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Ferman S, Segal O. The Face of Autism in Israel. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2024; 20:1677-1692. [PMID: 39262631 PMCID: PMC11389695 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s466420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This article seeks to offer a comprehensive perspective on autism in Israel, aligning with global reports. It aims to serve as a foundational resource for policymakers in developing relevant support and point to unmet needs. The data was drawn from publications by Israeli government authorities and academic publications. In 2022, the prevalence of child and adolescent autism in Israel was approximately 1.13%, with a male-to-female ratio of 4:1, and an annual increase of 23%, particularly among young children. In Israel, the diagnosis of autism follows the DSM-5 guidelines and is conducted by a physician and a psychologist specializing in autism. Typically, diagnosis is at age 2. The autism intervention approaches prevalent in Israel are consistent with those that are globally accepted. Children with autism are entitled to special education services adapted to their needs and developmental levels. The legally established package of services for children with autism includes sessions with occupational therapists, speech-language pathologists (SLPs), physical therapists, psychologists, and social workers. Children and adults with autism are eligible for disability allowance along with support regarding residence, educational programs, and employment opportunities. Nonetheless, underdiagnosis and low accessibility to services are common in minority populations and rural areas. Furthermore, in recent years, services for autistic individuals have declined. This decline, particularly considering the ongoing rise in the prevalence of autism, pose significant challenges for Israeli government authorities in ensuring that autistic persons receive appropriate support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ferman
- Department of Communication Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Ono Academic College, 1, Academic Avenue, Kiriat-Ono, Israel
| | - Osnat Segal
- Department of Communication Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
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2
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Clarke EB, McCauley JB, Lutz A, Gotelli M, Sheinkopf SJ, Lord C. Understanding profound autism: implications for stigma and supports. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1287096. [PMID: 38317766 PMCID: PMC10839016 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1287096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Societal perceptions and lack of understanding of autism spectrum disorder can be stigmatizing for autistic individuals and their families. This may be particularly the case for individuals who meet criteria for profound autism. Despite the considerable service needs of this marginalized group, there is little data on the prevalence of profound autism, nor on the experiences of those with profound autism and their families. Methods The current study leveraged a mixed-methods approach to address these gaps. First, the prevalence of profound autism was examined in six samples-three from the United States and three from Western Europe. Second, inductive thematic analysis was used to code interviews from 20 caregivers of profoundly autistic adults. Results The prevalence of profound autism varied widely across the six samples-from 11% to 48%. There were also notable differences between samples in prevalence by gender, race, and ethnicity. Two overarching themes were identified via inductive thematic analysis: Community Perceptions of Autism and Family Support Needs and Advocacy Challenges. Though caregivers were not directly asked about stigmatization during interviews, 85% of caregivers reported at least one instance of perceived stigma. Discussion Future research should continue to examine the unique needs and stigmatization experiences of profoundly autistic individuals and their families across the life course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine B. Clarke
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - James B. McCauley
- Department of Psychology, St. Mary’s College of California, Moraga, CA, United States
| | - Amy Lutz
- Department of History and Sociology of Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Marina Gotelli
- Fundación Brincar por un Autismo Feliz, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Stephen J. Sheinkopf
- Thompson Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Catherine Lord
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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3
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Ljungberg M, Schön UK. Who cares? A scoping review about the experiences of parental caregivers of autistic adults. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2023; 36:929-939. [PMID: 37264729 DOI: 10.1111/jar.13126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The autistic population is growing and ageing and this also applies to the parents. Despite this, research about parental experiences is still relatively scarce. Even though studies show, compared with adults with other disabilities, parents of autistic adolescents and adults report a decrease in well-being and that caregiving is often a lifelong commitment. METHOD This scoping review maps, synthesises and identifies gaps in previous research as regards the experiences of parental caregivers of adult autistic children. The review was based on Arksey and Malley's framework and six databases were searched. RESULTS The results show how the research has focused on the well-being and consequences of daily caregiving for an American middle-class mother who co-resides with an adult son. CONCLUSION To enhance knowledge about formal services and service needs, more research is necessary on different welfare regimes and social contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Ljungberg
- Department of Social Work, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulla-Karin Schön
- Department of Social Work, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Mason D, Milner V, Clark L, Kelly E, Pyefinch R, Happé F. Autistic People and Moving Home: A Systematic Review. AUTISM IN ADULTHOOD 2023; 5:236-247. [PMID: 37663439 PMCID: PMC10468557 DOI: 10.1089/aut.2022.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background While many studies have examined where and with whom autistic people live, very few have looked at autistic people's experience of moving home. Choosing where to live, and being able to move residence, could be important for autonomy, and we therefore undertook a systematic review to identify studies about autistic adults' experience of moving home. Methods We entered search terms relevant to autism and moving home into six databases and Google Scholar. After screening the titles and abstracts, we identified a final set of articles and screened the full text. We then checked the reference lists for potentially relevant articles; then, we conducted a search for articles that cited our final set of articles. Three raters assessed each included article for methodological quality. Results The search strategy identified a total of 311 articles (initial search, ancestry searching, articles from other sources). After deduplication, we screened a total of 165 articles for eligibility. A final set of seven articles was identified. Our narrative synthesis of the articles suggests that both autistic people and the relatives of autistic people think living independently is a source of positive personal development. However, autistic people reported that poor employment prospects impacted on their financial independence and hence independent living. Parents highlighted concerns about their offspring's personal care, safety, and the difficulty of navigating the housing system for those autistic people with co-occurring intellectual disability. Conclusions Taken together, our review suggests that autistic people and those who care for them have a positive view of independent living and are aware of the barriers to achieving this. Our review highlights a gap in the understanding of autistic adults' experience of moving home. We briefly describe our ongoing research project [the "Moving (as an) Autistic Person" project] exploring autistic people's experiences of moving house.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mason
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Milner
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren Clark
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Kelly
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebekah Pyefinch
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Happé
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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5
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Shuleski K, Zalles L, Lozano R. Exploring Parents' Concerns Regarding Long-Term Support and Living Arrangements for Their Children with Fragile X Syndrome. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1654. [PMID: 36140821 PMCID: PMC9498767 DOI: 10.3390/genes13091654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Given limited data regarding future planning specific to Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) individuals and the growing population of individuals within this community, this study sought to explore the concerns and challenges caregivers of individuals affected by FXS encounter when considering long-term support plans. This involved identifying the reasons individuals with FXS continue to reside with family and the reservations caregivers have regarding future supports and living arrangements. We administered an anonymous online survey consisting of 34 questions assessing eligibility, living arrangements/supports, and future concerns. We found that most individuals with FXS were affected with moderate Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD) and co-occurring behavioral conditions but had overall good health. The majority of individuals with FXS currently resided with family due to parental desire, their own desire, and the inability to live independently. For one-third of caregivers, the plan for future living arrangements is to continue residing with family members long-term. A large proportion of caregivers had not considered alternative arrangements or were unsure. More than 70% of caregivers of individuals with FXS are concerned about multiple aspects of the individual's future. Caregivers of younger individuals are the most concerned, but also believe they have time before they need to plan or are unable to currently assess the future need for support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylynn Shuleski
