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Matos AC, Figueira L, Martins MH, Cardoso L, Matos M, Pinto MDL, Coelho AC. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Wild Boar ( Sus scrofa) in Portugal. Pathogens 2024; 13:389. [PMID: 38787242 PMCID: PMC11123966 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis, or Johne's disease, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), is a chronic granulomatous enteritis affecting both domestic and wild ruminants. The agent was also found in wild mammals such as wild boar (Sus scrofa); however, the role of wild mammals in the epidemiology of MAP is unclear. During the research period, 941 free-ranging wild boar (S. scrofa) legally hunted in two locations in the central-eastern region of Portugal were examined. Ninety-seven wild boars exhibited one or more gross lesions and were tested for the presence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis using acid-fast staining, mycobacterial culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and histopathological examination. Forty-five animals (46.4%, 95% CI: 36.5-56.3%) were identified as infected, as indicated by positive results in culture and/or PCR. The findings revealed that the most significant risk factor was being a juvenile compared to yearlings and adults (OR = 10.2, 95% CI: 2.2-48.0). Based on our results, 37.9% (n = 11) of the infected animals were considered suitable for human consumption. Our findings offer novel insights into mycobacterial infections in wild boar populations in Portugal and suggest that wild boar could be a source of human infection if zoonotic potential is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Matos
- Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal; (A.C.M.); (L.F.); (M.H.M.)
- Research Center for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal
- Quality of Life in the Rural World (Q-RURAL), Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - Luis Figueira
- Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal; (A.C.M.); (L.F.); (M.H.M.)
- Quality of Life in the Rural World (Q-RURAL), Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (M.d.L.P.); (A.C.C.)
| | - Maria Helena Martins
- Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal; (A.C.M.); (L.F.); (M.H.M.)
| | - Luís Cardoso
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (M.d.L.P.); (A.C.C.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Manuela Matos
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Maria de Lurdes Pinto
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (M.d.L.P.); (A.C.C.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Cláudia Coelho
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (M.d.L.P.); (A.C.C.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Espeschit IF, Bastos DSS, Fonseca Junior A, Cardoso SA, Ferrari MLA, Moreira MAS. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and Crohn's disease: characterization of the interaction with different aspects of the disease. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:1239-1249. [PMID: 36877446 PMCID: PMC10235376 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-00932-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic granulomatous inflammatory bowel disease with no fully understood etiology and cure. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), the etiologic agent of paratuberculosis, is also isolated from samples from human patients with CD. Paratuberculosis is characterized by persistent diarrhea and progressive weight loss and primarily affects ruminants, which eliminate the agent via feces and milk. The involvement of MAP in the pathogenesis of CD and other intestinal diseases is unclear. Thus, the present study aimed to analyze immunological, socioepidemiological, biochemical, and therapeutic variables that may be related to the occurrence of MAP in blood samples and CD patients. The sampling was random, and the population of origin was the patients from the Bowel Outpatient Clinic of the Alpha Institute of Gastroenterology (IAG), Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (HC-UFMG). Blood samples were collected from 20 patients with CD, eight with ulcerative rectocolitis (UCR), and 10 control patients without inflammatory bowel diseases. Samples were subjected to real-time PCR for detection of MAP DNA, oxidative stress analyses, and socioepidemiological variables. MAP was detected in 10 (26.3%) of the patients, seven (70%) were CD patients, 2 (20%) were URC patients, and one (10%) was a non-IBD patient. MAP was found more frequently among CD patients, but not restricted to CD patients. The presence of MAP in the blood of these patients occurred simultaneously with an inflammatory response with an increase in neutrophils and significant alterations in the production of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase and GST.
