequencies, autoantibodies, and SLEDAI scores. These findings highlight Mef2d as a pivotal rheostat in CD4 T cells for controlling GC formation and antibody production by B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Ji Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeein Oh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soohan Jung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chan Johng Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea
| | - Jinyong Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Kyung Jeon
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Jik Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Won Kim
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Chang-Hee Suh
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Yoontae Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea
| | - Sin-Hyeog Im
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea
- ImmunoBiome Inc., Pohang, Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- University of California San Diego, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Youn Soo Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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2
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Depuydt MAC, Schaftenaar FH, Prange KHM, Boltjes A, Hemme E, Delfos L, de Mol J, de Jong MJM, Bernabé Kleijn MNA, Peeters JAHM, Goncalves L, Wezel A, Smeets HJ, de Borst GJ, Foks AC, Pasterkamp G, de Winther MPJ, Kuiper J, Bot I, Slütter B. Single-cell T cell receptor sequencing of paired human atherosclerotic plaques and blood reveals autoimmune-like features of expanded effector T cells. NATURE CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH 2023; 2:112-125. [PMID: 38665903 PMCID: PMC11041750 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-022-00208-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a lipid-driven chronic inflammatory disease; however, whether it can be classified as an autoimmune disease remains unclear. In this study, we applied single-cell T cell receptor seqencing (scTCR-seq) on human carotid artery plaques and matched peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples to assess the extent of TCR clonality and antigen-specific activation within the various T cell subsets. We observed the highest degree of plaque-specific clonal expansion in effector CD4+ T cells, and these clonally expanded T cells expressed genes such as CD69, FOS and FOSB, indicative of recent TCR engagement, suggesting antigen-specific stimulation. CellChat analysis suggested multiple potential interactions of these effector CD4+ T cells with foam cells. Finally, we integrated a published scTCR-seq dataset of the autoimmune disease psoriatic arthritis, and we report various commonalities between the two diseases. In conclusion, our data suggest that atherosclerosis has an autoimmune compondent driven by autoreactive CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie A. C. Depuydt
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Biotherapeutics, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Frank H. Schaftenaar
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Biotherapeutics, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Koen H. M. Prange
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Experimental Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arjan Boltjes
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Esmeralda Hemme
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Biotherapeutics, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lucie Delfos
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Biotherapeutics, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jill de Mol
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Biotherapeutics, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Maaike J. M. de Jong
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Biotherapeutics, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mireia N. A. Bernabé Kleijn
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Biotherapeutics, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Lauren Goncalves
- Department of Surgery, Haaglanden Medisch Centrum Westeinde, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Anouk Wezel
- Department of Surgery, Haaglanden Medisch Centrum Westeinde, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Harm J. Smeets
- Department of Surgery, Haaglanden Medisch Centrum Westeinde, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Gert J. de Borst
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Amanda C. Foks
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Biotherapeutics, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Menno P. J. de Winther
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Experimental Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johan Kuiper
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Biotherapeutics, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ilze Bot
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Biotherapeutics, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Bram Slütter
