1
|
Ye X, Shih DJH, Ku Z, Hong J, Barrett DF, Rupp RE, Zhang N, Fu TM, Zheng WJ, An Z. Transcriptional signature of durable effector T cells elicited by a replication defective HCMV vaccine. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:70. [PMID: 38561339 PMCID: PMC10984989 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00860-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a leading infectious cause of birth defects and the most common opportunistic infection that causes life-threatening diseases post-transplantation; however, an effective vaccine remains elusive. V160 is a live-attenuated replication defective HCMV vaccine that showed a 42.4% efficacy against primary HCMV infection among seronegative women in a phase 2b clinical trial. Here, we integrated the multicolor flow cytometry, longitudinal T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing, and single-cell RNA/TCR sequencing approaches to characterize the magnitude, phenotype, and functional quality of human T cell responses to V160. We demonstrated that V160 de novo induces IE-1 and pp65 specific durable polyfunctional effector CD8 T cells that are comparable to those induced by natural HCMV infection. We identified a variety of V160-responsive T cell clones which exhibit distinctive "transient" and "durable" expansion kinetics, and revealed a transcriptional signature that marks durable CD8 T cells post-vaccination. Our study enhances the understanding of human T-cell immune responses to V160 vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Ye
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - David J H Shih
- School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Zhiqiang Ku
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Junping Hong
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Diane F Barrett
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Richard E Rupp
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Ningyan Zhang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tong-Ming Fu
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - W Jim Zheng
- School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Espinar-Buitrago MS, Vazquez-Alejo E, Magro-Lopez E, Tarancon-Diez L, Leal M, Muñoz-Fernandez MA. Immune modulation via dendritic cells by the effect of Thymosin-alpha-1 on immune synapse in HCMV infection. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 125:111103. [PMID: 38149577 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Tα1 (Thymosin-alpha-1) is a thymus-derived hormone that has been demonstrated to be effective on diverse immune cell subsets. The objective of this study was to determine the in vitro immunomodulatory effect of Tα1 in human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. Dendritic cells (DCs) were isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by negative selection and cultured in the presence or absence of Tα1. The immunophenotyping of DCs was characterised by multiparametric flow cytometry assessing CD40, CD80, TIM-3 and PDL-1 markers, as well as intracellular TNFα production. Then, autologous CD4+ or CD8+ T-Lymphocytes (TLs) isolated by negative selection from PBMCs were co-cultured with DCs previously treated with Tα1 in the presence or absence of HCMV. Intracellular TNFα, IFNγ, IL-2 production, CD40-L and PD-1 expression were assessed through immunophenotyping, and polyfunctionality in total TLs and memory subsets were evaluated. The results showed that Tα1 increased CD40, CD80, TIM-3 and TNFα intracellular production while decreasing PDL-1 expression, particularly on plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). Therefore, Tα1 modulated the production of TNFα, IFNγ and IL-2 in both total and memory subsets of CD4+ and CD8+ TLs by upregulating CD40/CD40-L and downregulating PDL-1/PD-1 expression. Our study concludes that Tα1 enhances antigen-presenting capacity of DCs, improves TLs responses to HCMV infection, and enhances the polyfunctionality of CD8+ TLs. Consequently, Tα1 could be an alternative adjuvant for use in therapeutic cell therapy for immunocompromised patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Espinar-Buitrago
- Sección de Inmunología, Laboratorio Inmuno-Biología Molecular (LIBM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (HGUGM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28009 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanotecnología (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - E Vazquez-Alejo
- Sección de Inmunología, Laboratorio Inmuno-Biología Molecular (LIBM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (HGUGM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28009 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanotecnología (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - E Magro-Lopez
- Sección de Inmunología, Laboratorio Inmuno-Biología Molecular (LIBM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (HGUGM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28009 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanotecnología (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - L Tarancon-Diez
- Sección de Inmunología, Laboratorio Inmuno-Biología Molecular (LIBM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (HGUGM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28009 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanotecnología (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Leal
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Viamed Santa Ángela de la Cruz, 41014 Sevilla, Spain; Hogar Residencia de la Santa Caridad, 41001 Sevilla, Spain
| | - M A Muñoz-Fernandez
- Sección de Inmunología, Laboratorio Inmuno-Biología Molecular (LIBM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (HGUGM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28009 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanotecnología (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zehner M, Alt M, Ashurov A, Goldsmith JA, Spies R, Weiler N, Lerma J, Gieselmann L, Stöhr D, Gruell H, Schultz EP, Kreer C, Schlachter L, Janicki H, Laib Sampaio K, Stegmann C, Nemetchek MD, Dähling S, Ullrich L, Dittmer U, Witzke O, Koch M, Ryckman BJ, Lotfi R, McLellan JS, Krawczyk A, Sinzger C, Klein F. Single-cell analysis of memory B cells from top neutralizers reveals multiple sites of vulnerability within HCMV Trimer and Pentamer. Immunity 2023; 56:2602-2620.e10. [PMID: 37967532 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can cause severe diseases in fetuses, newborns, and immunocompromised individuals. Currently, no vaccines are approved, and treatment options are limited. Here, we analyzed the human B cell response of four HCMV top neutralizers from a cohort of 9,000 individuals. By single-cell analyses of memory B cells targeting the pentameric and trimeric HCMV surface complexes, we identified vulnerable sites on the shared gH/gL subunits as well as complex-specific subunits UL128/130/131A and gO. Using high-resolution cryogenic electron microscopy, we revealed the structural basis of the neutralization mechanisms of antibodies targeting various binding sites. Moreover, we identified highly potent antibodies that neutralized a broad spectrum of HCMV strains, including primary clinical isolates, that outperform known antibodies used in clinical trials. Our study provides a deep understanding of the mechanisms of HCMV neutralization and identifies promising antibody candidates to prevent and treat HCMV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Zehner
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Mira Alt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Artem Ashurov
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jory A Goldsmith
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Rebecca Spies
- Institute for Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Nina Weiler
- Institute for Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Justin Lerma
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Lutz Gieselmann
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Dagmar Stöhr
- Institute for Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Henning Gruell
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Eric P Schultz
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Christoph Kreer
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Linda Schlachter
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Hanna Janicki
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Cora Stegmann
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Michelle D Nemetchek
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Sabrina Dähling
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Leon Ullrich
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Oliver Witzke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Manuel Koch
- Institute for Dental Research and Oral Musculoskeletal Biology, Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Brent J Ryckman
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA; Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Ramin Lotfi
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Adalbert Krawczyk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Christian Sinzger
- Institute for Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Florian Klein
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University Hospital of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Oyeyemi DM, Chan E, Montano M, Belzer A, Ogbuagu O, Zapata H, Tuan JJ. Acute cytomegalovirus proctitis and epididymitis acquired via sexual transmission in an immunocompetent patient: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2023; 17:489. [PMID: 37946248 PMCID: PMC10636986 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-023-04216-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We present a case report of an immunocompetent host with presumed sexually transmitted cytomegalovirus proctitis and epididymitis, where there currently is a sparsity of published data. CASE PRESENTATION A 21-year-old previously healthy Caucasian individual was admitted for severe rectal and testicular pain in the setting of proctitis and epididymitis. Serology and rectal pathology confirmed acute primary cytomegalovirus infection. CONCLUSIONS This report details his diagnostic workup and highlights cytomegalovirus as a rare cause of sexually transmitted disease among immunocompetent persons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah M Oyeyemi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Elizabeth Chan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mason Montano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Annika Belzer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Onyema Ogbuagu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Section of Infectious Disease, Yale University School of Medicine, 135 College St., Suite 323, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Heidi Zapata
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Section of Infectious Disease, Yale University School of Medicine, 135 College St., Suite 323, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Jessica J Tuan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Section of Infectious Disease, Yale University School of Medicine, 135 College St., Suite 323, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Derksen LY, Tesselaar K, Borghans JAM. Memories that last: Dynamics of memory T cells throughout the body. Immunol Rev 2023. [PMID: 37114435 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Memory T cells form an essential part of immunological memory, which can last for years or even a lifetime. Much experimental work has shown that the individual cells that make up the memory T-cell pool are in fact relatively short-lived. Memory T cells isolated from the blood of humans, or the lymph nodes and spleen of mice, live about 5-10 fold shorter than naive T cells, and much shorter than the immunological memory they convey. The commonly accepted view is, therefore, that long-term T-cell memory is maintained dynamically rather than by long-lived cells. This view is largely based on memory T cells in the circulation, identified using rather broad phenotypic markers, and on research in mice living in overly clean conditions. We wondered to what extent there may be heterogeneity in the dynamics and lifespans of memory T cells. We here review what is currently known about the dynamics of memory T cells in different memory subsets, locations in the body and conditions of microbial exposure, and discuss how this may be related to immunometabolism and how this knowledge can be used in various clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lyanne Y Derksen
- Leukocyte Dynamics Group, Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kiki Tesselaar
- Leukocyte Dynamics Group, Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - José A M Borghans
- Leukocyte Dynamics Group, Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Baliu-Piqué M, Drylewicz J, Zheng X, Borkner L, Swain AC, Otto SA, de Boer RJ, Tesselaar K, Cicin-Sain L, Borghans JAM. Turnover of Murine Cytomegalovirus-Expanded CD8 + T Cells Is Similar to That of Memory Phenotype T Cells and Independent of the Magnitude of the Response. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:799-806. [PMID: 35091435 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The potential of memory T cells to provide protection against reinfection is beyond question. Yet, it remains debated whether long-term T cell memory is due to long-lived memory cells. There is ample evidence that blood-derived memory phenotype CD8+ T cells maintain themselves through cell division, rather than through longevity of individual cells. It has recently been proposed, however, that there may be heterogeneity in the lifespans of memory T cells, depending on factors such as exposure to cognate Ag. CMV infection induces not only conventional, contracting T cell responses, but also inflationary CD8+ T cell responses, which are maintained at unusually high numbers, and are even thought to continue to expand over time. It has been proposed that such inflating T cell responses result from the accumulation of relatively long-lived CMV-specific memory CD8+ T cells. Using in vivo deuterium labeling and mathematical modeling, we found that the average production rates and expected lifespans of mouse CMV-specific CD8+ T cells are very similar to those of bulk memory-phenotype CD8+ T cells. Even CMV-specific inflationary CD8+ T cell responses that differ 3-fold in size were found to turn over at similar rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariona Baliu-Piqué