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Laura Zalles
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Reymundo Lozano
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Song W, Salzer MS, Nonnemacher SL, Miller KK, Shea LL. Living arrangements and community participation among autistic adults: Exploring the possible influences of living alone or with others. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2022; 124:104213. [PMID: 35290949 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the increasing prevalence of autistic individuals, it is greatly needed to examine the factors impacting their community participation experiences. Where autistic adults live and how that may be related to their participation and quality of life is one environmental factor that has received little attention. AIMS This study explored the association between living arrangements in the community and community participation for autistic adults. METHOD This study used data from a statewide survey of autistic adults (N = 744) to investigate the relationship between living arrangements (live alone with or without support, live with roommate/spouse, or live with family) and the amount, breadth, and sufficiency of community participation. RESULTS After controlling for sociodemographic and clinical factors known to be associated with community participation, autistic adults living with family members participated less frequently in community activities over 30 days than those living with a roommate/spouse. However, they experienced similar levels of sufficiency with their participation. Autistic adults living alone with support reported the lowest levels of sufficiency with their participation, although the amount and breadth of their participation were no different from other adults. CONCLUSION These findings have several implications for providing support to enable autistic adults to participate in the areas that are important to them and to the extent they desire. Future research is needed to gain a better understanding of how interests and expectations for participation may be influenced by living situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- College of Public Health, Temple University, 1700 N. Broad St., Suite 313, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
| | - Mark S Salzer
- Temple University Collaborative on Community Inclusion of Individuals with Psychiatric Disabilities, Temple University, 1700 N. Broad St., Suite 304, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Stacy L Nonnemacher
- Bureau of Supports for Autism and Special Populations, Pennsylvania Department of Human Services, 801 Market St., Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Kaitlin Koffer Miller
- Policy and Analytics Center, A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, 3020 Market Street, Suite 560, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lindsay L Shea
- Policy and Analytics Center, A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, 3020 Market Street, Suite 560, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Kaya A, Wehmeyer ML. A model proposal development study for adults with intellectual disabilities in Turkey compared to USA. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2022; 70:89-99. [PMID: 38456131 PMCID: PMC10916900 DOI: 10.1080/20473869.2022.2058782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID) persists from birth through adulthood and aging. Thus, the support provided to individuals with intellectual disabilities (IwID) in adulthood is essential to increase their self-determination and quality of life. This research aimed to determine how IwID may receive support for education, working life, accommodation, and leisure in adulthood in the Turkish context by increasing their and their families' quality of life without socially discriminating against them. Qualitative data were collected in two stages, combining semi-structured interviews and the Delphi study technique. Results prompted the recommendation that a legal basis for transition-to-adulthood planning be established in Turkey for a functional adult service model. Next, a model with specific standards by which multidisciplinary experts analyse education, work, leisure, and housing alternatives for preadulthood and adulthood should be developed and coordinated by the Turkish Ministry of National Education and the Ministry of Family. Implications for the future are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Kaya
- Department of Special Education, Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University, Nevşehir, Turkey
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8
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Micai M, Fulceri F, Salvitti T, Romano G, Poustka L, Diehm R, Iskrov G, Stefanov R, Guillon Q, Rogé B, Staines A, Sweeney MR, Boilson AM, Leósdóttir T, Saemundsen E, Moilanen I, Ebeling H, Yliherva A, Gissler M, Parviainen T, Tani P, Kawa R, Pisula E, Vicente A, Rasga C, Budişteanu M, Dale I, Povey C, Flores N, Jenaro C, Monroy ML, Primo PG, Charman T, Cramer S, Warberg CK, Canal-Bedia R, Posada M, Schendel D, Scattoni ML. Autistic Adult Services Availability, Preferences, and User Experiences: Results From the Autism Spectrum Disorder in the European Union Survey. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:919234. [PMID: 35757227 PMCID: PMC9226363 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.919234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There is very little knowledge regarding autistic adult services, practices, and delivery. The study objective was to improve understanding of current services and practices for autistic adults and opportunities for improvement as part of the Autism Spectrum Disorder in the European Union (ASDEU) project. Separate survey versions were created for autistic adults, carers of autistic adults, and professionals in adult services. 2,009 persons responded to the survey and 1,085 (54%) of them completed at least one of the services sections: 469 autistic adults (65% female; 55% <35 years old), 441 carers of autistic adults (27% female; 6% <35 years old), 175 professionals in adult services (76% female; 67% in non-medical services). Top choices by autistic adults, carers or professionals for services best suiting their current needs were: residential services: "help in own home" (adults, carers of high independent adults, professionals), "fulltime residential facility" (carers of low independent adults); employment services: "job mentors" (adults, carers of high independent adults, professionals), "Sheltered employment" (carers of low independent adults); education services: "support in regular education setting" (all groups); financial services: financial support in lieu of employment ("Supplementary income for persons unable to have full employment" for adults, "full pension" for carers of low independent adults) or to supplement employment earnings for carers of high independent adults and professionals; social services: "behavior training" (adults) and "life skills training" (carers and professionals). Waiting times for specific services were generally < 1 month or 1-3 months, except for residential services which could be up to 6 months; most professionals were uninformed of waiting times (>50% responded "don't know"). Five of seven residential services features recommended for autistic adults were experienced by <50% of adults. The knowledge of good local services models that work well for autistic adults was generally low across all services areas. The variation in services experiences and perceptions reported by autistic adults, carers, or professionals underscore the need to query all groups for a complete picture of community services availability and needs. The results showed areas for potential improvement in autistic adult services delivery in the EU to achieve recommended standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Micai
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Research Coordination and Support Service, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Fulceri
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Research Coordination and Support Service, Rome, Italy
| | - Tommaso Salvitti
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Research Coordination and Support Service, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Romano
- Directorate General of Health Prevention, Ministry of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Luise Poustka
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robert Diehm
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georgi Iskrov
- Institute for Rare Diseases, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.,Department of Social Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Rumen Stefanov
- Institute for Rare Diseases, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.,Department of Social Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | | | | | - Anthony Staines
