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Trofimovs J, Dowse L, Srasuebkul P, Trollor JN. Impact of post-release community mental health and disability support on reincarceration for prisoners with intellectual disability and serious mental illness in NSW, Australia. BJPsych Open 2023; 9:e44. [PMID: 36847167 PMCID: PMC10044015 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2023.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prisoners with an intellectual disability are overrepresented in custody and more likely to reoffend and be reincarcerated compared with the general prison population. Although prisoners with intellectual disability have many of the same risk factors for recidivism as the general prison population, the high rates of mental illness experienced by this group are key drivers of recidivism. AIMS We aimed to assess the impact of provision of post-release disability and community mental health support on rates of reincarceration in a cohort with identified intellectual disability and serious mental illness diagnosis. METHOD We conducted a historical cohort study using linked administrative data-sets, including data on hospital admissions, community mental health, disability support and corrections custody in New South Wales, Australia (n = 484). To assess the time to return to adult custody, we used survival analysis on multiple failure-time data. RESULTS Over the median follow-up period of 7.4 years, 73.7% (357) received community mental health support, 19.8% (96) received disability support and 18.6% (85) received a combination of supports during a post-release period from prison. Lower hazards of reincarceration in a post-release period were associated with receipt of community mental health support (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.58, CI 0.49-0.69, P < 0.001), or a combination of community mental health and disability support (HR = 0.46, CI 0.34-0.61, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS High rates of reincarceration for prisoners with intellectual disability and history of serious mental illness may be modifiable by provision of appropriate mental health and disability supports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Trofimovs
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Leanne Dowse
- University of New South Wales School of Social Sciences, Sydney, Australia
| | - Preeyaporn Srasuebkul
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Julian N Trollor
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; and Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Svae GB, Hassel B, Søndenaa E. People with intellectual disabilities and harmful sexual behaviour: Professionals' views on the barriers to prevent harm. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2022; 36:176-185. [PMID: 36385724 PMCID: PMC10100188 DOI: 10.1111/jar.13048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with intellectual disabilities can be exposed to sexual abuse and they can display harmful sexual behaviour. This study aimed to identify barriers to preventing harmful sexual behaviour in people with intellectual disabilities within the support sector and the justice system. METHOD We conducted focus group interviews with 20 participants from hospital-based habilitation centres, community residences, schools and the criminal justice system. RESULTS The interviews identified a lack of education and guidelines for stakeholders or carers on regulating the sexual behaviour of people with intellectual disabilities. The criminal justice system faces challenges related to prioritising, understanding and communicating. People with intellectual disabilities may lack an understanding of the concepts of sexual consent and acceptable sexual behaviour. CONCLUSION There is a need to improve knowledge about intellectual disability and how to prevent harmful sexual behaviour for professional caregivers in the support sector and the criminal justice system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gøril Brevik Svae
- Department of Neurohabilitation Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Research and Innovation Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Bjørnar Hassel
- Department of Neurohabilitation Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Erik Søndenaa
- Department of Mental Health Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
- St. Olav's Hospital Centre for Research & Education in Forensic Psychiatry Trondheim Norway
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Screening for Intellectual Disabilities and/or Autism Amongst Older Children and Young Adults: a Systematic Review of Tools for Use in Africa. REVIEW JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40489-022-00342-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
There are many well-developed screening tools for both intellectual disabilities and autism, but they may not be culturally appropriate for use within Africa. Our specific aims were to complete a systematic review to (1) describe and critically appraise short screening tools for the detection of intellectual disabilities and autism for older children and young adults, (2) consider the psychometric properties of these tools, and (3) judge the cultural appropriateness of these tools for use within Africa. Six screening tools for intellectual disabilities and twelve for autism were identified and appraised using the Consensus-based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) guidelines. We identified two screening tools which appeared appropriate for validation for use within African nations.
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Braatveit KJ, Assmus J, Hove O. Exploring the predictive properties of the Hayes Ability Screening Index subtest background information in identifying individuals with MBID among in-patients with SUD. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1051946. [PMID: 36590603 PMCID: PMC9797666 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1051946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION For individuals with substance use disorder (SUD), mild to borderline intellectual disability (MBID) goes undetected in treatment clinics. The Hayes Ability Screening Index (HASI) has been found to be a valid, time-saving screening instrument for MBID in SUD treatment. MBID can have significant implications for treatment planning and outcomes. Therefore, it is important to have methods for the early recognition of these comorbid conditions. Because of less sensitivity to recent or ongoing substance use, the HASI subtest background information may be particularly valuable as an early screening of MBID. The main aim was to investigate the convergent, predictive, and discriminant validity of the HASI subtest background information in identifying in-patients with SUD as MBID or non-MBID. METHODS Eighty-four in-patients with SUD aged 19-64 participated in this multicentre study. MBID was diagnosed according to the ICD-10 using WAIS-IV, Vineland II, and self-reported childhood learning difficulties. RESULTS The main finding was that, among the HASI subtests, background information was the strongest predictor. A HASI background information cut between 6 and 7 showed a sensitivity of 78% and a specificity of 72%. CONCLUSION The HASI subtest background information has acceptable convergent, predictive, and discriminant validity as a screening for MBID among in-patients in SUD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten J Braatveit
- Department of Research and Innovation, Helse Fonna HF, Haugesund, Norway.,Blue Cross Clinic Haugaland, Addiction Treatment Centre, Haugesund, Norway
| | - Jörg Assmus
- Helse Bergen HF, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Oddbjørn Hove
- Department of Research and Innovation, Helse Fonna HF, Haugesund, Norway
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McCarthy J, Chaplin E, Hayes S, Søndenaa E, Chester V, Morrissey C, Allely CS, Forrester A. Defendants with intellectual disability and autism spectrum conditions: the perspective of clinicians working across three jurisdictions. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2021; 29:698-717. [PMID: 36148388 PMCID: PMC9487969 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2021.1976297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of vulnerable defendants by criminal justice systems or correctional systems varies within and between countries. The purpose of this paper is to examine three legal jurisdictions - New South Wales in Australia; Norway; England and Wales - to understand the extent of variation in practice within the court systems for defendants with intellectual disabilities (ID) and/or autism spectrum conditions (ASC). Two of the jurisdictions had a process for screening in place, either in police custody or at court, but this was not universally implemented across each jurisdiction. All three jurisdictions had a process for supporting vulnerable defendants through the legal system. Across the three jurisdictions, there was variation in disposal options from a mandatory care setting to hospital treatment to a custodial sentence for serious offences. This variation requires further international exploration to ensure the rights of defendants with ID or ASC are understood and safeguarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane McCarthy
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience King’s College London, London, UK
- Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Eddie Chaplin
- Institute of Health and Social Care, London South Bank University, London, UK
| | - Susan Hayes
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Erik Søndenaa
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Forensic Department, St.Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Verity Chester
- Hertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust, Little Plumstead Hospital, Hospital Road, Norwich, UK
| | - Catrin Morrissey
- Lincolnshire Partnership NHS Foundation Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Clare S. Allely
- School of Health and Society, Salford University, Salford, UK and affiliate member of the Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew Forrester
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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6
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Totsika V, Emerson E, Hastings RP, Hatton C. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the health of adults with intellectual impairment: evidence from two longitudinal UK surveys. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2021; 65:890-897. [PMID: 34212443 PMCID: PMC8447167 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with an intellectual impairment experience high levels of social and health inequalities. We investigated the impact of COVID-19 on the physical and mental health of people with intellectual impairment, controlling for demographic risk, socio-economic circumstances and pre-pandemic health levels. METHOD Data were drawn from two UK birth cohorts that surveyed their participants on the impact of COVID-19 in May 2020: the Millennium Cohort Study (20-year-old participants) and the British Cohort Survey (50-year-old participants). Health outcomes (COVID-19 infection, COVID-19 symptoms, self-reported physical health, mental health, health service use and impact on health behaviours) were compared between people with and without intellectual impairment, adjusting for gender and ethnicity. Differences were further adjusted for self-reported health pre-pandemic and the impact of COVID-19 on socio-economic circumstances. RESULTS Controlling for gender and ethnicity, poor health was reported less often by younger adults [relative risks (RR): 0.44 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.23, 0.86] and more often by older adults (RR: 1.99 95% CI 1.45, 2.73) with intellectual impairment compared with peers. Older adults were also more likely to experience fever and loss of taste/smell. Adjusting for pre-pandemic health and socio-economic circumstances eliminated some differences in the older cohort, but not in the younger one. CONCLUSION In young adulthood, the impact of COVID-19 on health outcomes was not negative. The pattern was reversed in later adulthood, although differences were mostly eliminated after adjustment suggesting a socio-economic and age gradient of COVID-19 impacts on intellectual impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Totsika
- Division of PsychiatryUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Centre for Educational Development Appraisal and ResearchUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK
- Centre for Developmental Psychiatry and PsychologyMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - E. Emerson
- Centre for Disability Research, Faculty of Health and MedicineLancaster UniversityLancasterUK
- Centre for Disability Research & Policy, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- College of Nursing and Health SciencesFlinders UniversityAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - R. P. Hastings
- Centre for Educational Development Appraisal and ResearchUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK
- Centre for Developmental Psychiatry and PsychologyMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - C. Hatton
- Department of Social Care and Social WorkManchester Metropolitan UniversityManchesterUK
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7
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Friestad C, Vaskinn A. An exploration of theory of mind performance among men convicted of rape. Scand J Psychol 2021; 62:476-483. [PMID: 34085727 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Several of the known risk factors for sexual violence concern a lack of capacity for engaging in mutually satisfying interpersonal relationships. Socio-cognitive deficits may be approached from a theory of mind (ToM) perspective, where lack of ability to attribute mental states to others is seen as the core feature. This study focuses on imprisoned men (n = 26) convicted of rape against an adult. A video-based measure of ToM (MASC) was applied, depicting social interaction in a dynamic real-life setting. The results showed that the rape-convicted men have a markedly inferior ability to infer the mental states of others. Clinical as well as theoretical implications of the findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Friestad
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction, Centre for Research and Education in Forensic Psychiatry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,University College of Norwegian Correctional Service, Lillestrom, Norway
| | - Anja Vaskinn
- NORMENT Centre for Psychosis Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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8
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Trofimovs J, Dowse L, Srasuebkul P, Trollor JN. Using linked administrative data to determine the prevalence of intellectual disability in adult prison in New South Wales, Australia. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2021; 65:589-600. [PMID: 33821542 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of the representation of people with intellectual disability (ID) in custody report widely inconsistent findings that reflect variation in how ID is defined and the methods employed for identification. Using linked administrative data may be of utility in studies of the representation of people with ID in custody. However, this approach requires an understanding of the purpose of and factors influencing identification in disparate administrative datasets. METHODS This study uses linked administrative data encompassing disability, health and corrections data for the year 2014 to estimate the prevalence of ID in adult custody and explore how ID representation within administrative data impacts prevalence estimates and what patterns of identification reveal about support service access for this group. RESULTS This study finds that 4.3% of the New South Wales adult custody population had an identified ID. Prisoners with ID were younger, more likely to have had a previous custodial episode and more likely to be Indigenous than the general prison population. Identification of ID across linked administrative datasets is uneven, which, if used in isolation, would result in variation in prevalence estimates according to source data. CONCLUSIONS The utilisation of linkage data from a broad range of health and support services including custody offers a comprehensive identification methodology. Inconsistency in the identification of ID across datasets indicates a potential disjuncture between prisoners with ID and support services, which may have relevance for efforts to reduce reincarceration of those in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Trofimovs
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry (3DN), School of Psychiatry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - L Dowse
- School of Social Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - P Srasuebkul
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry (3DN), School of Psychiatry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J N Trollor
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry (3DN), School of Psychiatry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry (CHeBA), UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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9
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Muñoz García-Largo L, Martí-Agustí G, Martin-Fumadó C, Gómez-Durán EL. Intellectual disability rates among male prison inmates. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2020; 70:101566. [PMID: 32482301 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2020.101566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
While only a small percentage of people with intellectual disabilities are responsible for criminal behaviors, the literature points to their overrepresentation in prisons, although not enough attention has been paid to intellectual disability data for inmates. We retrieved studies - in English, Spanish, Italian or French and indexed in Medline between 2000 and 2018 - that provided intellectual disability data for prisons collected by the administration of validated tests to male inmates. Identified were 13 studies involving more than 15,000 inmates referring to intellectual disability and borderline intellectual disability. The general findings of our review corroborate the overrepresentation of people with ID in prisons, although prevalence rates range widely, from as low as 1% to as high as 69.9% (p<0.000001), reflecting to differences in methodology, in local, social and cultural factors and in judicial procedures. Published studies clearly underline the overrepresentation of people with intellectual disabilities in prisons, differences between countries, the vulnerabilities of persons with intellectual disabilities and the need for proper assessment and management policies in prisons worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Muñoz García-Largo
- Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; School of Medicine, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Edberg H, Chen Q, Andiné P, Larsson H, Hirvikoski T. Clinical Characteristics and Pharmacological Treatment of Individuals With and Without Intellectual Disability in Pre-trial Assessment-A Population-Based Study. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:573989. [PMID: 33192702 PMCID: PMC7644565 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.573989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The current lack of knowledge about intellectual disability (ID) in forensic psychiatric contexts can compromise the legal certainty of these individuals during the medico-legal process. To address ambiguous results in previous literature, the aim of the current study was to estimate the prevalence of ID in a pre-trial forensic psychiatric settings. Moreover, as little is known about the characteristics of offenders with ID, we conducted a clinical characterization of individuals with and without ID being subject to forensic psychiatric assessment. Methods: Using data from several Swedish national registers, we conducted a population-based retrospective observational study on 8,442 individuals being subject to pre-trial forensic psychiatric assessments in Sweden in 1997-2013. We performed univariate analyses to compare the characteristics of individuals with (n = 537) and without ID (n = 7,905). Results: The prevalence of ID was 6.4% in the Swedish pre-trial forensic psychiatric context during the observational period. Compared with individuals without ID, individuals with ID were younger at the time of assessment, had a lower educational level, and had less frequently started families. ID was associated with lower frequency of diagnosed psychotic and bipolar disorders. However, a similar prescription rate of antipsychotics, and a comparable rate of previous inpatient care was observed among individuals with and without ID. Individuals with ID had more often been prescribed anti-libidinal treatments often used for treating sexual disorders, although did not present a higher prevalence of sexual disorder. Conclusions: The prevalence of ID among pre-trial individuals being subject to forensic psychiatric assessment was more than twice as high as assumed in the general population. Our results suggest that individuals with ID received pharmacotherapy without clear indication. Remaining challenges in the clinical management of individuals with ID were indicated by the discrepancy between the occurrence of psychiatric diagnoses, pharmacological treatment patterns, and rates of inpatient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Edberg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Paediatric Neuropsychiatry Unit, Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institute (KIND), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Northern Stockholm Psychiatric Clinic, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.,Forensic Psychiatric Clinic, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Psychiatric Research, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Andiné
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health (CELAM), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Forensic Psychiatric Clinic, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Forensic Psychiatry, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Larsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Tatja Hirvikoski
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Paediatric Neuropsychiatry Unit, Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institute (KIND), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Psychiatric Research, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.,Habilitation and Health, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Wallinius M, Nordholm J, Wagnström F, Billstedt E. Cognitive functioning and aggressive antisocial behaviors in young violent offenders. Psychiatry Res 2019; 272:572-580. [PMID: 30616126 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that offenders have impaired cognitive abilities yet it is unclear if cognitive dysfunction per se contributes to aggressive antisocial behaviors. Our aims were to (1) determine associations between cognitive functioning and different forms of aggressive antisocial behaviors, (2) describe prevalence of, and covariates to, uneven intellectual profiles, and (3) investigate associations between cognitive functioning and age at onset of aggressive antisocial behaviors. A cohort (n = 269) of 18-25 years old male violent offenders were assessed for general intellectual functioning with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales-third edition, and for executive functions with the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery. Only one measure of cognitive functioning - slower reaction times in a response inhibition test - was significantly correlated with higher occurrence of aggressive, but not exclusively antisocial, behaviors. Furthermore, offenders with even intellectual profiles showed more aggressive antisocial behaviors than offenders with uneven intellectual profiles. Finally, increased errors in tests of cognitive flexibility and slower reaction times in a response inhibition test were associated with a younger age at onset of general, but not exclusively violent, criminality. Overall, effect sizes were small. The findings emphasize the need of research investigating how cognitive functioning in offenders affects susceptibility to treatment interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Märta Wallinius
- Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Lund, Sweden; Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Regional Forensic Psychiatric Clinic Växjö, Sweden.
| | - Johannes Nordholm
- General Psychiatry Clinic, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Wagnström
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eva Billstedt
- Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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12
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Gulati G, Murphy V, Clarke A, Delcellier K, Meagher D, Kennedy H, Fistein E, Bogue J, Dunne CP. Intellectual disability in Irish prisoners: systematic review of prevalence. Int J Prison Health 2018; 14:188-196. [PMID: 30274556 DOI: 10.1108/ijph-01-2017-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose While individuals with an intellectual disability form a significant minority in the worldwide prison population, their healthcare needs require specialist attention. In Ireland, services for prisoners with intellectual disabilities need development. However, there is little substantive data estimating the prevalence of intellectual disabilities within the Irish prison system. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach The authors systematically review published data relating to the prevalence of intellectual disabilities in prisons in the Republic of Ireland. The authors searched four databases, governmental websites and corresponded with experts. Findings Little published data were elicited from searches except for one nationwide cross-sectional survey which reflected a higher prevalence than reported in international studies. Studies from forensic mental health populations are narrated to contextualise findings. Originality/value This study found that there is little data to accurately estimate the prevalence of intellectual disabilities in the Irish prison system and the limited data available suggests that this is likely to be higher than international estimates. The authors highlight the need for further research to accurately estimate prevalence in this jurisdiction, alongside the need to develop screening and care pathways for prisoners with an intellectual disability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana Clarke
- University Hospital Limerick , Limerick, Ireland
| | - Kristin Delcellier
- Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick , Limerick, Ireland
| | - David Meagher
- Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick , Limerick, Ireland
| | | | | | - John Bogue
- National University of Ireland Galway , Galway, Ireland
| | - Colum P Dunne
- Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick , Limerick, Ireland
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13
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Braatveit KJ, Torsheim T, Hove O. Screening for intellectual disabilities: a validation of the Hayes Ability Screening Index for in-patients with substance use disorder. Nord J Psychiatry 2018; 72:387-392. [PMID: 29730963 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2018.1468923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a reason to believe that many individuals with substance use disorder (SUD) in contact with services have an undiagnosed intellectual disability (ID). Assessing ID in persons with SUD can be challenging due to the influence of substances, time consumption, and specific requirements for the education of the assessor. On the other hand, an undiagnosed condition may lead to a lack of treatment adjustment and may result in drop-out from treatment or lack of treatment effect. There is a need for a time-saving, valid instrument to detect possible ID among people with SUD. AIMS To validate the Hayes Ability Screening Index (HASI) as a screening instrument for identifying ID in a population of in-patients with SUD using all three ICD-10/DSM5 criteria in classifying ID as the validation criterion. METHODS Eighty-four SUD in-patients aged 19-64 participated in this multicenter study. An ID was diagnosed according to the ICD-10 using WAIS-IV, Vineland II, and self-reported childhood learning difficulties. RESULTS HASI correlated well with both the WAIS-IV and Vineland II. At the recommended cut-off score, the HASI had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 65.4%. A large number of the false positives had IQ or both IQ and adaptive scores in the borderline range. CONCLUSIONS The HASI has good convergent, discriminant, and overall construct validity in detecting ID in in-patients with SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten J Braatveit
- a Department of Research and Innovation , Helse Fonna HF , Haugesund , Norway
| | - Torbjørn Torsheim