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Julia Drylewicz
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Xiaoyan Zheng
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lisa Borkner
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Arpit C Swain
- Theoretical Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; and
| | - Sigrid A Otto
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rob J de Boer
- Theoretical Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; and
| | - Kiki Tesselaar
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Luka Cicin-Sain
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site, Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - José A M Borghans
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
van den Berg SPH, Derksen LY, Drylewicz J, Nanlohy NM, Beckers L, Lanfermeijer J, Gessel SN, Vos M, Otto SA, de Boer RJ, Tesselaar K, Borghans JAM, van Baarle D. Quantification of T-cell dynamics during latent cytomegalovirus infection in humans. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010152. [PMID: 34914799 PMCID: PMC8717968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection has a major impact on the T-cell pool, which is thought to be associated with ageing of the immune system. The effect on the T-cell pool has been interpreted as an effect of CMV on non-CMV specific T-cells. However, it remains unclear whether the effect of CMV could simply be explained by the presence of large, immunodominant, CMV-specific memory CD8+ T-cell populations. These have been suggested to establish through gradual accumulation of long-lived cells. However, little is known about their maintenance. We investigated the effect of CMV infection on T-cell dynamics in healthy older adults, and aimed to unravel the mechanisms of maintenance of large numbers of CMV-specific CD8+ T-cells. We studied the expression of senescence, proliferation, and apoptosis markers and quantified the in vivo dynamics of CMV-specific and other memory T-cell populations using in vivo deuterium labelling. Increased expression of late-stage differentiation markers by CD8+ T-cells of CMV+ versus CMV- individuals was not solely explained by the presence of large, immunodominant CMV-specific CD8+ T-cell populations. The lifespans of circulating CMV-specific CD8+ T-cells did not differ significantly from those of bulk memory CD8+ T-cells, and the lifespans of bulk memory CD8+ T-cells did not differ significantly between CMV- and CMV+ individuals. Memory CD4+ T-cells of CMV+ individuals showed increased expression of late-stage differentiation markers and decreased Ki-67 expression. Overall, the expression of senescence markers on T-cell populations correlated positively with their expected in vivo lifespan. Together, this work suggests that i) large, immunodominant CMV-specific CD8+ T-cell populations do not explain the phenotypical differences between CMV+ and CMV- individuals, ii) CMV infection hardly affects the dynamics of the T-cell pool, and iii) large numbers of CMV-specific CD8+ T-cells are not due to longer lifespans of these cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara P. H. van den Berg
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lyanne Y. Derksen
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Julia Drylewicz
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nening M. Nanlohy
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Lisa Beckers
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Josien Lanfermeijer
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Stephanie N. Gessel
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn Vos
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Sigrid A. Otto
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rob J. de Boer
- Theoretical Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kiki Tesselaar
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - José A. M. Borghans
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Debbie van Baarle
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
CD8 T Cell Vaccines and a Cytomegalovirus-Based Vector Approach. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11101097. [PMID: 34685468 PMCID: PMC8538937 DOI: 10.3390/life11101097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The twentieth century witnessed a huge expansion in the number of vaccines used with great success in combating diseases, especially the ones caused by viral and bacterial pathogens. Despite this, several major public health threats, such as HIV, tuberculosis, malaria, and cancer, still pose an enormous humanitarian and economic burden. As vaccines based on the induction of protective, neutralizing antibodies have not managed to effectively combat these diseases, in recent decades, the focus has increasingly shifted towards the cellular immune response. There is substantial evidence demonstrating CD8 T cells as key players in the protection not only against many viral and bacterial pathogens, but also in the fight against neoplastic cells. Here, we present arguments for CD8 T cells to be considered as promising candidates for vaccine targeting. We discuss the heterogeneity of CD8 T cell populations and their contribution in the protection of the host. We also outline several strategies of using a common human pathogen, cytomegalovirus, as a vaccine vector since accumulated data strongly suggest it represents a promising approach to the development of novel vaccines against both pathogens and tumors.
Collapse
|
9
|
Clark BL, Thomas PG. A Cell for the Ages: Human γδ T Cells across the Lifespan. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8903. [PMID: 33255339 PMCID: PMC7727649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of the human immune system is exacerbated by age-related changes to immune cell functionality. Many of these age-related effects remain undescribed or driven by mechanisms that are poorly understood. γδ T cells, while considered an adaptive subset based on immunological ontogeny, retain both innate-like and adaptive-like characteristics. This T cell population is small but mighty, and has been implicated in both homeostatic and disease-induced immunity within tissues and throughout the periphery. In this review, we outline what is known about the effect of age on human peripheral γδ T cells, and call attention to areas of the field where further research is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandi L. Clark
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA;
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Paul G. Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA;
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Perez C, Gruber I, Arber C. Off-the-Shelf Allogeneic T Cell Therapies for Cancer: Opportunities and Challenges Using Naturally Occurring "Universal" Donor T Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:583716. [PMID: 33262761 PMCID: PMC7685996 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.583716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) engineered T cell therapies individually prepared for each patient with autologous T cells have recently changed clinical practice in the management of B cell malignancies. Even though CARs used to redirect polyclonal T cells to the tumor are not HLA restricted, CAR T cells are also characterized by their endogenous T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire. Tumor-antigen targeted TCR-based T cell therapies in clinical trials are thus far using “conventional” αβ-TCRs that recognize antigens presented as peptides in the context of the major histocompatibility complex. Thus, both CAR- and TCR-based adoptive T cell therapies (ACTs) are dictated by compatibility of the highly polymorphic HLA molecules between donors and recipients in order to avoid graft-versus-host disease and rejection. The development of third-party healthy donor derived well-characterized off-the-shelf cell therapy products that are readily available and broadly applicable is an intensive area of research. While genome engineering provides the tools to generate “universal” donor cells that can be redirected to cancers, we will focus our attention on third-party off-the-shelf strategies with T cells that are characterized by unique natural features and do not require genome editing for safe administration. Specifically, we will discuss the use of virus-specific T cells, lipid-restricted (CD1) T cells, MR1-restricted T cells, and γδ-TCR T cells. CD1- and MR1-restricted T cells are not HLA-restricted and have the potential to serve as a unique source of universal TCR sequences to be broadly applicable in TCR-based ACT as their targets are presented by the monomorphic CD1 or MR1 molecules on a wide variety of tumor types. For each cell type, we will summarize the stage of preclinical and clinical development and discuss opportunities and challenges to deliver off-the-shelf targeted cellular therapies against cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Perez
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Gruber
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Arber
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Moss P. "The ancient and the new": is there an interaction between cytomegalovirus and SARS-CoV-2 infection? IMMUNITY & AGEING 2020; 17:14. [PMID: 32501397 PMCID: PMC7251217 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-020-00185-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic represents one of the greatest infectious challenges to humanity in recent history. One of the striking features of infection is the heterogeneous clinical response with worse outcomes observed in older patients and those with underlying health conditions. To date the potential impact of previous infection history has been poorly investigated as a potential determinant of risk. Cytomegalovirus (CMV), a persistent herpesvirus infection whose prevalence increases with age, is a major modulator of immune function and several observations suggest that infection might act to influence clinical outcome following SARS-CoV-2 infection. In particular, CMV is associated with the acceleration of immune senescence and has been linked to a range of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. This review addresses mechanisms by which cytomegalovirus infection may act to worsen the clinical outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection, discusses how these potential links could be investigated, and assesses the potential significance of any findings that emerge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Moss
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham and Birmingham Health Partners, University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ashley CL, Abendroth A, McSharry BP, Slobedman B. Interferon-Independent Innate Responses to Cytomegalovirus. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2751. [PMID: 31921100 PMCID: PMC6917592 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical role of interferons (IFNs) in mediating the innate immune response to cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is well established. However, in recent years the functional importance of the IFN-independent antiviral response has become clearer. IFN-independent, IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3)-dependent interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) regulation in the context of CMV infection was first documented 20 years ago. Since then several IFN-independent, IRF3-dependent ISGs have been characterized and found to be among the most influential in the innate response to CMV. These include virus inhibitory protein, endoplasmic reticulum-associated IFN-inducible (viperin), ISG15, members of the interferon inducible protein with tetratricopeptide repeats (IFIT) family, interferon-inducible transmembrane (IFITM) proteins and myxovirus resistance proteins A and B (MxA, MxB). IRF3-independent, IFN-independent activation of canonically IFN-dependent signaling pathways has also been documented, such as IFN-independent biphasic activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) during infection of monocytes, differential roles of mitochondrial and peroxisomal mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS), and the ability of human CMV (HCMV) immediate early protein 1 (IE1) protein to reroute IL-6 signaling and activation of STAT1 and its associated ISGs. This review examines the role of identified IFN-independent ISGs in the antiviral response to CMV and describes pathways of IFN-independent innate immune response induction by CMV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline L Ashley
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Allison Abendroth
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Brian P McSharry
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Barry Slobedman
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Smith CJ, Venturi V, Quigley MF, Turula H, Gostick E, Ladell K, Hill BJ, Himelfarb D, Quinn KM, Greenaway HY, Dang THY, Seder RA, Douek DC, Hill AB, Davenport MP, Price DA, Snyder CM. Stochastic Expansions Maintain the Clonal Stability of CD8 + T Cell Populations Undergoing Memory Inflation Driven by Murine Cytomegalovirus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 204:112-121. [PMID: 31818981 PMCID: PMC6920548 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Clonal stability is a feature of memory inflation. Stochastic expansions maintain clonal stability during memory inflation. Persistent clonotypes are often public in the context of memory inflation.