- School of Nursing, Psychotherapy and Community Health, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary Rose Sweeney
- School of Nursing, Psychotherapy and Community Health, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew Martin Boilson
- School of Nursing, Psychotherapy and Community Health, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Irma Moilanen
- Clinic of Child Psychiatry, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Oulu University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Oulu, Finland
| | - Hanna Ebeling
- Clinic of Child Psychiatry, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Oulu University Hospital, Medical Faculty, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anneli Yliherva
- Clinic of Child Psychiatry, University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Logopedic Child Language Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mika Gissler
- Department of Knowledge Brokers, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Centre for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Region Stockholm, Academic Primary Health Care Centre, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tarja Parviainen
- Finnish Association for Autism and Asperger's Syndrome, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pekka Tani
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rafal Kawa
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Eva Pisula
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Astrid Vicente
- Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Célia Rasga
- Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Magdalena Budişteanu
- "Victor Babeş" National Institute for Research and Development in Pathology and Biomedical Sciences, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ian Dale
- National Autistic Society, The Centre for Autism, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carol Povey
- National Autistic Society, The Centre for Autism, London, United Kingdom
| | - Noelia Flores
- Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológicos Salamanca, Instituto Universitario de Integración en la Comunidad, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Cristina Jenaro
- Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológicos Salamanca, Instituto Universitario de Integración en la Comunidad, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Maria Luisa Monroy
- Departamento de Psicología Evolutiva y de la Educación, Instituto Universitario de Integración en la Comunidad, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Tony Charman
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susanne Cramer
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Ricardo Canal-Bedia
- Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológicos Salamanca, Instituto Universitario de Integración en la Comunidad, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Manuel Posada
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Institute of Rare Diseases Research, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Schendel
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Economics and Business, National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Maria Luisa Scattoni
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Research Coordination and Support Service, Rome, Italy
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Smith DaWalt L, Hickey E, Hudock R, Esler A, Mailick M. Impact of Working Together for adults with autism spectrum disorder: a multifamily group intervention. J Neurodev Disord 2021; 13:44. [PMID: 34625016 PMCID: PMC8499454 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-021-09395-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have lower engagement in their communities, higher rates of unemployment/underemployment, and continued difficulties with challenging behavior compared to their neurotypical peers. Multi-family psychoeducation emphasizes education and problem-solving with the goal of improving these outcomes for the individual with the disability. METHODS Using a randomized waitlist control design, the present study evaluated a multi-family group psychoeducation intervention, Working Together, for adults on the autism spectrum without intellectual disability (n = 40). Five waves of data were collected at 3-month intervals. In this design, families in the intervention condition participated in intervention during the 6 months between baseline and time 3 data collection; the waitlist control condition received the intervention immediately after the time 3 data collection. We compared these two conditions, intervention group (n = 20) vs waitlist control group (n = 20), on key outcomes for the adults with ASD: engagement in work-related activities, engagement in meaningful activities, and behavior problems. RESULTS Results indicated medium to large effect sizes associated with the Working Together intervention across key outcomes, including adults on the spectrum experiencing significant increases in meaningful activities and decreases in internalizing problems. Although increases in work-related activities were not statistically significant, an observed one-half of a standard deviation difference from before to after the intervention indicated clinically significant change. We also found maintenance of the treatment effect through 6 months post-treatment for the intervention group and replication of the treatment effect within the control group after they received the intervention. CONCLUSION Working Together is a promising multi-family group psychoeducation intervention designed to improve functioning during adulthood. These findings highlight the need for more intervention services research during adulthood and specifically the need for family-centered supports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leann Smith DaWalt
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Ave, Madison, WI USA
| | - Emily Hickey
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Ave, Madison, WI USA
| | - Rebekah Hudock
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Amy Esler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Marsha Mailick
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Ave, Madison, WI USA
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10
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Thompson C, Milbourn B, Taylor JL, Falkmer T, Bölte S, Evans K, Girdler S. Experiences of Parents of Specialist Peer Mentored Autistic University Students. Dev Neurorehabil 2021; 24:368-378. [PMID: 33588672 DOI: 10.1080/17518423.2021.1886190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRCTBackground: Parents continue to support to autistic university students, and consequently, experience considerable stress.Aim: To explore the experiences of parents of specialist peer mentored university students and to examine these using the ICF as a theoretical framework.Method: Thirteen semi-structured interviews were completed and analyzed using thematic analysis. Directive content analysis linked the data to the ICF core set for autism spectrum disorders (ASD).Results: Five interrelated themes emerged: The mentoring relationship is a facilitator, Developing skills for university, Mentoring changes lives, Mentoring is not a substitute for other supports, and University is an emotional rollercoaster. Specialist peer mentoring was linked to Activity and Participation (44%) and Environmental factors (32%) of the ICF core set for ASD.Conclusion: These results add to the specialist peer mentoring evidence-base, and indicate perceived benefits for autistic university students and their parents. An unintended consequence was that parents broadened their participation in activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Thompson
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC), Queensland, Australia.,School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - B Milbourn
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC), Queensland, Australia.,School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - J L Taylor
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA.,Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA
| | - T Falkmer
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC), Queensland, Australia.,School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, and Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - S Bölte
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC), Queensland, Australia.,School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Department of Women's and Children's Health, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm Stockholm, Sweden.,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Evans
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC), Queensland, Australia.,School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - S Girdler
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC), Queensland, Australia.,School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Sonido MT, Hwang YI, Srasuebkul P, Trollor JN, Arnold SRC. Predictors of the Quality of Life of Informal Carers of Adults on the Autism Spectrum. REVIEW JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS 2021. [PMID: 34254220 DOI: 10.1007/s40489-019-00177-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Carers of adults on the autism spectrum often experience high levels of stress, worry, and caregiver burden. There are few studies identifying the predictors of carer mental well-being and none have been conducted in Australia. Data from the Autism Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism's Australian Longitudinal Study of Autism in Adulthood was used to test the conceptual model by Sonido et al. (Rev J Autism Dev Disord, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40489-019-00177-8 ) by (a) identifying the predictors of mental well-being for carers of adults on the spectrum, (b) using model selection to determine which predictors contribute to the model of best fit, and (c) testing for mediating relationships between the predictors. Several predictors were directly associated with carer psychological quality of life, including carer age, care recipient intellectual disability, and carer intolerance of uncertainty. Model selection strongly supported the inclusion of most clusters from the conceptual model. Some mediating relationships were found, such as care recipient depressive behaviours mediating the relationships between caregiver burden and psychological quality of life. Future studies of the conceptual model will improve understanding of the predictors of carer mental well-being and enable tailored interventions to improve the psychological health of carers of adults on the autism spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisse T Sonido