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Affiliation(s)
- I F Espeschit
- Laboratory of Bacterial Diseases-Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Public Health Sector, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - D S S Bastos
- Department of General Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - A Fonseca Junior
- Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária E Abastecimento, Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - S A Cardoso
- Department of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - M L A Ferrari
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - M A S Moreira
- Laboratory of Bacterial Diseases-Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Public Health Sector, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Dow CT, Lin NW, Chan ED. Sarcoidosis, Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and Noncaseating Granulomas: Who Moved My Cheese. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11040829. [PMID: 37110254 PMCID: PMC10143120 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical and histological similarities between sarcoidosis and tuberculosis have driven repeated investigations looking for a mycobacterial cause of sarcoidosis. Over 50 years ago, "anonymous mycobacteria" were suggested to have a role in the etiology of sarcoidosis. Both tuberculosis and sarcoidosis have a predilection for lung involvement, though each can be found in any area of the body. A key histopathologic feature of both sarcoidosis and tuberculosis is the granuloma-while the tuberculous caseating granuloma has an area of caseous necrosis with a cheesy consistency; the non-caseating granuloma of sarcoidosis does not have this feature. This article reviews and reiterates the complicity of the infectious agent, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) as a cause of sarcoidosis. MAP is involved in a parallel story as the putative cause of Crohn's disease, another disease featuring noncaseating granulomas. MAP is a zoonotic agent infecting ruminant animals and is found in dairy products and in environmental contamination of water and air. Despite increasing evidence tying MAP to several human diseases, there is a continued resistance to embracing its pleiotropic roles. "Who Moved My Cheese" is a simple yet powerful book that explores the ways in which individuals react to change. Extending the metaphor, the "non-cheesy" granuloma of sarcoidosis actually contains the difficult-to-detect "cheese", MAP; MAP did not move, it was there all along.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coad Thomas Dow
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Nancy W Lin
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Edward D Chan
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Academic Affairs, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
- Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Dow CT, Alvarez BL. Mycobacterium paratuberculosis zoonosis is a One Health emergency. ECOHEALTH 2022; 19:164-174. [PMID: 35655048 PMCID: PMC9162107 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-022-01602-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A singular pathogen has been killing animals, contaminating food and causing an array of human diseases. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is the cause of a fatal enteric infectious disease called Johne's (Yo'-nees), a disorder mostly studied in ruminant animals. MAP is globally impacting animal health and imparting significant economic burden to animal agriculture. Confounding the management of Johne's disease is that animals are typically infected as calves and while commonly not manifesting clinical disease for years, they shed MAP in their milk and feces in the interval. This has resulted in a "don't test, don't tell" scenario for the industry resulting in greater prevalence of Johne's disease; furthermore, because MAP survives pasteurization, the contaminated food supply provides a source of exposure to humans. Indeed, greater than 90% of dairy herds in the US have MAP-infected animals within the herd. The same bacterium, MAP, is the putative cause of Crohn's disease in humans. Countries historically isolated from importing/exporting ruminant animals and free of Johne's disease subsequently acquired the disease as a consequence of opening trade with what proved to be infected animals. Crohn's disease in those populations became a lagging indicator of MAP infection. Moreover, MAP is associated with an increasingly long list of human diseases. Despite MAP scientists entreating regulatory agencies to designate MAP a "zoonotic agent," it has not been forthcoming. One Health is a global endeavor applying an integrative health initiative that includes the environment, animals and humans; One Health asserts that stressors affecting one affects all three. Recognizing the impact MAP has on animal and human health as well as on the environment, it is time for One Health, as well as other global regulatory agencies, to recognize that MAP is causing an insidious slow-motion tsunami of zoonosis and implement public health mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coad Thomas Dow
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, 9431 Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research (WIMR), McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
| | - Briana Lizet Alvarez
- Biology and Global Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 120 N Orchard St #1, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
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Koutsoumanis K, Alvarez‐Ordóñez A, Bolton D, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, Davies R, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Castle L, Crotta M, Grob K, Milana MR, Petersen A, Roig Sagués AX, Vinagre Silva F, Barthélémy E, Christodoulidou A, Messens W, Allende A. The efficacy and safety of high-pressure processing of food. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07128. [PMID: 35281651 PMCID: PMC8902661 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
High-pressure processing (HPP) is a non-thermal treatment in which, for microbial inactivation, foods are subjected to isostatic pressures (P) of 400-600 MPa with common holding times (t) from 1.5 to 6 min. The main factors that influence the efficacy (log10 reduction of vegetative microorganisms) of HPP when applied to foodstuffs are intrinsic (e.g. water activity and pH), extrinsic (P and t) and microorganism-related (type, taxonomic unit, strain and physiological state). It was concluded that HPP of food will not present any additional microbial or chemical food safety concerns when compared to other routinely applied treatments (e.g. pasteurisation). Pathogen reductions in milk/colostrum caused by the current HPP conditions applied by the industry are lower than those achieved by the legal requirements for thermal pasteurisation. However, HPP minimum requirements (P/t combinations) could be identified to achieve specific log10 reductions of relevant hazards based on performance criteria (PC) proposed by international standard agencies (5-8 log10 reductions). The most stringent HPP conditions used industrially (600 MPa, 6 min) would achieve the above-mentioned PC, except for Staphylococcus aureus. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), the endogenous milk enzyme that is widely used to verify adequate thermal pasteurisation of cows' milk, is relatively pressure resistant and its use would be limited to that of an overprocessing indicator. Current data are not robust enough to support the proposal of an appropriate indicator to verify the efficacy of HPP under the current HPP conditions applied by the industry. Minimum HPP requirements to reduce Listeria monocytogenes levels by specific log10 reductions could be identified when HPP is applied to ready-to-eat (RTE) cooked meat products, but not for other types of RTE foods. These identified minimum requirements would result in the inactivation of other relevant pathogens (Salmonella and Escherichia coli) in these RTE foods to a similar or higher extent.