- b Faculty of Psychology, Department of Psychosocial Science , University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway
| | - Oddbjørn Hove
- a Department of Research and Innovation , Helse Fonna HF , Haugesund , Norway
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14
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Murphy GH, Chiu P, Triantafyllopoulou P, Barnoux M, Blake E, Cooke J, Forrester-Jones RVE, Gore NJ, Beecham JK. Offenders with intellectual disabilities in prison: what happens when they leave? JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2017; 61:957-968. [PMID: 28573662 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with intellectual disabilities, if convicted of offences, may be sentenced to prison, but little is known about their life when they are released. METHOD This study followed up men with intellectual disabilities who were leaving prisons in England. RESULTS The men were hard to contact, but 38 men were interviewed, on average 10 weeks after leaving prison. The men were living in a variety of situations and often were very under-occupied, with limited social networks. A total of 70% were above the clinical cut-off for anxiety, and 59.5% were above the clinical cut-off for depression. The men were receiving little support in the community, and many had been reinterviewed by police. CONCLUSIONS Community teams need to provide better support to this very vulnerable group.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Murphy
- Tizard Centre, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - P Chiu
- Tizard Centre, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | | | - M Barnoux
- Tizard Centre, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - E Blake
- Tizard Centre, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - J Cooke
- Tizard Centre, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | | | - N J Gore
- Tizard Centre, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
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15
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Young JT, Cumming C, van Dooren K, Lennox NG, Alati R, Spittal MJ, Brophy L, Preen DB, Kinner SA. Intellectual disability and patient activation after release from prison: a prospective cohort study. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2017; 61:939-956. [PMID: 28090702 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intellectual disability and patient activation may be important drivers of inequities in health service access and health outcomes for people with intellectual disability transitioning from prison to the community. We assessed the association between intellectual disability and patient activation after prison release and examined whether this association varied, depending on whether intellectual disability was identified prior to prison release. METHODS Overall, 936 prisoners were screened for intellectual disability by using the Hayes Ability Screening Index and completed the Patient Activation Measure (PAM) within 6 weeks of prison release and again at 1, 3 and 6 months post-release. We estimated the association between intellectual disability status and PAM scores by using a multilevel linear model, adjusting for sociodemographic, behavioural, health and criminogenic factors. We used propensity score matching to estimate the impact of being identified with intellectual disability prior to release from prison on the change in mean PAM score after prison release. RESULTS Compared with those who screened negative for intellectual disability, ex-prisoners who screened positive, both with and without prior identification of intellectual disability, had significantly decreased mean PAM scores [(B = -4.3; 95% CI: -6.3, -2.4) and (B = -4.5; 95% CI: -6.8, -2.3), respectively] over 6 months of follow-up. Among those who reported being identified with intellectual disability prior to release from prison, a significant increase in PAM score at the 6-month follow-up interview (B = 5.89; 95% CI: 2.35, 9.42; P = 0.001) was attributable to being identified with intellectual disability prior to release. CONCLUSIONS Ex-prisoners screening positive for possible intellectual disability have decreased patient activation for at least 6 months after release from prison. However, individuals whose possible intellectual disability is unidentified appear to be particularly vulnerable. Incarceration is a pivotal opportunity for the identification of intellectual disability and for initiating transitional linkages to health and intellectual disability-specific community services for this marginalised population.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Young
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Centre for Health Services Research, School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - C Cumming
- Centre for Health Services Research, School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - K van Dooren
- Queensland Centre for Intellectual and Developmental Disability, Mater Research Institute-UQ, University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Australia
| | - N G Lennox
- Queensland Centre for Intellectual and Developmental Disability, Mater Research Institute-UQ, University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Australia
| | - R Alati
- School of Public Health and Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
| | - M J Spittal
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - L Brophy
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Mind Australia, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - D B Preen
- Centre for Health Services Research, School of Population Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - S A Kinner
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Queensland Centre for Intellectual and Developmental Disability, Mater Research Institute-UQ, University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Australia
- Griffith Criminology Institute and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Mt Gravatt, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
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16
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Billstedt E, Anckarsäter H, Wallinius M, Hofvander B. Neurodevelopmental disorders in young violent offenders: Overlap and background characteristics. Psychiatry Res 2017; 252:234-241. [PMID: 28285251 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), tic disorder, intellectual disability (ID)), in prison populations have received increased attention but the focus has generally been on one single condition leaving out the global picture. This study assessed the prevalence and overlap of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) in a consecutive cohort (n=270) of young adult male offenders (age 18-25 years), sentenced for "hands-on" violent offences and serving prison time in Swedish prisons. Seventy-one percent of all who met inclusion criteria participated. Comprehensive clinical assessments were carried out including history of early antisocial behavior and maladjustment, self-report questionnaires and an intelligence test. Sixty-three percent of the study group met DSM-IV criteria for childhood ADHD, 43% for ADHD in adulthood, 10% met criteria for an ASD, 6% for Tourette syndrome, and 1% for ID. Twenty-two percent had borderline intellectual functioning. A substantial rate of overlap between the NDDs was found. The combined NDD group had an earlier onset of antisocial behavior, had more aggressive behavior and lower school achievements than the non-NDD group. The results highlight the need for prison and probation services to be attentive of and screen for neurodevelopmental disorders in young violent offenders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Billstedt
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Henrik Anckarsäter
- Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Märta Wallinius
- Forensic Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Regional Forensic Psychiatric Clinic, Växjö, Sweden
| | - Björn Hofvander
- Lund University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Lund, Sweden; Division of Forensic Psychiatry, Region Skåne, Sweden
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Estimating the risk of crime and victimisation in people with intellectual disability: a data-linkage study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2017; 52:617-626. [PMID: 28289783 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-017-1371-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE People with intellectual disability (PWID) appear more likely to be victims and perpetrators of crime. However, extant evidence pertaining to these risks is limited by methodological weaknesses and the absence of consistent operational definitions. This research aimed to estimate the prevalence of criminal histories and victimisation using a large, well-defined sample of PWID. METHODS A case-linkage study was conducted comprising 2220 PWID registered with disability services in Victoria, Australia, whose personal details were linked with a state-wide police database. Criminal charges and reports of victimisation were compared to a non-disabled community comparison sample (n = 2085). RESULTS PWID were at increased risk of having a history of criminal charges, particularly for violent and sexual offences. Although the non-disabled comparison group had a greater risk of criminal victimisation overall, PWID had a greatly increased risk of sexual and violent crime victimisation. CONCLUSIONS PWID are at increased risk of victimisation and perpetration of violent and sexual crimes. Risk of sex offending and victimisation is particularly elevated, and signalling the need for specialised interventions to prevent offending and to ensure victims is assisted with access to justice, support, and treatment.
