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Avelar FM, Lanza CRM, Bernardino SS, Garcia-Junior MA, Martins MM, Carneiro MG, de Azevedo VAC, Sabino-Silva R. Salivary Molecular Spectroscopy with Machine Learning Algorithms for a Diagnostic Triage for Amelogenesis Imperfecta. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9464. [PMID: 39273410 PMCID: PMC11395251 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 08/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is a genetic disease characterized by poor formation of tooth enamel. AI occurs due to mutations, especially in AMEL, ENAM, KLK4, MMP20, and FAM83H, associated with changes in matrix proteins, matrix proteases, cell-matrix adhesion proteins, and transport proteins of enamel. Due to the wide variety of phenotypes, the diagnosis of AI is complex, requiring a genetic test to characterize it better. Thus, there is a demand for developing low-cost, noninvasive, and accurate platforms for AI diagnostics. This case-control pilot study aimed to test salivary vibrational modes obtained in attenuated total reflection fourier-transformed infrared (ATR-FTIR) together with machine learning algorithms: linear discriminant analysis (LDA), random forest, and support vector machine (SVM) could be used to discriminate AI from control subjects due to changes in salivary components. The best-performing SVM algorithm discriminates AI better than matched-control subjects with a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 79%, and accuracy of 88%. The five main vibrational modes with higher feature importance in the Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) were 1010 cm-1, 1013 cm-1, 1002 cm-1, 1004 cm-1, and 1011 cm-1 in these best-performing SVM algorithms, suggesting these vibrational modes as a pre-validated salivary infrared spectral area as a potential biomarker for AI screening. In summary, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and machine learning algorithms can be used on saliva samples to discriminate AI and are further explored as a screening tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Morando Avelar
- Department of Genetics, Ecology, and Evolution, ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 312-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Célia Regina Moreira Lanza
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Dental Surgery, Dental School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Sttephany Silva Bernardino
- Innovation Center in Salivary Diagnostic and Nanobiotechnology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia 38408-100, MG, Brazil
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology "Luiz Ricardo Goulart", Biotechnology Institute, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia 38408-100, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Augusto Garcia-Junior
- Innovation Center in Salivary Diagnostic and Nanobiotechnology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia 38408-100, MG, Brazil
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology "Luiz Ricardo Goulart", Biotechnology Institute, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia 38408-100, MG, Brazil
| | - Mario Machado Martins
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology "Luiz Ricardo Goulart", Biotechnology Institute, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia 38408-100, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Robinson Sabino-Silva
- Innovation Center in Salivary Diagnostic and Nanobiotechnology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia 38408-100, MG, Brazil
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology "Luiz Ricardo Goulart", Biotechnology Institute, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia 38408-100, MG, Brazil
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Tooth wear prevalence in individuals with Down syndrome: a systematic review. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:943-953. [PMID: 36629964 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-022-04856-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This systematic review investigated the prevalence of tooth wear between patients with and without Down syndrome. METHODS Six databases (Embase, LILACS, Livivo, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science) and grey literature (Google Scholar, OpenGrey and ProQuest) were searched until March 7, 2022. Observational studies were included to assess the differences in tooth wear prevalence and/or severity in Down syndrome and non-syndromic controls. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations were followed. Three reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data, assessed the methodological quality (Joanna Briggs Institute) and graded the certainty of evidence through the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Results were summarized through meta-analyses using a random-effects model. The protocol was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42021266997). RESULTS Of the 1382 records identified, six cross-sectional studies were included. Individuals with Down syndrome had a higher prevalence and were more likely to have tooth wear than individuals without Down syndrome (44% × 15%; OR = 4.43; 95% CI 3.17-6.18; p < 0.00001; I2 = 8%). Also, the severity of tooth wear was higher in the Down syndrome group (n = 275) compared with the controls (n = 294). The certainty of evidence analysis was very low. CONCLUSIONS Based on very low certainty of the evidence, patients with Down syndrome had a higher prevalence and likelihood and severity of tooth wear when compared to those without Down syndrome. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Screening early tooth wear lesions should be carefully done in the Down syndrome population since its occurrence is remarkable compared to the general population.
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Martins M, Mascarenhas P, Evangelista JG, Barahona I, Tavares V. The Incidence of Dental Caries in Children with Down Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Dent J (Basel) 2022; 10:dj10110205. [PMID: 36354650 PMCID: PMC9689859 DOI: 10.3390/dj10110205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientific evidence regarding the incidence of dental caries in Down syndrome (DS) patients is limited and sometimes presents divergent opinions among authors, making it difficult to reach definitive conclusions. We aimed to evaluate the caries incidence in the DS pediatric population and compare it against healthy controls. The search was performed using 4 universal databases: Cochrane, B-on, Biomed, and PubMed. The selected articles were synthesized and subsequently evaluated according to an adaptation of the Quality Assessment Checklist for Prevalence Studies risk of bias tool, and analysis charts were performed by the Risk of Bias visualization tool (ROBVIS). Statistics and graphs were performed by Open Meta Analyst and JASP software. The confounding effect on caries incidence of the following factors was evaluated through meta-regression: age, Male/Female (M/F) ratio, DMFT, dmft, and study geographic location. Overall, the incidence of caries in the DS population was 49.9%, whereas in the control population was 63.4%. The M/F ratio, DMFT, and dmft significantly affected the incidence of DS individuals (p-value < 0.05). The evidence regarding the lower pooled incidence of caries in individuals with DS regarding controls is limited by the few scientific reports available and cross-section designs. Therefore, further studies are needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Martins
- Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Paulo Mascarenhas
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal
| | - José Grillo Evangelista
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal
| | - Isabel Barahona
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal
| | - Vitor Tavares
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Quinta da Granja, Monte de Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal
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Morishima S, Takeda K, Greenan S, Maki Y. Salivary microbiome in children with Down syndrome: a case-control study. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:438. [PMID: 36203175 PMCID: PMC9535924 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02480-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Down syndrome (DS), a most frequently occurring genetic disorder, is associated with oral morphological abnormalities and higher incidence rates of oral diseases. Recent studies have analyzed the oral microbiome to elucidate their relationships with oral diseases and general health; however, reports on the oral microbiome in individuals with DS are scarce. This study aimed to characterize the oral microbiome in children with DS. METHODS A total of 54 children aged 1-13 years were enrolled in this case-control study. Of these children, 27 had DS (Case: DS group) and 27 were age-matched healthy children (Control: ND group). Saliva in the oral cavity was collected with a swab, cultured, and tested for cariogenic and periodontopathic bacteria by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) detection, and the salivary microbiome was analyzed using next-generation sequencing. The student's t-test, Fisher's exact test, Mann-Whitney U test, and permutational multivariate analysis of variance were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Results of culture and qPCR detection tests for cariogenic and periodontopathic bacteria showed no significant differences in the detected bacteria between the DS and ND groups, with the exception of a significantly higher detection rate of Candida albicans in children with DS with mixed dentition. A comparison of the salivary microbiomes by 16S sequencing showed no significant difference in α diversity; however, it showed a significant difference in β diversity. Children with DS had a higher relative abundance of Corynebacterium and Cardiobacterium, and lower relative abundance of TM7. CONCLUSIONS This study provided basic data on the salivary microbiome of children with DS and showed the microbiological markers peculiar to children with DS. However, further research to identify the relationship with oral diseases is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Morishima
- The Lion Foundation for Dental Health, 1-3-7, Honjo, Sumida-ku, Tokyo, 130-8644, Japan.