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Nag R, Russell L, Nolan S, Auer A, Markey BK, Whyte P, O'Flaherty V, Bolton D, Fenton O, Richards KG, Cummins E. Quantitative microbial risk assessment associated with ready-to-eat salads following the application of farmyard manure and slurry or anaerobic digestate to arable lands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:151227. [PMID: 34715220 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Farmyard manure and slurry (FYM&S) and anaerobic digestate are potentially valuable soil conditioners providing important nutrients for plant development and growth. However, these organic fertilisers may pose a microbial health risk to humans. A quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) model was developed to investigate the potential human exposure to pathogens following the application of FYM&S and digestate to agricultural land. The farm-to-fork probabilistic model investigated the fate of microbial indicators (total coliforms and enterococci) and foodborne pathogens in the soil with potential contamination of ready-to-eat salads (RTEs) at the point of human consumption. The processes examined included pathogen inactivation during mesophilic anaerobic digestion (M-AD), post-AD pasteurisation, storage, dilution while spreading, decay in soil, post-harvest washing processes, and finally, the potential growth of the pathogen during refrigeration/storage at the retail level in the Irish context. The QMRA highlighted a very low annual probability of risk (Pannual) due to Clostridium perfringens, norovirus, and Salmonella Newport across all scenarios. Mycobacterium avium may result in a very high mean Pannual for the application of raw FYM&S, while Cryptosporidium parvum and pathogenic E. coli showed high Pannual, and Listeria monocytogenes displayed moderate Pannual for raw FYM&S application. The use of AD reduces this risk; however, pasteurisation reduces the Pannual to an even greater extent posing a very low risk. An overall sensitivity analysis revealed that mesophilic-AD's inactivation effect is the most sensitive parameter of the QMRA, followed by storage and the decay on the field (all negatively correlated to risk estimate). The information generated from this model can help to inform guidelines for policymakers on the maximum permissible indicator or pathogen contamination levels in the digestate. The QMRA can also provide the AD industry with a safety assessment of pathogenic organisms resulting from the digestion of FYM&S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Nag
- University College Dublin, School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Lauren Russell
- Teagasc, Ashtown Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland; University College Dublin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Stephen Nolan
- National University of Ireland Galway, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Agathe Auer
- University College Dublin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Bryan K Markey
- University College Dublin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Paul Whyte
- University College Dublin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Vincent O'Flaherty
- National University of Ireland Galway, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Declan Bolton
- Teagasc, Ashtown Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland.
| | - Owen Fenton
- Teagasc, Environment Research Centre, Johnstown Castle, County Wexford, Ireland.
| | - Karl G Richards
- Teagasc, Environment Research Centre, Johnstown Castle, County Wexford, Ireland.