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry (3DN), the UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,The Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC), Long Pocket, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ye In Hwang
- The Kirby Institute, the UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Preeyaporn Srasuebkul
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry (3DN), the UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Julian N Trollor
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry (3DN), the UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,The Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC), Long Pocket, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Samuel R C Arnold
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry (3DN), the UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,The Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC), Long Pocket, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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12
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Araten-Bergman T, Shpigelman CN. Staying connected during COVID-19: Family engagement with adults with developmental disabilities in supported accommodation. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2021; 108:103812. [PMID: 33202349 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enduring family engagement and informal support is crucial to the health and well-being of adults with developmental disabilities (DD) residing in supported accommodation. The COVID-19 pandemic and restrictive measures enforced in residential settings have resulted in changes in daily routine and modified the ways families can interact with and provide support to residents. Yet, the impact of these changes has not been empirically explored. AIM Explore how family caregivers have interacted with and supported their relatives with DD residing in supported accommodation during the pandemic. METHODS Changes in frequencies of communication modes and types of informal support were measured through a cross-sectional and anonymous online survey which completed by 108 family caregivers of adults with DD. RESULTS Most family caregivers adopted remote communication technologies; however, these were not perceived to be effective in filling the gap created by reduced face-to-face contact. While families were able to provide emotional support and advocacy using digital technologies, they were limited in their ability to provide significant social support. CONCLUSIONS Findings may help key stakeholders develop and implement novel strategies and policies to accommodate the changing circumstances and to ensure continuity of family engagement and informal support in the context of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Araten-Bergman
- Social Work and Social Policy, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, and Living with Disability Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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13
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McCauley JB, Pickles A, Huerta M, Lord C. Defining Positive Outcomes in More and Less Cognitively Able Autistic Adults. Autism Res 2020; 13:1548-1560. [PMID: 32851813 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Identifying positive outcomes for a wide range of intellectual abilities in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) remains a challenge. Several past studies of autistic adults have used outcome definitions that do not reflect the experiences of less cognitively able adults. The aim of the current study was to (1) define three domains of outcomes: autonomy, social relationships, and purpose, and (2) examine how these outcomes relate to concurrent aspects of adult functioning. Using data from a longitudinal sample of 126 adults (85% diagnosed with ASD at some point), mean age 26, who first entered the study in early childhood, we generated distinct outcomes for less (daily living skills above an 8-year-old level, having regular activities outside the home, and social contacts outside the family) and more cognitively able adults (living independently, having paid employment, and at least one true friend). Verbal IQ, assessed in adulthood, was a significant predictor of more outcomes achieved for individuals within more and less cognitively able groups. For less cognitively able adults, having ever received a formal ASD diagnosis (in contrast to current Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule [ADOS] CSS scores) was associated with lower odds of positive outcomes. For more cognitively able adults, living skills and happiness measures were positively associated with number of outcomes met; higher ADOS CSS, internalizing and externalizing symptoms, being racially diverse, and having caregiver education below college graduation were all negatively associated with the number of positive outcomes. Tailoring outcomes to ability levels may lead to better identification of goals and service needs. LAY SUMMARY: This article describes the outcomes of autistic adults who are more and less cognitively able. For less cognitively able individuals, an earlier autism diagnosis was negatively related to outcomes. Several factors that were associated with positive outcomes for more cognitively able individuals, including daily living skills, fewer mental health problems, family demographics, and subjective measures of happiness. Our study identifies several important factors for families, individuals, and service providers to consider and discuss when planning the transition to adulthood. Autism Res 2020, 13: 1548-1560. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B McCauley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Andrew Pickles
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marisela Huerta
- Centre for Autism and the Developing Brain, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Catherine Lord
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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14
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Baker D, McCabe H, Kelly M, Jiang T. 100 years from now: comparing parental perspectives about supports for adults with autism in the USA and China. ADVANCES IN AUTISM 2020. [DOI: 10.1108/aia-10-2019-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
Findings from a comparative qualitative study with parents in the USA and China increase the understanding of experiences of adults with autism in both countries.
Design/methodology/approach
Semi-Structured interviews were conducted with families in the USA and in China. In total, 18 families participated in the study – 7 in the USA, 11 in China.
Findings
Analysis of the comparative data led to the emergence of three overarching themes, expressing both similarities and differences in experiences: 1) transition to adult services plays out differently in the two nations, 2) parent advocacy and efforts in supporting and securing services for their children are strong in both countries but are also defined by the variability in access to services and 3) due to the scarcity of adult services in their country, Chinese parents express significantly more worries about their own aging and mortality as compared with USA parents.
Research limitations/implications
Practical implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Originality/value
By examining the experiences of families of adults with autism in the USA and China, the research reveals themes that would not be visible in a single-nation study.
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15
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Amanullah S, Rajeh A, Sivakumar K. An overview of autism in the elderly. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 48:101897. [PMID: 32004801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2019.101897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The overall improvement in quality of health care in many countries across the globe will likely see an increase in the number of elderly patients with ASDs (Autism Spectrum Disorders) and will result in a need for extra and more adaptive educational, occupational, social, and environmental supports. An earlier diagnosis will auger well for better long-term outcomes in ASD. Therefore, better and more evidence based screening and diagnostic tools are needed. The lack of research and studies surrounding ASD in the elderly raises many real concerns about the wellbeing of those diagnosed with ASD as adults as they enter old age. This review will help provide information on prevalence, available screening tools and diagnostic instruments along with symptoms and manifestations, patients' quality of life related issues and current interventions. We will also highlight research needs and help create a clearer understanding of ASD and the challenges patients and professionals face and are confronted with.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabbir Amanullah
- University of Toronto, Western University and Dalhousie University, Chief of Psychiatry, Woodstock General Hospital.