CMV is an obligate and persistent intracellular pathogen that continually drives the production of highly differentiated virus-specific CD8+ T cells in an Ag-dependent manner, a phenomenon known as memory inflation. Extensive proliferation is required to generate and maintain inflationary CD8+ T cell populations, which are counterintuitively short-lived and typically exposed to limited amounts of Ag during the chronic phase of infection. An apparent discrepancy therefore exists between the magnitude of expansion and the requirement for ongoing immunogenic stimulation. To address this issue, we explored the clonal dynamics of memory inflation. First, we tracked congenically marked OT-I cell populations in recipient mice infected with murine CMV (MCMV) expressing the cognate Ag OVA. Irrespective of numerical dominance, stochastic expansions were observed in each population, such that dominant and subdominant OT-I cells were maintained at stable frequencies over time. Second, we characterized endogenous CD8+ T cell populations specific for two classic inflationary epitopes, M38 and IE3. Multiple clonotypes simultaneously underwent Ag-driven proliferation during latent infection with MCMV. In addition, the corresponding CD8+ T cell repertoires were stable over time and dominated by persistent clonotypes, many of which also occurred in more than one mouse. Collectively, these data suggest that stochastic encounters with Ag occur frequently enough to maintain oligoclonal populations of inflationary CD8+ T cells, despite intrinsic constraints on epitope display at individual sites of infection with MCMV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corinne J Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Vanessa Venturi
- Infection Analytics Program, Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Maire F Quigley
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Holly Turula
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Emma Gostick
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Brenna J Hill
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Danielle Himelfarb
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kylie M Quinn
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Hui Yee Greenaway
- Infection Analytics Program, Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Thurston H Y Dang
- Infection Analytics Program, Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Robert A Seder
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Daniel C Douek
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ann B Hill
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Miles P Davenport
- Infection Analytics Program, Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - David A Price
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; .,Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher M Snyder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107;
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shugay M, Bagaev DV, Zvyagin IV, Vroomans RM, Crawford JC, Dolton G, Komech EA, Sycheva AL, Koneva AE, Egorov ES, Eliseev AV, Van Dyk E, Dash P, Attaf M, Rius C, Ladell K, McLaren JE, Matthews KK, Clemens EB, Douek DC, Luciani F, van Baarle D, Kedzierska K, Kesmir C, Thomas PG, Price DA, Sewell AK, Chudakov DM. VDJdb: a curated database of T-cell receptor sequences with known antigen specificity. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:D419-D427. [PMID: 28977646 PMCID: PMC5753233 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to decode antigen specificities encapsulated in the sequences of rearranged T-cell receptor (TCR) genes is critical for our understanding of the adaptive immune system and promises significant advances in the field of translational medicine. Recent developments in high-throughput sequencing methods (immune repertoire sequencing technology, or RepSeq) and single-cell RNA sequencing technology have allowed us to obtain huge numbers of TCR sequences from donor samples and link them to T-cell phenotypes. However, our ability to annotate these TCR sequences still lags behind, owing to the enormous diversity of the TCR repertoire and the scarcity of available data on T-cell specificities. In this paper, we present VDJdb, a database that stores and aggregates the results of published T-cell specificity assays and provides a universal platform that couples antigen specificities with TCR sequences. We demonstrate that VDJdb is a versatile instrument for the annotation of TCR repertoire data, enabling a concatenated view of antigen-specific TCR sequence motifs. VDJdb can be accessed at https://vdjdb.cdr3.net and https://github.com/antigenomics/vdjdb-db.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Shugay
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia.,Center for Data-Intensive Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 143028, Russia.,Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia.,Central European Institute of Technology, Brno 60177, Czech Republic.,Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
| | - Dmitriy V Bagaev
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Ivan V Zvyagin
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia.,Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Renske M Vroomans
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3512 JE, The Netherlands
| | - Jeremy Chase Crawford
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude's Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Garry Dolton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Ekaterina A Komech
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia.,Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Anastasiya L Sycheva
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Anna E Koneva
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Evgeniy S Egorov
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia.,Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia.,Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
| | - Alexey V Eliseev
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia.,Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Ewald Van Dyk
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3512 JE, The Netherlands
| | - Pradyot Dash
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude's Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Meriem Attaf
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Cristina Rius
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - James E McLaren
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Katherine K Matthews
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - E Bridie Clemens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Daniel C Douek
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Fabio Luciani
- Viral Immunology Systems Program, Kirby Institute, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Debbie van Baarle
- Center for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven 3720 BA, The Netherlands
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Can Kesmir
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3512 JE, The Netherlands
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude's Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.,Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Andrew K Sewell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.,Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Dmitriy M Chudakov
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia.,Center for Data-Intensive Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 143028, Russia.,Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia.,Central European Institute of Technology, Brno 60177, Czech Republic.,Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Deep Profiling of the CD8+ T-cell Compartment Identifies Activated Cell Subsets and Multifunctional Responses Associated With Control of Cytomegalovirus Viremia. Transplantation 2019; 103:613-621. [PMID: 30028417 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a common opportunistic pathogen in transplant recipients. Patterns of viremia and reactivation are influenced by the host immune response, including CD8 T cells. However, the cellular deficits or phenotypic differences that account for differential outcomes during HCMV viremia are incompletely understood. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected from 20 transplant recipients (10 viremia controllers and 10 noncontrollers) at onset of HCMV viremia and 4 weeks postonset. We used mass cytometry to perform in-depth characterization of cell surface and intracellular CD8 T cell markers and to compare frequencies of these cells between groups. RESULTS Deep profiling identified 2 central memory T cell subsets at onset and 5 terminally differentiated memory T (TEMRA) cell subsets at 4 weeks that were associated with control of HCMV viremia, in addition to 6 TEMRA subsets at onset and 4 weeks associated with relapsing or remitting HCMV viremia. In general, CD8 T-cell clusters associated with poorly controlled HCMV viremia lacked markers of activation or terminal differentiation including CD38, CD69, CD25, CD57, and HLA-DR. We also measured the production of 8 HCMV-specific effector molecules (TNFα, IFNγ, interleukin 2, granzyme B, perforin, macrophage inflammatory protein 1β, interleukin 10, and CD107a) in CD8 T cells. Viremia controllers had greater diversity of HCMV-specific multifunctional responses at both time points, including significantly higher frequencies of HCMV-specific TNFαIFNγ CD8 T cells at onset. These multifunctional cells had a phenotype consistent with activated TEM/TEMRA cells. CONCLUSIONS Uncontrolled CMV viremia is associated with specific clusters of memory T-cell subsets and lower frequencies of HCMV-specific multifunctional CD8 T cells.
Collapse
|
16
|
van den Berg SPH, Pardieck IN, Lanfermeijer J, Sauce D, Klenerman P, van Baarle D, Arens R. The hallmarks of CMV-specific CD8 T-cell differentiation. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 208:365-373. [PMID: 30989333 PMCID: PMC6647465 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00608-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Upon cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, large T-cell responses are elicited that remain high or even increase over time, a phenomenon named memory T-cell inflation. Besides, the maintained robust T-cell response, CMV-specific T cells seem to have a distinctive phenotype, characterized by an advanced differentiation state. Here, we will review this "special" differentiation status by discussing the cellular phenotype based on the expression of CD45 isoforms, costimulatory, inhibitory and natural killer receptors, adhesion and lymphocyte homing molecules, transcription factors, cytokines and cytotoxic molecules. In addition, we focus on whether the differentiation state of CMV-specific CD8 T cells is unique in comparison with other chronic viruses and we will discuss the possible impact of factors such as antigen exposure and aging on the advanced differentiation status of CMV-specific CD8 T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara P H van den Berg
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Iris N Pardieck
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Josien Lanfermeijer
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Delphine Sauce
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Debbie van Baarle
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Borghans JAM, Tesselaar K, de Boer RJ. Current best estimates for the average lifespans of mouse and human leukocytes: reviewing two decades of deuterium-labeling experiments. Immunol Rev 2019; 285:233-248. [PMID: 30129193 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Deuterium is a non-toxic, stable isotope that can safely be administered to humans and mice to study their cellular turnover rates in vivo. It is incorporated into newly synthesized DNA strands during cell division, without interference with the kinetics of cells, and the accumulation and loss of deuterium in the DNA of sorted (sub-)populations of leukocytes can be used to estimate their cellular production rates and lifespans. In the past two decades, this powerful technology has been used to estimate the turnover rates of various types of leukocytes. Although it is the most reliable technique currently available to study leukocyte turnover, there are remarkable differences between the cellular turnover rates estimated by some of these studies. We have recently established that part of this variation is due to (a) difficulties in estimating deuterium availability in some deuterium-labeling studies, and (b) assumptions made by the mathematical models employed to fit the data. Being aware of these two problems, we here aim to approach a consensus on the life expectancies of different types of T cells, B cells, monocytes, and neutrophils in mice and men. We address remaining outstanding problems whenever appropriate and discuss for which immune subpopulations we currently have too little information to draw firm conclusions about their turnover.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José A M Borghans
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kiki Tesselaar
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J de Boer
- Theoretical Biology & Bioinformatics, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is implicated in endothelial dysfunction and graft damage after pediatric heart transplantation. CMV-specific immune responses are thought to be necessary for CMV viral control but there is little data in pediatric heart transplantation. METHODS We studied 28 consecutive pediatric heart transplant recipients for 1 year posttransplant. CMV T-cell expressing IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 in response to ex vivo stimulation with CMV lysates or peptides were measured. Circulating cytokines were measured in plasma. Generalized Additive Models were applied to the data to model changes of cell population dynamics over time. RESULTS CMV-specific T cell-mediated responses were impaired in the first 8 weeks posttransplant. During this period, 25% of patients had CMV viremia, of which those with VLs of 10 000 or more CMV deoxyribonucleic acid copies/mL were given ganciclovir. In this group, the frequency of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells producing IFN-γ and the CD8+CD57+ granzyme B+ T-cell population increased at 12 to 24 weeks and remained elevated for the duration of the study. CONCLUSIONS We have shown that CMV viremia is associated with CMV-specific immune responses and increased CD8+CD57+ granzyme B+ cells at 1 year posttransplant; however, early responses were not predictive of impending CMV viremia. It remains to be seen if the early CMV immune response detected is associated with endothelial and allograft damage, in light of previous studies demonstrating increased vasculopathy in pediatric patients with CMV viremia.