| | - Enda Cummins
- University College Dublin, School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Dow CT. Warm, Sweetened Milk at the Twilight of Immunity - Alzheimer's Disease - Inflammaging, Insulin Resistance, M. paratuberculosis and Immunosenescence. Front Immunol 2021; 12:714179. [PMID: 34421917 PMCID: PMC8375433 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.714179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This article prosecutes a case against the zoonotic pathogen Mycobacterium avium ss. paratuberculosis (MAP) as a precipitant of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Like the other major neurodegenerative diseases AD is, at its core, a proteinopathy. Aggregated extracellular amyloid protein plaques and intracellular tau protein tangles are the recognized protein pathologies of AD. Autophagy is the cellular housekeeping process that manages protein quality control and recycling, cellular metabolism, and pathogen elimination. Impaired autophagy and cerebral insulin resistance are invariant features of AD. With a backdrop of age-related low-grade inflammation (inflammaging) and heightened immune risk (immunosenescence), infection with MAP subverts glucose metabolism and further exhausts an already exhausted autophagic capacity. Increasingly, a variety of agents have been found to favorably impact AD; they are agents that promote autophagy and reduce insulin resistance. The potpourri of these therapeutic agents: mTOR inhibitors, SIRT1 activators and vaccines are seemingly random until one recognizes that all these agents also suppress intracellular mycobacterial infection. The zoonotic mycobacterial MAP causes a common fatal enteritis in ruminant animals. Humans are exposed to MAP from contaminated food products and from the environment. The enteritis in animals is called paratuberculosis or Johne’s disease; in humans, it is the putative cause of Crohn’s disease. Beyond Crohn’s, MAP is associated with an increasing number of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases: sarcoidosis, Blau syndrome, autoimmune diabetes, autoimmune thyroiditis, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Moreover, MAP has been associated with Parkinson’s disease. India is one county that has extensively studied the human bio-load of MAP; 30% of more than 28,000 tested individuals were found to harbor, or to have harbored, MAP. This article asserts an unfolding realization that MAP infection of humans 1) is widespread in its presence, 2) is wide-ranging in its zoonosis and 3) provides a plausible link connecting MAP to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coad Thomas Dow
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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Lorencova A, Babak V, Kralova A, Borilova G. Survival of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in raw fermented sausages during production and storage. Meat Sci 2019; 155:20-26. [PMID: 31059938 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), the etiological agent of paratuberculosis, is considered to be a potential zoonotic pathogen and meat is one of the sources of MAP exposure for humans. MAP has been shown to be relatively resistant to different food processing methods, but there is a lack of information about the effects of ripening and fermentation processes on MAP survival in meat. Our results demonstrate that a short ripening process during teewurst production did not reduce MAP counts and viable mycobacteria were detected even during 4 weeks of storage. Although no viable MAP was recovered during the dry fermented sausage production process, there was no reduction in MAP count detected by real time PCR during production and storage of both sausages. Although the impact of foodborne exposure to viable MAP and/or mycobacterial components has not yet been clearly determined, the consumption of raw fermented meat products may be considered as a possible route of MAP transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Lorencova
- Food and Feed Safety Department, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Vladimir Babak
- Food and Feed Safety Department, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Kralova
- Food and Feed Safety Department, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriela Borilova
- Department of Meat Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho tr. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
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Investigating the troublesome relationship between the cow milk and human health. Res Vet Sci 2018; 120:1-3. [PMID: 30144621 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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de Oliveira LG, Silva GOE, Barbosa CD, Sant'Anna FM, de Castro RD, Figueiredo NC, Nunes ÁC, Lage AP, de Souza MR. Lactic acid bacteria isolated from Brazilian Minas artisanal cheeses and theirin vitroantagonisms againstMycobacterium bovisBCG. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Goulart de Oliveira
- Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Escola de Veterinária; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Caixa Postal 567 31270-901 Belo Horizonte Brasil
| | - Gabriela Oliveira E Silva
- Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Escola de Veterinária; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Caixa Postal 567 31270-901 Belo Horizonte Brasil
| | - Cosme Damião Barbosa
- Departamento Alimentos; Faculdade de Farmácia; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Caixa Postal 567 31270-901 Belo Horizonte Brasil
| | - Felipe Machado Sant'Anna
- Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Escola de Veterinária; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Caixa Postal 567 31270-901 Belo Horizonte Brasil
| | - Renata Dias de Castro
- Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Escola de Veterinária; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Caixa Postal 567 31270-901 Belo Horizonte Brasil
