1
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Jena R, Choudhury PK. Bifidobacteria in Fermented Dairy Foods: A Health Beneficial Outlook. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2023:10.1007/s12602-023-10189-w. [PMID: 37979040 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-023-10189-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Bifidobacteria, frequently present in the human gastrointestinal tract, play a crucial role in preserving gut health and are mostly recognized as beneficial probiotic microorganisms. They are associated with fermenting complex carbohydrates, resulting in the production of short-chain fatty acids, bioactive peptides, exopolysaccharides, and vitamins, which provide energy and contribute to gut homeostasis. In light of these findings, research in food processing technologies has harnessed probiotic bacteria such as lactobacilli and bifidobacteria for the formulation of a wide range of fermented dairy products, ensuring their maximum survival and contributing to the development of distinctive quality characteristics and therapeutic benefits. Despite the increased interest in probiotic dairy products, introducing bifidobacteria into the dairy food chain has proved to be complicated. However, survival of Bifidobacterium species is conditioned by strain of bacteria used, metabolic interactions with lactic acid bacteria (LAB), fermentation parameters, and the temperature of storage and preservation of the dairy products. Furthermore, fortification of dairy foods and whey beverages with bifidobacteria have ability to change physicochemical and rheological properties beyond economic value of dairy products. In summary, this review underscores the significance of bifidobacteria as probiotics in diverse fermented dairy foods and accentuates their positive impact on human health. By enhancing our comprehension of the beneficial repercussions associated with the consumption of bifidobacteria-rich products, we aim to encourage individuals to embrace these probiotics as a means of promoting holistic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajashree Jena
- Department of Dairy Technology, School of Agricultural and Bioengineering, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Paralakhemundi, Odisha, 761211, India
| | - Prasanta Kumar Choudhury
- Department of Dairy Technology, School of Agricultural and Bioengineering, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Paralakhemundi, Odisha, 761211, India.
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2
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Abstract
Cardiometabolic disease comprises cardiovascular and metabolic dysfunction and underlies the leading causes of morbidity and mortality, both within the United States and worldwide. Commensal microbiota are implicated in the development of cardiometabolic disease. Evidence suggests that the microbiome is relatively variable during infancy and early childhood, becoming more fixed in later childhood and adulthood. Effects of microbiota, both during early development, and in later life, may induce changes in host metabolism that modulate risk mechanisms and predispose toward the development of cardiometabolic disease. In this review, we summarize the factors that influence gut microbiome composition and function during early life and explore how changes in microbiota and microbial metabolism influence host metabolism and cardiometabolic risk throughout life. We highlight limitations in current methodology and approaches and outline state-of-the-art advances, which are improving research and building toward refined diagnosis and treatment options in microbiome-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis L Gabriel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (C.L.G.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville
- Tennessee Center for AIDS Research (C.L.G.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville
| | - Jane F Ferguson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.F.F.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville
- Vanderbilt Microbiome Innovation Center (J.F.F.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation (J.F.F.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville
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3
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Urrutia-Baca V, Hernández-Hernández S, Martínez L, Dávila-Vega J, Chuck-Hernández C. The Role of Probiotics in Dairy Foods and Strategies to Evaluate Their Functional Modifications. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2023.2172426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V.H Urrutia-Baca
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, The Institute for Obesity Research, Monterrey, NL, México
| | | | - L.M. Martínez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey, NL, México
| | - J.P Dávila-Vega
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, The Institute for Obesity Research, Monterrey, NL, México
| | - C. Chuck-Hernández
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, The Institute for Obesity Research, Monterrey, NL, México
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4
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Zhang Y, Ding Y, Guo Q. Probiotic Species in the Management of Periodontal Diseases: An Overview. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:806463. [PMID: 35402306 PMCID: PMC8990095 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.806463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal diseases are one of the most common chronic inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity, which are initiated and sustained by pathogenic plaque biofilms. Central to modern periodontology is the idea that dysbiosis of periodontal microecology and disorder of host inflammatory response gives rise to degradation of periodontal tissues together, which eventually leads to tooth loss, seriously affecting the life quality of patients. Probiotics were originally used to treat intestinal diseases, while in recent years, extensive studies have been exploring the utilization of probiotics in oral disease treatment and oral healthcare. Probiotic bacteria derived from the genera Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Streptococcus, and Weissella are found to play an effective role in the prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases via regulating periodontal microbiota or host immune responses. Here, we review the research status of periodontal health-promoting probiotic species and their regulatory effects. The current issues on the effectiveness and safety of probiotics in the management of periodontal diseases are also discussed at last. Taken together, the use of probiotics is a promising approach to prevent and treat periodontal diseases. Nevertheless, their practical use for periodontal health needs further research and exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Qiang Guo,
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5
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Daniel H. Diet and Gut Microbiome and the “Chicken or Egg” Problem. Front Nutr 2022; 8:828630. [PMID: 35178420 PMCID: PMC8844458 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.828630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantity and quality of the intestinal and fecal microbiome vary considerably between individuals and are dependent on a very large number of intrinsic and environmental factors. Currently, only around 15% of the variance in microbiome diversity can be explained by these factors. Although diet and individual food items have effects, other individual parameters such as gender, age, body mass index (BMI), but also plasma lipids and blood pressure reveal stronger associations with microbiome diversity. In addition, gastrointestinal functions that translate into changes in stool frequency, stool volume, and stool appearance rank very high as effectors of microbiome signatures. In particular, the intestinal/colonic transit time is a critical factor that alters the substrate load for bacterial growth and metabolism as it alters simultaneously stool volume, water content, bacterial mass, and diversity. Moreover, metabolic and neurological diseases are frequently associated with marked changes in intestinal transit time that may translate into the reported changes in gut microbiota. This review provides scientific arguments for a more comprehensive assessment of the individual's intestinal phenotype in microbiome studies to resolve the “chicken or egg” problem in these observational studies.
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6
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Zhou Z, He N, Han Q, Liu S, Xue R, Hao J, Li S. Characterization and Application of a New β-Galactosidase Gal42 From Marine Bacterium Bacillus sp. BY02. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:742300. [PMID: 34759900 PMCID: PMC8573354 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.742300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Galactosidase plays an important role in medicine and dairy industry. In this study, a new glycoside hydrolase family 42 (GH42) β-galactosidase-encoding gene, gal42, was cloned from a newly isolated marine bacterium Bacillus sp. BY02 and expressed in Escherichia coli. Structural characterization indicated that the encoding β-galactosidase, Gal42, is a homotrimer in solution, and homology modeling indicated that it retains the zinc binding sites of the Cys cluster. The reaction activity of Gal42 was significantly increased by Zn2+ (229.6%) and other divalent metal ions (Mn2+, Mg2+, and Co2+), while its activity was inhibited by EDTA (53.9%). Meanwhile, the thermo-stability of the Gal42 was also significantly enhanced by 5 and 10 mM of zinc ion supplement, which suggested that the “Cys-Zn” motif played important roles in both structural stability and catalytic function. Furthermore, Gal42 showed effective lactose hydrolysis activity, which makes the enzyme hydrolyze the lactose in milk effectively. These properties make Gal42 a potential candidate in food technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Zhou
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ningning He
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qi Han
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Songshen Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ruikun Xue
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jianhua Hao
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Polar Fishery, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resource, Lianyungang, China
| | - Shangyong Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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7
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Improvement in Lactose Tolerance in Hypolactasic Subjects Consuming Ice Creams with High or Low Concentrations of Bifidobacterium bifidum 900791. Foods 2021; 10:foods10102468. [PMID: 34681517 PMCID: PMC8535838 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Bifidobacterium bifidum expresses lactase activity, no clinical trials have determined its impact on lactose-intolerant subjects. This study evaluated whether acute and chronic ingestion of ice creams containing B. bifidum 900791 at high (107 CFU/g) or low (105 CFU/g) concentrations improved lactose tolerance in hypolactasic subjects. Fifty subjects were selected based on a positive lactose (20 g) hydrogen breath test (HBT0) and the presence of digestive symptoms. The recruited subjects were required to perform breath tests after the acute ingestion of: (1) ice cream containing 20 g of lactose without a probiotic (HBT1); (2) the same ice cream, accompanied by a lactase tablet (HBT2); (3) the same ice cream containing the low or high dose of probiotic (HBT3-LD and HBT3-HD); and (4) after the chronic consumption of the ice cream without (placebo) or with the low concentration of probiotic for 1 month (HBT4). Significant decreases in H2 excretion during HBT2 and HBT3-HD as well as digestive symptoms during HBT2, HBT3-HD and HBT3-LD were observed compared to HBT0 and HBT1, while the orocecal transit time increased. Chronic consumption of the probiotic ice cream did not enhance lactose tolerance compared to the placebo. These results suggest that the acute ingestion of ice cream containing high or low concentrations of B. bifidum 900791 improves lactose tolerance in hypolactasic subjects.