| | - Kaori Takeda
- The Lion Foundation for Dental Health, 1-3-7, Honjo, Sumida-ku, Tokyo, 130-8644, Japan
| | - Setsue Greenan
- The Lion Foundation for Dental Health, 1-3-7, Honjo, Sumida-ku, Tokyo, 130-8644, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Maki
- The Lion Foundation for Dental Health, 1-3-7, Honjo, Sumida-ku, Tokyo, 130-8644, Japan
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Patel A, Patel S, Patel P, Mandlik D, Patel K, Tanavde V. Salivary Exosomal miRNA-1307-5p Predicts Disease Aggressiveness and Poor Prognosis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810639. [PMID: 36142544 PMCID: PMC9505291 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Salivary exosomal miRNAs as biomarkers facilitate repeated sampling, real-time disease monitoring and assessment of therapeutic response. This study identifies a single salivary exosomal miRNA prognosticator that will aid in improved patient outcome using a liquid biopsy approach. Method: Small RNA and transcriptome sequencing profiles of tumour tissues (n = 12) and salivary exosomes (n = 8) from oral cancer patients were compared to their non-cancerous counterparts. We validated these results using The Cancer Genome Atlas database and performing Real-time PCR on a large patient cohort (n = 19 tissue samples; n = 12 salivary exosomes). Potential target genes and the miRNA–mRNA networks and enriched biological pathways regulated by this microRNA were identified using computational tools. Results: Salivary exosomes (size: 30–50 nm) demonstrated a strong expression of CD47 and detectable expression of tetraspanins CD63, CD81 and CD9 by flow cytometry. miR-1307-5p was exclusively overexpressed in tissues and salivary exosomes of oral cancer patients compared to their non-cancerous counterparts. Enhanced expression of miR-1307-5p clinically correlated with poor patient survival, disease progression, aggressiveness and chemo-resistance. Transcriptome analysis suggested that miRNA-1307-5p could promote oral cancer progression by suppressing THOP1, EHF, RNF4, GET4 and RNF114. Conclusions: Salivary exosomal miRNA-1307-5p is a potential prognosticator for predicting poor survival and poor patient outcome in oral cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Patel
- Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad 380009, India
| | - Shanaya Patel
- Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad 380009, India
| | - Parina Patel
- Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad 380009, India
| | - Dushyant Mandlik
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, HCG Cancer Centre, Ahmedabad 380060, India
| | - Kaustubh Patel
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, HCG Cancer Centre, Ahmedabad 380060, India
| | - Vivek Tanavde
- Biological and Life Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, Ahmedabad 380009, India
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138671, Singapore
- Correspondence:
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Davidovich E, Hevroni A, Gadassi LT, Spierer-Weil A, Yitschaky O, Polak D. Dental, oral pH, orthodontic and salivary values in children with obstructive sleep apnea. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 26:2503-2511. [PMID: 34677695 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-04218-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mouth breathing is a key feature of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The current study evaluated dental, salivary and orthodontic characteristics of children with OSA, and compared them to those of children without OSA. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-two children (mean age 5.3 years, 13 males) with OSA and 21 children without OSA who served as a control group (mean age 6.8 years, 11 males) underwent dental examinations. The OSA group was classified according to the apnea-hypopnea Index. Clinical examination included plaque index, gingival index, caries status, pH at 7 oral sites, salivary carries bacterial counts and inflammatory cytokine levels. Orthodontics measurements were calculated as the percentage of children with values in the normal range, in each group. RESULTS The mean values of the decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT)/dmft index, the gingival index and the plaque index were higher in the OSA than the control group. Salivary Mutans streptococci and lactobacilli counts were significantly higher in the OSA than the control group; as were pH values in the hard and soft palate, and in the posterior and middle tongue. Significantly lower values were observed in the OSA than the control group for most of the orthodontic variables examined. Similarly, stratification of AHI according to severity shows the lowest values among those with mild OSA, and the highest among those with severe AHI. CONCLUSIONS Compared to a control group, mouth breathing children with obstructive sleep apnea had differences in oral microbiota, greater acidity and poorer dental status. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Clinicians should be aware of the various oral disturbances that may accompany OSA, and implement preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Davidovich
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - A Hevroni
- Department of Pulmonology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - L Tzur Gadassi
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - A Spierer-Weil
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - O Yitschaky
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - D Polak
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel
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Association between Antimicrobial Peptide Histatin 5 Levels and Prevalence of Candida in Saliva of Patients with Down Syndrome. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10050494. [PMID: 33925785 PMCID: PMC8145106 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10050494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There are no studies on Candida colonization and micropeptides of saliva in any patient. Therefore, we studied the effects of the salivary antimicrobial peptide histatin 5 on oral fungal colonization; subjects were subdivided into Down syndrome (D) and normal (N) groups by age: N-1 and D-1, age <20 years; N-2 and D-2, age >40 years. Histatin 5 concentration in saliva was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Oral Candida species were identified using CHROMagar Candida. Candida colonization was significantly enhanced in the D-1 and D-2 groups compared to the N-1 and N-2 groups. There was no predominant difference in salivary histatin 5 concentration between the D-1 and N-1 groups, but it was significantly lower in the D-2 group than in the N-2 group. Only in the N-2 group was there a correlation between the concentration of histatin 5 and total protein, while no correlation was found in the other groups. In elderly patients with Down syndrome, the decrease in histatin 5 shown in this study may lead to oral Candida colony formation. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that a deficiency of the antimicrobial peptide histatin 5 could possibly induce oral Candida infection in DS.
