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Celik D, Campisi M, Cannella L, Pavanello S. The effect of low birth weight as an intrauterine exposure on the early onset of sarcopenia through possible molecular pathways. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2024; 15:770-780. [PMID: 38553412 PMCID: PMC11154781 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia, a musculoskeletal disease characterized by the progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and physical performance, presents significant challenges to global public health due to its adverse effects on mobility, morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. This comprehensive review explores the intricate connections between sarcopenia and low birth weight (LBW), emphasizing the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) hypothesis, inflammatory processes (inflammaging), mitochondrial dysfunction, circadian rhythm disruptions, epigenetic mechanisms, and genetic variations revealed through genome-wide studies (GWAS). A systematic search strategy was developed using PubMed to identify relevant English-language publications on sarcopenia, LBW, DOHaD, inflammaging, mitochondrial dysfunction, circadian disruption, epigenetic mechanisms, and GWAS. The publications consist of 46.2% reviews, 21.2% cohort studies, 4.8% systematic reviews, 1.9% cross-sectional studies, 13.4% animal studies, 4.8% genome-wide studies, 5.8% epigenome-wide studies, and 1.9% book chapters. The review identified key factors contributing to sarcopenia development, including the DOHaD hypothesis, LBW impact on muscle mass, inflammaging, mitochondrial dysfunction, the influence of clock genes, the role of epigenetic mechanisms, and genetic variations revealed through GWAS. The DOHaD theory suggests that LBW induces epigenetic alterations during foetal development, impacting long-term health outcomes, including the early onset of sarcopenia. LBW correlates with reduced muscle mass, grip strength, and lean body mass in adulthood, increasing the risk of sarcopenia. Chronic inflammation (inflammaging) and mitochondrial dysfunction contribute to sarcopenia, with LBW linked to increased oxidative stress and dysfunction. Disrupted circadian rhythms, regulated by genes such as BMAL1 and CLOCK, are associated with both LBW and sarcopenia, impacting lipid metabolism, muscle mass, and the ageing process. Early-life exposures, including LBW, induce epigenetic modifications like DNA methylation (DNAm) and histone changes, playing a pivotal role in sarcopenia development. Genome-wide studies have identified candidate genes and variants associated with lean body mass, muscle weakness, and sarcopenia, providing insights into genetic factors contributing to the disorder. LBW emerges as a potential early predictor of sarcopenia development, reflecting the impact of intrauterine exposures on long-term health outcomes. Understanding the complex interplay between LBW with inflammaging, mitochondrial dysfunction, circadian disruption, and epigenetic factors is essential for elucidating the pathogenesis of sarcopenia and developing targeted interventions. Future research on GWAS and the underlying mechanisms of LBW-associated sarcopenia is warranted to inform preventive strategies and improve public health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Celik
- Department of Pharmceutical and Pharmacological SciencesUniversity of PaduaPaduaItaly
| | - Manuela Campisi
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic Vascular Sciences and Public HealthUniversity of PaduaPaduaItaly
| | - Luana Cannella
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic Vascular Sciences and Public HealthUniversity of PaduaPaduaItaly
| | - Sofia Pavanello
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic Vascular Sciences and Public HealthUniversity of PaduaPaduaItaly
- University Hospital of PadovaPaduaItaly
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Hegerty C, Ostini R. Benefits and harms associated with an increase in gestational diabetes diagnosis in Queensland, Australia: a retrospective cohort comparison of diagnosis rates, outcomes, interventions and medication use for two periods, 2011-2013 and 2016-2018, using a large perinatal database. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e069849. [PMID: 37192791 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess benefits and harms arising from increasing gestational diabetes (GDM) diagnosis, including for women with normal-sized babies. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Diagnosis rates, outcomes, interventions and medication use are compared in a retrospective cohort study of 229 757 women birthing in public hospitals of the Australian State of Queensland during two periods, 2011-2013 and 2016-2018, using data from the Queensland Perinatal Data Collection. OUTCOME MEASURES Comparisons include hypertensive disorders, caesarean section, shoulder dystocia and associated harm, induction of labour (IOL), planned birth (PB), early planned birth <39 weeks (EPB), spontaneous labour onset with vaginal birth (SLVB) and medication use. RESULTS GDM diagnosis increased from 7.8% to 14.3%. There was no improvement in shoulder dystocia associated injuries, hypertensive disorders or caesarean sections. There was an increase in IOL (21.8%-30.0%; p<0.001), PB (36.3% to 46.0%; p<0.001) and EPB (13.5%-20.6%; p<0.001), and a decrease in SLVB (56.0%-47.3%; p<0.001). Women with GDM experienced an increase in IOL (40.9%-49.8%; p<0.001), PB (62.9% to 71.8%; p<0.001) and EPB (35.3%-45.7%; p<0.001), and a decrease in SLVB (30.01%-23.6%; p<0.001), with similar changes for mothers with normal-sized babies. Of women prescribed insulin in 2016-2018, 60.4% experienced IOL, 88.5% PB, 76.4% EPB and 8.0% SLVB. Medication use increased from 41.2% to 49.4% in women with GDM, from 3.2% to 7.1% in the antenatal population overall, from 3.3% to 7.5% in women with normal-sized babies and from 2.21% to 4.38% with babies less than the 10th percentile. CONCLUSION Outcomes were not apparently improved with increased GDM diagnosis. The merits of increased IOL or decreased SLVB depend on the views of individual women, but categorising more pregnancies as abnormal, and exposing more babies to the potential effects of early birth, medication effects and growth limitation may be harmful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hegerty