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8
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Roselli M, Natella F, Zinno P, Guantario B, Canali R, Schifano E, De Angelis M, Nikoloudaki O, Gobbetti M, Perozzi G, Devirgiliis C. Colonization Ability and Impact on Human Gut Microbiota of Foodborne Microbes From Traditional or Probiotic-Added Fermented Foods: A Systematic Review. Front Nutr 2021; 8:689084. [PMID: 34395494 PMCID: PMC8360115 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.689084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A large subset of fermented foods act as vehicles of live environmental microbes, which often contribute food quality assets to the overall diet, such as health-associated microbial metabolites. Foodborne microorganisms also carry the potential to interact with the human gut microbiome via the food chain. However, scientific results describing the microbial flow connecting such different microbiomes as well as their impact on human health, are still fragmented. The aim of this systematic review is to provide a knowledge-base about the scientific literature addressing the connection between foodborne and gut microbiomes, as well as to identify gaps where more research is needed to clarify and map gut microorganisms originating from fermented foods, either traditional or added with probiotics, their possible impact on human gut microbiota composition and to which extent foodborne microbes might be able to colonize the gut environment. An additional aim was also to highlight experimental approaches and study designs which could be better standardized to improve comparative analysis of published datasets. Overall, the results presented in this systematic review suggest that a complex interplay between food and gut microbiota is indeed occurring, although the possible mechanisms for this interaction, as well as how it can impact human health, still remain a puzzling picture. Further research employing standardized and trans-disciplinary approaches aimed at understanding how fermented foods can be tailored to positively influence human gut microbiota and, in turn, host health, are therefore of pivotal importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Roselli
- Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, CREA (Council for Agricultural Research and Economics), Rome, Italy
| | - Fausta Natella
- Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, CREA (Council for Agricultural Research and Economics), Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Zinno
- Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, CREA (Council for Agricultural Research and Economics), Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Guantario
- Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, CREA (Council for Agricultural Research and Economics), Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaella Canali
- Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, CREA (Council for Agricultural Research and Economics), Rome, Italy
| | - Emily Schifano
- Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, CREA (Council for Agricultural Research and Economics), Rome, Italy
| | - Maria De Angelis
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Olga Nikoloudaki
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Marco Gobbetti
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Giuditta Perozzi
- Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, CREA (Council for Agricultural Research and Economics), Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Devirgiliis
- Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, CREA (Council for Agricultural Research and Economics), Rome, Italy
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9
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Cheng M, Cheng Z, Yu Y, Liu W, Li R, Guo Z, Qin J, Zeng Z, Di L, Mo Y, Pan C, Liang Y, Li J, Tong Y, Yan Y, Zhan Y, Ning K. An engineered genetic circuit for lactose intolerance alleviation. BMC Biol 2021; 19:137. [PMID: 34225711 PMCID: PMC8259030 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01070-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactose malabsorption occurs in around 68% of the world's population, causing lactose intolerance (LI) symptoms, such as abdominal pain, bloating, and diarrhea. To alleviate LI, previous studies have mainly focused on strengthening intestinal β-galactosidase activity while neglecting the inconspicuous drop in the colon pH caused by the fermentation of non-hydrolyzed lactose by the gut microbes. A drop in colon pH will reduce the intestinal β-galactosidase activity and influence intestinal homeostasis. RESULTS Here, we synthesized a tri-stable-switch circuit equipped with high β-galactosidase activity and pH rescue ability. This circuit can switch in functionality between the expression of β-galactosidase and expression of L-lactate dehydrogenase in response to an intestinal lactose signal and intestinal pH signal, respectively. We confirmed that the circuit functionality was efficient in bacterial cultures at a range of pH levels, and in preventing a drop in pH and β-galactosidase activity after lactose administration to mice. An impact of the circuit on gut microbiota composition was also indicated. CONCLUSIONS Due to its ability to flexibly adapt to environmental variation, in particular to stabilize colon pH and maintain β-galactosidase activity after lactose influx, the tri-stable-switch circuit can serve as a promising prototype for the relief of lactose intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Cheng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Innovation Base of Life Science and Technology, Qiming College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangyu Cheng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Innovation Base of Life Science and Technology, Qiming College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiyan Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Innovation Base of Life Science and Technology, Qiming College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wangjie Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Innovation Base of Life Science and Technology, Qiming College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruihao Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Innovation Base of Life Science and Technology, Qiming College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyi Guo
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Innovation Base of Life Science and Technology, Qiming College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiyue Qin
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Innovation Base of Life Science and Technology, Qiming College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Zeng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Innovation Base of Life Science and Technology, Qiming College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Di
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Innovation Base of Life Science and Technology, Qiming College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufeng Mo
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Innovation Base of Life Science and Technology, Qiming College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunxiu Pan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Innovation Base of Life Science and Technology, Qiming College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanhao Liang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Innovation Base of Life Science and Technology, Qiming College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinman Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 100071, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yigang Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 100071, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering (BAIC-SM), College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunjun Yan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi Zhan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, People's Republic of China. .,Innovation Base of Life Science and Technology, Qiming College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kang Ning
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Comparative genomics and in silico gene evaluation involved in the probiotic potential of Bifidobacterium longum 5 1A. Gene 2021; 795:145781. [PMID: 34153410 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Bifidobacterium longum 51A strain of isolated from feces of a healthy child, has demonstrated probiotic properties by in vivo and in vitro studies, which may be assigned to its production of metabolites such as acetate. Thus, through the study of comparative genomics, the present work sought to identify unique genes that might be related to the production of acetate. To perform the study, the DNA strain was sequenced using Illumina HiSeq technology, followed by assembly and manual curation of coding sequences. Comparative analysis was performed including 19 complete B. longum genomes available in Genbank/NCBI. In the phylogenetic analysis, the CECT 7210 and 157F strains of B. longum subsp. infantis aggregated within the subsp. longum cluster, suggesting that their taxonomic classification should be reviewed. The strain 51A of B. longum has 26 unique genes, six of which are possibly related to carbohydrate metabolism and acetate production. The phosphoketolase pathway from B. longum 51A showed a difference in acetyl-phosphate production. This result seems to corroborate the analysis of their unique genes, whose presence suggests the strain may use different sources of carbohydrates that allow a greater production of acetate and consequently offer benefits to the host health.
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11
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Porzi M, Burton-Pimentel KJ, Walther B, Vergères G. Development of Personalized Nutrition: Applications in Lactose Intolerance Diagnosis and Management. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051503. [PMID: 33946892 PMCID: PMC8145768 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent discoveries in the “omics” field and the growing focus on preventive health have opened new avenues for personalized nutrition (PN), which is becoming an important theme in the strategic plans of organizations that are active in healthcare, food, and nutrition research. PN holds great potential for individual health optimization, disease management, public health interventions, and product innovation. However, there are still multiple challenges to overcome before PN can be truly embraced by the public and healthcare stakeholders. The diagnosis and management of lactose intolerance (LI), a common condition with a strong inter-individual component, is explored as an interesting example for the potential role of these technologies and the challenges of PN. From the development of genetic and metabolomic LI diagnostic tests that can be carried out in the home, to advances in the understanding of LI pathology and individualized treatment optimization, PN in LI care has shown substantial progress. However, there are still many research gaps to address, including the understanding of epigenetic regulation of lactase expression and how lactose is metabolized by the gut microbiota, in order to achieve better LI detection and effective therapeutic interventions to reverse the potential health consequences of LI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Millie Porzi
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Kathryn J. Burton-Pimentel
- Agroscope, Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research EAER, 3003 Bern, Switzerland; (K.J.B.-P.); (B.W.)
| | - Barbara Walther
- Agroscope, Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research EAER, 3003 Bern, Switzerland; (K.J.B.-P.); (B.W.)
| | - Guy Vergères
- Agroscope, Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research EAER, 3003 Bern, Switzerland; (K.J.B.-P.); (B.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-58-463-8154
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12
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Diversity of the type I-U CRISPR-Cas system in Bifidobacterium. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:3235-3243. [PMID: 33837440 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02310-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The CRISPR-Cas system is widely distributed in prokaryotes and plays an important role in the adaptive immunity of bacteria and archaea. Bifidobacterium is an important component of the intestinal flora of humans and animals, and some species of this bacterium can be employed as food additives. However, the Bifidobacterium CRISPR-Cas system has not been fully elucidated to date. In this study, the genomes of 110 strains of Bifidobacterium were employed to research the diversity of the type I-U system. The 110 strains were divided into five groups according to the genes adjacent to the CRISPR locus, including group A, B, C, D and E. Strains in the intergroup had unique species classifications and MLST types. An evolutionary tree was constructed based on the conserved cas4/cas1 fusion gene. The results showed that group A had a different evolutionary branch compared with the other groups and had a relatively low spacer number. Notably, group B, C and E had exhibited ABC transporter regulators in the genes adjacent to the CRISPR locus. ABC transporters play important roles in the exocytosis of many antibiotics and are involved in horizontal gene transfer. This mechanism may have promoted the evolution of Bifidobacterium and the horizontal gene transfer of the type I-U system, which may have promoted the generation of system diversity. In summary, our results help to elucidate the role of the type I-U system in the evolution of Bifidobacterium.
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13
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Movahedpour A, Ahmadi N, Ghalamfarsa F, Ghesmati Z, Khalifeh M, Maleksabet A, Shabaninejad Z, Taheri-Anganeh M, Savardashtaki A. β-Galactosidase: From its source and applications to its recombinant form. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2021; 69:612-628. [PMID: 33656174 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-active enzymes are a group of important enzymes playing a critical role in the degradation and synthesis of carbohydrates. Glycosidases can hydrolyze glycosides into oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and glycoconjugates via a cost-effective approach. Lactase is an important member of β-glycosidases found in higher plants, animals, and microorganisms. β-Galactosidases can be used to degrade the milk lactose for making lactose-free milk, which is sweeter than regular milk and is suitable for lactose-intolerant people. β-Galactosidase is employed by many food industries to degrade lactose and improve the digestibility, sweetness, solubility, and flavor of dairy products. β-Galactosidase enzymes have various families and are applied in the food-processing industries such as hydrolyzed-milk products, whey, and galactooligosaccharides. Thus, this enzyme is a valuable protein which is now produced by recombinant technology. In this review, origins, structure, recombinant production, and critical modifications of β-galactosidase for improving the production process are discussed. Since β-galactosidase is a valuable enzyme in industry and health care, a study of its various aspects is important in industrial biotechnology and applied biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Movahedpour
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nahid Ahmadi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farideh Ghalamfarsa
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zeinab Ghesmati
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Khalifeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Maleksabet
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Zahra Shabaninejad
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mortaza Taheri-Anganeh
- Shahid Arefian Hospital, Urmia, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Amir Savardashtaki
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Generation of Lactose- and Protease-Positive Probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG by Conjugation with Lactococcus lactis NCDO 712. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:AEM.02957-20. [PMID: 33419737 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02957-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) is the most studied probiotic bacterium in the world. It is used as a probiotic supplement in many foods, including various dairy products. However, LGG grows poorly in milk, as it neither metabolizes the main milk carbohydrate lactose nor degrades the major milk protein casein effectively. In this study, we made L. rhamnosus GG lactose and protease positive by conjugation with the dairy Lactococcus lactis strain NCDO 712 carrying the lactose-protease plasmid pLP712. A lactose-hydrolyzing transconjugant colony was obtained on agar containing lactose as the sole source of carbohydrates. By microscopic analysis and PCR with LGG- and pLP712-specific primers, the transconjugant was confirmed to have originated from LGG and to carry the plasmid pLP712. The transconjugant was named L. rhamnosus LAB49. The isolation of plasmids revealed that not only pLP712 but also other plasmids had been transferred from L. lactis into LGG during conjugation. With plasmid-specific PCR primers, four additional lactococcal plasmids were detected in LAB49. Proteolytic activity assay and SDS-PAGE analysis verified that L. rhamnosus LAB49 effectively degraded β-casein. In contrast to its parental strain, LGG, the ability of LAB49 to metabolize lactose and degrade casein enabled strong and fast growth in milk. As strains with new properties made by conjugation are not regarded as genetically modified organisms (GMOs), L. rhamnosus LAB49 could be beneficial in dairy fermentations as a probiotic starter culture.IMPORTANCE Probiotic strain Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) is widely sold on the market as a probiotic or added as a supplement in dairy foods because of its benefits in human health. However, due to the deficiency of lactose and casein utilization, LGG does not grow well in milk. On the other hand, lactose intolerance and cow's milk protein allergy are the two major problems related to milk consumption. One option to help with these two conditions is the use of probiotic or lactose- and casein-hydrolyzing bacteria in dairy products. The purpose of this study was to equip LGG with lactose/casein-hydrolyzing ability by bacterial conjugation. As a result, we generated a non-GMO LGG derivative with improved properties and better growth in milk.