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16
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Marsack-Topolewski CN, Church HL. Impact of Caregiver Burden on Quality of Life for Parents of Adult Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. AMERICAN JOURNAL ON INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2019; 124:145-156. [PMID: 30835531 DOI: 10.1352/1944-7558-124.2.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This study sought to examine the impact of time, developmental, emotional, and financial burdens on the quality of life (QOL) for parents (aged 50+) of an adult child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Participants ( N = 320) completed a web-based survey and could indicate interest in participating in one-on-one follow up interviews. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that two variables, developmental burden and impact of caregiving on finances, were statistically significant predictors of parents' QOL. Developmental burden was the strongest predictor of parental QOL, demonstrating an inverse relationship. Qualitatively, reported findings indicated that many parents were experiencing all four burdens. Findings highlighted the need to provide services and supports to alleviate burden among aging parents of adult children with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heather L Church
- Christina N. Marsack-Topolewski, Eastern Michigan University; and Heather L. Church, University of Western Ontario
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17
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Parenting an Adult with High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder. AUTISM IN ADULTHOOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-28833-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Lee CE, Burke MM. Caregiving Roles of Siblings of Adults With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: A Systematic Review. JOURNAL OF POLICY AND PRACTICE IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jppi.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chung eun Lee
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Champaign IL USA
| | - Meghan M. Burke
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Champaign IL USA
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19
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Understanding Service Usage and Needs for Adults with ASD: The Importance of Living Situation. J Autism Dev Disord 2018; 49:556-568. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-3729-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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20
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Herrema R, Garland D, Osborne M, Freeston M, Honey E, Rodgers J. Brief Report: What Happens When I Can No Longer Support My Autistic Relative? Worries About the Future for Family Members of Autistic Adults. J Autism Dev Disord 2018; 47:3659-3668. [PMID: 28755035 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3254-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Very little is known about autism and adulthood. Family members are often the primary support for autistic adults and frequently express concerns about what the future will hold and what support will be available for their relative. 120 family members of autistic adults completed an online survey exploring concerns about the future for their relative. The most endorsed concerns were "their needs won't be met" (77% worried weekly), "whether they will be happy" (72% worried weekly) and "who will care for them" (58% worried weekly). The results highlight the importance of implementing structured and timely support through collaboration with governmental policy, local commissioning and communication with charities to help prepare family members and their autistic relative for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renske Herrema
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | | | | | - Mark Freeston
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, School of Psychology, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.,Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Emma Honey
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, School of Psychology, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.,Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jacqui Rodgers
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK. .,Clinical Psychology, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Ridley Building, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
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21
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Neurodivergent Themed Neighbourhoods as A Strategy to Enhance the Liveability of Cities: The Blueprint of an Autism Village, Its Benefits to Neurotypical Environments. URBAN SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/urbansci2020042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the next decades, it is expected that there will be a significant number of adults living with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) who will continue to strive in the neurotypical environment. Despite the recent rise of developments that deviate from the institutional type of facility, many parents continue to voice their struggle to find safe and appropriate living environments for their adult children. The problem is not just the limited option on where to live, financing a home is also another dilemma. Thus, the challenge to provide appropriate living environments coincide with the need to provide meaningful opportunities that allows them to thrive and function in the society. This paper explores the existing design guidelines through recommendations on how spaces can be articulated by considering the value of savant skills and productive vocational skills for individuals living with ASD. This optimistic approach hopes to enlighten built environment practitioners in designing spaces where different populations can co–exist, particularly those with varied abilities. The environmental needs of ASDs and the proposed spatial interventions also extend its benefits to the well–being of neurotypicals. In addition, the participation of the ASD population in the built environment bridges accessibility and spatial experience. Therefore, designing neurodivergent neighbourhoods can be employed as a strategy to improve and enhance the liveability of urban regions.
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22
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DaWalt LS, Greenberg JS, Mailick MR. Transitioning Together: A Multi-family Group Psychoeducation Program for Adolescents with ASD and Their Parents. J Autism Dev Disord 2018; 48:251-263. [PMID: 29032481 PMCID: PMC5762411 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3307-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Currently there are few evidence-based programs available for families of individuals with ASD during the transition to adulthood. The present study provided a preliminary evaluation of a multi-family group psychoeducation intervention using a randomized waitlist control design (n = 41). Families in the intervention condition participated in Transitioning Together, an 8-week program designed to reduce family distress and improve social functioning for adolescents. Findings indicated significant improvements in parental depressive symptoms and problem solving from pre- to post-intervention for parents in the intervention condition but not for parents in the control condition. Social interactions also improved for youth in the intervention condition relative to controls. Parents reported satisfaction with the program and particularly valued the opportunity to interact with other families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leann Smith DaWalt
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
| | - Jan S Greenberg
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Marsha R Mailick
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
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23
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Herrema R, Garland D, Osborne M, Freeston M, Honey E, Rodgers J. Mental Wellbeing of Family Members of Autistic Adults. J Autism Dev Disord 2017; 47:3589-3599. [PMID: 28861652 PMCID: PMC5633644 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3269-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Family members are often the primary caregiver for autistic adults and this responsibility may impact on the carer's wellbeing and quality of life. 109 family members of autistic adults completed an online survey assessing their wellbeing relating to their caring role for their autistic relative. Family members who were supporting an autistic relative with co-occurring mental health difficulties and who they reported as unprepared for the future, self-reported higher levels of worry, depression, anxiety and stress, and poorer quality of life. These findings emphasise the importance of support for family members of autistic adults, whether through external services to support their relative or individual mental health support for the carer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renske Herrema
- Clinical Psychology, Institute of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Ridley Building, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | | | | | - Mark Freeston
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Emma Honey
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jacqui Rodgers
- Clinical Psychology, Institute of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Ridley Building, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
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24
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Marsack CN, Perry TE. Aging in Place in Every Community: Social Exclusion Experiences of Parents of Adult children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Res Aging 2017; 40:535-557. [PMID: 28677419 DOI: 10.1177/0164027517717044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article offers an examination of aging processes of lifelong caregivers and the possibilities for social exclusion place experienced by parents of adult children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study of parental caregivers ( n = 51) sheds light on how enduring caregiving roles can lead to social exclusion in three ways: misunderstanding of ASD and stigma, the complexity of the caregiving roles, and impact on daily routines including challenges with long-term planning for both the adult children and the parental caregivers. Implications for practice to address social exclusion include education and building greater communication ties among family member for family members and advocacy for more and higher quality services including respite care. This article concludes with discussion of the impact of this aging, yet caregiving population and the need for knowledge about aging processes and anticipating aging for these caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tam E Perry
- 2 School of Social Work, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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25