| | - Naiara Chaves Figueiredo
- Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Escola de Veterinária; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Caixa Postal 567 31270-901 Belo Horizonte Brasil
| | - Álvaro Cantini Nunes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Caixa Postal 567 31270-901 Belo Horizonte Brasil
| | - Andrey Pereira Lage
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Caixa Postal 567 31270-901 Belo Horizonte Brasil
| | - Marcelo Resende de Souza
- Departamento de Tecnologia e Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Escola de Veterinária; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Caixa Postal 567 31270-901 Belo Horizonte Brasil
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11
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Kralik P, Babak V, Dziedzinska R. The Impact of the Antimicrobial Compounds Produced by Lactic Acid Bacteria on the Growth Performance of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:638. [PMID: 29666620 PMCID: PMC5891613 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-free supernatants (CFSs) extracted from various lactic acid bacteria (LAB) cultures were applied to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) cells to determine their effect on MAP viability. In addition, 5% lactic acid (LA; pH 3) and commercially synthetized nisin bacteriocin were also tested. This procedure was chosen in order to mimic the influence of LAB compounds during the production and storage of fermented milk products, which can be contaminated by MAP. Its presence in milk and milk products is of public concern due to the possible ingestion of MAP by consumers and the discussed role of MAP in Crohn’s disease. Propidium monoazide real-time PCR (PMA qPCR) was used for viability determination. Although all CFS showed significant effects on MAP viability, two distinct groups of CFS – effective and less effective – could be distinguished. The effective CFSs were extracted from various lactobacilli cultures, their pH values were mostly lower than 4.5, and their application resulted in >2 log10 reductions in MAP viability. The group of less effective CFS were filtered from Lactococcus and enterococci cultures, their pH values were higher than 4.5, and their effect on MAP viability was <2 log10. LA elicited a reduction in MAP viability that was similar to that of the group of less effective CFS. Almost no effect was found when using commercially synthetized nisin at concentrations of 0.1–1000 μg/ml. A combination of the influence of the type of bacteriocin, the length of its action, bacteriocin production strain, and pH are all probably required for a successful reduction in MAP viability. However, certain bacteriocins and their respective LAB strains (Lactobacillus sp.) appear to play a greater role in reducing the viability of MAP than pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Kralik
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
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Chaubey KK, Singh SV, Gupta S, Singh M, Sohal JS, Kumar N, Singh MK, Bhatia AK, Dhama K. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis - an important food borne pathogen of high public health significance with special reference to India: an update. Vet Q 2018; 37:282-299. [PMID: 29090657 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2017.1397301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This review underlines the public health significance of 'Indian Bison Type' of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) and also its potential as 'zoonotic infection'. In the absence of control programs, bio-load of MAP is increasing and if we take total population of animals (500 million plus) and human beings (1.23 billion plus) into account, the number of infected animals and human beings will run into millions in India. Our research on screening of over 26,000 domestic livestock for MAP infection using 4 different diagnostic tests (microscopy, culture, ELISA and PCR), during last 31 years has shown that the average bio-load of MAP in the livestock population of India is very high (cattle 43%, buffaloes 36%, goats 23% and sheep 41%). 'Mass screening' of 28,291 human samples between 2008-2016 revealed also high bio-load of MAP. It has been proved that MAP is not in-activated during pasteurization and therefore live bacilli are continuously reaching human population by consumption of even pasteurized milk and other milk products. Live bacilli have also been recovered from meat products and the environment thus illustrating the potential of MAP as pathogen of public health concern. However, at present, there is inadequate scientific evidence to confirm a conclusive link between MAP infection and Johne's disease in ruminants and some cases of Crohn's disease in human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kundan Kumar Chaubey
- a Animal Health Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats (CIRG) , Mathura , UP , India.,b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , GLA University , Mathura , UP , India
| | - Shoor Vir Singh
- a Animal Health Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats (CIRG) , Mathura , UP , India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- a Animal Health Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats (CIRG) , Mathura , UP , India.,b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , GLA University , Mathura , UP , India
| | - Manju Singh
- a Animal Health Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats (CIRG) , Mathura , UP , India
| | - Jagdip Singh Sohal
- c Amity Institutes of Microbial Technology, Amity University , Jaipur , India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- d Veterinary Type Culture Collection, NRC On Equines , Indian Council of Agricultural Research , Hisar , India
| | - Manoj Kumar Singh
- a Animal Health Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats (CIRG) , Mathura , UP , India