- Warwick Hospital, Queensland Health, Warwick, Queensland, Australia
- General Rural Medicine, Queensland Government Department of Health and Ageing, Warwick, Queensland, Australia
| | - Remo Ostini
- Rural Clinical School Research Centre, University of Queensland School of Medicine, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
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Abe T, Thiebaud RS, Ozaki H, Yamasaki S, Loenneke JP. Children with Low Handgrip Strength: A Narrative Review of Possible Exercise Strategies to Improve Its Development. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:1616. [PMID: 36360344 PMCID: PMC9688465 DOI: 10.3390/children9111616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Handgrip strength (HGS) is a predictor of health in both children and adults. Evidence suggests that without a possible strategy, children with low HGS may become adults with low HGS. However, little is known about what strategies are effective for children with low HGS to achieve a higher baseline level in adulthood. This narrative review aimed to investigate whether physical exercise interventions could improve HGS in children. METHODS The relevant databases/search engine was searched using keywords related to the main topics discussed throughout this review. RESULTS Our findings suggest that it may not be possible to improve HGS over that observed from normal development with physical education or traditional resistance-training programs. However, if the training program includes exercises that directly stimulate the forearm/hand muscle groups to grip, it may be possible to obtain changes in HGS that exceed the changes due to normal developmental growth. CONCLUSION Although there are associations between HGS and markers of health, no research could be identified that examined whether increasing HGS would lead to an improvement in health. If an increase in HGS really does represent an improvement in long-term health, then gripping exercise may need to be included into physical activity programs during the growth/development phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Abe
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Institute of Health and Sports Science and Medicine, Juntendo University, Inzai-shi 270-1695, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Children’s Health and Exercise Research, Institute of Trainology, Fukuoka-shi 814-0001, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Robert S. Thiebaud
- Department of Human Performance and Recreation, Brigham Young University–Idaho, Rexburg, ID 83440, USA
| | - Hayao Ozaki
- School of Sport and Health Science, Tokai Gakuen University, Miyoshi-shi 470-0207, Aichi, Japan
| | - Sakiya Yamasaki
- Department of Human Sciences, Seinan Gakuin University, Fukuoka-shi 814-8511, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jeremy P. Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
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Garay JL, Barreira TV, Wang Q, Brutsaert TD. Intra-uterine effects on adult muscle strength. Early Hum Dev 2021; 163:105490. [PMID: 34717155 PMCID: PMC8717807 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2021.105490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal behaviors and exposures affect fetal growth and development. Smoking, malnutrition, sedentary behavior, and stress can each lead to fetal programming and intra-uterine growth restriction. As a result, tissue development may be impaired. Problems with muscle formation can lead to reductions in muscle performance throughout life. The purpose of this study was to determine if in utero effects on muscle mass, muscle function, or both are responsible for the relationship between size at birth and adult muscle strength. STUDY DESIGN One hundred adults (ages 18-40), who were singletons born at term (37-42 weeks), participated. Birth weight was adjusted for gestational age using neonatal growth reference data. Maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) of dominant and non-dominant handgrip, and right and left leg extension were measured. Linear regression analysis was used to determine the association between adjusted birth weight and muscle strength. Sex and lean body mass were covariates. RESULTS Dominant handgrip MVC increased by 1.533 kg per 1 SD increase in adjusted birth weight (p = 0.004). Lean body mass had a significant indirect effect on this relationship. The relationship between handgrip strength and adjusted birth weight was strongest among female subjects. No other muscle strength measures were significantly associated with adjusted birth weight. CONCLUSIONS Birth size was a significant predictor of handgrip strength in adulthood. Including lean body mass attenuated, but did not remove, the association. Thus, among individuals born to term, having a smaller-than-predicted birth size likely causes both reductions in muscle mass formation and decreased muscle function, ultimately impacting muscle strength in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Garay
- Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, Syracuse University, United States of America.