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Mediating Effects of Social Support on Quality of Life for Parents of Adults with Autism. J Autism Dev Disord 2017; 47:2378-2389. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3157-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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26
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van Schalkwyk GI, Volkmar FR. Autism Spectrum Disorders: Challenges and Opportunities for Transition to Adulthood. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2017; 26:329-339. [PMID: 28314459 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Improved outcomes for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have opened a range of potential pathways during the transition to adulthood. These include attending college, entering the labor force, and achieving a degree of independent living. Less cognitively able individuals may be eligible for state benefits and may enter supported employment programs. Those attending college require careful support and planning. Practitioners need to be familiar with the unique needs of young adults with ASD. Further research should attempt to define the priorities of individuals and families with ASD making this transition and clarify the value of existing supports and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fred R Volkmar
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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27
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Meiring M, Seabi J, Amod Z, Vorster A, Kern A. Transition for Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder: South African Parent and Professional Perspectives. Front Psychiatry 2016; 7:93. [PMID: 27375502 PMCID: PMC4894899 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescents with autism and their families experience a significant increase in the number of challenges encountered when leaving the structure of the formal education system. The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of the factors parents and professionals regard as important in preparing for transition of adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to adulthood, vocational, and residential arrangements. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 14 participants (i.e., 7 parents and 7 professionals) who were involved with adolescents with ASD in Johannesburg, South Africa. The findings revealed that there was a need for advocacy on behalf of learners with ASD transitioning into adult working and living environments. The responses of the participants highlighted needs for curriculum transformation from basic literacy skills to development and teaching of functional self-help and daily living skills. The results also indicated lack of planning and the absence of service facilities for adolescents with autism post-school. There was a general feeling of fear and uncertainty when the participants thought about transition of adolescents with autism and their future. However, there was also a sense of hope and optimism. Transition of adolescents with autism into adulthood is a challenging and stressful time for parents and professionals involved in trying to prepare them. With appropriate attention and support structures, individuals with autism can attain a reasonable quality of life, including residential, employment, and social opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan Meiring
- Department of Psychology, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa
| | - Joseph Seabi
- Department of Psychology, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa
| | - Zaytoon Amod
- Department of Psychology, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa
| | - Adri Vorster
- Department of Psychology, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa
| | - Anwynne Kern
- Department of Psychology, University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa
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28
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Giné C, Gràcia M, Vilaseca R, Salvador Beltran F, Balcells-Balcells A, Dalmau Montalà M, Luisa Adam-Alcocer A, Teresa Pro M, Simó-Pinatella D, Maria Mas Mestre J. Family Quality of Life for People With Intellectual Disabilities in Catalonia. JOURNAL OF POLICY AND PRACTICE IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/jppi.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Adults with autism in India: a mixed-method approach to make meaning of daily routines. Soc Sci Med 2014; 116:142-9. [PMID: 24998867 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have been diagnosed in India for over fifty years, virtually nothing is known about the social circumstances of adults, their daily lives, and their families. Where are adults with autism? How do they spend their time? Who are they with, and what are they doing all day? A mixed-method approach was used to obtain information on daily routines of 54 adults with ASD living in New Delhi, India, and about parent levels of stress associated with these routines during a study collected from January through June, 2013. Whether or not they attended a structured setting during the day (59% did so), adults engaged in some 20 activities both inside and outside their home. Contrary to our expectations, most adults were not "hidden" and were out in public at least on occasion. Higher functioning adults were more likely to attend a structured setting, but parents described challenging behaviors, both adult and parent preference, and lack of options as reasons that adults stayed home. The amount of time adults spent outside their home was not associated with parent reported stress, but stress was significantly higher for mothers who were employed. Most families described adaptation to caring for their adult children. A partnership with an Indian nongovernmental organization provided mechanisms to amplify our research findings, making them meaningful to our participants and others.
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30
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Williamson HJ, Perkins EA. Family caregivers of adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities: outcomes associated with U.S. services and supports. INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2014; 52:147-159. [PMID: 24725113 DOI: 10.1352/1934-9556-52.2.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) in the U.S. predominantly live with their family caregivers. As care delivery and support systems vary widely globally, consideration of caregiver outcomes specifically in the U.S. context is needed. A systematic literature review was conducted to identify U.S. family caregiver outcomes and their association with existing services and supports for family caregivers of adults with IDD. Twenty-four articles were compiled using the PubMed, Web of Knowledge, PsychInfo, and CINAHL databases. Studies report economic, mental, and physical health outcomes from caregiving roles. The need for comprehensive caregiver assessment is discussed. Understanding and responding to the changing needs of family caregivers is vital to the U.S. disability service system to effectively prioritize formal resources and services.
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31
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Butrimaviciute R, Grieve A. Carers' experiences of being exposed to challenging behaviour in services for autism spectrum disorders. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2013; 18:882-90. [PMID: 24142795 DOI: 10.1177/1362361313508022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that being exposed to challenging behaviour in services of care can have a negative impact on staff. Recently, challenging behaviour has been linked to people with autism spectrum disorders; however, little research has been aimed at exploring staff's experiences of facing such behaviour in services for autism spectrum disorders in particular. A qualitative study using interpretative phenomenological analysis was conducted. This method involves thorough exploration of experiences revealed by individuals. A purposive sample (N = 10) was used. Participants were involved in semi-structured interviews which were later analysed according to the guidelines by Smith and Osborn. Four themes were discovered: intense mental and physical engagement, importance of adaptive coping, ambiguous experience of failure and achievement and destructive emotional reactions. Being exposed to challenging behaviour in services for autism spectrum disorders is a complex multi-component experience. The present results allow some insight into personal worlds of staff and might be useful for improving their working environment as well as ensuring a higher quality of care for service users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan Grieve
- University of Glasgow, UK NHS Lanarkshire, UK
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Andrews J, Leonard H, Hammond GC, Girdler S, Rajapaksa R, Bathgate K, Downs J. Community participation for girls and women living with Rett syndrome. Disabil Rehabil 2013; 36:894-9. [PMID: 23883421 DOI: 10.3109/09638288.2013.813083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the relationships between impairment and contextual factors and community participation for girls and women with Rett syndrome. METHODS Data was collected from a questionnaire completed in 2009 by families participating in the Australian Rett Syndrome Database (n = 214). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyse relationships between impairment, personal and environmental factors and community participation. RESULTS The mean age of the girls and women was 17.6 years (SD = 7.95, range 3 to 34 years) with 114 (53.3%) girls still at school and 100 (46.7%) women post school. Frequency of activities was influenced by level of walking, community support and maternal education. For girls living at home, participation in activities was associated with greater functional independence and higher levels of maternal education. Participation in recreational (90.1%), physical/skill-based (67.6%) and/or social (70.3%) activities was commonly reported by families, while self-improvement (17.6%) activities were less reported. Younger girls participated in activities mainly with family members and older girls more frequently participated with carers. CONCLUSION Participation for girls and women with Rett syndrome could be enhanced by stronger local community supports. There are also needs for the implementation of policies that ensure resources are available and accessible by those communities most in need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimi Andrews
- School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University , Perth, Western Australia , Australia
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Hines M, Balandin S, Togher L. The Stories of Older Parents of Adult Sons and Daughters with Autism: A Balancing Act. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2013; 27:163-73. [DOI: 10.1111/jar.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monique Hines
- The University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Susan Balandin
- Victoria University of Wellington; Wellington New Zealand
| | - Leanne Togher
- The University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