| | - Ashok Kumar Bhatia
- b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , GLA University , Mathura , UP , India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- e Pathology Division , Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , UP , India
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Aryana KJ, Olson DW. A 100-Year Review: Yogurt and other cultured dairy products. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:9987-10013. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Espeschit IF, Schwarz DGG, Faria ACS, Souza MCC, Paolicchi FA, Juste RA, Carvalho IA, Moreira MAS. Paratuberculosis in Latin America: a systematic review. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 49:1557-1576. [PMID: 28884331 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1385-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Latin America is the definition of the American group, where languages of Latin origin are spoken, including countries in South, Central, and North America. Paratuberculosis is a gastrointestinal contagious chronic disease that affects ruminants, whose etiological agent is the bacilli Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Paratuberculosis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea, decreased milk production, dehydration, and progressive weight loss and is possibly involved in Crohn's disease, a human intestinal disease. MAP is resistant to environmental factors, pasteurization, and water disinfection, which coupled with the subclinical-clinical nature of the disease, and makes paratuberculosis a relevant socioeconomic and public health issue, justifying the descriptive review of research on the disease carried out in Latin American countries. A survey of articles, published until September 2016, on the Scopus database, PubMed, Agris, and Science Direct, about detection of the agent and the disease in Latin America, without restrictions to the date of the research was performed. The keywords were as follows: "paratuberculosis," "Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis," "cattle," "milk," "wildlife," "goat," "ovine," "dairy," and the name of each country in English. Studies found from nine of the 20 Latin America countries, 31 related to Brazil, 17 to Argentina, 14 to Chile, eight to Colombia, six to Mexico, two to Peru, two to Venezuela, and one to Panama and to Bolivia, each. The agent was detected in cattle, goats, sheep, domesticated water buffalo, and wild animals. Microbiological culture, PCR, and ELISA were the frequent techniques. The small number of studies may result in overestimation or underestimation of the real scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- I F Espeschit
- Laboratory of Bacterial Diseases; Sector of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, PH Rolfs Avenue, University campus, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - D G G Schwarz
- Laboratory of Bacterial Diseases; Sector of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, PH Rolfs Avenue, University campus, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - A C S Faria
- Laboratory of Bacterial Diseases; Sector of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, PH Rolfs Avenue, University campus, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - M C C Souza
- Laboratory of Bacterial Diseases; Sector of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, PH Rolfs Avenue, University campus, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - F A Paolicchi
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnologı́a Agropecuaria, Balcarce, Mar del Plata National University, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - R A Juste
- SERIDA, Ctra. Oviedo sn, 33300, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - I A Carvalho
- Pathology Department; Veterinary School, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Campus São Luís, São Luís, Brazil
| | - M A S Moreira
- Laboratory of Bacterial Diseases; Sector of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, PH Rolfs Avenue, University campus, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil.
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More S, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Calistri P, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin-Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Stegeman JA, Thulke HH, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Zancanaro G, Beltrán-Beck B, Kohnle L, Morgado J, Bicout D. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): paratuberculosis. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04960. [PMID: 32625604 PMCID: PMC7010113 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on the eligibility of paratuberculosis to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation of paratuberculosis according to disease prevention and control rules as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to paratuberculosis. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection and compilation, expert judgement on each criterion at individual and, if no consensus was reached before, also at collective level. The output is composed of the categorical answer, and for the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. Details on the methodology used for this assessment are explained in a separate opinion. According to the assessment performed, paratuberculosis can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention as laid down in Article 5(3) of the AHL. The disease would comply with the criteria in Sections 3, 4 and 5 of Annex IV of the AHL, for the application of the disease prevention and control rules referred to in points (c), (d) and (e) of Article 9(1). The animal species to be listed for paratuberculosis according to Article 8(3) criteria are several species of mammals and birds as susceptible species and some species of the families Bovidae, Cervidae and Leporidae as reservoirs.