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15
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Joukar F, Mavaddati S, Mansour-Ghanaei F, Samadani AA. Gut Microbiota as a Positive Potential Therapeutic Factor in Carcinogenesis: an Overview of Microbiota-Targeted Therapy. J Gastrointest Cancer 2021; 51:363-378. [PMID: 31025167 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-019-00237-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer therapeutic methods comprising chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery are so routine in cancer treatment. Remarkably, there are several personal features which affect the effectiveness of such treatments including nutrition, microbiome diversity, and physical activity which has distinct significant roles during and after therapies along with their bilateral connections. In this way, the ability of gut microbiota36 in modulating the efficacy of chemotherapeutic medications in cancer and other types of disorders is of great importance. In addition, the role of dietary, probiotic, and synthetically engineered bacteria in manipulating and optimizing the gut microbiota is of interest. Conspicuously, the correlation between the commensal microbiota and also host can regulate the physiological activities comprising the immunity system and inflammatory agents and it is scanned in the category of cancers. Bacterial species have been employed in cancer therapy; commensal microbes posse a key beneficial role in this field. Practically, the microbiota has this potential to accelerate and modulates a certain response by priming in order to release the pro-inflammatory agents. We would like to discuss these vital factors in this review as gut microbiota has the potential to be the main option for personalized cancer treatment strategies in the future. Meaning, this novel data present clinical promising feasibilities of modulating cancer therapy with using microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farahnaz Joukar
- GI Cancer Screening and Prevention Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.,Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Sara Mavaddati
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.,Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei
- GI Cancer Screening and Prevention Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.,Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Samadani
- GI Cancer Screening and Prevention Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. .,Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
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16
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Abdel-Salam AM, Badr AN, Zaghloul AH, Farrag ARH. Functional yogurt aims to protect against the aflatoxin B1 toxicity in rats. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:1412-1420. [PMID: 33102145 PMCID: PMC7578531 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the rise of mycotoxin contamination in food materials was found to be due to several factors, including climatic changes' impact. Therefore, the aim of this study was to provide a novel food product that allows the reduction of aflatoxin impact in animal tissues. Chicory root-extract (CRE) was evaluated for its active components, antioxidant potency, and antimicrobial activity. The CRE was utilized to produce functional yogurt (FY) that was evaluated in-vivo using experimental rats. The CRE showed high antioxidant activity and recorded valuable content of the active components. Results also showed a high antimicrobial effect against toxigenic fungal strains. The results have reflected the efficiency of the FY to suppress aflatoxin impacts in the animal tissues and biochemical parameters of rats-serum. An enhancement was recorded inliver and kidney functions for rats taking FY with the presence of aflatoxin. It was concluded that consumption of the FY assisted in suppression of the oxidative stress in rats-tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed Noah Badr
- Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed H. Zaghloul
- Dairy Science Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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17
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Andrade JC, Almeida D, Domingos M, Seabra CL, Machado D, Freitas AC, Gomes AM. Commensal Obligate Anaerobic Bacteria and Health: Production, Storage, and Delivery Strategies. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:550. [PMID: 32582673 PMCID: PMC7291883 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last years several human commensals have emerged from the gut microbiota studies as potential probiotics or therapeutic agents. Strains of human gut inhabitants such as Akkermansia, Bacteroides, or Faecalibacterium have shown several interesting bioactivities and are thus currently being considered as food supplements or as live biotherapeutics, as is already the case with other human commensals such as bifidobacteria. The large-scale use of these bacteria will pose many challenges and drawbacks mainly because they are quite sensitive to oxygen and/or very difficult to cultivate. This review highlights the properties of some of the most promising human commensals bacteria and summarizes the most up-to-date knowledge on their potential health effects. A comprehensive outlook on the potential strategies currently employed and/or available to produce, stabilize, and deliver these microorganisms is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Carlos Andrade
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Diana Almeida
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Melany Domingos
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Leal Seabra
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniela Machado
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Cristina Freitas
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Maria Gomes
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
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18
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Leis R, de Castro MJ, de Lamas C, Picáns R, Couce ML. Effects of Prebiotic and Probiotic Supplementation on Lactase Deficiency and Lactose Intolerance: A Systematic Review of Controlled Trials. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051487. [PMID: 32443748 PMCID: PMC7284493 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactose intolerance (LI) is characterized by the presence of primarily gastrointestinal clinical signs resulting from colonic fermentation of lactose, the absorption of which is impaired due to a deficiency in the lactase enzyme. These clinical signs can be modified by several factors, including lactose dose, residual lactase expression, concurrent ingestion of other dietary components, gut-transit time, and enteric microbiome composition. In many of individuals with lactose malabsorption, clinical signs may be absent after consumption of normal amounts of milk or, in particular, dairy products (yogurt and cheese), which contain lactose partially digested by live bacteria. The intestinal microbiota can be modulated by biotic supplementation, which may alleviate the signs and symptoms of LI. This systematic review summarizes the available evidence on the influence of prebiotics and probiotics on lactase deficiency and LI. The literature search was conducted using the MEDLINE (via PUBMED) and SCOPUS databases following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, and included randomized controlled trials. For each study selected, the risk of bias was assessed following the Cochrane Collaboration methodology. Our findings showed varying degrees of efficacy but an overall positive relationship between probiotics and LI in relation to specific strains and concentrations. Limitations regarding the wide heterogeneity between the studies included in this review should be taken into account. Only one study examined the benefits of prebiotic supplementation and LI. So further clinical trials are needed in order to gather more evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaura Leis
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, 15704 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.-J.d.C.); (R.P.); (M.L.C.)
- IDIS-Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, 15704 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBEROBN, Instituto Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Pediatría, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15704 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-981-951-116
| | - María-José de Castro
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, 15704 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.-J.d.C.); (R.P.); (M.L.C.)
- IDIS-Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, 15704 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBERER, Instituto Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmela de Lamas
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Pediatría, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15704 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Rosaura Picáns
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, 15704 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.-J.d.C.); (R.P.); (M.L.C.)
| | - María L. Couce
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, 15704 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (M.-J.d.C.); (R.P.); (M.L.C.)