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Ningrum V, Bakar A, Shieh TM, Shih YH. The Oral Health Inequities between Special Needs Children and Normal Children in Asia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:410. [PMID: 33918280 PMCID: PMC8065439 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9040410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This meta-analysis aimed to analyze the oral health inequalities among special needs children during 2004-2019 in Asia to reveal the importance and the needs of establishing integrated and equitable special needs dentistry care system in Indonesia. PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Wiley Online Library were systematically searched for full-text observational studies published from 1 January 2004 to 15 January 2020, in English in Asia. Studies that included children under 18 years of age with special needs and compared them to healthy controls were selected. Study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute 2017 Critical Appraisal Checklist. Risk of bias was assessed using the ROBINS-E tool. The decayed, missing, and filled permanent teeth (DMFT) index indicated that special needs children who suffer from intellectual disability or autism spectrum disorder had significantly more caries than normal children (p < 0.001). The special needs children who had more caries than normal children lived in countries that had a high average DMFT value among 12 years old children (p < 0.001), and these two variables showed a positive correlation in meta-regression analysis (p < 0.001). Having an integrated and equitable care system and elevating children's oral health are important to maintain special needs children's oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valendriyani Ningrum
- School of Dentistry, Baiturrahmah University, Padang 25586, Indonesia; (V.N.); (A.B.)
| | - Abu Bakar
- School of Dentistry, Baiturrahmah University, Padang 25586, Indonesia; (V.N.); (A.B.)
| | - Tzong-Ming Shieh
- School of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan;
| | - Yin-Hwa Shih
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
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Evaluation of the craniofacial and oral characteristics of individuals with Down syndrome: A review of the literature. JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY, ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2021; 122:583-587. [PMID: 33484855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jormas.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to describe the craniofacial and oral characteristics of children and/or adolescents with and without Down syndrome (DS). A bibliographic search of the Medline database (via PubMed), Scopus and SCIELO was performed using the keywords "craniofacial characteristics", "dental characteristics" and "Down syndrome". Systematic reviews, observational cross-sectional and longitudinal studies were included. On the contrary, case reports, letters to the editor, editorials and opinion articles were excluded. 251 articles were recovered, and only 30 fulfilled the selection criteria. DS patients were characterized by reduced dimensions of the maxillary bone, mandible, and skull base, compared to normal patients. Likewise, some of these abnormalities influenced more frequent presentation of a class III malocclusion in these patients. On the other hand, this population group showed a higher prevalence of periodontal diseases, less risk of dental caries, and the presence of alterations in the tongue, lips, dental development and palate morphology. The quality of life of these individuals is affected by difficulties in swallowing, talking, eating or breathing through the nose. In conclusion, the craniofacial and oral characteristics of DS patients present various alterations compared to healthy patients, and these alterations have a negative impact on their quality of life.
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Willis JR, Iraola-Guzmán S, Saus E, Ksiezopolska E, Cozzuto L, Bejarano LA, Andreu-Somavilla N, Alloza-Trabado M, Puig-Sola A, Blanco A, Broglio E, Carolis C, Hecht J, Ponomarenko J, Gabaldón T. Oral microbiome in down syndrome and its implications on oral health. J Oral Microbiol 2020; 13:1865690. [PMID: 33456723 PMCID: PMC7782466 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2020.1865690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The oral cavity harbors an abundant and diverse microbial community (i.e. the microbiome), whose composition and roles in health and disease have been the focus of intense research. Down syndrome (DS) is associated with particular characteristics in the oral cavity, and with a lower incidence of caries and higher incidence of periodontitis and gingivitis compared to control populations. However, the overall composition of the oral microbiome in DS and how it varies with diverse factors like host age or the pH within the mouth are still poorly understood. Methods: Using a Citizen-Science approach in collaboration with DS associations in Spain, we performed 16S rRNA metabarcoding and high-throughput sequencing, combined with culture and proteomics-based identification of fungi to survey the bacterial and fungal oral microbiome in 27 DS persons (age range 7–55) and control samples matched by geographical distribution, age range, and gender. Results: We found that DS is associated with low salivary pH and less diverse oral microbiomes, which were characterized by lower levels of Alloprevotella, Atopobium, Candidatus Saccharimonas, and higher amounts of Kingella, Staphylococcus, Gemella, Cardiobacterium, Rothia, Actinobacillus, and greater prevalence of Candida. Conclusion: Altogether, our study provides a first global snapshot of the oral microbiome in DS. Future studies are required to establish whether the observed differences are related to differential pathology in the oral cavity in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse R Willis
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (BSC-CNS) and Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Iraola-Guzmán
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (BSC-CNS) and Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ester Saus
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (BSC-CNS) and Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ewa Ksiezopolska
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (BSC-CNS) and Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luca Cozzuto
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis A Bejarano
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Andreu-Somavilla
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Alloza-Trabado
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Puig-Sola
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Blanco
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabetta Broglio
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlo Carolis
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jochen Hecht
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julia Ponomarenko
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Barcelona Supercomputing Centre (BSC-CNS) and Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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Salivary biochemical variables in liver transplanted children and young adults. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2020; 22:257-263. [PMID: 33135122 DOI: 10.1007/s40368-020-00573-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate associations between levels of blood parameters used to monitor liver-transplanted children with their salivary levels, and compare the salivary parameters of transplant recipients with those of healthy controls. METHODS Saliva and blood samples from 30 liver transplanted recipients, mean age 11.7 years and saliva from age and sex matched 27 healthy patients were analyzed using a standard complete blood count test. RESULTS Uric acid and alkaline phosphatase levels correlated significantly between saliva and blood samples in the transplanted subjects. Median salivary sodium level was significantly lower and the median salivary potassium level significantly higher in transplant recipients compared with healthy subjects. No differences were found between the groups in salivary glucose, urea, chloride, total protein, albumin, calcium, phosphorus, uric acid, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), triglycerides, cholesterol, iron, transferrin, glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT). CONCLUSION Specific correlations of serum and salivary chemistry were found in liver transplant patients. Such information may lead to the development of noninvasive monitoring tools for this population.
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Salivary inflammatory cytokines echo the low inflammatory burden in liver-transplanted children. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 25:2993-2998. [PMID: 33140161 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03619-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to compare the salivary cytokine profile, as a potential replacement for blood tests, in liver-transplanted children to that of a control group of healthy children, and to correlate the values of commonly tested laboratory blood tests to those of published blood values. METHODS Liver-transplanted children, and a control group of healthy children of the same sex and age distribution, were recruited for the study. Saliva was collected at the same appointment for routine blood tests for the liver-transplanted children. Saliva was also collected from a control group of healthy children with similar age and sex distributions. Normal healthy blood values were extracted from the literature, for comparison. Cytokine levels in the saliva were quantified with ELISA. The analysis compared serum and saliva values between liver-transplanted and healthy children. In the serum, the values of albumin, GIT, GPT, GGT, CRP, WBC, neutrophils, and lymphocytes were examined, while the levels of IL-6, CXCL1, IL-1b, and IL-10 were measured in the saliva. RESULTS Thirty liver-transplanted children and 30 healthy children were included in the study. Compared with published data for healthy children, the liver-transplanted group showed similar hepatic serum levels, yet reduced levels of serum inflammatory markers. Compared with the control group, in the transplanted group, the mean value of IL-6 was lower and the mean value of CXCL1 was similar. Interestingly, the anti-inflammatory IL-10 cytokine was lower in the transplanted group, while the pro-inflammatory IL-1β cytokine was higher. CONCLUSION The salivary inflammatory markers examined showed a similar pattern to the serum inflammatory values, though different markers were examined in the serum and saliva. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The current study stresses the potential of oral fluids as an accessible biofluid, for use as a diagnostic substrate for systemic and oral diseases. TRIAL REGISTRATION 0136-16-RMC, Registered on 01 March 2018.