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Biotherapeutics, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Da Rocha MN, Guiot M, Nicod C, Trad R, Bouquet L, Haderbache R, Warda W, Baurand PE, Jouanneau C, Dulieu P, Deschamps M, Ferrand C. Coated recombinant target protein helps explore IL-1RAP CAR T-cell functionality in vitro. Immunol Res 2022; 71:276-282. [PMID: 36456721 PMCID: PMC10060290 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-022-09348-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Kristi N, Gafur A, Kong L, Ma X, Ye Z, Wang G. Atomic Force Microscopy in Mechanoimmunology Analysis: A New Perspective for Cancer Immunotherapy. Biotechnol J 2020; 15:e1900559. [PMID: 32240578 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201900559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has remarkable success outcomes against hematological malignancies with high rates of complete remission. To date, many studies have been conducted to increase its effectiveness in other types of cancer. However, it still yields unsatisfying results in solid tumor therapy. This limitation is partly attributed to the lack of understanding of how immunotherapy works in cancer from other perspectives. The traditional studies focus on the biological and chemical perspectives to determine which molecular substrates are involved in the immune system that can eradicate cancer cells. In the last decades, accumulating evidence has shown that physical properties also play important roles in the immune system to combat cancer, which is studied in mechanoimmunology. Mechanoimmunology analysis requires special tools; and herein, atomic force microscopy (AFM) appears as a versatile tool to determine and quantify the mechanical properties of a sample in nanometer precisions. Owing to its multifunctional capabilities, AFM can be used to explore immune system function from the physical perspective. This review paper explains the mechanoimmunology of how immune systems work through AFM, which includes mechanosignaling, mechanosensing, and mechanotransduction, with the aim to deepen the understanding of the mechanistic role of immunotherapy for further development in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kristi
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Alidha Gafur
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Lingwen Kong
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Central Hospital of Chongqing University, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing, 400014, P. R. China
| | - Xinshuang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Zhiyi Ye
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Guixue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing, 400030, China
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Coleman MF, Cozzo AJ, Pfeil AJ, Etigunta SK, Hursting SD. Cell Intrinsic and Systemic Metabolism in Tumor Immunity and Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040852. [PMID: 32244756 PMCID: PMC7225951 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy has shown extraordinary promise at treating cancers otherwise resistant to treatment. However, for ICI therapy to be effective, it must overcome the metabolic limitations of the tumor microenvironment. Tumor metabolism has long been understood to be highly dysregulated, with potent immunosuppressive effects. Moreover, T cell activation and longevity within the tumor microenvironment are intimately tied to T cell metabolism and are required for the long-term efficacy of ICI therapy. We discuss in this review the intersection of metabolic competition in the tumor microenvironment, T cell activation and metabolism, the roles of tumor cell metabolism in immune evasion, and the impact of host metabolism in determining immune surveillance and ICI therapy outcomes. We also discussed the effects of obesity and calorie restriction—two important systemic metabolic perturbations that impact intrinsic metabolic pathways in T cells as well as cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F. Coleman
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA; (M.F.C.); (A.J.C.); (A.J.P.); (S.K.E.)
| | - Alyssa J. Cozzo
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA; (M.F.C.); (A.J.C.); (A.J.P.); (S.K.E.)
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Alexander J. Pfeil
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA; (M.F.C.); (A.J.C.); (A.J.P.); (S.K.E.)
| | - Suhas K. Etigunta
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA; (M.F.C.); (A.J.C.); (A.J.P.); (S.K.E.)
| | - Stephen D. Hursting
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA; (M.F.C.); (A.J.C.); (A.J.P.); (S.K.E.)
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
- Correspondence:
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6
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Finetti F, Baldari CT. The immunological synapse as a pharmacological target. Pharmacol Res 2018; 134:118-133. [PMID: 29898412 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of T cell mediated immunity relies on the assembly of a highly specialized interface between T cell and antigen presenting cell (APC), known as the immunological synapse (IS). IS assembly is triggered when the T cell receptor (TCR) binds to specific peptide antigen presented in association to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) by the APC, and is followed by the spatiotemporal dynamic redistribution of TCR, integrins, co-stimulatory receptors and signaling molecules, allowing for the fine-tuning and integration of the signals that lead to T cell activation. The knowledge acquired to date about the mechanisms of IS assembly underscores this structure as a robust pharmacological target. The activity of molecules involved in IS assembly and function can be targeted by specific compounds to modulate the immune response in a number of disorders, including cancers and autoimmune diseases, or in transplanted patients. Here, we will review the state-of-the art of the current therapies which exploit the IS to modulate the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Finetti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via A. Moro 2, Siena, 53100, Italy.