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Juberg A, Røstad M, Søndenaa E. Substance use problems among people with mild/borderline intellectual disability: Challenges to mainstream multidisciplinary specialist substance treatment in Norway. NORDIC STUDIES ON ALCOHOL AND DRUGS 2017; 34:173-185. [PMID: 32934480 PMCID: PMC7450860 DOI: 10.1177/1455072516687255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS This article aims to shed light on the prevalence of problem substance use in individuals with borderline or mild intellectual disability in Norway, the extent to which their problem use warrants multidisciplinary specialist substance treatment (MST) and whether they receive such treatment at present. METHOD We employed a scoping review of international and Norwegian literature and made additional informal literature searches. RESULTS The prevalence of substance use problems among people with intellectual disability in Norway is uncertain. In spite of representing problem complexity of the kind that warrants MST and the entitlement of all population groups to such treatment, Norwegians with mild or borderline intellectual disability seem to receive treatment at this level only to a modest extent. CONCLUSION In order to fit better with aims of Norwegian substance policy, there is a need for national research on the prevalence of substance use among people with intellectual disability. We also seem to need both effect studies and action research in order to strengthen screening and assessment routines and collaboration across competence areas and administrative levels and to develop treatment modalities that fit people in this population group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Juberg
- Department of Social Work, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Monica Røstad
- Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Erik Søndenaa
- Brøset Centre for Research & Education, St. Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), RKBU, Norway
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19
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Nijman H, Kaal H, van Scheppingen L, Moonen X. Development and Testing of a Screener for Intelligence and Learning Disabilities (SCIL). JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2016; 31:e59-e67. [PMID: 27925356 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many clients in contact with social services and (mental) health care have mild to borderline intellectual disabilities (MBID). Yet, administering a full intelligence test may not be feasible. METHOD In 318 adults and 305 juveniles, the scores on 14 questions that comprise the screener for intelligence and learning disabilities (SCIL) were analysed in relation to the IQs of the participants. RESULTS The SCIL score had good predictive validity for detecting MBID in adults (AUC = 0.93). A cut-off score of 19 or lower is recommended to detect (a suspicion of) MBID. Test-retest reliability of the SCIL was 0.92. In juveniles, AUC values were 0.91 for 16- to 17-year-olds, 0.90 for 14- to 15-year-olds and 0.83 for 12- to 13-year-olds. CONCLUSIONS The SCIL appears to be a time-efficient tool for screening for MBID in adults (18+) and juveniles of 14 years or older.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk Nijman
- Aventurijn - Fivoor, Den Dolder, The Netherlands.,Behavioural Science Institute (BSI), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrien Kaal
- Leiden University of Applied Sciences, Leiden, The Netherlands
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20
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Underwood L, McCarthy J, Chaplin E, Forrester A, Mills R, Murphy D. Autism spectrum disorder traits among prisoners. ADVANCES IN AUTISM 2016. [DOI: 10.1108/aia-11-2015-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to determine the extent of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) traits among prisoners. The authors tested the hypotheses that ASD traits would: be continuously distributed among prisoners; be unrecognised by prison staff; and predict whether a prisoner met diagnostic criteria for ASD.
Design/methodology/approach
– ASD traits were measured among 240 prisoners in a male prison in London, UK using the 20-item Autism Quotient (AQ-20). Further diagnostic assessment was carried out using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule. Results were compared with ASD data from the 2007 Psychiatric Morbidity Survey.
Findings
– There were 39 participants with an AQ-20 score=10; indicating significant autistic traits. The distribution of ASD traits among participants appeared to be normal and was not significantly higher than the rate found in a population-based sample from England.
Originality/value
– Few studies have explored ASD traits among prisoners. The authors identified high levels of unrecognised ASD traits among a group of male prisoners, many of whom went on to meet diagnostic criteria for ASD. The study highlights the need for specialist assessment within the criminal justice system for individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders including ASD. The authors discuss the process of carrying out an ASD assessment project in a prison.
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21
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Hellenbach M, Karatzias T, Brown M. Intellectual Disabilities Among Prisoners: Prevalence and Mental and Physical Health Comorbidities. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2016; 30:230-241. [PMID: 26775928 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited evidence suggests that people with ID (ID) are overrepresented in prisons although prevalence rates of ID among prisoners vary significantly across studies, making it difficult to identify prevalence and assess existing need. METHOD A systematic review of relevant literature was conducted, and results were organized and compared in relation to study aims, design, measures used to screen for ID, sample, limitations and key findings. RESULTS Existing international data suggest a prevalence of prisoners with ID between 7 and 10%. Most frequent coexisting health issues among this population are hearing and vision impairments, obesity, diabetes and a range of mental health disorders, notably anxiety and personality and conduct disorders. CONCLUSION More research is required on prevalence rates and associated comorbidities of ID within prison settings, taking into account the heterogeneity of the population with ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Hellenbach
- Faculty of Health, Life and Social Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Thanos Karatzias
- Faculty of Health, Life and Social Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK.,The Rivers Centre, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michael Brown
- Faculty of Health, Life and Social Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK.,Learning Disability Service, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
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22
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Bjørgen TG, Gimse R, Søndenaa E. Selective Samples and the Accuracy of Screening for Intellectual Disabilities: Learning Disability Screening Questionnaire. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/jss.2016.45014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Intellectual Disability (ID) can be caused by a variety of factors, which may lead to a variety of signs and symptoms. Individuals with ID are living in societies where during the past decade there is a steady increase in the amount of research focused on civil law, criminal law and mental health. In this chapter, there will be a theoretical presentation of the research on ID regarding criminal law and the different forms of aggressive behavior such as sexual violence, homicide, theft, arson and alcohol-drug abuse. There will be information on research regarding civil law and the most common problems for individuals with ID, such as financial capacity and capacity for medical consent. Finally, there will be a section for the most important issues regarding the trial and conviction for individuals with ID and a presentation of a recent research on attitudes toward ID and legal issues. The above will be examined through the prism of current neuropsychological data, while cross-cultural restrictions will be discussed.