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Salivary Cytokines in Children with Nephrotic Syndrome versus Healthy Children: A Comparative Study. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9092691. [PMID: 32825238 PMCID: PMC7563862 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9092691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The aims of this study were to compare salivary cytokines and total protein between children with nephrotic syndrome (NS) and healthy children, and to examine whether saliva parameters can differentiate between steroid sensitivity and resistance and between disease remission and relapse. Methods: Twenty-seven children with nephrotic syndrome were classified according to steroid sensitivity and resistance, and disease remission and relapse. Twenty healthy children served as controls. Whole saliva samples were collected from all the participants. Urine and blood tests done on the same day as the saliva collection were recorded. Salivary total protein was quantified using bicinchoninic acid and IFNγ, IL-4, IL-8, IL-6, and IL1β levels using ELISA. Results: The mean ages of the nephrotic syndrome and control groups were 11.3 ± 2.4 and 9 ± 4.2, respectively. Compared to the control group, for the nephrotic syndrome group, total salivary protein was significantly lower, as were the levels of all the cytokines examined except IFNγ. Statistically significant differences were not found in any of the salivary markers examined between the children with nephrotic syndrome who were treatment sensitive (n = 19) and resistant (n = 8). Protein and IL-8 salivary levels were lower in the active (n = 7) than in the remission (n = 20) group. Conclusions: Salivary parameters distinguished children with nephrotic syndrome in relapse from healthy children. This may be due to decreased salivary protein excretion, which reflects decreased plasma levels, consequent to proteinuria. Accordingly, salivary markers may be developed as a diagnostic or screening tool for NS activity.
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Burbidge K, Zwikelmaier V, Cook B, Long MM, Balva B, Lonigro M, Ispas G, Rademacher DJ, Campbell EM. Cargo and cell-specific differences in extracellular vesicle populations identified by multiplexed immunofluorescent analysis. J Extracell Vesicles 2020; 9:1789326. [PMID: 32944176 PMCID: PMC7480458 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2020.1789326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been implicated in a wide variety of biological activities, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, and have been proposed to serve as potential biomarkers of disease in human patients and animal models. However, characterization of EV populations is often performed using methods that do not account for the heterogeneity of EV populations and require comparatively large sample sizes to facilitate analysis. Here, we describe an imaging-based method that allows for the multiplexed characterization of EV populations at the single EV level following centrifugation of EV populations directly onto cover slips, allowing comprehensive analysis of EV populations with relatively small samples. We observe that canonical EV markers are present on subsets of EVs which differ substantially in a producer cell and cargo specific fashion, including differences in EVs containing different HIV-1 proteins previously reported to be incorporated into pathogenic EVs. We also describe a lectin binding assay to interrogate EVs based on their glycan content, which we observe to change in response to pharmacological modulation of secretory autophagy pathways. These studies collectively reveal that a multiplexed analysis of EV populations using fluorescent microscopy can reveal differences in specific EV populations that may be used to understand the biogenesis of specific EV populations and/or to interrogate small subsets of EVs of interest within larger EV populations in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Burbidge
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Virginia Zwikelmaier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Ben Cook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Michael M Long
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Barak Balva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Michael Lonigro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Grace Ispas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - David J Rademacher
- Core Imaging Facility and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University of Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Edward M Campbell
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
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Caries experience in children and adolescents with Down Syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 115:104715. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Rajput S, Kumar A, Puranik MP, Sowmya KR. Oral health inequalities between differently abled and healthy school children in Bengaluru-A cross-sectional study. SPECIAL CARE IN DENTISTRY 2019; 40:55-61. [PMID: 31710118 DOI: 10.1111/scd.12432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess oral health inequalities between differently-abled and healthy school children. METHODS The study was conducted on a sample of 300 differently-abled and 300 healthy school children in Bengaluru. A calibrated investigator recorded oral health status according to World Health Organization (WHO) proforma 2013. Chi-square/Fisher exact test, Mann-Whitney U test, and multiple logistic regression were applied. A p-value < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS Mean DMFT in the study group and the control group was 1.32 ± 1.36 and 1.25 ± 1.21 respectively. In the study group, 52.7% had gingival bleeding compared to 41.0% in the control group. Within the study group, children who belonged to the lower middle class (aOR = 2.02) were more likely to have caries experience whereas visually impaired children (aOR = 0.32), speech and hearing impaired children (OR = 0.10), children suffering from polio (aOR = 0.80), and those with caries-free in deciduous dentition (aOR = 0.42) were less likely to have caries experience in permanent teeth (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Oral health inequalities exist for differently-abled children. Hence, improvement of their oral health status and priority care are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soni Rajput
- Department of Community Dentistry, Goa Dental and College and Hospital, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Community Dentistry, Oral Health Sciences Centre, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Manjunath P Puranik
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Government Dental College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - K R Sowmya
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Government Dental College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India
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Robertson MD, Schwendicke F, de Araujo MP, Radford JR, Harris JC, McGregor S, Innes NPT. Dental caries experience, care index and restorative index in children with learning disabilities and children without learning disabilities; a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health 2019; 19:146. [PMID: 31307444 PMCID: PMC6632188 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-019-0795-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Children with learning disabilities (CLD) have worse health outcomes than children with no learning disabilities (CNLD). This systematic review compared caries experience and met dental care need for CLD to CNLD using Decayed, Missing, Filled Permanent Teeth (DMFT) and decayed, missing/extracted, filled primary teeth (dmft/deft), care index (CI), and restorative index (RI) values. Methods Without date or language restrictions four databases were searched for; cross-sectional studies comparing caries experience and CI/ RI in CLD matched to groups of CNLD. Screening and data extraction were carried out independently and in duplicate. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Meta-analyses were carried out (random effects model). Results There were 25 articles with 3976 children (1 to 18 years old), from 18 countries, fitting the inclusion criteria. Children with; Down syndrome were investigated in 11 studies, autism in 8 and mixed learning disabilities in 6. The overall mean DMFT for CLD was 2.31 (standard deviation±1.97; range 0.22 to 7.2) and for CNLD was 2.51 (±2.14; 0.37 to 4.76). Using standardised mean difference (SMD), meta-analysis showed no evidence of a difference between CLD and CNLD (n = 16 studies) for caries experience (SMD = -0.43; 95%CI = -0.91 to 0.05). This was similar for sub-groups of children with autism (SMD = -0.28; 95%CI = 1.31 to 0.75) and mixed disabilities (SMD = 0.26; 95%CI = -0.94 to 1.47). However, for children with Down syndrome, caries experience was lower for CLD than CNLD (SMD = -0.73; 95%CI = -1.28 to − 0.18). For primary teeth, mean dmft/deft was 2.24 for CLD and 2.48 for CNLD (n = 8 studies). Meta-analyses showed no evidence of a difference between CLD and CNLD for caries experience across all disability groups (SMD = 0.41; 95% CI = -0.14 to 0.96), or in sub-groups: Down syndrome (SMD = 0.55; 95%CI- = − 0.40 to 1.52), autism (SMD = 0.43; 95%CI = -0.53 to 2.39) and mixed disabilities (SMD = -0.10; 95%CI = -0.34 to 0.14). The studies’ risk of bias were medium to high. Conclusion There was no evidence of a difference in caries levels in primary or permanent dentitions for CLD and CNLD. This was similar for learning disability sub-groups, except for Down syndrome where dental caries levels in permanent teeth was lower. Data on met need for dental caries was inconclusive. Trial registration The protocol was published in PROSPERO: CRD42017068964 (June 8th, 2017). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12903-019-0795-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Robertson
- School of Dentistry, University of Dundee, Park Place, Dundee, DD1 4HR, UK.