| | - Cosima T Baldari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via A. Moro 2, Siena, 53100, Italy
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Maraviroc Is Associated with Latent HIV-1 Reactivation through NF-κB Activation in Resting CD4 + T Cells from HIV-Infected Individuals on Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01931-17. [PMID: 29444937 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01931-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Maraviroc is a CCR5 antagonist used in the treatment of HIV-1 infection. We and others have suggested that maraviroc could reactivate latent HIV-1. To test the latency-reversing potential of maraviroc and the mechanisms involved, we performed a phase II, single-center, open-label study in which maraviroc was administered for 10 days to 20 HIV-1-infected individuals on suppressive antiretroviral therapy (EudraCT registration no. 2012-003215-66). All patients completed full maraviroc dosing and follow-up. The primary endpoint was to study whether maraviroc may reactivate HIV-1 latency, eliciting signaling pathways involved in the viral reactivation. An increase in HIV-1 transcription in resting CD4+ T cells, estimated by levels of HIV-1 unspliced RNA, was observed. Moreover, activation of the NF-κB transcription factor was observed in these cells. To elucidate the mechanism of NF-κB activation by maraviroc, we have evaluated in HeLa P4 C5 cells, which stably express CCR5, whether maraviroc could be acting as a partial CCR5 agonist, with no other mechanisms or pathways involved. Our results show that maraviroc can induce NF-κB activity and that NF-κB targets gene expression by CCR5 binding, since the use of TAK779, a CCR5 inhibitor, blocked NF-κB activation and functionality. Taking the results together, we show that maraviroc may have a role in the activation of latent virus transcription through the activation of NF-κB as a result of binding CCR5. Our results strongly support a novel use of maraviroc as a potential latency reversal agent in HIV-1-infected patients.IMPORTANCE HIV-1 persistence in a small pool of long-lived latently infected resting CD4+ T cells is a major barrier to viral eradication in HIV-1-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy. A potential strategy to cure HIV-1-infection is the use of latency-reversing agents to eliminate the reservoirs established in resting CD4+ T cells. As no drug has been shown to be completely effective so far, the search for new drugs and combinations remains a priority for HIV cure. We examined the ability of maraviroc, a CCR5 antagonist used as an antiretroviral drug, to activate latent HIV-1 in infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy. The study showed that maraviroc can activate NF-κB and, subsequently, induce latent HIV-1-transcription in resting CD4+ T cells from HIV-1-infected individuals on suppressive antiretroviral therapy. Additional interventions will be needed to eliminate latent HIV-1 infection. Our results suggest that maraviroc may be a new latency-reversing agent to interfere with HIV-1 persistence during antiretroviral therapy.
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Meissner JM, Sikorski AF, Nawara T, Grzesiak J, Marycz K, Bogusławska DM, Michalczyk I, Lecomte MC, Machnicka B. αII-spectrin in T cells is involved in the regulation of cell-cell contact leading to immunological synapse formation? PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189545. [PMID: 29244882 PMCID: PMC5731749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
T-lymphocyte activation after antigen presentation to the T-Cell Receptor (TCR) is a critical step in the development of proper immune responses to infection and inflammation. This dynamic process involves reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and signaling molecules at the cell membrane, leading to the formation of the Immunological Synapse (IS). The mechanisms regulating the formation of the IS are not completely understood. Nonerythroid spectrin is a membrane skeletal protein involved in the regulation of many cellular processes, including cell adhesion, signaling and actin cytoskeleton remodeling. However, the role of spectrin in IS formation has not been explored. We used molecular, imaging and cellular approaches to show that nonerythroid αII-spectrin redistributes to the IS during T-cell activation. The redistribution of spectrin coincides with the relocation of CD45 and LFA-1, two components essential for IS formation and stability. We assessed the role of spectrin by shRNA-mediated depletion from Jurkat T cells and show that spectrin-depleted cells exhibit decreased adhesion and are defective in forming lamellipodia and filopodia. Importantly, IS formation is impaired in spectrin-depleted cells. Thus, spectrin may be engaged in regulation of distinct events necessary for the establishment and maturity of the IS: besides the involvement of spectrin in the control of CD45 and LFA-1 surface display, spectrin acts in the establishment of cell-cell contact and adhesion processes during the formation of the IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna M. Meissner
- Laboratory of Cytobiochemistry, Biotechnology Faculty, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, University of Environmental and Life Sciences Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Aleksander F. Sikorski
- Laboratory of Cytobiochemistry, Biotechnology Faculty, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tomasz Nawara
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, University of Environmental and Life Sciences Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jakub Grzesiak
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, University of Environmental and Life Sciences Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Marycz
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, University of Environmental and Life Sciences Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Izabela Michalczyk
- Laboratory of Cytobiochemistry, Biotechnology Faculty, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marie-Christine Lecomte
- Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge UMR_S1134, Inserm, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Univ. de la Réunion, Univ. des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Beata Machnicka
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
- * E-mail:
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Mechanosensing in the immune response. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 71:137-145. [PMID: 28830744 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cells have a remarkable ability to sense and respond to the mechanical properties of their environment. Mechanosensing is essential for many phenomena, ranging from cell movements and tissue rearrangements to cell differentiation and the immune response. Cells of the immune system get activated when membrane receptors bind to cognate antigen on the surface of antigen presenting cells. Both T and B lymphocyte signaling has been shown to be responsive to physical forces and mechanical cues. Cytoskeletal forces exerted by cells likely mediate this mechanical modulation. Here, we discuss recent advances in the field of immune cell mechanobiology at the molecular and cellular scale.