Collapse
|
19
|
Mangare C, Tischer-Zimmermann S, Riese SB, Dragon AC, Prinz I, Blasczyk R, Maecker-Kolhoff B, Eiz-Vesper B. Robust Identification of Suitable T-Cell Subsets for Personalized CMV-Specific T-Cell Immunotherapy Using CD45RA and CD62L Microbeads. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061415. [PMID: 30897843 PMCID: PMC6471767 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections and reactivations remain a serious obstacle to successful hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). When antiviral drug treatment fails, adoptive virus-specific T-cell transfer provides an effective alternative. Assuming that naive T cells (TN) are mainly responsible for GvHD, methods were developed to generate naive T-cell-depleted products while preserving immune memory against viral infections. We compared two major strategies to deplete potentially alloreactive T cells: CD45RA and CD62L depletion and analyzed phenotype and functionality of the resulting CD45RA-/CD62L- naive T-cell-depleted as well as CD45RA⁺/CD62L⁺ naive T-cell-enriched fractions in the CMV pp65 and IE1 antigen model. CD45RA depletion resulted in loss of terminally differentiated effector memory T cells re-expressing CD45RA (TEMRA), and CD62L depletion in loss of central memory T cells (TCM). Based on these differences in target cell-dependent and target cell-independent assays, antigen-specific T-cell responses in CD62L-depleted fraction were consistently 3⁻5 fold higher than those in CD45RA-depleted fraction. Interestingly, we also observed high donor variability in the CD45RA-depleted fraction, resulting in a substantial loss of immune memory. Accordingly, we identified donors with expected response (DER) and unexpected response (DUR). Taken together, our results showed that a naive T-cell depletion method should be chosen individually, based on the immunophenotypic composition of the T-cell populations present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Mangare
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Sabine Tischer-Zimmermann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB-Tx), Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Sebastian B Riese
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Anna C Dragon
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Rainer Blasczyk
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB-Tx), Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Britta Maecker-Kolhoff
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB-Tx), Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Britta Eiz-Vesper
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB-Tx), Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lindau P, Mukherjee R, Gutschow MV, Vignali M, Warren EH, Riddell SR, Makar KW, Turtle CJ, Robins HS. Cytomegalovirus Exposure in the Elderly Does Not Reduce CD8 T Cell Repertoire Diversity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 202:476-483. [PMID: 30541882 PMCID: PMC6321841 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
With age, the immune system becomes less effective, causing increased susceptibility to infection. Chronic CMV infection further impairs immune function and is associated with increased mortality in the elderly. CMV exposure elicits massive CD8+ T cell clonal expansions and diminishes the cytotoxic T cell response to subsequent infections, leading to the hypothesis that to maintain homeostasis, T cell clones are expelled from the repertoire, reducing T cell repertoire diversity and diminishing the ability to combat new infections. However, in humans, the impact of CMV infection on the structure and diversity of the underlying T cell repertoire remains uncharacterized. Using TCR β-chain immunosequencing, we observed that the proportion of the peripheral blood T cell repertoire composed of the most numerous 0.1% of clones is larger in the CMV seropositive and gradually increases with age. We found that the T cell repertoire in the elderly grows to accommodate CMV-driven clonal expansions while preserving its underlying diversity and clonal structure. Our observations suggest that the maintenance of large CMV-reactive T cell clones throughout life does not compromise the underlying repertoire. Alternatively, we propose that the diminished immunity in elderly individuals with CMV is due to alterations in cellular function rather than a reduction in CD8+ T cell repertoire diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lindau
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195; .,Herbold Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Rithun Mukherjee
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Miriam V Gutschow
- Herbold Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | | | - Edus H Warren
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and
| | - Stanley R Riddell
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and
| | - Karen W Makar
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Cameron J Turtle
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; and
| | - Harlan S Robins
- Herbold Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109; .,Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, WA 98102
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Luo XH, Meng Q, Rao M, Liu Z, Paraschoudi G, Dodoo E, Maeurer M. The impact of inflationary cytomegalovirus-specific memory T cells on anti-tumour immune responses in patients with cancer. Immunology 2018; 155:294-308. [PMID: 30098205 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitous, persistent beta herpesvirus. CMV infection contributes to the accumulation of functional antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell pools with an effector-memory phenotype and enrichment of these immune cells in peripheral organs. We review here this 'memory T-cell inflation' phenomenon and associated factors including age and sex. 'Collateral damage' due to CMV-directed immune reactivity may occur in later stages of life - arising from CMV-specific immune responses that were beneficial in earlier life. CMV may be considered an age-dependent immunomodulator and a double-edged sword in editing anti-tumour immune responses. Emerging evidence suggests that CMV is highly prevalent in patients with a variety of cancers, particularly glioblastoma. A better understanding of CMV-associated immune responses and its implications for immune senescence, especially in patients with cancer, may aid in the design of more clinically relevant and tailored, personalized treatment regimens. 'Memory T-cell inflation' could be applied in vaccine development strategies to enrich for immune reactivity where long-term immunological memory is needed, e.g. in long-term immune memory formation directed against transformed cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hua Luo
- Therapeutic Immunology Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Haematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingda Meng
- Therapeutic Immunology Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Rao
- Therapeutic Immunology Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhenjiang Liu
- Therapeutic Immunology Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Georgia Paraschoudi
- Therapeutic Immunology Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ernest Dodoo
- Therapeutic Immunology Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Maeurer
- Therapeutic Immunology Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Subramanian N, Wu Z, Reister F, Sampaio KL, Frascaroli G, Cicin-Sain L, Mertens T. Naïve T cells are activated by autologous HCMV-infected endothelial cells through NKG2D and can control HCMV transmission in vitro. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:3068-3085. [PMID: 29165229 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Apart from classical antigen-presenting cells (APCs) like dendritic cells and macrophages, there are semiprofessional APCs such as endothelial cells (ECs) and Langerhans' cells. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infects a wide range of cell types including the ECs which are involved in the trafficking and homing of T cells. By investigating the interaction of naïve T cells obtained from HCMV-seronegative umbilical cord blood with autologous HCMV-infected human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs), we could show that the activation of naïve T cells occurred after 1 day of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) exposure to HCMV-infected HUVECs. The percentage of activated T cells increased over time and the activation of naïve T cells was not induced by either autologous uninfected HUVECs or by autologous HCMV-infected fibroblasts. The activation of T cells occurred also when purified T cells were co-cultured with HCMV-infected HUVECs. In addition, in most of the donors only CD8+ T cells were activated, when the purified T cells were exposed to HCMV-infected HUVECs. The activation of naïve T cells was inhibited when the NKG2D receptor was blocked on the surface of T cells and among the different NKG2D ligands, we identified two ligands (ULBP4 and MICA) on HCMV-infected HUVECs which might be the interaction partners of the NKG2D receptor. Using a functional cell culture assay, we could show that these activated naïve T cells specifically inhibited HCMV transmission. Altogether, we identified a novel specific activation mechanism of naïve T cells from the umbilical cord by HCMV-infected autologous HUVECs through interaction with NKG2D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zeguang Wu
- Institute of Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank Reister
- Gynecology and Obstetrics Clinics, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Giada Frascaroli
- Institute of Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany.,Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Luka Cicin-Sain
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute for Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Location Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Mertens
- Institute of Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fuschiotti P. Current perspectives on the role of CD8+ T cells in systemic sclerosis. Immunol Lett 2017; 195:55-60. [PMID: 28987475 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite long-standing recognition of the importance of T cells in systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma), the role of CD8+ T cells in disease pathogenesis has not been well studied. Our work has shown that over-production of the pro-fibrotic cytokine IL-13 by peripheral blood effector/memory CD8+ T cells is critical for predisposing patients to more severe forms of cutaneous fibrosis. Moreover, IL-13-producing CD8+ T cells induce a pro-fibrotic phenotype in normal and SSc dermal fibroblasts, and exhibit a strong cytotoxic activity ex vivo. We also found that CD8+ T cells are predominantly abundant in the skin lesions of patients in the early stages of diffuse cutaneous (dc)SSc compare to late-stage disease patients. Isolation of CD8+ T cells from the lesional skin of early active dcSSc patients, established that they are skin-resident, express cytolytic molecules and co-express extremely high levels of IL-13 and IFNγ. Other recent studies corroborate these findings and together strongly suggest that CD8+ T cells contribute to SSc pathogenesis through the production of high levels of cytokines with pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic function as well as by exhibiting a cytotoxic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Fuschiotti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, S709 BST, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Cao Dinh H, Beyer I, Mets T, Onyema OO, Njemini R, Renmans W, De Waele M, Jochmans K, Vander Meeren S, Bautmans I. Effects of Physical Exercise on Markers of Cellular Immunosenescence: A Systematic Review. Calcif Tissue Int 2017; 100:193-215. [PMID: 27866236 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-016-0212-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aging affects negatively the immune system, defined as immunosenescence, which increases the susceptibility of elderly persons to infection, autoimmune disease, and cancer. There are strong indications that physical exercise in elderly persons may prevent the age-related decline in immune response without significant side effects. Consequently, exercise is being considered as a safe mode of intervention to reduce immunosenescence. The aim of this review was to appraise the existing evidence regarding the impact of exercise on surface markers of cellular immunosenescence in either young and old humans or animals. PubMed and Web of Science were systematically screened, and 28 relevant articles in humans or animals were retrieved. Most of the intervention studies demonstrated that an acute bout of exercise induced increases in senescent, naïve, memory CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes and significantly elevated apoptotic lymphocytes in peripheral blood. As regards long-term effects, exercise induced increased levels of T-lymphocytes expressing CD28+ in both young and elderly subjects. Few studies found an increase in natural killer cell activity following a period of training. We can conclude that exercise has considerable effects on markers of cellular aspects of the immune system. However, very few studies have been conducted so far to investigate the effects of exercise on markers of cellular immunosenescence in elderly persons. Implications for immunosenescence need further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Cao Dinh