- IDIS-Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, 15704 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Pediatría, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15704 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- CIBERER, Instituto Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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19
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Wade KH, Hall LJ. Improving causality in microbiome research: can human genetic epidemiology help? Wellcome Open Res 2020; 4:199. [PMID: 32462081 PMCID: PMC7217228 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15628.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence supports associations between human gut microbiome variation and multiple health outcomes and diseases. Despite compelling results from in vivo and in vitro models, few findings have been translated into an understanding of modifiable causal relationships. Furthermore, epidemiological studies have been unconvincing in their ability to offer causal evidence due to their observational nature, where confounding by lifestyle and behavioural factors, reverse causation and bias are important limitations. Whilst randomized controlled trials have made steps towards understanding the causal role played by the gut microbiome in disease, they are expensive and time-consuming. This evidence that has not been translated between model systems impedes opportunities for harnessing the gut microbiome for improving population health. Therefore, there is a need for alternative approaches to interrogate causality in the context of gut microbiome research. The integration of human genetics within population health sciences have proved successful in facilitating improved causal inference (e.g., with Mendelian randomization [MR] studies) and characterising inherited disease susceptibility. MR is an established method that employs human genetic variation as natural "proxies" for clinically relevant (and ideally modifiable) traits to improve causality in observational associations between those traits and health outcomes. Here, we focus and discuss the utility of MR within the context of human gut microbiome research, review studies that have used this method and consider the strengths, limitations and challenges facing this research. Specifically, we highlight the requirements for careful examination and interpretation of derived causal estimates and host (i.e., human) genetic effects themselves, triangulation across multiple study designs and inter-disciplinary collaborations. Meeting these requirements will help support or challenge causality of the role played by the gut microbiome on human health to develop new, targeted therapies to alleviate disease symptoms to ultimately improve lives and promote good health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin H. Wade
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Lindsay J. Hall
- Gut Microbes & Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, NR4 7UQ, UK
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20
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Wade KH, Hall LJ. Improving causality in microbiome research: can human genetic epidemiology help? Wellcome Open Res 2020; 4:199. [PMID: 32462081 PMCID: PMC7217228 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15628.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 03/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Evidence supports associations between human gut microbiome variation and multiple health outcomes and diseases. Despite compelling results from in vivo and in vitro models, few findings have been translated into an understanding of modifiable causal relationships. Furthermore, epidemiological studies have been unconvincing in their ability to offer causal evidence due to their observational nature, where confounding by lifestyle and behavioural factors, reverse causation and bias are important limitations. Whilst randomized controlled trials have made steps towards understanding the causal role played by the gut microbiome in disease, they are expensive and time-consuming. This evidence that has not been translated between model systems impedes opportunities for harnessing the gut microbiome for improving population health. Therefore, there is a need for alternative approaches to interrogate causality in the context of gut microbiome research. The integration of human genetics within population health sciences have proved successful in facilitating improved causal inference (e.g., with Mendelian randomization [MR] studies) and characterising inherited disease susceptibility. MR is an established method that employs human genetic variation as natural "proxies" for clinically relevant (and ideally modifiable) traits to improve causality in observational associations between those traits and health outcomes. Here, we focus and discuss the utility of MR within the context of human gut microbiome research, review studies that have used this method and consider the strengths, limitations and challenges facing this research. Specifically, we highlight the requirements for careful examination and interpretation of derived causal estimates and host (i.e., human) genetic effects themselves, triangulation across multiple study designs and inter-disciplinary collaborations. Meeting these requirements will help support or challenge causality of the role played by the gut microbiome on human health to develop new, targeted therapies to alleviate disease symptoms to ultimately improve lives and promote good health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin H. Wade
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Lindsay J. Hall
- Gut Microbes & Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, NR4 7UQ, UK
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21
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Wade KH, Hall LJ. Improving causality in microbiome research: can human genetic epidemiology help? Wellcome Open Res 2019; 4:199. [PMID: 32462081 PMCID: PMC7217228 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15628.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 03/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Evidence supports associations between human gut microbiome variation and multiple health outcomes and diseases. Despite compelling results from in vivo and in vitro models, few findings have been translated into an understanding of modifiable causal relationships. Furthermore, epidemiological studies have been unconvincing in their ability to offer causal evidence due to their observational nature, where confounding by lifestyle and behavioural factors, reverse causation and bias are important limitations. Whilst randomized controlled trials have made steps towards understanding the causal role played by the gut microbiome in disease, they are expensive and time-consuming. This evidence that has not been translated between model systems impedes opportunities for harnessing the gut microbiome for improving population health. Therefore, there is a need for alternative approaches to interrogate causality in the context of gut microbiome research. The integration of human genetics within population health sciences have proved successful in facilitating improved causal inference (e.g., with Mendelian randomization [MR] studies) and characterising inherited disease susceptibility. MR is an established method that employs human genetic variation as natural "proxies" for clinically relevant (and ideally modifiable) traits to improve causality in observational associations between those traits and health outcomes. Here, we focus and discuss the utility of MR within the context of human gut microbiome research, review studies that have used this method and consider the strengths, limitations and challenges facing this research. Specifically, we highlight the requirements for careful examination and interpretation of derived causal estimates and host (i.e., human) genetic effects themselves, triangulation across multiple study designs and inter-disciplinary collaborations. Meeting these requirements will help support or challenge causality of the role played by the gut microbiome on human health to develop new, targeted therapies to alleviate disease symptoms to ultimately improve lives and promote good health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin H. Wade
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Lindsay J. Hall
- Gut Microbes & Health, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, NR4 7UQ, UK
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22
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Pavli F, Gkana E, Adebambo O, Karatzas KA, Panagou E, Nychas GJE. Ιn Vitro Screening of γ-Aminobutyric Acid and Autoinducer-2 Signalling in Lactic Acid Bacteria Exhibiting Probiotic Potential Isolated from Natural Black Conservolea Olives. Foods 2019; 8:foods8120640. [PMID: 31817226 PMCID: PMC6963526 DOI: 10.3390/foods8120640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, 33 strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) previously isolated from natural black Conservolea olives were assessed for their probiotic potential in vitro, as well as for their autoinducer-2 (AI-2) activity under standard growth conditions and the production of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The probiotic tests included the in vitro resistance to low pH and resistance to bile salts, the evaluation of bile salt hydrolase activity, as well as safety tests regarding their possible haemolytic activity and their antimicrobial activity against pathogens. The results indicated that 17 strains were able to survive in low pH and in the presence of bile, with 15 of them also exhibiting partial bile salt hydrolase activity. None of the strains exhibited haemolytic activity or inhibited the growth of any of the examined pathogens. Moreover, the strains displayed generally low AI-2 activity under the growth conditions tested, regardless of the species. Interestingly, in contrast to what has been found in most foods, none of the isolates were found to produce GABA after 48 h of growth. The results from the AI-2 activity and extracellular GABA detection were considered as unexpected for LAB with probiotic attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foteini Pavli
- Laboratory of Microbiology Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece; (F.P.); (E.G.); (E.P.)
| | - Eleni Gkana
- Laboratory of Microbiology Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece; (F.P.); (E.G.); (E.P.)
| | - Oluwabunmi Adebambo
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK; (O.A.); (K.-A.K.)
| | - Kimon-Andreas Karatzas
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK; (O.A.); (K.-A.K.)
| | - Efstathios Panagou
- Laboratory of Microbiology Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece; (F.P.); (E.G.); (E.P.)
| | - George-John E. Nychas
- Laboratory of Microbiology Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece; (F.P.); (E.G.); (E.P.)
- Correspondence:
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23
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Li S, Zhu X, Xing M. A New β-Galactosidase from the Antarctic Bacterium Alteromonas sp. ANT48 and Its Potential in Formation of Prebiotic Galacto-Oligosaccharides. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17110599. [PMID: 31652852 PMCID: PMC6891550 DOI: 10.3390/md17110599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
As an important medical enzyme, β-galactosidases catalyze transgalactosylation to form prebiotic Galacto-Oligosaccharides (GOS) that assist in improving the effect of intestinal flora on human health. In this study, a new glycoside hydrolase family 2 (GH2) β-galactosidase-encoding gene, galA, was cloned from the Antarctic bacterium Alteromonas sp. ANT48 and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant β-galactosidase GalA was optimal at pH 7.0 and stable at pH 6.6–7.0, which are conditions suitable for the dairy environment. Meanwhile, GalA showed most activity at 50 °C and retained more than 80% of its initial activity below 40 °C, which makes this enzyme stable in normal conditions. Molecular docking with lactose suggested that GalA could efficiently recognize and catalyze lactose substrates. Furthermore, GalA efficiently catalyzed lactose degradation and transgalactosylation of GOS in milk. A total of 90.6% of the lactose in milk could be hydrolyzed within 15 min at 40 °C, and the GOS yield reached 30.9%. These properties make GalA a good candidate for further applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangyong Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Xiangjie Zhu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Mengxin Xing
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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24
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Technological aspects, health benefits, and sensory properties of probiotic cheese. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-1154-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Chattopadhyay S, Khatun S, Maity M, Jana S, Perveen H, Dash M, Dey A, Jana LR, Maity PP. Association of Vitamin B 12, Lactate Dehydrogenase, and Regulation of NF-κB in the Mitigation of Sodium Arsenite-Induced ROS Generation in Uterine Tissue by Commercially Available Probiotics. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2019; 11:30-42. [PMID: 28994024 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-017-9333-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Managing arsenic intoxication with conventional metal chelators is a global challenge. The present study demonstrated the therapeutic role of probiotics against arsenic-induced oxidative stress and female reproductive dysfunction. Sodium arsenite-treated (1.0 mg/100 g body weight) Wistar female rats were followed up by a post-treatment of commercially available probiotic mixture in powder form (0.25 mg/100 g body weight) orally. Rats that experienced arsenic ingestion showed a significant lessening in the activities of uterine superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase activities, and the level of non-protein soluble thiol (NPSH) with a concomitant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and conjugated dienes (CD). Exposure to arsenic significantly lowered the levels of vitamin B12 and estradiol. Exposure to arsenic highly expressed the inflammatory marker and transcription factor NF-κB. Arsenic-mediated instability of these above parameters was controlled by the probiotics with a rebuilding of better function of anti-oxidant components. Besides its function in regulating endogenous anti-oxidant system, probiotics were able to augment the protection against mutagenic uterine DNA-breakage, necrosis, and ovarian-uterine tissue damages in arsenicated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science and Management, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721102, India. .,Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics division, (UGC Innovative Department), Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721102, India.
| | - Shamima Khatun
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science and Management, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721102, India.,Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics division, (UGC Innovative Department), Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721102, India
| | - Moulima Maity
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science and Management, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721102, India.,Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics division, (UGC Innovative Department), Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721102, India
| | - Suryashis Jana
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science and Management, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721102, India.,Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics division, (UGC Innovative Department), Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721102, India
| | - Hasina Perveen
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science and Management, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721102, India.,Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics division, (UGC Innovative Department), Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721102, India
| | - Moumita Dash
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science and Management, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721102, India.,Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics division, (UGC Innovative Department), Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721102, India
| | - Arindam Dey
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science and Management, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721102, India.,Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics division, (UGC Innovative Department), Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721102, India
| | - Lipi Rani Jana
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science and Management, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721102, India.,Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics division, (UGC Innovative Department), Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721102, India
| | - Pikash Pratim Maity
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science and Management, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721102, India.,Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics division, (UGC Innovative Department), Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721102, India
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26
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Perz AI, Giles CB, Brown CA, Porter H, Roopnarinesingh X, Wren JD. MNEMONIC: MetageNomic Experiment Mining to create an OTU Network of Inhabitant Correlations. BMC Bioinformatics 2019; 20:96. [PMID: 30871469 PMCID: PMC6419333 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-019-2623-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The number of publicly available metagenomic experiments in various environments has been rapidly growing, empowering the potential to identify similar shifts in species abundance between different experiments. This could be a potentially powerful way to interpret new experiments, by identifying common themes and causes behind changes in species abundance. Results We propose a novel framework for comparing microbial shifts between conditions. Using data from one of the largest human metagenome projects to date, the American Gut Project (AGP), we obtain differential abundance vectors for microbes using experimental condition information provided with the AGP metadata, such as patient age, dietary habits, or health status. We show it can be used to identify similar and opposing shifts in microbial species, and infer putative interactions between microbes. Our results show that groups of shifts with similar effects on microbiome can be identified and that similar dietary interventions display similar microbial abundance shifts. Conclusions Without comparison to prior data, it is difficult for experimentalists to know if their observed changes in species abundance have been observed by others, both in their conditions and in others they would never consider comparable. Yet, this can be a very important contextual factor in interpreting the significance of a shift. We’ve proposed and tested an algorithmic solution to this problem, which also allows for comparing the metagenomic signature shifts between conditions in the existing body of data. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12859-019-2623-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra I Perz
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Division of Genomics and Data Sciences, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104-5005, USA.