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Vásquez-Montoya GA, Danobeitia JS, Fernández LA, Hernández-Ortiz JP. Computational immuno-biology for organ transplantation and regenerative medicine. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2016; 30:235-46. [PMID: 27296889 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Organ transplantation and regenerative medicine are adopted platforms that provide replacement tissues and organs from natural or engineered sources. Acceptance, tolerance and rejection depend greatly on the proper control of the immune response against graft antigens, motivating the development of immunological and genetical therapies that prevent organ failure. They rely on a complete, or partial, understanding of the immune system. Ultimately, they are innovative technologies that ensure permanent graft tolerance and indefinite graft survival through the modulation of the immune system. Computational immunology has arisen as a tool towards a mechanistic understanding of the biological and physicochemical processes surrounding an immune response. It comprehends theoretical and computational frameworks that simulate immuno-biological systems. The challenge is centered on the multi-scale character of the immune system that spans from atomistic scales, during peptide-epitope and protein interactions, to macroscopic scales, for lymph transport and organ-organ reactions. In this paper, we discuss, from an engineering perspective, the biological processes that are involved during the immune response of organ transplantation. Previous computational efforts, including their characteristics and visible limitations, are described. Finally, future perspectives and challenges are listed to motivate further developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A Vásquez-Montoya
- Departamento de Materiales y Minerales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan S Danobeitia
- Department of Surgery, Division of Organ Transplantation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Luis A Fernández
- Department of Surgery, Division of Organ Transplantation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Juan P Hernández-Ortiz
- Departamento de Materiales y Minerales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín, Medellín, Colombia; Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Laboratory for Molecular and Computational Genomics, UW Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Abstract
The term “immune synapse” was originally coined to highlight the similarities between the synaptic contacts between neurons in the central nervous system and the cognate, antigen-dependent interactions between T cells and antigen-presenting cells. Here, instead of offering a comprehensive molecular catalogue of molecules involved in the establishment, stabilization, function, and resolution of the immune synapse, we follow a spatiotemporal timeline that begins at the initiation of exploratory contacts between the T cell and the antigen-presenting cell and ends with the termination of the contact. We focus on specific aspects that distinguish synapses established by cytotoxic and T helper cells as well as unresolved issues and controversies regarding the formation of this intercellular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Ortega-Carrion
- Immunology Section, Department of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Vicente-Manzanares
- Immunology Section, Department of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
The study of genetics is providing new and exciting insights into the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of disease. Both normal sleep and several types of sleep disturbances have been found to have significant genetic influences, as have traits of normal sleep, such as those evident in EEG patterns and the circadian sleep-wake cycle. The circadian sleep-wake cycle is based on a complex feedback loop of genetic transcription over a 24-h cycle. Restless legs syndrome (RLS) and periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS) have familial aggregation, and several genes have a strong association with them. Recent genome-wide association studies have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms linked to RLS/PLMS, although none has a definite functional correlation. Narcolepsy/cataplexy are associated with HLA DQB1*0602 and a T-cell receptor α locus, although functional correlations have not been evident. Obstructive sleep apnea is a complex disorder involving multiple traits, such as anatomy of the oropharynx, ventilatory control, and traits associated with obesity. Although there is clear evidence of familial aggregation in the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, no specific gene or locus has been identified for it. Angiotensin-converting enzyme has been proposed as a risk variant, but evidence is weak. Fatal familial insomnia and advanced sleep phase syndrome are sleep disorders with a definite genetic basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Parish
- Center for Sleep Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ.