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Poon KK. Parental expectations regarding postschool social attainments of adolescents with autism spectrum disorders in Singapore. AMERICAN JOURNAL ON INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2013; 118:95-107. [PMID: 23464608 DOI: 10.1352/1944-7558-118.2.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study sought to understand the parental expectations of social attainments in the postschool years. The parents of 20 adolescents with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) attending special schools were interviewed. Most expected their children would be working in sheltered workshops or unemployed. All parents indicated that their children would live with them until they were unable to provide appropriate care, and nearly half expressed wishes for relatives to care for them thereafter. None expected any independent access to the community. Analysis of the interviews suggested that the adolescents' learning and behavior, parental concerns, availability of formal resources, and societal factors influenced parents' expectations. Implications for working with Asian populations and for service delivery in Singapore are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth K Poon
- National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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Griffith GM, Totsika V, Nash S, Jones RSP, Hastings RP. "We are all there silently coping." The hidden experiences of parents of adults with Asperger syndrome. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL & DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITY 2012; 37:237-247. [PMID: 22852754 DOI: 10.3109/13668250.2012.701729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The experiences of older parents of adults with Asperger syndrome have not been explored in the research literature. METHOD Four families who had middle-aged offspring with Asperger syndrome were interviewed (3 mothers and 1 couple), and the interviews were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). RESULTS Six themes emerged from the analysis: (a) providers of "hidden" support, (b) role of advocate, (c) social isolation, (d) intrafamilial relationships, (e) support for parents, and (f) future concerns. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study offer insight into the experience of parents of adult sons with Asperger syndrome. Implications for future support interventions and research are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma M Griffith
- School of Psychology, Bangor University, Brigantia Building, Penrallt Road, Bangor LL57 2AS, Wales, UK. g.m.griffi
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Stapleton D, Honeycutt T, Schechter B. Out of sight, out of mind: including group quarters residents with household residents can change what we know about working-age people with disabilities. Demography 2012; 49:267-89. [PMID: 22109082 DOI: 10.1007/s13524-011-0071-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Information about residents of institutional and noninstitutional group quarters (GQ), particularly those with disabilities, has been limited by gaps in survey data, and statistics based on data that exclude some or all GQ residents are biased as estimates of total population statistics. We used the 2006 and 2007 American Community Survey (ACS) to identify the distribution of working-age populations with and without disabilities by major residence type and to assess the sensitivity of disability statistics to GQ residence. Our findings show that (1) of those with disabilities, about 1 in 13 males and 1 in 33 females live in GQ; (2) GQ rates are higher for individuals reporting mental, self-care, or go-outside-the-home disabilities than for those reporting sensory, physical, or employment disabilities; (3) younger males with disabilities are more likely to reside there, particularly at institutional GQ, reflecting their relatively high incarceration rate; (4) individuals with and without disabilities who are black, American Indian, were never married, or have less than a high school education have higher GQ residence rates; (5) 40% of male and 62% of female GQ residents have a disability; (6) adding GQ residents to household residents increases estimated disability prevalence for males by 6%, and the estimated difference between disability prevalence rates by gender nearly disappears; and (7) inclusion of the GQ population substantially lowers employment rate estimates for young males, blacks, and American Indians.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Stapleton
- Center for Studying Disability Policy, Mathematical Policy Research, Washington, DC, USA.
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Burke MM, Taylor JL, Urbano R, Hodapp RM. Predictors of future caregiving by adult siblings of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities. AMERICAN JOURNAL ON INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2012; 117:33-47. [PMID: 22264111 DOI: 10.1352/1944-7558-117.1.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
With the growing life expectancy for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities, siblings will increasingly assume responsibility for the care of their brother or sister with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Using a 163-item survey completed by 757 siblings, the authors identified factors related to future caregiving expectations. Siblings expected to assume greater caregiving responsibility for their brother or sister with disabilities if they were female, had closer relationships with and lived closer to their brother or sister with intellectual and developmental disabilities, and were the lone sibling without a disability. Siblings who expected to assume higher levels of caregiving had parents who were currently more able to care for their brother or sister with disabilities. With a better understanding of who intends to fulfill future caregiving roles, support can be provided to these siblings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan M Burke
- Vanderbilt University, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center and Department of Special Education, Nashville, TN 37203, USA.
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Wong JD, Seltzer MM, Greenberg JS, Hong J, Almeida DM, Coe CL. Stressful life events and daily stressors affect awakening cortisol level in midlife mothers of individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Aging Ment Health 2012; 16:939-49. [PMID: 22640177 PMCID: PMC3434247 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2012.688191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The current study examines the awakening cortisol level in midlife mothers (M = 51.4 years old, SD = 8.4) of individuals (M = 22.1 years old, SD = 7.1) with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) under stressful conditions that are not specific to their son or daughter's ASD symptoms. METHODS In addition to completing a set of questionnaires and in-home interviews, 82 mothers from the Adolescents and Adults with Autism Study (AAA) participated in a Daily Diary Study. RESULTS Findings from the multilevel models indicated that mothers who previously were exposed to no negative life events in the previous period had an increased awakening cortisol level on days following a greater number and more severe stressors, a normative stress response. In contrast, we observed a flatter cortisol level of daily stressors in mothers who experienced a greater number of negative life events in the previous period. CONCLUSION These findings highlight the sustained toll that global and everyday stressors have on awakening cortisol level of midlife and aging mothers of individuals with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen D. Wong
- a Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Marsha M. Seltzer
- a Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Jan S. Greenberg
- a Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Jinkuk Hong
- a Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , WI , USA
| | - David M. Almeida
- b Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , PA , USA
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Hines M, Balandin S, Togher L. Communication and AAC in the Lives of Adults with Autism: The Stories of Their Older Parents. Augment Altern Commun 2011; 27:256-66. [DOI: 10.3109/07434618.2011.587830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Piven J, Rabins P. Autism spectrum disorders in older adults: toward defining a research agenda. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011; 59:2151-5. [PMID: 22091837 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03632.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are among the most common of the severe developmental disabilities, yet little is known about older adults with ASDs-in particular, how the disabilities and dependencies that result from aging interact with those resulting from ASDs. The aging of the population in Western countries, the increasing rate of diagnosis of ASDs, and the burgeoning use of services for ASDs are converging to create a large, growing influx of older adults with ASDs that could impose tremendous humanistic and economic burdens on the healthcare system and society. An understanding of the epidemiological, biological, psychological, and social aspects of ASDs in older adults is essential for preparing to meet their needs, but studies on ASDs in these individuals are practically nonexistent. This article outlines observations and recommendations of a multidisciplinary expert group convened in March 2010 to characterize gaps in knowledge regarding ASDs in older adults and defines research directions to help individuals, the healthcare system, and society prepare for meeting the needs of this population. The proposed research agenda could help improve the lives of older adults with ASDs and inform research and clinical practice involving younger individuals with ASDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Piven
- Carolina Institute for Development Disabilities, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Taylor JL, Seltzer MM. Changes in the mother-child relationship during the transition to adulthood for youth with autism spectrum disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 2011; 41:1397-410. [PMID: 21184158 PMCID: PMC3174311 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-010-1166-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
We examined whether exiting high school was associated with changes in the mother-child relationship. Participants were 170 mothers of youth with ASD who were part of our larger longitudinal study and who exited high school during the study; data were collected four times over 7 years. Results indicated improvement in the mother-child relationship while in high school; however, improvement in all indices slowed or stopped after exit. Mothers of youth with ASD without an intellectual disability (ID) and who had more unmet service needs evidenced the least improvement after exit. Our findings provide further evidence that the years after high school exit are a time of increased risk, especially for those with ASD without ID and whose families are under-resourced.