| | - Cory B Giles
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Division of Genomics and Data Sciences, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104-5005, USA.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Chase A Brown
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Division of Genomics and Data Sciences, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104-5005, USA.,Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Hunter Porter
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Division of Genomics and Data Sciences, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104-5005, USA.,Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Xiavan Roopnarinesingh
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Division of Genomics and Data Sciences, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104-5005, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jonathan D Wren
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Division of Genomics and Data Sciences, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104-5005, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA. .,Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA. .,Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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27
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Plaza-Diaz J, Ruiz-Ojeda FJ, Gil-Campos M, Gil A. Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:S49-S66. [PMID: 30721959 PMCID: PMC6363529 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 528] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are living microorganisms that confer health benefits to the host when administered in adequate amounts; however, dead bacteria and their components can also exhibit probiotic properties. Bifidobacterium and strains of lactic acid bacteria are the most widely used bacteria that exhibit probiotic properties and are included in many functional foods and dietary supplements. Probiotics have been shown to prevent and ameliorate the course of digestive disorders such as acute, nosocomial, and antibiotic-associated diarrhea; allergic disorders such as atopic dermatitis (eczema) and allergic rhinitis in infants; and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and some inflammatory bowel disorders in adults. In addition, probiotics may be of interest as coadjuvants in the treatment of metabolic disorders, including obesity, metabolic syndrome, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and type 2 diabetes. However, the mechanisms of action of probiotics, which are diverse, heterogeneous, and strain specific, have received little attention. Thus, the aim of the present work was to review the main mechanisms of action of probiotics, including colonization and normalization of perturbed intestinal microbial communities in children and adults; competitive exclusion of pathogens and bacteriocin production; modulation of fecal enzymatic activities associated with the metabolization of biliary salts and inactivation of carcinogens and other xenobiotics; production of short-chain and branched-chain fatty acids, which, in turn, have wide effects not only in the intestine but also in peripheral tissues via interactions with short-chain fatty acid receptors, modulating mainly tissue insulin sensitivity; cell adhesion and mucin production; modulation of the immune system, which results mainly in the differentiation of T-regulatory cells and upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors, i.e., interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor; and interaction with the brain-gut axis by regulation of endocrine and neurologic functions. Further research to elucidate the precise molecular mechanisms of action of probiotics is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Plaza-Diaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix,” Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Ruiz-Ojeda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix,” Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Mercedes Gil-Campos
- CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition CB12/03/30038), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Pediatric Research and Metabolism Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Angel Gil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix,” Biomedical Research Center, University of Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition CB12/03/30038), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Korakas E, Dimitriadis G, Raptis A, Lambadiari V. Dietary Composition and Cardiovascular Risk: A Mediator or a Bystander? Nutrients 2018; 10:E1912. [PMID: 30518065 PMCID: PMC6316552 DOI: 10.3390/nu10121912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of nutrition in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease has long been debated. The established notion of the deleterious effects of fat is recently under question, with numerous studies demonstrating the benefits of low-carbohydrate, high-fat diets in terms of obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and metabolic derangement. Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially n-3 PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids), are the types of fat that favor metabolic markers and are key components of the Mediterranean Diet, which is considered an ideal dietary pattern with great cardioprotective effects. Except for macronutrients, however, micronutrients like polyphenols, carotenoids, and vitamins act on molecular pathways that affect oxidative stress, endothelial function, and lipid and glucose homeostasis. In relation to these metabolic markers, the human gut microbiome is constantly revealed, with its composition being altered by even small dietary changes and different microbial populations being associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes, thus becoming the target for potential new treatment interventions. This review aims to present the most recent data concerning different dietary patterns at both the macro- and micronutrient level and their association with atherosclerosis, obesity, and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Korakas
- Second Department of Internal Medicine and Research Institute, University General Hospital Attikon, 124 62 Haidari, Greece.
| | - George Dimitriadis
- Second Department of Internal Medicine and Research Institute, University General Hospital Attikon, 124 62 Haidari, Greece.
| | - Athanasios Raptis
- Second Department of Internal Medicine and Research Institute, University General Hospital Attikon, 124 62 Haidari, Greece.
| | - Vaia Lambadiari
- Second Department of Internal Medicine and Research Institute, University General Hospital Attikon, 124 62 Haidari, Greece.
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29
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Mohammadkhah AI, Simpson EB, Patterson SG, Ferguson JF. Development of the Gut Microbiome in Children, and Lifetime Implications for Obesity and Cardiometabolic Disease. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 5:E160. [PMID: 30486462 PMCID: PMC6306821 DOI: 10.3390/children5120160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that microbiome composition and function is associated with development of obesity and metabolic disease. Microbial colonization expands rapidly following birth, and microbiome composition is particularly variable during infancy. Factors that influence the formation of the gut microbiome during infancy and childhood may have a significant impact on development of obesity and metabolic dysfunction, with life-long consequences. In this review, we examine the determinants of gut microbiome composition during infancy and childhood, and evaluate the potential impact on obesity and cardiometabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anica I Mohammadkhah
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Eoin B Simpson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Stephanie G Patterson
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Jane F Ferguson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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30
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Lactose Maldigestion, Malabsorption, and Intolerance: A Comprehensive Review with a Focus on Current Management and Future Perspectives. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111599. [PMID: 30388735 PMCID: PMC6265758 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk is a fundamental component of the diet of every mammal; nevertheless, not every individual can tolerate this kind of food, especially in adulthood. However, lactose intolerance has only been recognized in the last 50 years, and currently, lactose intolerance is defined as a clinical syndrome characterized by pain, abdominal distention, flatulence, and diarrhoea that occur after lactose consumption. Lactose is currently a common disaccharide in human nutrition, both in breastfed infants and in adults, but its digestion requires a specialized enzyme called lactase. The genetically programmed reduction in lactase activity during adulthood affects most of the world’s adult population and can cause troublesome digestive symptoms, which may also vary depending on the amount of residual lactase activity; the small bowel transit time; and, especially, the amount of ingested lactose. Several diagnostic tests are currently available for lactose intolerance, but the diagnosis remains challenging. The treatment for lactose intolerance mainly consists of reducing or eliminating the dietetic amount of lactose until the symptoms disappear, but this is hard to achieve, as lactose is present in dairy products and is even commonly used as a food additive. In addition to dietetic restriction of lactose-containing foods, lactase can be administered as an enzymatic food supplement, but its efficacy is still controversial. Recently, probiotics have been proposed for the management of lactose intolerance; certain probiotic strains have shown specific β-galactosidase activity, thus aiding in the digestion of lactose. The aim of this paper was to review the current knowledge about lactose intolerance and to discuss the potential for the use of specific probiotic strains such as dietary supplements in lactose-intolerant patients.
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31
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Kap YS, Bus-Spoor C, van Driel N, Dubbelaar ML, Grit C, Kooistra SM, Fagrouch ZC, Verschoor EJ, Bauer J, Eggen BJL, Harmsen HJM, Laman JD, 't Hart BA. Targeted Diet Modification Reduces Multiple Sclerosis-like Disease in Adult Marmoset Monkeys from an Outbred Colony. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:3229-3243. [PMID: 30341184 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in common marmosets is a translationally relevant model of the chronic neurologic disease multiple sclerosis. Following the introduction of a new dietary supplement in our purpose-bred marmoset colony, the percentage of marmosets in which clinically evident EAE could be induced by sensitization against recombinant human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in IFA decreased from 100 to 65%. The reduced EAE susceptibility after the dietary change coincided with reduced Callitrichine herpesvirus 3 expression in the colony, an EBV-related γ1-herpesvirus associated with EAE. We then investigated, in a controlled study in marmoset twins, which disease-relevant parameters were affected by the dietary change. The selected twins had been raised on the new diet for at least 12 mo prior to the study. In twin siblings reverted to the original diet 8 wk prior to EAE induction, 100% disease prevalence (eight out of eight) was restored, whereas in siblings remaining on the new diet the EAE prevalence was 75% (six out of eight). Spinal cord demyelination, a classical hallmark of the disease, was significantly lower in new-diet monkeys than in monkeys reverted to the original diet. In new-diet monkeys, the proinflammatory T cell response to recombinant human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein was significantly reduced, and RNA-sequencing revealed reduced apoptosis and enhanced myelination in the brain. Systematic typing of the marmoset gut microbiota using 16S rRNA sequencing demonstrated a unique, Bifidobacteria-dominated composition, which changed after disease induction. In conclusion, targeted dietary intervention exerts positive effects on EAE-related parameters in multiple compartments of the marmoset's gut-immune-CNS axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda S Kap
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2280 GH Rijswijk, the Netherlands;
| | - Carien Bus-Spoor
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nikki van Driel
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2280 GH Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Marissa L Dubbelaar
- Section Medical Physiology, Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Corien Grit
- Section Medical Physiology, Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Susanne M Kooistra
- Section Medical Physiology, Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands.,MS Centrum Noord Nederland, 9722 NN Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Zahra C Fagrouch
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands; and
| | - Ernst J Verschoor
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands; and
| | - Jan Bauer
- Department for Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bart J L Eggen
- Section Medical Physiology, Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands.,MS Centrum Noord Nederland, 9722 NN Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hermie J M Harmsen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jon D Laman
- Section Medical Physiology, Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands.,MS Centrum Noord Nederland, 9722 NN Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bert A 't Hart
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2280 GH Rijswijk, the Netherlands.,Section Medical Physiology, Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands.,MS Centrum Noord Nederland, 9722 NN Groningen, the Netherlands
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32
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The importance of cohort studies in the post-GWAS era. Nat Genet 2018; 50:322-328. [PMID: 29511284 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0066-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has seen enormous success of wide-scale genetic studies in identifying genetic variants that modify individuals' predisposition to common diseases. However, the interpretation and functional understanding of these variants lag far behind. In this Perspective, we discuss opportunities for using large-scale cohort studies to investigate the downstream molecular effects of SNPs at different 'omics' data levels. We point to the pivotal role of population cohorts in establishing causality and advancing drug discovery. In particular, we focus on the breadth-versus-depth concepts of population studies, on data harmonization, and on the challenges, ethical aspects and future perspectives of cohort studies.