| | - Falk Schwendicke
- Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - John R Radford
- School of Dentistry, University of Dundee, Park Place, Dundee, DD1 4HR, UK
| | - Jenny C Harris
- Community & Special Care Dentistry and Paediatric Dentistry, Charles Clifford Dental Services, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Scott McGregor
- Dundee University Library, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Nicola P T Innes
- School of Dentistry, University of Dundee, Park Place, Dundee, DD1 4HR, UK
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Ghaith B, Al Halabi M, Khamis AH, Kowash M. Oral Health Status among Children with Down Syndrome in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2019; 9:232-239. [PMID: 31198694 PMCID: PMC6559046 DOI: 10.4103/jispcd.jispcd_396_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the oral health status in Down syndrome (DS) children in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Materials and Methods: A total of 106 DS children (mean age = 9.3 ± 2.8) and 125 healthy children (mean age = 11.7 ± 4.4) were recruited from both special needs centers and private/public schools in Dubai. A dental examination for decayed-missing-filled teeth (DMFT) in deciduous dentition/DMFT in permanent dentition indices, simplified oral hygiene index, calculus index (CI), were carried out. In addition, occlusal, dentofacial, soft-tissue abnormalities, and erosion were assessed. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS for Windows, version 20.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Results: The mean number of DMFT in DS children was significantly higher than that in healthy children. DS children in the primary dentition group had higher restorative index and Met Need Index scores than the control group. On the other hand, CI was found to be significantly higher among children with DS compared to healthy controls (P < 0.004). DS children had a significantly higher proportion of open bite and other occlusal problems. Class III molar angle malocclusion was significantly higher in DS (66%) compared to controls (11.2%). Erosion was significantly higher among DS children compared to healthy control (34% vs. 15.3%). Conclusions: DS children in Dubai had higher caries rate compared to healthy children. DS group received more restorations and dental treatment compared to the control group. More to add, DS children had significantly more calculus, erosion, and malocclusion problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batool Ghaith
- Specialist in Pediatric Dentistry, Dubai Health Authority, Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, UAE
| | - Manal Al Halabi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, UAE
| | - Amar Hassan Khamis
- Department of Biostatistics, Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, UAE
| | - Mawlood Kowash
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, UAE
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Abstract
Background/purpose Down syndrome (DS) may affect the mouth, influencing its function, feeding and hence overall health status. We aim at investigating the frequency and type of dental agenesis in a school-age DS sample, evaluating gender, laterality, upper or lower side, and mono- or bi-laterality. Materials and methods Oral clinical and radiological exams were performed. Forty-six (20 female and 26 male) panoramic radiographs, done when DS patients were 8-12 years old, were examined, from patients between 3 and 25 years old at the first visit. Results The percentage of missing teeth was compared with chi-squared test: 65% of patients presented agenesis of one or more teeth. The most frequently missing teeth were the upper left lateral incisor, the lower second premolars and the upper right lateral incisor. Usually, the absence was bilateral. There was no difference between sexes, between mandible and maxilla, either in the left or in the right side. Conclusion A high occurrence of dental agenesis was observed in DS patients: some teeth were mostly affected and bilateral agenesis was frequent. Due to the high prevalence of teeth agenesis in DS patients, special care is devised for correct development of oral functions and for avoidance of oral pathologies.
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Abstract
Down syndrome is a common disorder with many oral conditions and systemic manifestations. Dentists need to take a holistic approach including behavioral, oral, and systemic issues. This review of the literature focuses on oral anomalies, systemic interaction, management, and recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azizah Bin Mubayrik
- Department Oral Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Domingues NB, Mariusso MR, Tanaka MH, Scarel-Caminaga RM, Mayer MPA, Brighenti FL, Zuanon ÂCC, Ibuki FK, Nogueira FN, Giro EMA. Reduced salivary flow rate and high levels of oxidative stress in whole saliva of children with Down syndrome. SPECIAL CARE IN DENTISTRY 2017; 37:269-276. [PMID: 29231976 DOI: 10.1111/scd.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate salivary parameters between children with Down Syndrome (DS) and without DS. MATERIALS AND METHODS Stimulated whole saliva was collected from 18 children with DS and 23 without DS. Salivary flow rate, pH, and salivary buffering capacity were determined. Cariogenic microorganisms were quantified by culture, and periodontopathogens by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The antioxidant profile was quantified spectrophotometrically, while malondialdehyde (MDA) was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney test and Spearman correlation (α = 0.05). RESULTS Salivary flow rate was significantly lower in DS than in controls (p < 0.0001). Significant higher difference was observed for total protein dosage (p < 0.0001), superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) (p = 0.0002), and MDA (p < 0.001) in DS group. CONCLUSIONS Reduced salivary flow rate might be an important factor in oral diseases development. High salivary levels of SOD and MDA show the significant influence of the oxidative stress and the early-onset periodontal disease in DS people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Bertolo Domingues
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Araraquara Dental School, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matheus Racy Mariusso
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Araraquara Dental School, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcia Hiromi Tanaka
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Science and Technology of São José dos Campos, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marcia Pinto Alves Mayer
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Lourenção Brighenti
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Araraquara Dental School, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ângela Cristina Cilense Zuanon
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Araraquara Dental School, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávia Kazue Ibuki
- Department of Biomaterials and Oral Biology, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Neves Nogueira
- Department of Biomaterials and Oral Biology, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elisa Maria Aparecida Giro
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Araraquara Dental School, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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Zhou N, Wong HM, Wen YF, Mcgrath C. Oral health status of children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dev Med Child Neurol 2017. [PMID: 28627071 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.13486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To compare the oral health status of children and adolescents affected by intellectual disabilities with their unaffected counterparts. METHOD Citations published in English were searched from electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus) from their start dates to March 2017. The whole process was conducted following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. The PICO (population, intervention/interest, comparator, outcome) principle was used to formulate the topic. Studies were synthesized through qualitative summary or, whenever possible, meta-analysis. RESULTS The initial search yielded 2393 records. Thirty-nine studies from 22 countries were identified for qualitative analysis; 26 studies were eligible for meta-analysis. Participants with intellectual disabilities had higher levels of dental plaque, worse gingival status, fewer decayed and filled permanent teeth, and similar caries experience between males and females. These findings were supported by both qualitative and quantitative analysis. Various patterns of caries experiences were indicated by qualitative analysis, but it was not substantiated by meta-analysis. INTERPRETATION There is increasing worldwide interest in oral health status of children with intellectual disabilities. Differences in dental plaque deposition, gingival inflammation, and the number of decayed and filled permanent teeth were investigated between children and adolescents with and without intellectual disabilities. Evidence remains elusive about the pattern of caries experience among those children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Zhou