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24
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Board T, Ali S, Bartlett A. Intellectual disability screening in women prisoners: preliminary evaluation. Int J Prison Health 2015; 11:243-254. [PMID: 38987943 DOI: 10.1108/ijph-09-2014-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE - The purpose of this paper is to evaluate a new Intellectual Disability (ID) screening service within a women's prison in England. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH - Analysis of prisoner records was carried out to establish characteristics of women entering the prison, rates of screening completion and time intervals for all stages of the assessment pathway. FINDINGS - In total 198 women were received into prison and underwent 202 ID screens. Nine out of ten women completed a screen, almost all on arrival or very soon afterwards. There were 23 referrals for secondary assessment but only four were completed. Most of the women identified for additional screening left the prison before this could be achieved. ORIGINALITY/VALUE - This evaluation is the first to show that preliminary screening for ID is feasible in prison. This screening alone is useful for prisons to make the kind of reasonable adjustment required of public bodies by the Equality Act. However, its value is constrained unless resources are also dedicated to the kind of additional screening which might lead to definitive diagnosis and care planning for intellectual disability. This model of assessment would be of considerable value in establishing prisoners at risk by virtue of different levels of intellectual disability and could be used to provide more reliable and routine estimates of prevalence contributing to overall better service planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Board
- St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Salma Ali
- Learning Disability Service Line, Central and North-West London Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Annie Bartlett
- IMBE, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom AND Central and North- West London Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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25
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Murphy GH, Gardner J, Freeman MJ. Screening Prisoners for Intellectual Disabilities in Three English Prisons. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2015; 30:198-204. [DOI: 10.1111/jar.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bhandari A, van Dooren K, Eastgate G, Lennox N, Kinner SA. Comparison of social circumstances, substance use and substance-related harm in soon-to-be-released prisoners with and without intellectual disability. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2015; 59:571-579. [PMID: 25171498 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transition out of prison is likely to be a challenging time for prisoners with intellectual disability (ID). However, little evidence exists to inform interventions for people with ID making this transition. In this study we aimed to describe social circumstances, patterns of substance use and substance-related harm in soon-to-be-released prisoners with ID. We compare this group with those without ID, to better understand how the health-related needs of this group compare with the 'mainstream' prison population. METHODS Data came from face-to-face, confidential interviews with 1325 adult prisoners in seven adult prisons in Queensland, Australia. Prisoners with ID were identified using the Hayes Ability Screening Index (HASI). We used cross-sectional data to examine (i) demographics and criminographics; (ii) social circumstances; and (iii) substance use and substance use related harm. We compared characteristics of those with and without ID using univariable logistic regression. RESULTS Prisoners with ID (n = 115) were more likely than their peers without ID to be male, to identify as Indigenous Australian, and to report low educational attainment (<10 years) and pre-incarceration unemployment. Those with ID reported a high prevalence of poly-drug use (28.0%), unsafe tattooing (51.1%), unsafe sex (91.0%) and HCV infection (55.6%), although differences with their peers were non-significant. CONCLUSIONS The health and social needs of prisoners with ID transitioning into the community are a significant concern for researchers, policy makers and practitioners. Our findings highlight the need for proactive, appropriate and targeted service responses from disability, health and justice sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bhandari
- Queensland Centre for Intellectual and Developmental Disability, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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27
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McGillivray JA, Gaskin CJ, Newton DC, Richardson BA. Substance Use, Offending, and Participation in Alcohol and Drug Treatment Programmes: A Comparison of Prisoners with and without Intellectual Disabilities. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2015; 29:289-94. [PMID: 25754684 DOI: 10.1111/jar.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many offenders with intellectual disabilities have substance use issues. Offending behaviour may be associated with substance use. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prisoners with and without intellectual disabilities were compared in terms of their substance use prior to imprisonment, the influence of substance use on offending, and their participation in alcohol and drug treatment programmes. RESULTS Substance use was similar in prisoners with and without intellectual disabilities in the year prior to their current prison terms. Prisoners with intellectual disabilities were much less likely to report that substance use was an antecedent to the offences leading to their imprisonment. The completion rate of alcohol and drug treatment programmes was much lower for those with intellectual disabilities. CONCLUSIONS Substance use may be as common in prisoners with intellectual disabilities as those without this condition. Services may need to reflect on whether their treatment programmes are meeting the needs of all prisoners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane A McGillivray
- Centre for Mental Health and Wellbeing Research, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, Vic., Australia.,School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, Vic., Australia
| | - Cadeyrn J Gaskin
- Centre for Mental Health and Wellbeing Research, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, Vic., Australia.,School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, Vic., Australia
| | - Danielle C Newton
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, Vic., Australia
| | - Ben A Richardson
- Centre for Mental Health and Wellbeing Research, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, Vic., Australia.,School of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Burwood, Vic., Australia
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28
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To WT, Vanheule S, Vanderplasschen W, Audenaert K, Vandevelde S. Screening for intellectual disability in persons with a substance abuse problem: Exploring the validity of the Hayes Ability Screening Index in a Dutch-speaking sample. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2015; 36C:498-504. [PMID: 25462510 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in screening instruments to detect intellectual disability (ID) in a quick and accurate way in mental health services as well as in the criminal justice system in order to provide appropriate support for people with undetected needs caused by ID. An instrument that has been proven to be useful in both settings is the Hayes Ability Screening Index (HASI). This study assessed the validity of the Dutch version of the HASI in persons with a substance abuse problem residing in mental health services, whether or not mandated to treatment by court order. The HASI was conducted along with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III as the criterion for validity to 90 participants. Additionally, the influence of psychiatric disorder and medication use on the HASI result was examined. A significant positive relationship was found between the two instruments, demonstrating convergent validity. Using a Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, the discriminative ability of the HASI with a cut-off score of 85 was found to be adequate, yielding in a good balance between sensitivity and specificity. The HASI was not distorted by the presence of the substance abuse problem or other psychiatric illnesses and medication did not influence the HASI scores in this study. These findings indicate that the HASI provides a time-efficient and resource-conscious way to detect ID in persons with a substance problem, thus addressing a critical need in mental health settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Ting To
- University College Ghent, Faculty of Education, Health and Social Work, Voskenslaan 362, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Ghent University, Department of Special Education, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Stijn Vanheule
- Ghent University, Department of Psychoanalysis and Clinical Consulting, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wouter Vanderplasschen
- Ghent University, Department of Special Education, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kurt Audenaert
- Ghent University, Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stijn Vandevelde
- Ghent University, Department of Special Education, Henri Dunantlaan 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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30