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33
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Pavli F, Tassou C, Nychas GJE, Chorianopoulos N. Probiotic Incorporation in Edible Films and Coatings: Bioactive Solution for Functional Foods. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E150. [PMID: 29300362 PMCID: PMC5796099 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the consumption of food products containing probiotics, has increased worldwide due to concerns regarding healthy diet and wellbeing. This trend has received a lot of attention from the food industries, aiming to produce novel probiotic foods, and from researchers, to improve the existing methodologies for probiotic delivery or to develop and investigate new possible applications. In this sense, edible films and coatings are being studied as probiotic carriers with many applications. There is a wide variety of materials with film-forming ability, possessing different characteristics and subsequently affecting the final product. This manuscript aims to provide significant information regarding probiotics and active/bioactive packaging, to review applications of probiotic edible films and coatings, and to discuss certain limitations of their use as well as the current legislation and future trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foteini Pavli
- Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DEMETER, Lycovrissi, 14123 Attica, Greece.
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece.
| | - Chrysoula Tassou
- Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DEMETER, Lycovrissi, 14123 Attica, Greece.
| | - George-John E Nychas
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece.
| | - Nikos Chorianopoulos
- Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DEMETER, Lycovrissi, 14123 Attica, Greece.
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34
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Venkateswarulu TC, Prabhakar KV, Kumar RB. Optimization of nutritional components of medium by response surface methodology for enhanced production of lactase. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:202. [PMID: 28667642 PMCID: PMC5493568 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0805-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactase has excellent applications in dairy industry and commercially this enzyme is produced from bacterial sources but not in high yields. In this work, the production of lactase was improved by designing of nutrient components in fermentation medium by one factor at a time. Lactose and yeast extract were selected as preferable carbon and nitrogen sources for lactase production with tryptophan and MgSO4 showing enhanced production. Statistical analysis proved to be a useful and powerful tool in developing optimum fermentation conditions. The individual and interactive role of lactose, yeast extract, magnesium sulfate, and tryptophan concentration on lactase production was examined by central composite design. Submerged fermentation with Bacillus subtilis strain VUVD001 produced lactase activity of 63.54 U/ml in optimized medium. The activity was threefold higher in comparison to an unoptimized medium. This result confirmed that the designed medium was useful for producing higher yields of lactase.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Venkateswarulu
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology and Research University, Vadlamudi, Andhra Pradesh, 522213, India.
| | - K Vidya Prabhakar
- Department of Biotechnology, Vikrama Simhapuri University, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, 524003, India
| | - R Bharath Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology and Research University, Vadlamudi, Andhra Pradesh, 522213, India
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35
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Saqib S, Akram A, Halim SA, Tassaduq R. Sources of β-galactosidase and its applications in food industry. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:79. [PMID: 28500401 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0645-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzyme β-galactosidases have been isolated from various sources such as bacteria, fungi, yeast, vegetables, and recombinant sources. This enzyme holds importance due to its wide applications in food industries to manufacture lactose-hydrolyzed products for lactose-intolerant people and the formation of glycosylated products. Absorption of undigested lactose in small intestine requires the activity of this enzyme; hence, the deficiency of this enzyme leads to lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance affects around 70% of world's adult population, while the prevalence rate of lactose intolerance is 60% in Pakistan. β-Galactosidases are not only used to manufacture lactose-free products but also employed to treat whey, and used in prebiotics. This review focuses on various sources of β-galactosidase and highlights the importance of β-galactosidases in food industries.
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36
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Singh RK, Chang HW, Yan D, Lee KM, Ucmak D, Wong K, Abrouk M, Farahnik B, Nakamura M, Zhu TH, Bhutani T, Liao W. Influence of diet on the gut microbiome and implications for human health. J Transl Med 2017; 15:73. [PMID: 28388917 PMCID: PMC5385025 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1175-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1414] [Impact Index Per Article: 202.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that the intestinal microbiome plays an important role in modulating risk of several chronic diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. At the same time, it is now understood that diet plays a significant role in shaping the microbiome, with experiments showing that dietary alterations can induce large, temporary microbial shifts within 24 h. Given this association, there may be significant therapeutic utility in altering microbial composition through diet. This review systematically evaluates current data regarding the effects of several common dietary components on intestinal microbiota. We show that consumption of particular types of food produces predictable shifts in existing host bacterial genera. Furthermore, the identity of these bacteria affects host immune and metabolic parameters, with broad implications for human health. Familiarity with these associations will be of tremendous use to the practitioner as well as the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasnik K. Singh
- University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Hsin-Wen Chang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, 2340 Sutter St. Room N431, Box 0808, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA
| | - Di Yan
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, 2340 Sutter St. Room N431, Box 0808, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA
| | - Kristina M. Lee
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, 2340 Sutter St. Room N431, Box 0808, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA
| | - Derya Ucmak
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, 2340 Sutter St. Room N431, Box 0808, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA
| | - Kirsten Wong
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, 2340 Sutter St. Room N431, Box 0808, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA
| | - Michael Abrouk
- University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | | | - Mio Nakamura
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, 2340 Sutter St. Room N431, Box 0808, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA
| | - Tian Hao Zhu
- University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Tina Bhutani
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, 2340 Sutter St. Room N431, Box 0808, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA
| | - Wilson Liao
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, 2340 Sutter St. Room N431, Box 0808, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA
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Complete Genome Sequence of the Probiotic Strain Lactobacillus salivarius LPM01. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2016; 4:4/6/e01319-16. [PMID: 27881545 PMCID: PMC5122687 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01319-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Lactobacillus salivarius LPM01 (DSM 22150) is a probiotic strain able to improve health status in immunocompromised people. Here, we report its complete genome sequence deciphered by PacBio single-molecule real-time (SMRT) technology. Analysis of the sequence may provide insights into its functional activity and safety assessment.
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Alp Avci G. Selection of superior bifidobacteria in the presence of rotavirus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 49:e5562. [PMID: 27849251 PMCID: PMC5122309 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20165562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to investigate bifidobacteria flora in fecal
samples from children with rotavirus infection and determine the significance of
their selected probiotic properties for improvement of health status. Enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay was used to identify rotavirus antigen in fecal samples from 94
patients with gastroenteritis and from 30 without gastroenteritis. Bifidobacteria
were identified by selective media, gram reaction, colony morphology,
fructose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase enzyme activity and classical identification
tests. Exopolysaccharide (EPS) production was identified by phenol-sulphuric acid
method. The modified method was then used to identify the quantity of taurocholic and
glycocholic acid deconjugation and cholesterol elimination of the strains.