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Hai Ming Wong
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yi Feng Wen
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Colman Mcgrath
- Department of Periodontology and Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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Scalioni F, Carrada C, Machado F, Devito K, Ribeiro LC, Cesar D, Ribeiro R. Salivary density of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus and dental caries in children and adolescents with Down syndrome. J Appl Oral Sci 2017; 25:250-257. [PMID: 28678943 PMCID: PMC5482247 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2016-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus are strongly associated with dental caries. However, the relationship between oral streptococci and dental caries in children with Down syndrome is not well characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Scalioni
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Odontopediatria, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
| | - Camila Carrada
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Odontologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Fernanda Machado
- Faculdade Estácio de Sá, Faculdade de Odontologia, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
| | - Karina Devito
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Clínica Odontológica, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
| | - Luiz Cláudio Ribeiro
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Estatística, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
| | - Dionéia Cesar
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
| | - Rosangela Ribeiro
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Odontopediatria, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
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Saghazadeh A, Mahmoudi M, Dehghani Ashkezari A, Oliaie Rezaie N, Rezaei N. Systematic review and meta-analysis shows a specific micronutrient profile in people with Down Syndrome: Lower blood calcium, selenium and zinc, higher red blood cell copper and zinc, and higher salivary calcium and sodium. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175437. [PMID: 28422987 PMCID: PMC5396920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Different metabolic profiles as well as comorbidities are common in people with Down Syndrome (DS). Therefore it is relevant to know whether micronutrient levels in people with DS are also different. This systematic review was designed to review the literature on micronutrient levels in people with DS compared to age and sex-matched controls without DS. We identified sixty nine studies from January 1967 to April 2016 through main electronic medical databases PubMed, Scopus, and Web of knowledge. We carried out meta-analysis of the data on four essential trace elements (Cu, Fe, Se, and Zn), six minerals (Ca, Cl, K, Mg, Na, and P), and five vitamins (vitamin A, B9, B12, D, and E). People with DS showed lower blood levels of Ca (standard mean difference (SMD) = -0.63; 95% confidence interval (CI): -1.16 to -0.09), Se (SMD = -0.99; 95% CI: -1.55 to -0.43), and Zn (SMD = -1.30; 95% CI: -1.75 to -0.84), while red cell levels of Zn (SMD = 1.88; 95% CI: 0.48 to 3.28) and Cu (SMD = 2.77; 95% CI: 1.96 to 3.57) were higher. They had also higher salivary levels of Ca (SMD = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.38 to 1.33) and Na (SMD = 1.04; 95% CI: 0.39 to 1.69). Our findings that micronutrient levels are different in people with DS raise the question whether these differences are related to the different metabolic profiles, the common comorbidities or merely reflect DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amene Saghazadeh
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- MetaCognition Interest Group (MCIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Mahmoudi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Dietitians and Nutrition Experts Team (DiNET), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Atefeh Dehghani Ashkezari
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- NeuroImmunology Research Association (NIRA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nooshin Oliaie Rezaie
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Moreira MJS, Schwertner C, Dall'Onder AP, Klaus NM, Parolo CCF, Hashizume LN. Dental caries and associated factors in twins with Down syndrome: a case report. SPECIAL CARE IN DENTISTRY 2016; 37:107-110. [PMID: 27922732 DOI: 10.1111/scd.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic disorder in humans, but its incidence in monozygotic twins is extremely rare. The aim of this study was to determine the factors associated with dental caries in a pair of monozygotic twin girls with DS, where one had caries experience and the other did not. Clinical examination, salivary Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) levels and their genotypic diversity, the biochemical composition of the dental biofilm, the frequency of sucrose consumption, and toothbrushing habits were assessed from the twin girls. Twin with caries experience showed higher levels of S. mutans in the saliva and lower concentrations of calcium, phosphate, and fluoride and higher concentrations of extracellular polysaccharides in the biofilm compared to her sister. Genotypic diversity of S. mutans was also higher in the twin with caries experience. Dental biofilm composition showed different patterns of cariogenicity between the two sisters, which may also by itself explain the difference in the dental caries between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício José Santos Moreira
- Graduate Student, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carolina Schwertner
- Graduate Student, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Dall'Onder
- Undergraduate Student, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Natália Mincato Klaus
- Undergraduate Student, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Cavalcanti Fatturi Parolo
- Adjunct Professor, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lina Naomi Hashizume
- Associate Professor, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Faria Carrada C, Almeida Ribeiro Scalioni F, Evangelista Cesar D, Lopes Devito K, Ribeiro LC, Almeida Ribeiro R. Salivary Periodontopathic Bacteria in Children and Adolescents with Down Syndrome. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162988. [PMID: 27727287 PMCID: PMC5058504 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess and compare salivary periodontopathic bacteria between groups of Down syndrome and non-Down syndrome children and adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study included a sample of 30 Down syndrome children and adolescents (G-DS) and 30 age- and sex-matched non-Down syndrome subjects (G-ND). Clinical examination determined the gingival bleeding index (GBI) and plaque index. Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected from all participants. The fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique identified the presence and density of eight periodontopathic bacteria in saliva. The statistical analysis included chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests. RESULTS In the G-DS group, bleeding on probing was more frequent (p = 0.037) and higher densities of Campylobacter rectus (p = 0.013), Porphyromonas gingivalis (p = 0.025), Treponema denticola (p = 0.026), Fusobacterium nucleatum (p = 0.013), Prevotella intermedia (p = 0.001) and Prevotella nigrescens (p = 0.008) were observed. Besides, in the G-DS, the densities of bacteria from the orange complex were significantly higher in the age group 3-7 years for F. nucleatum (p = 0.029), P. intermedia (p = 0.001) and P. nigrescens (p = 0.006). C. rectus was higher in the age group 8-12 years (p = 0.045). CONCLUSION The results showed that children and adolescents with Down syndrome have higher susceptibility to periodontal disease and number of periodontopathic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Faria Carrada
- School of Dentistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Flávia Almeida Ribeiro Scalioni
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Dionéia Evangelista Cesar
- Department of Ecology and Molecular Biology of Microorganisms, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Karina Lopes Devito
- Department of Dental Clinic, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luiz Cláudio Ribeiro
- Department of Statistics, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rosangela Almeida Ribeiro