- Frailty in Ageing Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
- Gerontology Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - I Beyer
- Frailty in Ageing Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
- Geriatrics Department, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - T Mets
- Frailty in Ageing Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
- Gerontology Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
- Geriatrics Department, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - O O Onyema
- Frailty in Ageing Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
- Gerontology Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - R Njemini
- Frailty in Ageing Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
- Gerontology Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - W Renmans
- Laboratory of Hematology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - M De Waele
- Laboratory of Hematology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - K Jochmans
- Laboratory of Hematology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Vander Meeren
- Laboratory of Hematology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - I Bautmans
- Frailty in Ageing Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
- Gerontology Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
- Geriatrics Department, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Michel JJ, Griffin P, Vallejo AN. Functionally Diverse NK-Like T Cells Are Effectors and Predictors of Successful Aging. Front Immunol 2016; 7:530. [PMID: 27933066 PMCID: PMC5121286 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The fundamental challenge of aging and long-term survivorship is maintenance of functional independence and compression of morbidity despite a life history of disease. Inasmuch as immunity is a determinant of individual health and fitness, unraveling novel mechanisms of immune homeostasis in late life is of paramount interest. Comparative studies of young and old persons have documented age-related atrophy of the thymus, the contraction of diversity of the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire, and the intrinsic inefficiency of classical TCR signaling in aged T cells. However, the elderly have highly heterogeneous health phenotypes. Studies of defined populations of persons aged 75 and older have led to the recognition of successful aging, a distinct physiologic construct characterized by high physical and cognitive functioning without measurable disability. Significantly, successful agers have a unique T cell repertoire; namely, the dominance of highly oligoclonal αβT cells expressing a diverse array of receptors normally expressed by NK cells. Despite their properties of cell senescence, these unusual NK-like T cells are functionally active effectors that do not require engagement of their clonotypic TCR. Thus, NK-like T cells represent a beneficial remodeling of the immune repertoire with advancing age, consistent with the concept of immune plasticity. Significantly, certain subsets are predictors of physical/cognitive performance among older adults. Further understanding of the roles of these NK-like T cells to host defense, and how they integrate with other physiologic domains of function are new frontiers for investigation in Aging Biology. Such pursuits will require a research paradigm shift from the usual young-versus-old comparison to the analysis of defined elderly populations. These endeavors may also pave way to age-appropriate, group-targeted immune interventions for the growing elderly population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Michel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Patricia Griffin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Abbe N Vallejo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Pittsburgh Claude Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cytomegalovirus Reinfections Stimulate CD8 T-Memory Inflation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167097. [PMID: 27870919 PMCID: PMC5117776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been shown to induce large populations of CD8 T-effector memory cells that unlike central memory persist in large quantities following infection, a phenomenon commonly termed “memory inflation”. Although murine models to date have shown very large and persistent CMV-specific T-cell expansions following infection, there is considerable variability in CMV-specific T-memory responses in humans. Historically such memory inflation in humans has been assumed a consequence of reactivation events during the life of the host. Because basic information about CMV infection/re-infection and reactivation in immune competent humans is not available, we used a murine model to test how primary infection, reinfection, and reactivation stimuli influence memory inflation. We show that low titer infections induce “partial” memory inflation of both mCMV specific CD8 T-cells and antibody. We show further that reinfection with different strains can boost partial memory inflation. Finally, we show preliminary results suggesting that a single strong reactivation stimulus does not stimulate memory inflation. Altogether, our results suggest that while high titer primary infections can induce memory inflation, reinfections during the life of a host may be more important than previously appreciated.
Collapse
|
27
|
Smith CJ, Quinn M, Snyder CM. CMV-Specific CD8 T Cell Differentiation and Localization: Implications for Adoptive Therapies. Front Immunol 2016; 7:352. [PMID: 27695453 PMCID: PMC5023669 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous virus that causes chronic infection and, thus, is one of the most common infectious complications of immune suppression. Adoptive transfer of HCMV-specific T cells has emerged as an effective method to reduce the risk for HCMV infection and/or reactivation by restoring immunity in transplant recipients. However, the CMV-specific CD8+ T cell response is comprised of a heterogenous mixture of subsets with distinct functions and localization, and it is not clear if current adoptive immunotherapy protocols can reconstitute the full spectrum of CD8+ T cell immunity. The aim of this review is to briefly summarize the role of these T cell subsets in CMV immunity and to describe how current adoptive immunotherapy practices might affect their reconstitution in patients. The bulk of the CMV-specific CD8+ T cell population is made up of terminally differentiated effector T cells with immediate effector function and a short life span. Self-renewing memory T cells within the CMV-specific population retain the capacity to expand and differentiate upon challenge and are important for the long-term persistence of the CD8+ T cell response. Finally, mucosal organs, which are frequent sites of CMV reactivation, are primarily inhabited by tissue-resident memory T cells, which do not recirculate. Future work on adoptive transfer strategies may need to focus on striking a balance between the formation of these subsets to ensure the development of long lasting and protective immune responses that can access the organs affected by CMV disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corinne J Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Michael Quinn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Christopher M Snyder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Impact of Persistent Cytomegalovirus Infection on Dynamic Changes in Human Immune System Profile. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151965. [PMID: 26990192 PMCID: PMC4798275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) imprints the immune system after primary infection, however its effect during chronic infection still needs to be deciphered. In this study we report the variation of blood cell count along with anti-HCMV IgG and T cell responses to pp-65 and IE-1 antigens, that occurred after an interval of five years in a cohort of 25 seropositive healthy adults. We found increased anti-viral IgG antibody responses and intracellular interferon-gamma secreting CD8+ T cell responses to pp-65: a result consistent with memory inflation. With the only exception of shortage in naive CD8+ T cells most memory T cell subsets as well as total CD8+ T cells, T cells, lymphocytes, monocytes and leukocytes had increased. By contrast, none of the cell types tested were found to have increased in 14 subjects stably seronegative. Rather, in addition to a shortage in naive CD8+ T cells, also memory T cell subsets and most other cell types decreased, either in a statistically significant or non-significant manner. The trend of T cell pool representation with regard to CD4/CD8 ratio was in the opposing directions depending on HCMV serology. Globally, this study demonstrates different dynamic changes of most blood cell types depending on presence or absence of HCMV infection. Therefore, HCMV plays a continual role in modulating homeostasis of blood T cells and a broader expanding effect on other cell populations of lymphoid and myeloid origin.
Collapse
|
29
|
Shenk T, Alwine JC. Human Cytomegalovirus: Coordinating Cellular Stress, Signaling, and Metabolic Pathways. Annu Rev Virol 2016; 1:355-74. [PMID: 26958726 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-031413-085425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Viruses face a multitude of challenges when they infect a host cell. Cells have evolved innate defenses to protect against pathogens, and an infecting virus may induce a stress response that antagonizes viral replication. Further, the metabolic, oxidative, and cell cycle state may not be conducive to the viral infection. But viruses are fabulous manipulators, inducing host cells to use their own characteristic mechanisms and pathways to provide what the virus needs. This article centers on the manipulation of host cell metabolism by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). We review the features of the metabolic program instituted by the virus, discuss the mechanisms underlying these dramatic metabolic changes, and consider how the altered program creates a synthetic milieu that favors efficient HCMV replication and spread.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Shenk
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544
| | - James C Alwine
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104;
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Quinn M, Erkes DA, Snyder CM. Cytomegalovirus and immunotherapy: opportunistic pathogen, novel target for cancer and a promising vaccine vector. Immunotherapy 2016; 8:211-21. [PMID: 26786895 DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a β-herpesvirus that infects most people in the world and is almost always asymptomatic in the healthy host. However, CMV persists for life, requiring continuous immune surveillance to prevent disease and thus, CMV is a frequent complication in immune compromised patients. Many groups have been exploring the potential for adoptive T-cell therapies to control CMV reactivation as well as the progression of solid tumors harboring CMV. In addition, CMV itself is being explored as a vaccine vector for eliciting potent T-cell responses. This review will discuss key features of the basic biology of CMV-specific T cells as well as highlighting unanswered questions and ongoing work in the development of T-cell-based immunotherapies to target CMV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Quinn
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dan A Erkes
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher M Snyder
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Is Pulmonary non-Tuberculous Mycobacterial Disease Linked with a High Burden of Latent Cytomegalovirus? J Clin Immunol 2016; 36:113-6. [PMID: 26759253 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-016-0233-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) establishes lifelong infections with episodes of active replication. We hypothesized that recurrent CMV replication in older individuals may suppress protective immune responses to non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) and so potentiate pulmonary disease. Accordingly, levels of antibodies to three CMV antigen preparations were higher in NTM patients than in age-matched controls. This did not reflect broad-spectrum B cell activation as total immunoglobulin levels were not equivalently increased.