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13
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Duong CPM, Westwood JA, Yong CSM, Murphy A, Devaud C, John LB, Darcy PK, Kershaw MH. Engineering T cell function using chimeric antigen receptors identified using a DNA library approach. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63037. [PMID: 23667569 PMCID: PMC3646939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic engineering of cellular function holds much promise for the treatment of a variety of diseases including gene deficiencies and cancer. However, engineering the full complement of cellular functions can be a daunting genetic exercise since many molecular triggers need to be activated to achieve complete function. In the case of T cells, genes encoding chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) covalently linking antibodies to cytoplasmic signaling domains can trigger some, but not all, cellular functions against cancer cells. To date, relatively few CAR formats have been investigated using a candidate molecule approach, in which rationally chosen molecules were trialed one by one. Therefore, to expedite this arduous process we developed an innovative screening method to screen many thousands of CAR formats to identify genes able to enhance the anticancer ability of T cells. We used a directional in-frame library of randomly assembled signaling domains in a CAR specific for the tumor associated antigen erbB2. Several new and original CARs were identified, one of which had an enhanced ability to lyse cancer cells and inhibit tumor growth in mice. This study highlights novel technology that could be used to screen a variety of molecules for their capacity to induce diverse functions in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie P. M. Duong
- Cancer Immunology Research Program, Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer A. Westwood
- Cancer Immunology Research Program, Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carmen S. M. Yong
- Cancer Immunology Research Program, Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amanda Murphy
- Cancer Immunology Research Program, Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christel Devaud
- Cancer Immunology Research Program, Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Liza B. John
- Cancer Immunology Research Program, Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Phillip K. Darcy
- Cancer Immunology Research Program, Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael H. Kershaw
- Cancer Immunology Research Program, Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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14
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Curado S, Kumari S, Dustin ML. "Cell biology meets physiology: functional organization of vertebrate plasma membranes"--the immunological synapse. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2013; 72:313-46. [PMID: 24210434 PMCID: PMC4878826 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-417027-8.00009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The immunological synapse (IS) is an excellent example of cell-cell communication, where signals are exchanged between two cells, resulting in a well-structured line of defense during adaptive immune response. This process has been the focus of several studies that aimed at understanding its formation and subsequent events and has led to the realization that it relies on a well-orchestrated molecular program that only occurs when specific requirements are met. The development of more precise and controllable T cell activation systems has led to new insights including the role of mechanotransduction in the process of formation of the IS and T cell activation. Continuous advances in our understanding of the IS formation, particularly in the context of T cell activation and differentiation, as well the development of new T cell activation systems are being applied to the establishment and improvement of immune therapeutical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Curado
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, and Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA and Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxfordshire, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Sudha Kumari
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, and Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA and Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxfordshire, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Michael L. Dustin
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, and Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA and Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxfordshire, OX3 7FY, UK
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15
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A novel T cell-based vaccine capable of stimulating long-term functional CTL memory against B16 melanoma via CD40L signaling. Cell Mol Immunol 2012; 10:72-7. [PMID: 23042534 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2012.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The ultimate goal of antitumor vaccines is to develop memory CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), which are critical mediators of antitumor immunity. We previously demonstrated that the ovalbumin (OVA)-specific CD4(+) T cell-based (OVA-T(EXO)) vaccine generated using OVA-pulsed dendritic cell (DC(OVA))-released exosomes (EXO(OVA)) stimulate CTL responses via IL-2 and costimulatory CD80 signaling. To assess the potential involvement of other costimulatory pathways and to define the key constituent of costimulation for memory CTL development, we first immunized wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 and gene-knockout mice with WT CD4(+) OVA-T(EXO) cells or OVA-T(EXO) cells with various molecular deficiencies. We then assessed OVA-specific primary and recall CTL responses using PE-H-2K(b)/OVA(257-264) tetramer and FITC-anti-CD8 antibody staining by flow cytometry. We also examined antitumor immunity against the OVA-expressing B16 melanoma cell line BL6-10(OVA). We demonstrated that CD4(+) OVA-T(EXO) cells stimulated more efficient CTL responses compared to DC(OVA). By assessing primary and recall CTL responses in mice immunized with OVA-T(EXO) or with OVA-T(EXO) lacking the costimulatory molecules CD40L, 4-1BBL or OX40L, we demonstrated that these costimulatory signals are dispensable for CTL priming by OVA-T(EXO). Interestingly, CD40L, but not 4-1BBL or OX40L, plays a crucial role in the development of functional memory CTLs against BL6-10(OVA) tumors. Overall, this work suggests that a novel CD4(+) T cell-based vaccine that is capable of stimulating long-term functional CTL memory via CD40L signaling may represent a novel, efficient approach to antitumor vaccination.