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Ferreira R, Michel RC, Greghi SLA, de Resende MLR, Sant’Ana ACP, Damante CA, Zangrando MSR. Prevention and Periodontal Treatment in Down Syndrome Patients: A Systematic Review. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158339. [PMID: 27355338 PMCID: PMC4927059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this systematic literature review was to evaluate which type of periodontal preventive and therapeutic approaches presents superior outcomes in patients with Down syndrome (DS). Studies reporting different methods of periodontal care from DS patients were considered eligible. Included clinical studies should indicate at least two periodontal parameters in different periods of assessment. Screening of the articles, data extraction and quality assessment were conducted independently and in duplicate. Electronic search according to the PICO search, with both Key-words and MESH terms were conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE and CENTRAL databases until March 2016. Manual search was conducted in four journals, namely Journal of Periodontology, Journal of Clinical Periodontology, Journal of Periodontal Research and Special Care in Dentistry and their electronic databases were searched. Electronic and manual search resulted in 763 papers, and of them 744 were excluded after title/abstract assessment. The full text of 19 potentially eligible publications was screened and 9 studies met inclusion criteria. The results demonstrated the importance to introduce youngest DS patients in preventive programs, as well as participation of parents, caregivers or institutional attendants in supervising/performing oral hygiene. In studies with higher frequency of attendance, all age groups presented superior preventive and therapeutic results, irrespective of the therapeutic approach used (surgical/nonsurgical/periodontal care program). The important factors for reducing periodontal parameters were the frequency of the appointments and association with chlorhexidine/plaque disclosing agents as adjuvant treatment. This systematic review demonstrated that early introduction in periodontal care, participation of parents/caregivers/institutional attendants, frequency of attendance and association with chemical adjuvants (independently of the periodontal treatment adopted) seems to improve periodontal outcomes in preventive and periodontal treatment of DS patients. Registration number (Prospero): CRD42016038433.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Ferreira
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Prosthodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Raphaella Coelho Michel
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Prosthodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Sebastião Luiz Aguiar Greghi
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Prosthodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Lúcia Rubo de Resende
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Prosthodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Carla Andreotti Damante
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Prosthodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
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Schwertner C, Moreira MJS, Faccini LS, Hashizume LN. Biochemical composition of the saliva and dental biofilm of children with Down syndrome. Int J Paediatr Dent 2016; 26:134-40. [PMID: 25943195 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The biochemical composition of the saliva and biofilm of children with Down syndrome (DS) may be associated with the incidence of caries in this population. AIM To evaluate the biochemical composition of the saliva and dental biofilm of children with DS in the city of Porto Alegre, RS. DESIGN The sample comprised 144 children between 6 and 14 years of age, of whom 61 had DS and 83 did not. Stimulated saliva samples were collected from all participants, as were samples of 48-h biofilm. Fluoride (F), calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (Pi ) concentrations in saliva and biofilm were determined by colorimetric method (Ca and Pi ) or selective electrode (F). The level of insoluble extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) in dental biofilm was measured using sulphuric acid method. RESULTS Salivary concentration of F, Ca, and Pi did not differ between children with and without DS. The dental biofilm of children with DS, however, showed higher Pi and EPS levels than that of children without the syndrome (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The present results suggest that despite the salivary composition being similar between groups, the dental biofilm of children with DS has higher cariogenic potential than that of children without this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Schwertner
- Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maurício José Santos Moreira
- Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Lina Naomi Hashizume
- Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Moreira MJS, Schwertner C, Jardim JJ, Hashizume LN. Dental caries in individuals with Down syndrome: a systematic review. Int J Paediatr Dent 2016; 26:3-12. [PMID: 26538473 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have shown a lower experience of caries in people with Down syndrome compared to individuals without Down syndrome, but this issue has not been critically evaluated. AIM To conduct a systematic review of the international literature on dental caries experience in people with Down syndrome. DESIGN Three online databases (PubMed, LILACS, and Cochrane) were used to identify relevant studies on caries experience in people with Down syndrome published until May 2015. PICO (Patient/Population, Intervention, Comparison group, and Outcome) criteria were used to screen studies by title and abstract. An assessment of the methodological study quality was performed according to the modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. RESULTS The search resulted in 226 studies. Thirteen publications were included in the systematic review. Ten studies reported results of lower caries experience in individuals with Down syndrome in at least one age group studied. Three studies reported no differences in caries experience among the groups. All studies, however, included in this systematic review had limitations that increased the likelihood of bias in the study results. CONCLUSION There is no scientific evidence to support the hypothesis that people with Down syndrome have a lower experience of caries than non-syndromic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício José Santos Moreira
- Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carolina Schwertner
- Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Juliana Jobim Jardim
- Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lina Naomi Hashizume
- Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Zlotogorski-Hurvitz A, Dayan D, Chaushu G, Salo T, Vered M. Morphological and molecular features of oral fluid-derived exosomes: oral cancer patients versus healthy individuals. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2015; 142:101-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-015-2005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Singh V, Arora R, Bhayya D, Singh D, Sarvaiya B, Mehta D. Comparison of relationship between salivary electrolyte levels and dental caries in children with Down syndrome. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2015; 6:144-8. [PMID: 25810652 PMCID: PMC4367026 DOI: 10.4103/0976-9668.149113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to relate the salivary electrolyte levels with dental caries in children with Down syndrome and to compare salivary electrolyte levels and dental caries of these children with their siblings. Materials and Methods: Study population consisted of 30 Down syndrome children (study group) and their 30 healthy siblings (control group). Caries status was determined by dental caries indices in deciduous and permanent dentitions. Un-stimulated saliva from both groups was collected for salivary electrolyte examination. Results: In the study group, mean caries experience in primary dentition was 1.00 ± 0.79 and in the control group it was 2.33 ± 1.42, the difference being statistically significant. Mean caries experience in the permanent dentition of the study group (0. 97 ± 0.76) was significantly lower than the control group (2.47 ± 1.25). Salivary electrolyte levels in the study group were significantly higher than the control group. Conclusion: There was a significant decrease in dental caries in primary as well as permanent dentition of Down syndrome patients with increase in their salivary electrolyte levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Singh
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Darshan Dental College and Hospital, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ruchi Arora
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Darshan Dental College and Hospital, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Deepak Bhayya
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Darshan Dental College and Hospital, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Deepesh Singh
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Darshan Dental College and Hospital, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Bhumi Sarvaiya