Collapse
|
32
|
Vieira Braga FA, Hertoghs KML, van Lier RAW, van Gisbergen KPJM. Molecular characterization of HCMV-specific immune responses: Parallels between CD8(+) T cells, CD4(+) T cells, and NK cells. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:2433-45. [PMID: 26228786 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells are important for immunity against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). The HCMV-specific CD8(+) T-cell response is characterized by the accumulation of terminally differentiated effector cells that have downregulated the costimulatory molecules CD27 and CD28. These HCMV-specific CD8(+) T cells maintain high levels of cytotoxic molecules such as granzyme B and rapidly produce the inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ upon activation. Remarkably, HCMV-specific CD8(+) T cells are able to persist long term as fully functional effector cells, suggesting a unique differentiation pathway that is distinct from the formation of memory CD8(+) T cells after infection with acute viruses. In this review, we aim to highlight the most recent developments in HCMV-specific CD8(+) T-cell differentiation, maintenance, tissue distribution, metabolism and function. HCMV also induces the differentiation of effector CD4(+) T cells and NK cells, which share characteristics with HCMV-specific CD8(+) T cells. We propose that the overlap in differentiation of NK cells, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells after HCMV infection may be regulated by a shared transcriptional machinery. A better understanding of the molecular framework of HCMV-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses may benefit vaccine design, as these cells uniquely combine the capacity to rapidly respond to infection with long-term survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe A Vieira Braga
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory AMC/UvA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten M L Hertoghs
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory AMC/UvA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - René A W van Lier
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory AMC/UvA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas P J M van Gisbergen
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory AMC/UvA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Goronzy JJ, Fang F, Cavanagh MM, Qi Q, Weyand CM. Naive T cell maintenance and function in human aging. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:4073-80. [PMID: 25888703 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In studies of immune aging, naive T cells frequently take center stage. Describing the complexity of the human naive T cell repertoire remains a daunting task; however, emerging data suggest that homeostatic mechanisms are robust enough to maintain a large and diverse CD4 T cell repertoire with age. Compartment shrinkage and clonal expansions are challenges for naive CD8 T cells. In addition to population aspects, identification of potentially targetable cellular defects is receiving renewed interest. The last decade has seen remarkable progress in identifying genetic and biochemical pathways that are pertinent for aging in general and that are instructive to understand naive T cell dysfunction. One hallmark sets naive T cell aging apart from most other tissues except stem cells: they initiate but do not complete differentiation programs toward memory cells. Maintaining quiescence and avoiding differentiation may be the ultimate challenge to maintain the functions unique for naive T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg J Goronzy
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; and Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94306
| | - Fengqin Fang
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; and Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94306
| | - Mary M Cavanagh
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; and Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94306
| | - Qian Qi
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; and Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94306
| | - Cornelia M Weyand
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; and Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94306
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Pachnio A, Begum J, Fox A, Moss P. Acyclovir Therapy Reduces the CD4+ T Cell Response against the Immunodominant pp65 Protein from Cytomegalovirus in Immune Competent Individuals. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125287. [PMID: 25923913 PMCID: PMC4414608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infects the majority of the global population and leads to the development of a strong virus-specific immune response. The CMV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell immune response can comprise between 10 and 50% of the T cell pool within peripheral blood and there is concern that this may impair immunity to other pathogens. Elderly individuals with the highest magnitude of CMV-specific immune response have been demonstrated to be at increased risk of mortality and there is increasing interest in interventions that may serve to moderate this. Acyclovir is an anti-viral drug with activity against a range of herpes viruses and is used as long term treatment to suppress reactivation of herpes simplex virus. We studied the immune response to CMV in patients who were taking acyclovir to assess if therapy could be used to suppress the CMV-specific immune response. The T cell reactivity against the immunodominant late viral protein pp65 was reduced by 53% in people who were taking acyclovir. This effect was seen within one year of therapy and was observed primarily within the CD4+ response. Acyclovir treatment only modestly influenced the immune response to the IE-1 target protein. These data show that low dose acyclovir treatment has the potential to modulate components of the T cell response to CMV antigen proteins and indicate that anti-viral drugs should be further investigated as a means to reduce the magnitude of CMV-specific immune response and potentially improve overall immune function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annette Pachnio
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jusnara Begum
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ashini Fox
- Department of Genito Urinary Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Moss
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Quinn M, Turula H, Tandon M, Deslouches B, Moghbeli T, Snyder CM. Memory T cells specific for murine cytomegalovirus re-emerge after multiple challenges and recapitulate immunity in various adoptive transfer scenarios. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:1726-1736. [PMID: 25595792 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Reconstitution of CMV-specific immunity after transplant remains a primary clinical objective to prevent CMV disease, and adoptive immunotherapy of CMV-specific T cells can be an effective therapeutic approach. Because of viral persistence, most CMV-specific CD8(+) T cells become terminally differentiated effector phenotype CD8(+) T cells (TEFF). A minor subset retains a memory-like phenotype (memory phenotype CD8(+) T cells [TM]), but it is unknown whether these cells retain memory function or persist over time. Interestingly, recent studies suggest that CMV-specific CD8(+) T cells with different phenotypes have different abilities to reconstitute sustained immunity after transfer. The immunology of human CMV infections is reflected in the murine CMV (MCMV) model. We found that human CMV- and MCMV-specific T cells displayed shared genetic programs, validating the MCMV model for studies of CMV-specific T cells in vivo. The MCMV-specific TM population was stable over time and retained a proliferative capacity that was vastly superior to TEFF. Strikingly, after transfer, TM established sustained and diverse T cell populations even after multiple challenges. Although both TEFF and TM could protect Rag(-/-) mice, only TM persisted after transfer into immune replete, latently infected recipients and responded if recipient immunity was lost. Interestingly, transferred TM did not expand until recipient immunity was lost, supporting that competition limits the Ag stimulation of TM. Ultimately, these data show that CMV-specific TM retain memory function during MCMV infection and can re-establish CMV immunity when necessary. Thus, TM may be a critical component for consistent, long-term adoptive immunotherapy success.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Quinn
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Holly Turula
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mayank Tandon
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Berthony Deslouches
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Toktam Moghbeli
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Christopher M Snyder
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Accumulation of 4-1BBL+ B cells in the elderly induces the generation of granzyme-B+ CD8+ T cells with potential antitumor activity. Blood 2014; 124:1450-9. [PMID: 25037628 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-03-563940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the accumulation of highly-differentiated and granzyme B (GrB)-expressing CD8(+)CD28(-) T cells has been associated with aging, the mechanism for their enrichment and contribution to immune function remains poorly understood. Here we report a novel B-cell subset expressing 4-1BBL, which increases with age in humans, rhesus macaques, and mice, and with immune reconstitution after chemotherapy and autologous progenitor cell transplantation. These cells (termed 4BL cells) induce GrB(+)CD8(+) T cells by presenting endogenous antigens and using the 4-1BBL/4-1BB axis. We found that the 4BL cells increase antitumor responses in old mice, which may explain in part the paradox of retarded tumor growth in the elderly. 4BL cell accumulation and its capacity to evoke the generation of GrB(+)CD8(+) T cells can be eliminated by inducing reconstitution of B cells in old mice, suggesting that the age-associated skewed cellular immune responses are reversible. We propose that 4BL cells and the 4-1BBL signaling pathway are useful targets for improved effectiveness of natural antitumor defenses and therapeutic immune manipulations in the elderly.