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16
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Wilen CB, Tilton JC, Doms RW. HIV: cell binding and entry. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2012; 2:cshperspect.a006866. [PMID: 22908191 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a006866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The first step of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication cycle-binding and entry into the host cell-plays a major role in determining viral tropism and the ability of HIV to degrade the human immune system. HIV uses a complex series of steps to deliver its genome into the host cell cytoplasm while simultaneously evading the host immune response. To infect cells, the HIV protein envelope (Env) binds to the primary cellular receptor CD4 and then to a cellular coreceptor. This sequential binding triggers fusion of the viral and host cell membranes, initiating infection. Revealing the mechanism of HIV entry has profound implications for viral tropism, transmission, pathogenesis, and therapeutic intervention. Here, we provide an overview into the mechanism of HIV entry, provide historical context to key discoveries, discuss recent advances, and speculate on future directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig B Wilen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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17
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Lupino E, Ramondetti C, Piccinini M. IκB kinase β is required for activation of NF-κB and AP-1 in CD3/CD28-stimulated primary CD4(+) T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:2545-55. [PMID: 22331067 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Engagement of the TCR and CD28 coreceptor by their respective ligands activates signal transduction cascades that ultimately lead to the activation of the transcription factors NFAT, AP-1, and NF-κB, which are required for the expression of cytokines and T cell clonal expansion. Previous studies have demonstrated that in mature T cells, activation of AP-1 and NF-κB is dependent on protein kinase C θ, suggesting the existence of a common signaling pathway. In this study, we show that in human primary CD4(+) T cells, exposure to the cell-permeable IKKβ inhibitor PS-1145 or genetic ablation of IKKβ abrogates cell proliferation and impairs the activation of NF-κB and AP-1 transcription factors in response to engagement of CD3 and CD28 coreceptor. In addition, we show that stimulation of T cells in the absence of IKKβ activity promotes the time-dependent and cyclosporine-sensitive expression of negative regulators of T cell signaling leading to a hyporesponsive state of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Lupino
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Medicine and Experimental Oncology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
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18
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Khan SH, Ahmad F, Ahmad N, Flynn DC, Kumar R. Protein-protein interactions: principles, techniques, and their potential role in new drug development. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2011; 28:929-38. [PMID: 21469753 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2011.10508619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A vast network of genes is inter-linked through protein-protein interactions and is critical component of almost every biological process under physiological conditions. Any disruption of the biologically essential network leads to pathological conditions resulting into related diseases. Therefore, proper understanding of biological functions warrants a comprehensive knowledge of protein-protein interactions and the molecular mechanisms that govern such processes. The importance of protein-protein interaction process is highlighted by the fact that a number of powerful techniques/methods have been developed to understand how such interactions take place under various physiological and pathological conditions. Many of the key protein-protein interactions are known to participate in disease-associated signaling pathways, and represent novel targets for therapeutic intervention. Thus, controlling protein-protein interactions offers a rich dividend for the discovery of new drug targets. Availability of various tools to study and the knowledge of human genome have put us in a unique position to understand highly complex biological network, and the mechanisms involved therein. In this review article, we have summarized protein-protein interaction networks, techniques/methods of their binding/kinetic parameters, and the role of these interactions in the development of potential tools for drug designing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shagufta H Khan
- Department of Basic Sciences, The Commonwealth Medical College, 501 Madison Avenue, Scranton, PA 18510, USA
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19