Thirty-five of the 94 fecal samples were found positive for rotavirus antigen
(37.23%). Bifidobacteria were identified in 59 of the samples. The EPS production
ranges were 29.56-102.21 mg/L. The cholesterol elimination rates ranged between
8.36-39.22%. Furthermore, a positive and strong correlation was determined between
EPS production and the presence of cholesterol (r=0.984,
P<0.001). The deconjugation rates for the sodium glycocholate group was higher
than the sodium taurocholate group. Rotavirus (+) bifidobacteria strains had higher
EPS production, deconjugation rate and cholesterol elimination compared to
bifidobacteria strains isolated from children in the rotavirus (-) sample and without
gastroenteritis. Significant differences were observed among groups in all parameters
(P<0.05). Given the increased number of rotavirus cases in Turkey and worldwide,
it is very important to add superior bifidobacteria in the diets of infected children
to improve the intestinal and vital functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Alp Avci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Hitit University, Corum, Turkey
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Jarocki P, Podleśny M, Komoń-Janczara E, Kucharska J, Glibowska A, Targoński Z. Comparison of various molecular methods for rapid differentiation of intestinal bifidobacteria at the species, subspecies and strain level. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:159. [PMID: 27449060 PMCID: PMC4957357 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0779-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Members of the genus Bifidobacterium are anaerobic Gram-positive Actinobacteria, which are natural inhabitants of human and animal gastrointestinal tract. Certain bifidobacteria are frequently used as food additives and probiotic pharmaceuticals, because of their various health-promoting properties. Due to the enormous demand on probiotic bacteria, manufacture of high-quality products containing living microorganisms requires rapid and accurate identification of specific bacteria. Additionally, isolation of new industrial bacteria from various environments may lead to multiple isolations of the same strain, therefore, it is important to apply rapid, low-cost and effective procedures differentiating bifidobacteria at the intra-species level. The identification of new isolates using microbiological and biochemical methods is difficult, but the accurate characterization of isolated strains may be achieved using a polyphasic approach that includes classical phenotypic methods and molecular procedures. However, some of these procedures are time-consuming and cumbersome, particularly when a large group of new isolates is typed, while some other approaches may have too low discriminatory power to distinguish closely related isolates obtained from similar sources. RESULTS This work presents the evaluation of the discriminatory power of four molecular methods (ARDRA, RAPD-PCR, rep-PCR and SDS-PAGE fingerprinting) that are extensively used for fast differentiation of bifidobacteria up to the strain level. Our experiments included 17 reference strains and showed that in comparison to ARDRA, genotypic fingerprinting procedures (RAPD and rep-PCR) seemed to be less reproducible, however, they allowed to differentiate the tested microorganisms even at the intra-species level. In general, RAPD and rep-PCR have similar discriminatory power, though, in some instances more than one oligonucleotide needs to be used in random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. Moreover, the results also demonstrated a high discriminatory power of SDS-PAGE fingerprinting of whole-cell proteins. On the other hand, the protein profiles obtained were rather complex, and therefore, difficult to analyze. CONCLUSIONS Among the tested procedures, rep-PCR proved to be the most effective and reliable method allowing rapid differentiation of Bifidobacterium strains. Additionally, the use of the BOXA1R primer in the differentiation of 21 Bifidobacterium strains, newly isolated from infant feces, demonstrated slightly better discriminatory power in comparison to PCR reactions with the (GTG)5 oligonucleotide. Thus, BOX-PCR turned out to be the most appropriate and convenient molecular technique in differentiating Bifidobacterium strains at all taxonomic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Jarocki
- Department of Biotechnology, Human Nutrition and Food Commodities, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 8 Skromna St., 20-704, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Marcin Podleśny
- Department of Biotechnology, Human Nutrition and Food Commodities, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 8 Skromna St., 20-704, Lublin, Poland
| | - Elwira Komoń-Janczara
- Department of Biotechnology, Human Nutrition and Food Commodities, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 8 Skromna St., 20-704, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jagoda Kucharska
- Department of Biotechnology, Human Nutrition and Food Commodities, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 8 Skromna St., 20-704, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Glibowska
- Department of Biotechnology, Human Nutrition and Food Commodities, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 8 Skromna St., 20-704, Lublin, Poland
| | - Zdzisław Targoński
- Department of Biotechnology, Human Nutrition and Food Commodities, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 8 Skromna St., 20-704, Lublin, Poland
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Zhao Y, Yu YB. Intestinal microbiota and chronic constipation. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1130. [PMID: 27478747 PMCID: PMC4951383 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2821-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic constipation is a prevalent, burdensome gastrointestinal disorder whose aetiology and pathophysiology remains poorly understood and is most likely multifactorial. Differences in the composition of the intestinal microbiota have been demonstrated when constipated patients and healthy controls have been compared. Growing evidence indicates that alterations of intestinal microbiota may contribute to constipation and constipation-related symptoms. The intestinal microbiota is a collection of microorganisms that live within the gastrointestinal tract, and perform many important health-promoting functions. The intestinal microbiota aids in the breakdown of food products into absorbable nutrients, stimulates the host immune system, prevents growth of pathogenic bacteria and produces a great variety of biologically important compounds. In this review, we will summarize the current evidence supporting roles of the intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis and management of chronic constipation. The discussion will shed light on the novel mechanisms of intestinal microbiota and gut function interactions, which is invaluable in ultimately developing new therapeutic tools for the treatment of chronic constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics, Jinan Military General Hospital, Jinan, 250031 People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Bo Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 People's Republic of China
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Nguyen HT, Truong DH, Kouhoundé S, Ly S, Razafindralambo H, Delvigne F. Biochemical Engineering Approaches for Increasing Viability and Functionality of Probiotic Bacteria. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E867. [PMID: 27271598 PMCID: PMC4926401 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The literature presents a growing body of evidence demonstrating the positive effect of probiotics on health. Probiotic consumption levels are rising quickly in the world despite the fluctuation of their viability and functionality. Technological methods aiming at improving probiotic characteristics are thus highly wanted. However, microbial metabolic engineering toolbox is not available for this kind of application. On the other hand, basic microbiology teaches us that bacteria are able to exhibit adaptation to external stresses. It is known that adequately applied sub-lethal stress, i.e., controlled in amplitude and frequency at a given stage of the culture, is able to enhance microbial robustness. This property could be potentially used to improve the viability of probiotic bacteria, but some technical challenges still need to be overcome before any industrial implementation. This review paper investigates the different technical tools that can be used in order to define the proper condition for improving viability of probiotic bacteria and their implementation at the industrial scale. Based on the example of Bifidobacterium bifidum, potentialities for simultaneously improving viability, but also functionality of probiotics will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huu-Thanh Nguyen
- Natural Products and Industrial Biochemistry Research Group (NPIB), Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, 19 Nguyen Huu Tho, Tan Phong Ward, District 7, 700000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
- Microbial Processes and Interactions (MiPI), Agro-biochem Department, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Dieu-Hien Truong
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, 19 Nguyen Huu Tho, Tan Phong Ward, District 7, 700000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Sonagnon Kouhoundé
- Microbial Processes and Interactions (MiPI), Agro-biochem Department, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Sokny Ly
- Microbial Processes and Interactions (MiPI), Agro-biochem Department, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Hary Razafindralambo
- Food technology and Formulation, Agro-Biochem Department, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Frank Delvigne
- Microbial Processes and Interactions (MiPI), Agro-biochem Department, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
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Ciernikova S, Mego M, Semanova M, Wachsmannova L, Adamcikova Z, Stevurkova V, Drgona L, Zajac V. Probiotic Survey in Cancer Patients Treated in the Outpatient Department in a Comprehensive Cancer Center. Integr Cancer Ther 2016; 16:188-195. [PMID: 27151581 PMCID: PMC5739119 DOI: 10.1177/1534735416643828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. Availability without prescription restriction, low cost, and simple oral administration allow cancer patients to use probiotics without knowledge of potential risks. We present a survey of probiotic use and the association with patient tumor characteristics in cancer patients treated at the outpatient department of the National Cancer Institute in Slovakia. Patients and Methods. Between March and December 2014, 499 patients were asked to evaluate their overall experience with probiotics by questionnaire form, including the length and method of use relative to anticancer therapy, expectations, side-effect experiences, understanding of the possible risks, dietary supplement use, and others. The relevant data were statistically evaluated. Results. The cohort consisted of 323 women (64.7%) and 176 men (35.3%); 91.6% were undergoing chemotherapy (2.6% together with radiotherapy) and 8.4% had no anticancer therapy. The prevalence of probiotic use was 28.5% and only 12 patients using probiotics (8.5%) described negative side effects. Most patients declared consideration of probiotic use based on recommendation from a physician (37.3%) or a pharmacist (14.8%). Nevertheless, up to 86.6% of patients declared no knowledge of possible risks. Statistically significant correlation was found between probiotic use and age of patients (P < .008), gender (P < .023), and taking other dietary supplements (P < .000002). Conclusions. In this prospective study, we present for the first time the prevalence, side-effect experience, and aspects that most likely influence probiotic use in cancer patients. Minimal knowledge of risks underlines the importance of an active approach by oncologists to inform patients about probiotic safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sona Ciernikova
- 1 Cancer Research Institute BMC, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Mego
- 2 Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.,3 National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Lenka Wachsmannova
- 1 Cancer Research Institute BMC, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Adamcikova
- 1 Cancer Research Institute BMC, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Viola Stevurkova
- 1 Cancer Research Institute BMC, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lubos Drgona
- 2 Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.,3 National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vladimir Zajac
- 1 Cancer Research Institute BMC, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Deng Y, Misselwitz B, Dai N, Fox M. Lactose Intolerance in Adults: Biological Mechanism and Dietary Management. Nutrients 2015; 7:8020-35. [PMID: 26393648 PMCID: PMC4586575 DOI: 10.3390/nu7095380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactose intolerance related to primary or secondary lactase deficiency is characterized by abdominal pain and distension, borborygmi, flatus, and diarrhea induced by lactose in dairy products. The biological mechanism and lactose malabsorption is established and several investigations are available, including genetic, endoscopic and physiological tests. Lactose intolerance depends not only on the expression of lactase but also on the dose of lactose, intestinal flora, gastrointestinal motility, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and sensitivity of the gastrointestinal tract to the generation of gas and other fermentation products of lactose digestion. Treatment of lactose intolerance can include lactose-reduced diet and enzyme replacement. This is effective if symptoms are only related to dairy products; however, lactose intolerance can be part of a wider intolerance to variably absorbed, fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAPs). This is present in at least half of patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and this group requires not only restriction of lactose intake but also a low FODMAP diet to improve gastrointestinal complaints. The long-term effects of a dairy-free, low FODMAPs diet on nutritional health and the fecal microbiome are not well defined. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the genetic basis, biological mechanism, diagnosis and dietary management of lactose intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyong Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, 310016 Hangzhou, China.
| | - Benjamin Misselwitz
- Neurogastroenterology and Motility Research Group, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich CH-8091, Switzerland.
| | - Ning Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 3 East Qingchun Road, 310016 Hangzhou, China.
| | - Mark Fox
- Neurogastroenterology and Motility Research Group, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich CH-8091, Switzerland.