Collapse
|
37
|
Smith CJ, Turula H, Snyder CM. Systemic hematogenous maintenance of memory inflation by MCMV infection. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004233. [PMID: 24992722 PMCID: PMC4081724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Several low-grade persistent viral infections induce and sustain very large numbers of virus-specific effector T cells. This was first described as a response to cytomegalovirus (CMV), a herpesvirus that establishes a life-long persistent/latent infection, and sustains the largest known effector T cell populations in healthy people. These T cells remain functional and traffic systemically, which has led to the recent exploration of CMV as a persistent vaccine vector. However, the maintenance of this remarkable response is not understood. Current models propose that reservoirs of viral antigen and/or latently infected cells in lymph nodes stimulate T cell proliferation and effector differentiation, followed by migration of progeny to non-lymphoid tissues where they control CMV reactivation. We tested this model using murine CMV (MCMV), a natural mouse pathogen and homologue of human CMV (HCMV). While T cells within draining lymph nodes divided at a higher rate than cells elsewhere, antigen-dependent proliferation of MCMV-specific effector T cells was observed systemically. Strikingly, inhibition of T cell egress from lymph nodes failed to eliminate systemic T cell division, and did not prevent the maintenance of the inflationary populations. In fact, we found that the vast majority of inflationary cells, including most cells undergoing antigen-driven division, had not migrated into the parenchyma of non-lymphoid tissues but were instead exposed to the blood supply. Indeed, the immunodominance and effector phenotype of inflationary cells, both of which are primary hallmarks of memory inflation, were largely confined to blood-localized T cells. Together these results support a new model of MCMV-driven memory inflation in which most immune surveillance occurs in circulation, and in which most inflationary effector T cells are produced in response to viral antigen presented by cells that are accessible to the blood supply. Herpesviruses persist for the life of the host and must be continuously controlled by a robust immune surveillance effort. In the case of the cytomegalovirus (CMV), this ongoing immune surveillance promotes the accumulation of CMV-specific T cells in a process known as “memory inflation”. We and others have proposed that the ability to induce memory inflation may be an important benefit of CMV-based vaccine vectors that persist within the host and continuously boost the immune response. However, it has been difficult to determine where T cells are encountering CMV in the body, leading to many unanswered questions about the maintenance of this remarkable response. Previous models proposed that T cells encountered viral antigen within lymph nodes and then migrated to other tissues to prevent CMV reactivation. However, we found that the majority of T cells stimulated by CMV were present in circulation, where they could be sustained without the input from T cells localized to lymph nodes. In fact, two of the defining features of memory inflation - inflated numbers and an effector phenotype - were restricted to cells that were exposed to the blood. Thus, we propose that memory inflation during CMV infection is largely the result of immune surveillance that occurs in circulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corinne J. Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jefferson Medical College, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Holly Turula
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jefferson Medical College, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Snyder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jefferson Medical College, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Vescovini R, Fagnoni FF, Telera AR, Bucci L, Pedrazzoni M, Magalini F, Stella A, Pasin F, Medici MC, Calderaro A, Volpi R, Monti D, Franceschi C, Nikolich-Žugich J, Sansoni P. Naïve and memory CD8 T cell pool homeostasis in advanced aging: impact of age and of antigen-specific responses to cytomegalovirus. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 36:625-40. [PMID: 24318918 PMCID: PMC4039262 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-013-9594-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in the circulating CD8+ T cell pool, with a loss of naïve and accumulation of effector/effector memory cells, are pronounced in older adults. However, homeostatic forces that dictate such changes remain incompletely understood. This observational cross-sectional study explored the basis for variability of CD8+ T cell number and composition of its main subsets: naïve, central memory and effector memory T cells, in 131 cytomegalovirus (CMV) seropositive subjects aged over 60 years. We found great heterogeneity of CD8+ T cell numbers, which was mainly due to variability of the CD8 + CD28- T cell subset regardless of age. Analysis, by multiple regression, of distinct factors revealed that age was a predictor for the loss in absolute number of naïve T cells, but was not associated with changes in central or effector memory CD8+ T cell subsets. By contrast, the size of CD8+ T cells specific to pp65 and IE-1 antigens of CMV, predicted CD28 - CD8+ T cell, antigen-experienced CD8+ T cell, and even total CD8+ T cell numbers, but not naïve CD8+ T cell loss. These results indicate a clear dichotomy between the homeostasis of naïve and antigen-experienced subsets of CD8+ T cells which are independently affected, in human later life, by age and antigen-specific responses to CMV, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Vescovini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Redeker A, Welten SPM, Arens R. Viral inoculum dose impacts memory T-cell inflation. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:1046-57. [PMID: 24356925 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Memory T-cell inflation develops during certain persistent viral infections and is characterized by the accumulation and maintenance of large numbers of effector-memory T cells, albeit with varying degrees in size and phenotype among infected hosts. The underlying mechanisms that control memory T-cell inflation are not yet fully understood. Here, we dissected CMV-specific memory T-cell formation and its connection to the initial infectious dose by varying the inoculum size. After low dose inoculum with mouse CMV, the accumulation of inflationary memory T cells was severely hampered and correlated with reduced reservoirs of latent virus in nonhematopoietic cells and diminished antigen-driven T-cell proliferation. Moreover, lowering of the initial viral dose turned the characteristic effector memory-like inflationary T cells into more central memory-like cells as evidenced by the cell-surface phenotype of CD27(high) , CD62L(+) , CD127(+) , and KLRG1(-) , and by improved secondary expansion potential. These data show the impact of the viral inoculum on the degree of memory T-cell inflation and provide a rationale for the observed variation of human CMV-specific T-cell responses in terms of magnitude and phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anke Redeker
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
van Aalderen MC, Remmerswaal EBM, ten Berge IJM, van Lier RAW. Blood and beyond: properties of circulating and tissue-resident human virus-specific αβ CD8(+) T cells. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:934-44. [PMID: 24448915 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
CD8(+) αβ T-cell responses form an essential line of defence against viral infections. An important part of the mechanisms that control the generation and maintenance of these responses have been elucidated in experimental mouse models. In recent years it has become clear that CD8(+) T-cell responses in humans not only show similarities, but also display differences to those occurring in mice. Furthermore, while several viral infections occur primarily in specialised organ systems, for obvious reasons, most human CD8(+) T-cell investigations were performed on cells deriving from the circulation. Indeed, several lines of evidence now point to essential functional differences between virus-specific CD8(+) memory T cells found in the circulation and those providing protection in organ systems, such as the lungs. In this review, we will focus on summarising recent insights into human CD8(+) T-cell differentiation in response to several viruses and emphasise that for a complete understanding of anti-viral immunity, it is pivotal to scrutinize such responses in both blood and tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michiel C van Aalderen
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Renal Transplant Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Pera A, Campos C, Corona A, Sanchez-Correa B, Tarazona R, Larbi A, Solana R. CMV latent infection improves CD8+ T response to SEB due to expansion of polyfunctional CD57+ cells in young individuals. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88538. [PMID: 24533103 PMCID: PMC3922920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) latent infection has a deleterious effect on the efficacy of influenza vaccination in the elderly, suggesting that CMV restricts immunological diversity impairing the immune system functionality in old age. Polyfunctional T cells produce multiple cytokines and higher amounts than mono-functional T cells. High number of polyfunctional T cells correlates with better prognosis during infection. Thus, the efficiency of T cell response associates with quality (polyfunctionality) rather than with quantity (percentage of T cells). We analyze the effect of CMV infection on CD8+ T cells polyfunctionality ―degranulation (CD107a), IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha production―, from young CMV-seropositive and CMV-seronegative individuals and in middle age CMV-seropositive donors, in response to Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB). Our results show a higher percentage of polyfunctional CD8+ T cells in young CMV-seropositive individuals compared to CMV-seronegative. Also, we find an expansion of CD8+CD57+ T cells in CMV-seropositive individuals, which are more polyfunctional than CD8+CD57− cells. In middle age individuals there is a higher frequency of SEB-responding CD8+ T cells, mainly TNF-alpha or TNF-alpha/IFN-gamma producers, whereas the percentage of polyfunctional cells (IFN-gamma/TNF-alpha/CD107a) is similar to the percentages found in young CMV-seropositive. Therefore, whereas it has been shown that CMV latent infection can be detrimental for immune response in old individuals, our results indicate that CMV-seropositivity is associated to higher levels of polyfunctional CD8+ T cells in young and middle age donors. This increase in polyfunctionality, which can provide an immunological advantage in the response to other pathogens, is due to a CD8+CD57+ T cell expansion in CMV-seropositive individuals and it is independent of age. Conversely, age could contribute to the inflammation found in old individuals by increasing the percentage of cells producing pro-inflammatory cytokines. These findings highlight the necessity of further studies on the benefits/detrimental effects of CMV infection in the response to vaccination and other infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Pera
- Department of Immunology, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC) – Reina Sofía University Hospital – University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- * E-mail: .
| | - Carmen Campos
- Department of Immunology, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC) – Reina Sofía University Hospital – University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Alonso Corona
- Department of Immunology, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC) – Reina Sofía University Hospital – University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | | | - Raquel Tarazona
- Immunology Unit, Department of Physiology, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Anis Larbi
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Biopolis, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rafael Solana
- Department of Immunology, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC) – Reina Sofía University Hospital – University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Li H, Weng P, Najarro K, Xue QL, Semba RD, Margolick JB, Leng SX. Chronic CMV infection in older women: longitudinal comparisons of CMV DNA in peripheral monocytes, anti-CMV IgG titers, serum IL-6 levels, and CMV pp65 (NLV)-specific CD8(+) T-cell frequencies with twelve year follow-up. Exp Gerontol 2014; 54:84-9. [PMID: 24440388 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection may contribute significantly to T-cell immunosenescence, chronic inflammation, and adverse health outcomes in older adults. Recent studies suggest detectable CMV DNA in peripheral monocytes as a better indicator for this persistent viral infection than anti-CMV IgG serology. Here, we conducted longitudinal comparisons of anti-CMV IgG titers, CMV DNA in the peripheral monocytes, serum IL-6 levels, and CMV pp65 (NLV)-specific CD8(+) T-cell frequencies in fifteen community-dwelling older women with twelve year follow-up. The results showed that anti-CMV IgG titers did not change over twelve years. Women with detectable CMV DNA had significantly higher IL-6 levels than those without, both at baseline (3.06±0.58 vs 1.19±0.37pg/ml, respectively, p<.001) and at the follow-up (3.23±0.66 versus 0.98±0.37pg/ml, respectively, p<.001). In addition, CMV pp65 (NLV)-specific CD8(+) T cells were detected only in women who had CMV DNA with similar frequencies at both time points. These findings indicate that anti-CMV IgG serology is neither sensitive to change nor useful for monitoring chronic CMV infection over time. They also provide a basis for further investigation into chronic CMV infection as defined by detectable CMV DNA in the peripheral monocytes and its impact on immunity and health in the elderly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huifen Li