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Dharmsinh Desai University, Nadiad, India
| | - Dhaval Mehta
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Karnavati School of Dentistry, Uvarsad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
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Zlotogorski-Hurvitz A, Dayan D, Chaushu G, Korvala J, Salo T, Sormunen R, Vered M. Human saliva-derived exosomes: comparing methods of isolation. J Histochem Cytochem 2014; 63:181-9. [PMID: 25473095 DOI: 10.1369/0022155414564219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ExoQuick-TC(TM) (EQ), a chemical-based agent designed to precipitate exosomes, was calibrated for use on saliva collected from healthy individuals. The morphological and molecular features of the precipitations were compared with those obtained using the classical, physical-based method of ultracentrifugation (UC). Electron microscopy and immunoelectron microscopy with anti-CD63 showed vesicular nanoparticles surrounded by bi-layered membrane, compatible with exosomes in EQ, similar to that observed with UC. Atomic force microscopy highlighted larger, irregularly shaped/aggregated EQ nanoparticles that contrasted with the single, round-shaped UC nanoparticles. ELISA (performed on 0.5 ml of saliva) revealed a tendency for a higher expression of the specific exosomal markers (CD63, CD9, CD81) in EQ than in UC (p>0.05). ELISA for epithelial growth factor receptor, a non-exosomal-related marker, showed a significantly higher concentration in EQ than in UC (p=0.04). Western blotting of equal total-protein concentrations revealed bands of CD63, CD9 and CD81 in both types of preparations, although they were less pronounced in EQ compared with UC. This may be related to a higher fraction of non-exosomal proteins in EQ. In conclusion, EQ is suitable and efficient for precipitation of salivary exosomes from small volumes of saliva; however, EQ tends to be associated with considerably more biological impurities (non-exosomal-related proteins/microvesicles) as compared with UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Zlotogorski-Hurvitz
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (AZH, DD, MV)
| | - Dan Dayan
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (AZH, DD, MV)
| | - Gavriel Chaushu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (GC),Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel (GC)
| | - Johanna Korvala
- Departments of Diagnostics and Oral Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Finland (JK, TS),Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland (JK, TS)
| | - Tuula Salo
- Departments of Diagnostics and Oral Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Finland (JK, TS),Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland (JK, TS),Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland (TS)
| | - Raija Sormunen
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (AZH, DD, MV),Biocenter Oulu Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland (RS)
| | - Marilena Vered
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (AZH, DD, MV),Institute of Pathology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (MV)
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Oral transmucosal drug delivery for pediatric use. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 73:50-62. [PMID: 23999459 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The formulation of medicines for children remains a challenge. An ideal pediatric formulation must allow accurate dose administration and be in a dosage form that can be handled by the target age group. It is also important to consider the choices and the amount of excipients used in the formulation for this vulnerable age group. Although oral formulations are generally acceptable to most pediatric patients, they are not suitable for drugs with poor oral bioavailability or when a rapid clinical effect is required. In recent years, oral transmucosal delivery has emerged as an attractive route of administration for pediatric patients. With this route of administration, a drug is absorbed through the oral mucosa, therefore bypassing hepatic first pass metabolism and thus avoiding drug degradation or metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract. The high blood flow and relatively high permeability of the oral mucosa allow a quick onset of action to be achieved. It is a simple and non-invasive route of drug administration. However, there are several barriers that need to be overcome in the development of oral transmucosal products. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the current development of oral transmucosal delivery specifically for the pediatric population in order to achieve systemic drug delivery. The anatomical and physiological properties of the oral mucosa of infants and young children are carefully examined. The different dosage forms and formulation strategies that are suitable for young patients are discussed.
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Mucosal pH, dental findings, and salivary composition in pediatric liver transplant recipients. Transplantation 2013; 96:102-7. [PMID: 23680932 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3182962c58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral health and dental maintenance have become part of the standard of care for pediatric liver transplant recipients. These individuals tend to suffer particularly from dental problems, such as gingival enlargement, gingivitis, poor oral hygiene, dental hypoplasia, and caries. Saliva composition influences oral hygiene and disease states. We investigated saliva composition and its association with the oral health of young recipients of liver transplants. METHODS In 70 patients, 36 liver transplant recipients (ages 2-23 years) and 34 healthy controls (ages 4-21 years), we measured the following variables: (a) oral hygiene, (b) gingival inflammation, (c) caries status, (d) dental calculus formation, (e) oral mucosal pH, and (f) salivary protein composition. RESULTS Lower mean decayed, missing, and filled teeth index (P=0.0038), higher mean gingival index (P=0.0001), and higher mean calculus score (P=0.003) were found in the transplanted study group compared with the control. The mean mucosal pH for seven intraoral sites was higher in the transplant group (P=0.0006). The median salivary albumin concentration was significantly lower in the transplant group (P=0.01), as was the median salivary albumin/total protein ratio (P=0.0002). CONCLUSIONS In post-liver transplant pediatric recipients, low incidence of caries, together with high incidence of dental calculus, could be attributed to elevated oral mucosal pH. Salivary albumin and immunoglobulin A levels were relatively low in these patients. Clinicians should pay particular attention to the oral health and dental care of liver transplanted children.
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Areias C, Sampaio-Maia B, Pereira MDL, Azevedo A, Melo P, Andrade C, Scully C. Reduced salivary flow and colonization by mutans streptococci in children with Down syndrome. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2012; 67:1007-11. [PMID: 23018295 PMCID: PMC3438238 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2012(09)04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although individuals with Down syndrome have considerable oral disease, the prevalence of dental caries in this group is low. The present study aimed to compare known risk factors for dental caries development in children with Down syndrome and a matched population (siblings). In both populations, the number of acidogenic microorganisms, such as mutans streptococci, lactobacilli and Candida species, and the paraffin-stimulated pH, flow rate and IgA concentration in whole saliva were evaluated and compared. METHOD Saliva was collected, and the caries index was evaluated in 45 sibling pairs aged between 6 and 18 years old. The salivary IgA concentration was determined by immunoturbidimetry. Salivary mutans streptococci, lactobacilli and Candida species were quantified on mitis salivarius agar containing bacitracin and 20% sucrose, rogosa agar supplemented with glacial acetic acid and sabouraud agar supplemented with chloramphenicol, respectively. RESULTS Down syndrome children had a higher caries-free rate (p<0.05) and lower salivary mutans streptococci counts (p<0.03) compared to their siblings. Similar numbers of lactobacilli and Candida species were found in both groups. Salivary flow rates were 36% lower in Down syndrome children compared to their siblings (p<0.05). The salivary pH did not differ between Down syndrome children and controls. The Down syndrome children had an IgA secretion rate 29% lower than that of their siblings, but this difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the lower number of mutans streptococci in the saliva may be one of the factors contributing to the lower caries rate observed in Down syndrome children, despite evidence of hyposalivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Areias
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Porto University, Porto, Portugal
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