- Division of Gastroenterology, St. Claraspital, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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44
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Schoina V, Terpou A, Angelika-Ioanna G, Koutinas A, Kanellaki M, Bosnea L. Use of Pistacia terebinthus resin as immobilization support for Lactobacillus casei cells and application in selected dairy products. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015; 52:5700-8. [PMID: 26344983 PMCID: PMC4554640 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-014-1627-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Resin from Pistacia terebinthus tree was used for the immobilization of L. casei ATCC 393 cells. The encapsulated L. casei cells biocatalysts were added as adjuncts during yogurt production at 45 °C and probiotic viability was assessed during storage at 4 °C. For comparison reasons yogurt with free L. casei cells were prepared. The effect of encapsulated bacteria as adjuncts in yogurt on pH, lactic acid, lactose and other physicochemical parameters were studied for 60 storage days at 4 °C. Samples were also tested for the microbiological and organoleptic characteristics during storage at 4 °C. Encapsulation matrix seems to sustain the viability of embedded L. casei cells at levels more than 7 logcfug(-1) after 60 days of storage at 4 °C. Furthermore, the absence of pathogens such as Salmonella, Staphylococci, Enterobacteriaceae and coliforms in the produced yogurts is noteworthy where spoilage microorganisms such as yeasts and molds seem to affect yogurt quality only in absence of Pistacia terebinthus resin. The effect of the resin on production of aroma-related compounds responsible for yogurt flavor was also studied using the solid phase microextraction gas chromatography/mass spectrometry technique. Alpha and beta- pinene were the major aroma compounds detected in produced yogurts (over 60 % of total aromatic compounds detected). Yogurts with immobilized cells on P.terebintus resin had a fine aroma and taste characteristic of the resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Schoina
- Department of Chemistry, Food Biotechnology Group, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Antonia Terpou
- Department of Chemistry, Food Biotechnology Group, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | | | - Athanasios Koutinas
- Department of Chemistry, Food Biotechnology Group, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Maria Kanellaki
- Department of Chemistry, Food Biotechnology Group, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Loulouda Bosnea
- Department of Chemistry, Food Biotechnology Group, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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Amiri M, Diekmann L, von Köckritz-Blickwede M, Naim HY. The Diverse Forms of Lactose Intolerance and the Putative Linkage to Several Cancers. Nutrients 2015; 7:7209-30. [PMID: 26343715 PMCID: PMC4586527 DOI: 10.3390/nu7095332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) is a membrane glycoprotein and the only β-galactosidase of the brush border membrane of the intestinal epithelium. Besides active transcription, expression of the active LPH requires different maturation steps of the polypeptide through the secretory pathway, including N- and O-glycosylation, dimerization and proteolytic cleavage steps. The inability to digest lactose due to insufficient lactase activity results in gastrointestinal symptoms known as lactose intolerance. In this review, we will concentrate on the structural and functional features of LPH protein and summarize the cellular and molecular mechanism required for its maturation and trafficking. Then, different types of lactose intolerance are discussed, and the molecular aspects of lactase persistence/non-persistence phenotypes are investigated. Finally, we will review the literature focusing on the lactase persistence/non-persistence populations as a comparative model in order to determine the protective or adverse effects of milk and dairy foods on the incidence of colorectal, ovarian and prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Amiri
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Lena Diekmann
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
- The Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonosis (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Hassan Y Naim
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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McFarland LV. Use of probiotics to correct dysbiosis of normal microbiota following disease or disruptive events: a systematic review. BMJ Open 2014; 4:e005047. [PMID: 25157183 PMCID: PMC4156804 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the evidence for the claim probiotics can correct dysbiosis of the normal microbiota resulting from disease or disruptive events. SETTING Systematic review of published clinical trials of patients receiving a probiotic intervention for the prevention or treatment of various diseases. DATA SOURCES Sources searched (1985-2013): PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CINAHL, AMED and ISI Web of Science. Three on-line clinical trial registries were searched: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled trials, MetaRegister of Controlled Trials and National Institutes of Health. REVIEW METHODS Included studies were randomised clinical trials of probiotic interventions having microbiological assays. Studies were evaluated following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines for specific probiotic strains. A standard data extraction form was used to collect the raw data. OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome is the degree of microbiota correction by specific probiotic strains. Secondary outcome was the association between the degree of dysbiosis correction and clinical efficacy. RESULTS The review of the literature found three distinct study designs: model A (restoration) assayed patients enrolled with a healthy, undisturbed microbiota and then assayed postdisruptive event and probiotic therapy; model B (alteration) assayed patients with pre-existing disrupted microbiota and then postprobiotic therapy; model C (no dysbiosis) assayed volunteers with no disruptive event prebiotic and postprobiotic. From a total of 63 trials, 83% of the probiotic products using model A restored the microbiota, 56% using model B improved the microbiota and only 21% using model C had any effect on microbiota. Clinical efficacy was more commonly associated with strains capable of restoration of the normal microbiota. CONCLUSIONS The ability to assess the degree of dysbiosis improvement is dependent on the enrolled population and the timing of microbiological assays. The functional claim for correcting dysbiosis is poorly supported for most probiotic strains and requires further research. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER PROSPERO (CRD42014007224).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne V McFarland
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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47
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Petreska Ivanovska T, Jurhar Pavlova M, Mladenovska K, Petrushevska-Tozi L. Probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics in prevention and treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases. MAKEDONSKO FARMACEVTSKI BILTEN 2014. [DOI: 10.33320/maced.pharm.bull.2014.60.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics are functional components able to exert positive effects on human health. Numerous medical conditions lack effective and safe approaches for prevention or treatment, thus usage of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics is an alternative. Further, the benefit related to the consumption of these compounds is associated with lower morbidity of chronic diseases and reduced health-care costs. Various types of mediums to deliver probiotics/synbiotics to the human GIT are used. Although capsules and tablets are frequently applied as delivery systems for probiotics, the major challenge of the commercial sector is to market new functional
foods containing probiotics and/or prebiotics. Discovering of new probiotic/synbiotic functional foods is connected to the interest of the food industry to revitalize continuously through introduction of products with improved nutritional value and pleasant taste, but also with health benefit for the consumers. The review provides insights and new perspectives in respect to usage of functional components and foods
in prevention and treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) that are highly correlated with the modern lifestyle. The therapeutic and safety properties of probiotics and prebiotics, their role in pathogenesis of IBD, potential to prevent and treat these diseases as well as postulated mechanisms of action will be discussed, highlighting the main areas in which further research is an emergence.
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48
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Fouhy F, O’Connell Motherway M, Fitzgerald GF, Ross RP, Stanton C, van Sinderen D, Cotter PD. In silico assigned resistance genes confer Bifidobacterium with partial resistance to aminoglycosides but not to β-lactams. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82653. [PMID: 24324818 PMCID: PMC3855789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bifidobacteria have received significant attention due to their contribution to human gut health and the use of specific strains as probiotics. It is thus not surprising that there has also been significant interest with respect to their antibiotic resistance profile. Numerous culture-based studies have demonstrated that bifidobacteria are resistant to the majority of aminoglycosides, but are sensitive to β-lactams. However, limited research exists with respect to the genetic basis for the resistance of bifidobacteria to aminoglycosides. Here we performed an in-depth in silico analysis of putative Bifidobacterium-encoded aminoglycoside resistance proteins and β-lactamases and assess the contribution of these proteins to antibiotic resistance. The in silico-based screen detected putative aminoglycoside and β-lactam resistance proteins across the Bifidobacterium genus. Laboratory-based investigations of a number of representative bifidobacteria strains confirmed that despite containing putative β-lactamases, these strains were sensitive to β-lactams. In contrast, all strains were resistant to the aminoglycosides tested. To assess the contribution of genes encoding putative aminoglycoside resistance proteins in Bifidobacterium sp. two genes, namely Bbr_0651 and Bbr_1586, were targeted for insertional inactivation in B. breve UCC2003. As compared to the wild-type, the UCC2003 insertion mutant strains exhibited decreased resistance to gentamycin, kanamycin and streptomycin. This study highlights the associated risks of relying on the in silico assignment of gene function. Although several putative β-lactam resistance proteins are located in bifidobacteria, their presence does not coincide with resistance to these antibiotics. In contrast however, this approach has resulted in the identification of two loci that contribute to the aminoglycoside resistance of B. breve UCC2003 and, potentially, many other bifidobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Fouhy
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
- Microbiology Department, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Mary O’Connell Motherway
- Microbiology Department, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerald F. Fitzgerald
- Microbiology Department, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Cork, Ireland
| | - R. Paul Ross
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Cork, Ireland
| | - Catherine Stanton
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Cork, Ireland
| | - Douwe van Sinderen
- Microbiology Department, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul D. Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Cork, Ireland
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A two-component regulatory system controls autoregulated serpin expression in Bifidobacterium breve UCC2003. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:7032-41. [PMID: 22843530 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01776-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This work reports on the identification and molecular characterization of a two-component regulatory system (2CRS), encoded by serRK, which is believed to control the expression of the ser(2003) locus in Bifidobacterium breve UCC2003. The ser(2003) locus consists of two genes, Bbr_1319 (sagA) and Bbr_1320 (serU), which are predicted to encode a hypothetical membrane-associated protein and a serpin-like protein, respectively. The response regulator SerR was shown to bind to the promoter region of ser(2003), and the probable recognition sequence of SerR was determined by a combinatorial approach of in vitro site-directed mutagenesis coupled to transcriptional fusion and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs). The importance of the serRK 2CRS in the response of B. breve to protease-mediated induction was confirmed by generating a B. breve serR insertion mutant, which was shown to exhibit altered ser(2003) transcriptional induction patterns compared to the parent strain, UCC2003. Interestingly, the analysis of a B. breve serU mutant revealed that the SerRK signaling pathway appears to include a SerU-dependent autoregulatory loop.
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Collado MC, Bäuerl C, Pérez-Martínez G. Defining microbiota for developing new probiotics. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2012; 23:18579. [PMID: 23990820 PMCID: PMC3747743 DOI: 10.3402/mehd.v23i0.18579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The human body harbors complex communities of microbes that play a prominent role in human health. Detailed characterization of the microbiota in the target population forms the basis of probiotic use. Probiotics are defined as live bacterial preparations with clinically documented health effects in humans, and independent of their genus and species, probiotic strains are unique and their beneficial properties on human health have to be assessed in a case-by-case manner. Understanding the mechanisms by which probiotics influence microbiota would facilitate the use of probiotics for both dietary management and reduction in risk of specific diseases. The development of high throughput sequencing methods has allowed metagenomic approaches to study the human microbiome. These efforts are starting to generate an inventory of bacterial taxons and functional features bound to particular health or disease status that allow inferring aspects of the microbiome's function. In the future, this information will allow the rational design of dietary interventions aimed to improve consumer's health via modulation of the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carmen Collado
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Science, Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Department of Biotechnology, Unit of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Probiotics, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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