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter Weng
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kevin Najarro
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Qian-Li Xue
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard D Semba
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joseph B Margolick
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sean X Leng
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Nielsen CM, White MJ, Goodier MR, Riley EM. Functional Significance of CD57 Expression on Human NK Cells and Relevance to Disease. Front Immunol 2013; 4:422. [PMID: 24367364 PMCID: PMC3856678 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, human NK cells have been identified as CD3(-)CD56(+)CD16(±) lymphocytes. More recently it has been established that CD57 expression defines functionally discrete sub-populations of NK cells. On T cells, CD57 expression has been regarded as a marker of terminal differentiation and (perhaps wrongly) of anergy and senescence. Similarly, CD57 expression seems to identify the final stages of peripheral NK cell maturation; its expression increases with age and is associated with chronic infections, particularly human cytomegalovirus infection. However, CD57(+) NK cells are highly cytotoxic and their presence seems to be beneficial in a number of non-communicable diseases. The purpose of this article is to review our current understanding of CD57 expression as a marker of NK cell function and disease prognosis, as well as to outline areas for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Nielsen
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London , UK
| | - Matthew J White
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London , UK
| | - Martin R Goodier
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London , UK
| | - Eleanor M Riley
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London , UK
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Liu A, Ma Y, Wu W, Chen X, Huang Y, Hu J, Liang H, Wang H, Yang R, Fan J. Evaluation of human cytomegalovirus-specific CD8+ T-cells in allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients using pentamer and interferon-γ-enzyme-linked immunospot assays. J Clin Virol 2013; 58:427-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
45
|
Beswick M, Pachnio A, Al-Ali A, Sweet C, Moss PA. An attenuated temperature-sensitive strain of cytomegalovirus (tsm5) establishes immunity without development of CD8(+) T cell memory inflation. J Med Virol 2013; 85:1968-74. [PMID: 23852921 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a widely prevalent herpesvirus that is well tolerated by an immune competent host yet establishes a state of chronic infection. The virus is thought to undergo frequent subclinical episodes of reactivation which leads to an unusually large accumulation of CMV-specific CD8(+) T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, a phenomenon termed "memory inflation." The high magnitude of the CMV T cell response has been implicated in impaired immunity to heterologous pathogens such as EBV, influenza and West Nile virus. Here, using murine CMV (MCMV), we show that memory inflation of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells is avoided if mice are infected with a replication defective virus called temperature-sensitive mutant 5 (tsm5), which carries an attenuating mutation within the DNA primase gene. Mice infected with tsm5 do generate primary T cell responses towards viral proteins but these do not amass to skew the memory repertoire of CD8(+) T cells. Therefore, attenuation of the virus replication machinery may be valuable in future CMV vaccine designs because the virus remains immunogenic but does not contribute to CMV associated T cell immune senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Beswick
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Cytomegalovirus infection impairs immune responses and accentuates T-cell pool changes observed in mice with aging. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002849. [PMID: 22916012 PMCID: PMC3420928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prominent immune alterations associated with aging include the loss of naïve T-cell numbers, diversity and function. While genetic contributors and mechanistic details in the aging process have been addressed in multiple studies, the role of environmental agents in immune aging remains incompletely understood. From the standpoint of environmental infectious agents, latent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection has been associated with an immune risk profile in the elderly humans, yet the cause-effect relationship of this association remains unclear. Here we present direct experimental evidence that mouse CMV (MCMV) infection results in select T-cell subset changes associated with immune aging, namely the increase of relative and absolute counts of CD8 T-cells in the blood, with a decreased representation of the naïve and the increased representation of the effector memory blood CD8 T-cells. Moreover, MCMV infection resulted in significantly weaker CD8 responses to superinfection with Influenza, Human Herpes Virus I or West-Nile-Virus, even 16 months following MCMV infection. These irreversible losses in T-cell function could not be observed in uninfected or in vaccinia virus-infected controls and were not due to the immune-evasive action of MCMV genes. Rather, the CD8 activation in draining lymph nodes upon viral challenge was decreased in MCMV infected mice and the immune response correlated directly to the frequency of the naïve and inversely to that of the effector cells in the blood CD8 pool. Therefore, latent MCMV infection resulted in pronounced changes of the T-cell compartment consistent with impaired naïve T-cell function.
Collapse
|
47
|
Brunner S, Herndler‐Brandstetter D, Arnold CR, Wiegers GJ, Villunger A, Hackl M, Grillari J, Moreno‐Villanueva M, Bürkle A, Grubeck‐Loebenstein B. Upregulation of miR-24 is associated with a decreased DNA damage response upon etoposide treatment in highly differentiated CD8(+) T cells sensitizing them to apoptotic cell death. Aging Cell 2012; 11:579-87. [PMID: 22435726 PMCID: PMC3427896 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2012.00819.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The life-long homeostasis of memory CD8(+) T cells as well as persistent viral infections have been shown to facilitate the accumulation of highly differentiated CD8(+) CD28(-) T cells, a phenomenon that has been associated with an impaired immune function in humans. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating homeostasis of CD8(+) CD28(-) T cells have not yet been elucidated. In this study, we demonstrate that the miR-23∼24∼27 cluster is up-regulated during post-thymic CD8(+) T-cell differentiation in humans. The increased expression of miR-24 in CD8(+) CD28(-) T cells is associated with decreased expression of the histone variant H2AX, a protein that plays a key role in the DNA damage response (DDR). Following treatment with the classic chemotherapeutic agent etoposide, a topoisomerase II inhibitor, apoptosis was increased in CD8(+) CD28(-) when compared to CD8(+) CD28(+) T cells and correlated with an impaired DDR in this cell type. The reduced capacity of CD8(+) CD28(-) T cell to repair DNA was characterized by the automated fluorimetric analysis of DNA unwinding (FADU) assay as well as by decreased phosphorylation of H2AX at Ser139, of ATM at Ser1981, and of p53 at Ser15. Interleukin (IL)-15 could prevent etoposide-mediated apoptosis of CD8(+) CD28(-) T cells, suggesting a role for IL-15 in the survival and the age-dependent accumulation of CD8(+) CD28(-) T cells in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Brunner
- Immunology Division, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Christoph R. Arnold
- Immunology Division, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gerrit Jan Wiegers
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Matthias Hackl
- Department of Biotechnology, Aging and Immortalization Research, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Grillari
- Department of Biotechnology, Aging and Immortalization Research, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Alexander Bürkle
- Molecular Toxicology Group, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Beatrix Grubeck‐Loebenstein
- Immunology Division, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Properties of end-stage human T cells defined by CD45RA re-expression. Curr Opin Immunol 2012; 24:476-81. [PMID: 22554789 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Persistent viral infections, inflammatory syndromes and ageing all induce the accumulation of highly differentiated CD45RA re-expressing memory T cells. These cells increase during ageing, especially in individuals who are infected with cytomegalovirus (CMV). These cells have decreased proliferative capacity, increased activation of senescence signalling pathways and greater susceptibility to apoptosis in vitro. However these cells are capable of multiple effector functions and thus bear all the hallmarks of short-lived effector T cells. This indicates that senescence signalling may govern the unique characteristics of effector T cells. In this article, we address the functional and migratory properties of these T cells and mechanisms that are involved in their generation. Finally we assess the potential for manipulation of their activity and whether this may improve immune function during ageing.
Collapse
|
49
|
Wills M, Akbar A, Beswick M, Bosch JA, Caruso C, Colonna-Romano G, Dutta A, Franceschi C, Fulop T, Gkrania-Klotsas E, Goronzy J, Griffiths SJ, Henson S, Herndler-Brandstetter D, Hill A, Kern F, Klenerman P, Macallan D, Macualay R, Maier AB, Mason G, Melzer D, Morgan M, Moss P, Nikolich-Zugich J, Pachnio A, Riddell N, Roberts R, Sansoni P, Sauce D, Sinclair J, Solana R, Strindhall J, Trzonkowski P, van Lier R, Vescovini R, Wang G, Westendorp R, Pawelec G. Report from the second cytomegalovirus and immunosenescence workshop. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2011; 8:10. [PMID: 22035114 PMCID: PMC3222598 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4933-8-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The Second International Workshop on CMV & Immunosenescence was held in Cambridge, UK, 2-4th December, 2010. The presentations covered four separate sessions: cytomegalovirus and T cell phenotypes; T cell memory frequency, inflation and immunosenescence; cytomegalovirus in aging, mortality and disease states; and the immunobiology of cytomegalovirus-specific T cells and effects of the virus on vaccination. This commentary summarizes the major findings of these presentations and references subsequently published work from the presenter laboratory where appropriate and draws together major themes that were subsequently discussed along with new areas of interest that were highlighted by this discussion.
Collapse
|
50
|
Strioga M, Pasukoniene V, Characiejus D. CD8+ CD28- and CD8+ CD57+ T cells and their role in health and disease. Immunology 2011; 134:17-32. [PMID: 21711350 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03470.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic antigenic stimulation leads to gradual accumulation of late-differentiated, antigen-specific, oligoclonal T cells, particularly within the CD8(+) T-cell compartment. They are characterized by critically shortened telomeres, loss of CD28 and/or gain of CD57 expression and are defined as either CD8(+) CD28(-) or CD8(+) CD57(+) T lymphocytes. There is growing evidence that the CD8(+) CD28(-) (CD8(+) CD57(+)) T-cell population plays a significant role in various diseases or conditions, associated with chronic immune activation such as cancer, chronic intracellular infections, chronic alcoholism, some chronic pulmonary diseases, autoimmune diseases, allogeneic transplantation, as well as has a great influence on age-related changes in the immune system status. CD8(+) CD28(-) (CD8(+) CD57(+)) T-cell population is heterogeneous and composed of various functionally competing (cytotoxic and immunosuppressive) subsets thus the overall effect of CD8(+) CD28(-) (CD8(+) CD57(+)) T-cell-mediated immunity depends on the predominance of a particular subset. Many articles claim that CD8(+) CD28(-) (CD8(+) CD57(+)) T cells have lost their proliferative capacity during process of replicative senescence triggered by repeated antigenic stimulation. However recent data indicate that CD8(+) CD28(-) (CD8(+) CD57(+)) T cells can transiently up-regulate telomerase activity and proliferate under certain stimulation conditions. Similarly, conflicting data is provided regarding CD8(+) CD28(-) (CD8(+) CD57(+)) T-cell sensitivity to apoptosis, finally leading to the conclusion that this T-cell population is also heterogeneous in terms of its apoptotic potential. This review provides a comprehensive approach to the CD8(+) CD28(-) (CD8(+) CD57(+)) T-cell population: we describe in detail its origins, molecular and functional characteristics, subsets, role in various diseases or conditions, associated with persistent antigenic stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marius Strioga
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Oncology, Vilnius University, Vilnius Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|