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Hines M, Balandin S, Togher L. Buried by autism: older parents’ perceptions of autism. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2011; 16:15-26. [DOI: 10.1177/1362361311416678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we explored older parents’ perceptions of their adult sons and daughters with autism in order to gain insights into how parents’ beliefs about autism may influence their coping. Narrative analysis of in-depth interviews held with 16 parents aged 60 years and older of adults with autism revealed that these parents perceived that their son’s or daughter’s intelligence, sense of humour and social personality are blocked by autism. Adherence to these beliefs appeared to comprise important coping strategies that supported these parents in their caregiving roles by assisting them to maintain positive perceptions of their son or daughter with autism. Yet such beliefs also held costs for the parents, including reinforcing the belief that they need to regulate their own behaviour in order to realize the true son or daughter buried by autism.
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Barker ET, Hartley SL, Seltzer MM, Floyd FJ, Greenberg JS, Orsmond GI. Trajectories of emotional well-being in mothers of adolescents and adults with autism. Dev Psychol 2011; 47:551-61. [PMID: 21171753 DOI: 10.1037/a0021268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Raising an adolescent or adult child with a developmental disability confers exceptional caregiving challenges on parents. We examined trajectories of 2 indicators of emotional well-being (depressive symptoms and anxiety) in a sample of primarily Caucasian mothers (N = 379; M age = 51.22 years at Time 1) of adolescent and adult children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD; M age = 21.91 years at Time 1, 73.2% male). We also investigated within-person associations of child context time-varying covariates (autism symptoms, behavior problems, residential status) and maternal context time-varying covariates (social support network size and stressful family events) with the trajectories of emotional well-being. Data were collected on 5 occasions across a 10-year period. Average patterns of stable (depressive symptoms) and improved (anxiety) emotional well-being were evident, and well-being trajectories were sensitive to fluctuations in both child and maternal context variables. On occasions when behavior problems were higher, depressive symptoms and anxiety were higher. On occasions after which the grown child moved out of the family home, anxiety was lower. Anxiety was higher on occasions when social support networks were smaller and when more stressful life events were experienced. These results have implications for midlife and aging families of children with an ASD and those who provide services to these families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin T Barker
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin--Madison, Madison, WI 53705-2280, USA.
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Hartley SL, Barker ET, Seltzer MM, Greenberg JS, Floyd FJ. Marital satisfaction and parenting experiences of mothers and fathers of adolescents and adults with autism. AMERICAN JOURNAL ON INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2011; 116:81-95. [PMID: 21291312 PMCID: PMC3059595 DOI: 10.1352/1944-7558-116.1.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The association of marital satisfaction with parenting burden and quality of the parent?child relationship was examined in 91 married mothers and fathers of co-residing adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorders. Within-couple differences between mothers and fathers in how child characteristics related to these parenting experiences were also evaluated. Multilevel modeling was used to control for the dependency in couple data. Marital satisfaction was an important predictor of parenting experiences, particularly for fathers. Mothers reported feeling closer to their son or daughter than did fathers. Fathers' parenting experiences were more strongly impacted by child characteristics than were mothers' parenting experiences. Results emphasized the connection between the marital relationship and parenting experiences and overlapping but unique experiences of mothers and fathers.
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Hartley SL, Seltzer MM, Raspa M, Olmstead M, Bishop E, Bailey DB. Exploring the adult life of men and women with fragile X syndrome: results from a national survey. AMERICAN JOURNAL ON INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2011; 116:16-35. [PMID: 21291308 PMCID: PMC3238098 DOI: 10.1352/1944-7558-116.1.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Using data from a national family survey, the authors describe the adult lives (i.e., residence, employment, level of assistance needed with everyday life, friendships, and leisure activities) of 328 adults with the full mutation of the FMR1 gene and identify characteristics related to independence in these domains. Level of functional skills was the strongest predictor of independence in adult life for men, whereas ability to interact appropriately was the strongest predictor for women. Co-occurring mental health conditions influenced independence in adult life for men and women, in particular, autism spectrum disorders for men and affect problems for women. Services for adults with fragile X syndrome should not only target functional skills but interpersonal skills and co-occurring mental health conditions.
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Lin LY. Factors associated with caregiving burden and maternal pessimism in mothers of adolescents with an autism spectrum disorder in Taiwan. Occup Ther Int 2010; 18:96-105. [DOI: 10.1002/oti.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 09/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Blacher J, Kraemer B, Howell E. Family expectations and transition experiences for young adults with severe disabilities: does syndrome matter? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.5042/amhld.2010.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Stancliffe RJ, Lakin KC, Taub S, Chiri G, Byun SY. Satisfaction and sense of well being among Medicaid ICF/MR and HCBS recipients in six states. INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2009; 47:63-83. [PMID: 19368486 DOI: 10.1352/1934-9556-47.2.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Self-reported satisfaction and sense of well-being were assessed in a sample of 1,885 adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities receiving Medicaid Home and Community Based Services (HCBS) and Intermediate Care Facility (ICF/MR) services in 6 states. Questions dealt with such topics as loneliness, feeling afraid at home and in one's neighborhood, feeling happy, feeling that staff are nice and polite, and liking one's home and work/day program. Loneliness was the most widespread problem, and there were also small percentages of people who reported negative views in other areas. Few differences were evident by HCBS and ICF/MR status. The findings document consistent benefits of residential support provided in very small settings-with choices of where and with whom to live-and to individuals living with family.
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Harrington C, Kang T, Chang J. Factors associated with living in developmental centers in California. INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2009; 47:108-124. [PMID: 19368479 DOI: 10.1352/1934-9556-47.2.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study examined need, predisposing, market, and regional factors that predicted the likelihood of individuals with developmental disabilities living in state developmental centers (DCs) compared with living at home, in community care, or in intermediate care (ICFs) and other facilities. Secondary data analysis using logistic regression models was conducted for all individuals ages 21 years or older who had moderate, severe, or profound intellectual disability. Client needs were the most important factors associated with living arrangements, with those in DCs having more complex needs. Men had higher odds of living in DCs than in other settings, whereas older individuals had lower odds of living in DCs than in ICFs for persons with developmental disabilities and other facilities. Asians/Pacific Islanders, African Americans, and Hispanics were less likely to live in DCs than to live at home. The supply of residential care beds for the elderly reduced the likelihood of living in DCs, and the odds of living in a DC varied widely across regions. Controlling for need, many other factors predicted living arrangements. Policymakers need to ensure adequate resources and provider supply to reduce the need by individuals with intellectual disability to live in DCs and to transition individuals from DCs into other living arrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene Harrington
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
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Kober R, Eggleton IRC. Using Quality of Life to Evaluate Outcomes and Measure Effectiveness. JOURNAL OF POLICY AND PRACTICE IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-1130.2008.00194.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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