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Dias S, Ware RS, Kinner SA, Lennox NG. Physical health outcomes in prisoners with intellectual disability: a cross-sectional study. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2013; 57:1191-1196. [PMID: 23106788 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2012.01621.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with intellectual disability (ID) in the general population and people in prison experience unrecognised medical conditions and inadequate disease prevention. Among prisoners, those with an ID may be particularly disadvantaged. The aim of this study was to identify demographic, health and health-related characteristics of adult prisoners who screened positive for ID. METHODS Cross-sectional data were collected via face-to-face administration of a structured questionnaire in seven prisons in Queensland, Australia, between 2008 and 2010. Participants were adult prisoners within 6 weeks of release from custody. We identified ID using a pragmatic screening tool. Prisoners who scored <85 on the Hayes Ability Screening Index and either (a) reported having attended a special school or (b) reported having been diagnosed with an ID were considered to have screened positive for ID. We compared the characteristics of participants who screened positive and negative for ID using univariable and multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS Screening positive for ID was associated with younger age, identifying as Indigenous and lower educational achievement. Prisoners who screened positive for ID were more likely to have been diagnosed with medical conditions such as heart disease (odds ratio; 95% confidence interval = 2.1; 1.0-4.2) and hearing problems (2.2; 1.3-3.7), after adjustment for age, sex, education level and Indigenous status. Screen-positive prisoners were less likely to have received preventive care interventions such as testing for hepatitis A infection (0.4; 0.2-0.6), and immunisation for tuberculosis (0.4; 0.2-0.8). Prisoners with possible ID were more likely to be obese (1.7; 1.1-2.7). CONCLUSIONS Adult prisoners who screen positive for ID have worse health outcomes than their non-disabled peers. An improved understanding of physical health characteristics prior to release can direct treatment and support pathways out of the criminal justice system and inform transitional planning of health services for this profoundly disadvantaged group.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dias
- Queensland Centre for Intellectual and Developmental Disability (QCIDD), School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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González JL, Cendra J, Manzanero AL. Prevalence of disabled people involved in Spanish Civil Guard's police activity. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2013; 34:3781-3788. [PMID: 24029801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Improving interventions with victims and offenders with disabilities requires analysis of the degree of prevalence of crimes in which these people are involved. For this purpose, data regarding interventions made by the Spanish Civil Guard between 2008 and 2010, in which 2099 people had some kind of disability, have been collected and analyzed, with particular regard to criminal offenses (felonies and/or misdemeanors). In this study, the relationship between the types of disability a person has and other variables like their connection to the incident, their gender, age, the relationship between victim and perpetrator, and the time and place of the events were all taken into consideration. The results show that most of the victims with disabilities served by the Spanish Civil Guard were male. The interventions were mainly aid and rescues. Criminal offenses were only 20% of the events.
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Dias S, Ware RS, Kinner SA, Lennox NG. Co-occurring mental disorder and intellectual disability in a large sample of Australian prisoners. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2013; 47:938-44. [PMID: 23723292 DOI: 10.1177/0004867413492220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prisoners with intellectual disability who have a coexisting mental health issue often have unmet health needs and are more likely to reoffend than those with intellectual disability alone. The aims of this study were to estimate the prevalence of co-occurring mental disorder among prisoners with intellectual disability and to explore the association between intellectual disability and mental disorder. METHODS Cross-sectional study of adult prisoners within 6 weeks of release from custody in seven prisons in Queensland, Australia between August 2008 and July 2010. Intellectual disability was assessed using a practical composite screening tool. Prisoners who scored <85 on the Hayes Ability Screening Index and reported either having attended a special school or having been diagnosed with intellectual disability were identified as having an intellectual disability. Mental health was assessed using self-reported psychiatric diagnoses, the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K-10), and the Mental Component Summary score of the Short-Form-36 health survey version 2. The association between intellectual disability and mental health was assessed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS Overall, 1279 prisoners completed the HASI: 316 (24%) scored below the recommended cut off for further diagnostic assessment of intellectual disability, 181 (14%) reported attending a special school, and 56 (4%) reported that they had been diagnosed with an intellectual disability. On our composite measure, 115 (9%) participants were identified as having an intellectual disability. Among prisoners with intellectual disability, the estimated lifetime and current prevalence of co-occurring mental disorders was 52.5% (95% CI 43.3-61.5) and 37.2% (95% CI 28.8-46.5), respectively. Of those with intellectual disability, 13.5% (95% CI 8.3-21.1) reported very high psychological distress, as measured by the K10. Prisoners with intellectual disability were significantly more likely than their non-disabled peers to report a current diagnosis of depression [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.8, 95% CI 1.1-3.2] or substance dependence (AOR 3.7, 95% CI 1.6-8.4], after adjusting for potentially confounding variables. Prisoners with intellectual disability were also significantly more likely than their non-disabled peers to use antipsychotic medication (AOR 1.7, 95% CI 1.0-2.8). CONCLUSIONS Prisoners with an intellectual disability were more likely than their non-disabled peers to have elevated rates of psychiatric comorbidity and unmet treatment needs. There is a need for enhanced collaboration between specialist intellectual disability psychiatric services and mainstream prison mental health services, to ensure coordinated service delivery for this dually disadvantaged group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Dias
- 1School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Hodgins S, Crocker A. Commentary on Lindsay and Dernevik's risk and offenders with intellectual disabilities: reappraising Hodgins' Swedish birth cohort study. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH : CBMH 2013; 23:158-161. [PMID: 23839925 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.1877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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Søndenaa E, Lauvrud C, Sandvik M, Nonstad K, Whittington R. Resilience and Professional Quality of Life in Staff Working with People with Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behavior in Community Based and Institutional Settings. Health Psychol Res 2013; 1:e3. [PMID: 26973892 PMCID: PMC4768605 DOI: 10.4081/hpr.2013.e3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Staff in forensic services for people with intellectual disabilities (ID) are expected to deal with a wide range of emotional challenges when providing care. The potential impact of this demanding work has not been systematically explored previously. This article explores the professional quality of life (QoL) and the resilience (hardiness) of the staff in this setting. The Professional QoL questionnaire and the Disposional Resilience Scale were completed by staff (n=85, 80% response rate) in the Norwegian forensic service for ID offenders. Responses from staff working in institutional settings were compared to those from staff in local community services. Staff in the local community services had higher resilience scores compared to the staff in the institutional setting, (t=2.19; P<0.05). However in the other QoL and resilience domains there were no differences between the staff in the two settings. The greater sense of resilient control among community staff may be a function of both the number of service users they work with and the institutional demands they face. Even though these participants worked with relatively high risk clients, they did not report significantly impaired quality of life compared to other occupations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Søndenaa
- St. Olavs University Hospital, Forensic Department, Brøset, Trondheim, Norway, UK; University College of Sør-Trøndelag, Department of Social Education, Trondheim, Norway, UK
| | - Christian Lauvrud
- St. Olavs University Hospital, Forensic Department, Brøset, Trondheim , Norway, UK
| | - Marita Sandvik
- St. Olavs University Hospital, Forensic Unit for Offenders with Intellectual Disabilities , Brøset, Trondheim, Norway, UK
| | - Kåre Nonstad
- St. Olavs University Hospital, Forensic Department, Brøset, Trondheim , Norway, UK
| | - Richard Whittington
- St. Olavs University Hospital, Forensic Department, Brøset, Trondheim, Norway, UK; University of Liverpool, Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, Health & Community Care Research Unit, Liverpool, UK
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Uzieblo K, Winter J, Vanderfaeillie J, Rossi G, Magez W. Intelligent diagnosing of intellectual disabilities in offenders: food for thought. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW 2012; 30:28-48. [PMID: 22241548 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Research on offenders with intellectual disabilities (IDs) in the criminal justice arena is on the rise, reflected by a growing number of relevant publications each year. However, there is a long recognized methodological problem that hampers the comparability of empirical studies and that raises doubts about the accuracy of prevalence rates, comorbidities, and various correlates and characteristics. In this paper we will argue that the crux of the problem can, on the one hand, be found in the plurality of assessment methods for intelligence and adaptive functioning, which are not all sufficiently reliable and valid. On the other hand, assessment of IQ in criminal justice and mental health-related areas appears to be informed more by practical aspects and needs rather than grounded in a solid theoretical model. Hence, we suggest that the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) model of intelligence has potential value in this regard, and deserves a closer look. Finally, we will discuss its incorporation into, and possible implications for, criminal justice practice and future study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Uzieblo
- Lessius - University College, Department of Applied Psychology, Antwerp.