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Germain RN, Meier-Schellersheim M, Nita-Lazar A, Fraser IDC. Systems biology in immunology: a computational modeling perspective. Annu Rev Immunol 2011; 29:527-85. [PMID: 21219182 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-030409-101317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Systems biology is an emerging discipline that combines high-content, multiplexed measurements with informatic and computational modeling methods to better understand biological function at various scales. Here we present a detailed review of the methods used to create computational models and to conduct simulations of immune function. We provide descriptions of the key data-gathering techniques employed to generate the quantitative and qualitative data required for such modeling and simulation and summarize the progress to date in applying these tools and techniques to questions of immunological interest, including infectious disease. We include comments on what insights modeling can provide that complement information obtained from the more familiar experimental discovery methods used by most investigators and the reasons why quantitative methods are needed to eventually produce a better understanding of immune system operation in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald N Germain
- Program in Systems Immunology and Infectious Disease Modeling, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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20
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Alarcón B, Mestre D, Martínez-Martín N. The immunological synapse: a cause or consequence of T-cell receptor triggering? Immunology 2011; 133:420-5. [PMID: 21631496 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03458.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunological synapse forms as a result of the tight apposition of a T cell with an antigen-presenting cell (APC) and it is the site where the T-cell receptor (TCR) is triggered by its antigen ligand, the peptide-MHC complex present in the APC membrane. The immunological synapse was initially characterized in the T-cell membrane as three concentric rings of membrane receptors and their underlying cytoskeletal and signalling proteins. The inner circle, or central supramolecular activation cluster (cSMAC), concentrates most of the TCR and CD28, and it is surrounded by the peripheral SMAC that is formed by integrins. Finally, the most external ring or distal SMAC (dSMAC) is where proteins with large ectodomains are located, such as CD43 and CD45, far from the cSMAC. This arrangement was initially thought to be responsible for maintaining sustained TCR signalling, however, this typical concentric bull's-eye pattern is not found in the immunological synapses formed with the APCs of dendritic cells. Interestingly, TCR signalling has been detected in microclusters formed in the dSMAC area and it extinguishes as the TCRs reach the cSMAC. Hence, it appears that TCR signalling and full T-cell activation do not require the formation of the cSMAC and that this structure may rather play a role in TCR down-regulation, as well as participating in the polarized secretion of lytic granules. Here, we shall review the historical evolution of the role of the cSMAC in T-cell activation, finally discussing our most recent data indicating that the cSMAC serves to internalize exhausted TCRs by phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balbino Alarcón
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.
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22
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Functional variants of the genes involved in neurodevelopment and susceptibility to schizophrenia in an Armenian population. Hum Immunol 2011; 72:746-8. [PMID: 21641949 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2011.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant neurodevelopment contributes to the etiology of schizophrenia. This study aimed to investigate the potential association of netrin G1 (NTNG1) rs628117 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val66Met (rs6265) genetic polymorphisms with susceptibility to schizophrenia. One hundred three Armenian patients with schizophrenia and 105 healthy control subjects were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers. Whereas the NTNG1 rs628117 genotypes were equally distributed in the groups, the carriers of the less common BDNF 66Met allele were overrepresented among patients with schizophrenia when compared with healthy controls (55% vs 35%, odds ratio = 2.28, 95% confidence interval 1.14-1.98, p(corrected) = 0.006). Furthermore, the 66Met/Met genotype correlated with earlier disease onset (p = 0.024). In conclusion, our single-cohort study nominates the BDNF 66Met allele as a risk factor for schizophrenia in an Armenian population. This must be confirmed in other Armenian cohorts.
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23
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Shukla NM, Mutz CA, Ukani R, Warshakoon HJ, Moore DS, David SA. Syntheses of fluorescent imidazoquinoline conjugates as probes of Toll-like receptor 7. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:6384-6. [PMID: 20933417 PMCID: PMC2957514 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.09.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR)-7 agonists show prominent immunostimulatory activities. The synthesis of a TLR7-active N(1)-(4-aminomethyl)benzyl substituted imidazoquinoline 5d served as a convenient precursor for the covalent attachment of fluorophores without significant loss of activity. Fluorescence microscopy experiments show that the fluorescent analogues are internalized and distributed in the endosomal compartment. Flow cytometry experiments using whole human blood show differential partitioning into B, T, and natural killer (NK) lymphocytic subsets, which correlate with the degree of activation in these subsets. These fluorescently-labeled imidazoquinolines will likely be useful in examining the trafficking of TLR7 in immunological synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikunj M Shukla
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, United States
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