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Laurin E, McKenna S, Chaffer M, Keefe G. Sensitivity of solid culture, broth culture, and real-time PCR assays for milk and colostrum samples from Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis-infectious dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:8597-609. [PMID: 26476944 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) can be shed in feces, milk, and colostrum. The goal of this study was to assess assays that detect MAP in these sample types, including effects of lactation stage or season. Understanding the performance of these assays could improve how they are used, limiting the risk of infection to calves. Forty-six previously confirmed MAP-positive cows from 7 Atlantic Canadian dairy farms were identified for colostrum sampling and monthly sampling of milk and feces over a 12-mo period. Samples were assayed for MAP using solid culture, broth culture, and direct real-time PCR (qPCR). Across assay types, test sensitivity when applied to milk samples averaged 25% of that when applied to fecal samples. For colostrum samples, sensitivity depended on assay type, with sensitivity of qPCR being approximately 46% of that in feces. Across sample types, sensitivity of qPCR was higher than that of the other assays. Sensitivity of qPCR, when applied to milk samples, was significantly higher in summer than in other seasons. Summer was also the season with highest agreement between milk and fecal samples collected within the same month. Our results suggest that qPCR would detect more cows shedding MAP in their milk and colostrum than solid or broth culture assays, particularly during the summer, thus providing better management information to limit exposure of calves to this infectious organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Laurin
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | - Shawn McKenna
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Marcelo Chaffer
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Greg Keefe
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3, Canada
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17
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Serraino A, Bonilauri P, Arrigoni N, Ostanello F, Ricchi M, Marchetti G, Bonfante E, Albonetti S, Giacometti F. Quantitative risk assessment of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis survival in pasteurized milk in three dairy plants in Italy. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Liandris E, Gazouli M, Taka S, Andreadou M, Vaiopoulou A, Tzimotoudis N, Kasampalidis I, Mpaseas D, Fyliousis G, Poltrionieri P, Cook N, Ikonomopoulos J. Evaluation of the Microbial Safety of Child Food of Animal Origin in Greece. J Food Sci 2014; 79:M362-8. [PMID: 24506312 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Liandris
- Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture; Agricultural Univ. of Athens; 75 Iera Odos St. 11855 Athens Greece
| | - Maria Gazouli
- Laboratory of Biology; School of Medicine; Dept. of Basic Medical Sciences; Univ. of Athens; 11527 Athens Greece
| | - Styliani Taka
- Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture; Agricultural Univ. of Athens; 75 Iera Odos St. 11855 Athens Greece
| | - Margarita Andreadou
- Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture; Agricultural Univ. of Athens; 75 Iera Odos St. 11855 Athens Greece
| | - Anna Vaiopoulou
- Laboratory of Biology; School of Medicine; Dept. of Basic Medical Sciences; Univ. of Athens; 11527 Athens Greece
| | - Nikolaos Tzimotoudis
- Hellenic Army Biological Research Center; 6-8 Tax Velliou 15236 P. Penteli Greece
| | - Ioannis Kasampalidis
- Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture; Agricultural Univ. of Athens; 75 Iera Odos St. 11855 Athens Greece
| | - Dionysis Mpaseas
- Hellenic Army Biological Research Center; 6-8 Tax Velliou 15236 P. Penteli Greece
| | - George Fyliousis
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Aristotle Univ. of Thessaloniki; 541 24 Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Palmiro Poltrionieri
- Inst. of Sciences of Food Productions; Natl. Research Council of Italy; CNR-ISPA; Lecce Italy
| | - Nigel Cook
- Food and Environment Research Agency; Sand Hutton; York YO41 1LZ UK
| | - John Ikonomopoulos
- Faculty of Animal Science and Aquaculture; Agricultural Univ. of Athens; 75 Iera Odos St. 11855 Athens Greece
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Cirone K, Huberman Y, Morsella C, Méndez L, Jorge M, Paolicchi F. Growth of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella Enteritidis during Preparation and Storage of Yogurt. ISRN MICROBIOLOGY 2013; 2013:247018. [PMID: 24455399 PMCID: PMC3876911 DOI: 10.1155/2013/247018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the viability of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Salmonella Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) during preparation and refrigerated storage of yogurt. Three yogurts were prepared using pasteurized commercial milk. Each yogurt was artificially contaminated with (1) MAP, (2) E. coli + S. Enteritidis, and (3) MAP + E. coli + S. Enteritidis. Samples were taken during and after the fermentation process until day 20 after inoculation. MAP was not detected during their preparation and short-term storage but was recuperated after starting at 180 min after inoculation storage. Live bacterial counts of E. coli, and S. Enteritidis increased during the first 24 hours, followed by a slight decrease towards the end of the study. In this study it was shown how MAP, E. coli, and S. Enteritidis resisted the acidic conditions generated during the preparation of yogurt and low storage temperatures. This work contributes to current knowledge regarding survival of MAP, E. coli, and S. Enteritidis during preparation and refrigerated storage of yogurt and emphasizes the need to improve hygiene measures to ensure the absence of these pathogenic microorganisms in dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Cirone