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Hassiotis A, Gazizova D, Akinlonu L, Bebbington P, Meltzer H, Strydom A. Psychiatric morbidity in prisoners with intellectual disabilities: analysis of prison survey data for England and Wales. Br J Psychiatry 2011; 199:156-7. [PMID: 21543822 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.110.088039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A substantial number of prisoners have intellectual disabilities. We analysed data on a sample drawn from all prisons in England and Wales. Intellectual disability was defined as Quick Test scores equivalent to an IQ of ≤65. We found a significantly higher prevalence of probable psychosis, attempted suicide and cannabis use in prisoners with intellectual disabilities. Presence of intellectual disability was twice as likely to be associated with probable psychosis but the relationship was fully mediated by self-rated health status. It is important to identify this group as early as possible in order to provide timely interventions to cope in adverse environments and manage substance misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Hassiotis
- Department of Mental Health Sciences, University College London Medical School, Charles Bell House, 67-73 Riding House Street, London W1W 7EY, UK.
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Plant A, McDermott E, Chester V, Alexander RT. Substance misuse among offenders in a forensic intellectual disability service. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1108/20420921111186589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Mordre M, Groholt B, Kjelsberg E, Sandstad B, Myhre AM. The impact of ADHD and conduct disorder in childhood on adult delinquency: a 30 years follow-up study using official crime records. BMC Psychiatry 2011; 11:57. [PMID: 21481227 PMCID: PMC3082292 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-11-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few longitudinal studies have explored lifetime criminality in adults with a childhood history of severe mental disorders. In the present study, we wanted to explore the association between adult delinquency and several different childhood diagnoses in an in-patient population. Of special interest was the impact of disturbance of activity and attention (ADHD) and mixed disorder of conduct and emotions on later delinquency, as these disorders have been variously associated with delinquent development. METHODS Former Norwegian child psychiatric in-patients (n = 541) were followed up 19-41 years after hospitalization by record linkage to the National Register of Criminality. On the basis of the hospital records, the patients were re-diagnosed according to ICD-10. The association between diagnoses and other baseline factors and later delinquency were investigated using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. RESULTS At follow-up, 24% of the participants had been convicted of criminal activity. In the multivariate Cox regression analysis, conduct disorder (RR = 2.0, 95%CI = 1.2-3.4) and hyperkinetic conduct disorder (RR = 2.7, 95% CI = 1.6-4.4) significantly increased the risk of future criminal behaviour. Pervasive developmental disorder (RR = 0.4, 95%CI = 0.2-0.9) and mental retardation (RR = 0.4, 95%CI = 0.3-0.8) reduced the risk for a criminal act. Male gender (RR = 3.6, 95%CI = 2.1-6.1) and chronic family difficulties (RR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.1-1.5) both predicted future criminality. CONCLUSIONS Conduct disorder in childhood was highly associated with later delinquency both alone or in combination with hyperactivity, but less associated when combined with an emotional disorder. ADHD in childhood was no more associated with later delinquency than the rest of the disorders in the study population. Our finding strengthens the assumption that there is no direct association between ADHD and criminality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Mordre
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.
| | - Berit Groholt
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Ellen Kjelsberg
- Centre for Forensic Psychiatry, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Berit Sandstad
- Unit of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Anne Margrethe Myhre
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Norway,Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
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Søndenaa E, Rasmussen K, Nøttestad JA, Lauvrud C. Prevalence of intellectual disabilities in Norway: Domestic variance. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2010; 54:161-167. [PMID: 20015168 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2009.01230.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Based on national registers, the prevalence of intellectual disability (ID) in Norway is estimated to be 0.44 per 100 inhabitants. This study aimed to examine geographic and urban-rural differences in the prevalence of ID in Norway. Methods A survey based on the national register. Financial transfers intended to provide equal services to people with ID are based on these reports. Results A higher prevalence was found in the North region of Norway. A negative correlation between the population density and the prevalence of ID was also found. Conclusion There was considerable geographic and urban-rural differences in the prevalence of ID, which may be attributable to not only the large diversity of services, but also some other factors. The results were discussed with respect to the deinstitutionalisation progress, resource-intensive services and costs. Differences also reflect some problems in diagnosing ID in people having mild ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Søndenaa
- St Olavs Hospital, Forensic Department Brøset, Trondheim, Norway.
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SØNDENAA ERIK, RASMUSSEN KIRSTEN, PALMSTIERNA TOM, NØTTESTAD JIMAAGE. The usefulness of assessing suggestibility and compliance in prisoners with unidentified intellectual disabilities. Scand J Psychol 2010; 51:434-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2010.00811.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Søndenaa E, Linaker O, Bjørgen T, Nøttestad J. Screening for psykisk utviklingshemning hos voksne. TIDSSKRIFT FOR DEN NORSKE LEGEFORENING 2010; 130:1475-7. [DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.09.0643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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