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología, Grupo Sanidad Animal, EEA INTA, 7620 Balcarce, Argentina
- Facultad Ciencias Agrarias, UNMdP, CC 276, 7620 Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Y. Huberman
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología, Grupo Sanidad Animal, EEA INTA, 7620 Balcarce, Argentina
| | - C. Morsella
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología, Grupo Sanidad Animal, EEA INTA, 7620 Balcarce, Argentina
| | - L. Méndez
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología, Grupo Sanidad Animal, EEA INTA, 7620 Balcarce, Argentina
| | - M. Jorge
- Facultad Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco, 7000 Tandil, Argentina
| | - F. Paolicchi
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología, Grupo Sanidad Animal, EEA INTA, 7620 Balcarce, Argentina
- Facultad Ciencias Agrarias, UNMdP, CC 276, 7620 Balcarce, Argentina
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Klanicova B, Slana I, Roubal P, Pavlik I, Kralik P. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis survival during fermentation of soured milk products detected by culture and quantitative real time PCR methods. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 157:150-5. [PMID: 22591549 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP), etiological agent of paratuberculosis in ruminants, is able to survive extreme conditions like very low pH (stomach), high temperature (pasteurization) or low temperature (refrigerated storage). Cheese, infant powder milk, cream and other milk and dairy products might thus be considered as possible sources of MAP for humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the survival of two MAP field isolates during fermentation of three different types of soured milk products (SMP; yogurt, acidophilus milk and kefir) under laboratory conditions. Pasteurized MAP-free milk was artificially contaminated with 10(6)MAPcells/mL and survival and absolute numbers of MAP were monitored during fermentation (4 or 16 h) and after six weeks of storage at 4°C by culture and quantitative real time PCR (qPCR). Viability of MAP was determined by culture using Herrold's egg yolk medium and Middlebrook 7H10 with antibiotics, supplemented with Mycobactin J and incubated at 37°C for up to 12 weeks. The absolute numbers of MAP were quantified by previously published qPCR assays targeting F57 and IS900 loci in MAP genome. We herein confirm that MAP can survive pH reduction, however, longer exposure to pH below 4 in SMP seems to be critical because it inhibits growth. Therefore, it is suggested that probiotic cultures that can decrease pH below 4 during fermentation could provide better inactivation of MAP in SMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Klanicova
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
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21
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Lamont EA, Bannantine JP, Armién A, Ariyakumar DS, Sreevatsan S. Identification and characterization of a spore-like morphotype in chronically starved Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis cultures. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30648. [PMID: 22292005 PMCID: PMC3265505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria are able to enter into a state of non-replication or dormancy, which may result in their chronic persistence in soil, aquatic environments, and permissive hosts. Stresses such as nutrient deprivation and hypoxia provide environmental cues to enter a persistent state; however, a clear definition of the mechanism that mycobacteria employ to achieve this remains elusive. While the concept of sporulation in mycobacteria is not novel, it continues to spark controversy and challenges our perceptions of a non-replication. We investigated the potential role of sporulation in one-year old broth cultures of Mycobacterium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). We show that dormant cultures of MAP contain a mix of vegetative cells and a previously unknown morphotype resembling a spore. These spore-like structures can be enriched for using sporulating media. Furthermore, purified MAP spore forms survive exposure to heat, lysozyme and proteinase K. Heat-treated spores are positive for MAP 16SrRNA and IS900. MAP spores display enhanced infectivity as well as maintain acid-fast characteristics upon germination in a well-established bovine macrophage model. This is the first study to demonstrate a new MAP morphotype possessing spore-like qualities. Data suggest that sporulation may be a viable mechanism by which MAP accomplishes persistence in the host and/or environment. Thus, our current understanding of mycobacterial persistence, pathogenesis, epidemiology and rational drug and vaccine design may need to be reevaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise A. Lamont
- Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - John P. Bannantine
- Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Aníbal Armién
- Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Don Sanjiv Ariyakumar
- Veterinary Diagnostic Lab, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Collins MT. Food Safety Concerns Regarding Paratuberculosis. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2011; 27:631-6, vii-viii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
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