| | - Tiago V Barreira
- Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, United States of America
| | - Qiu Wang
- Department of Higher Education, Syracuse University, United States of America
| | - Tom D Brutsaert
- Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, United States of America
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FitzGerald TL, Cameron KL, Albesher RA, Mentiplay BF, Lee KJ, Clark RA, Cheong JLY, Doyle LW, McGinley JL, Spittle AJ. Strength, Motor Skills, and Physical Activity in Preschool-Aged Children Born Either at Less Than 30 Weeks of Gestation or at Term. Phys Ther 2021; 101:6124777. [PMID: 33517456 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzab037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Children born <30 weeks of gestation have more motor impairment than do children born at term (37-42 weeks gestation), but reported outcomes have largely focused on cerebral palsy and developmental coordination disorder. The aim of this study was to compare muscle strength, motor skills, and physical activity (PA) of preschool-aged children born <30 weeks with those born at term. METHODS In this cohort study, 123 children born <30 weeks and 128 born at term were assessed. Children were aged ≥4 years, 0 months and <6 years, 0 months' corrected age at the time of the assessment. Outcomes included grip strength (kg), Movement Assessment Battery for Children 2nd edition (MABC-2), Little Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire, accelerometer-measured PA, and a parent-completed PA diary. Linear regression and mixed effects models were used to examine differences between children born <30 weeks and those born at term. RESULTS Children born <30 weeks had poorer grip strength (preferred hand; mean difference [95% CI] -0.60 kg [-1.04 to -0.15]) and poorer motor competence (Movement Assessment Battery for Children 2nd edition standard score mean difference -2.17 [-3.07 to -1.27]; Little Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire total score mean difference -5.5 [-9.2 to -2.8]) than term-born children. Children born <30 weeks also completed fewer minutes of accelerometer-measured PA (mean difference -41 minutes [-62 to -20]), more minutes of accelerometer-measured stationary behavior (mean difference 33 minutes [12 to 54]), and more minutes of parent-reported screen time (mean difference 21 minutes [10 to 32]) per day. CONCLUSION Preschool-aged children born <30 weeks had poorer muscle strength, motor skills, and PA levels than term-born children. These findings suggest that preschool-aged children born <30 weeks may benefit from enhanced surveillance and PA promotion to improve life-long health outcomes. IMPACT In our study, children born <30 weeks had reduced muscle strength and poorer motor skills, participated in less PA, and had more stationary and screen behavior than term-born children. These findings emphasize that awareness of multidomain motor deficits in children born <30 weeks' gestation is needed in clinical practice. Given the associations between higher PA and health benefits and the recognition that PA levels can track from early childhood into adulthood, our study highlights the need for assessment and promotion of PA in preschool-aged children born <30 weeks' gestation. Lay Summary. Preschool-aged children born <30 weeks' gestation have poorer strength, motor skills, and physical activity behaviors than their term-born peers. Clinicians and early childhood educators should recognize that the preschool period is a critical time for the assessment and promotion of PA in children born <30 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara L FitzGerald
- Victorian Infant Brain Studies, Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Physiotherapy Department, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Neonatal Research, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate L Cameron
- Victorian Infant Brain Studies, Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Physiotherapy Department, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Neonatal Research, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Reem A Albesher
- Victorian Infant Brain Studies, Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Physiotherapy Department, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Neonatal Research, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Physical Therapy Department, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Benjamin F Mentiplay
- Victorian Infant Brain Studies, Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katherine J Lee
- Victorian Infant Brain Studies, Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, The Royal Women's Hospital, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ross A Clark
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jeanie L Y Cheong
- Victorian Infant Brain Studies, Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Neonatal Research, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lex W Doyle
- Victorian Infant Brain Studies, Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Neonatal Research, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, The Royal Women's Hospital, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer L McGinley
- Physiotherapy Department, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alicia J Spittle
- Victorian Infant Brain Studies, Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Physiotherapy Department, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Neonatal Research, The Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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6
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de Souza LV, de Meneck F, Parizotto GP, Franco M. Low birth weight and its relation to physical fitness parameters in children: Its negative effect on muscle strength and cardiorespiratory endurance. Am J Hum Biol 2021; 34:e23595. [PMID: 33709521 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence that low birth weight has a negative effect on physical fitness, muscle strength, and cardiorespiratory endurance, although the findings are inconsistent. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate whether birth weight acts as a prenatal determinant of physical fitness parameters and to determine the role of environmental or biological variables on this effect. METHODS One hundred and sixty-seven children aged 6-14 years were included in this study. The anthropometric data, physical activity index, standing long jump, flexibility, handgrip strength, and cardiorespiratory fitness were evaluated. RESULTS A positive correlation was found between birth weight and cardiorespiratory fitness (r = .349; p < .001), right handgrip strength (r = .337; p < .001), and left handgrip strength (r = .320; p < .001), suggesting that children with low birth weight had the worst performance in both cardiorespiratory endurance and grip strength tests. These findings remained significant after adjustment for prematurity, sex, age, physical activity index, and body mass index (BMI). Stepwise multiple regression analyses revealed a significant interaction of high birth weight, older age, and low BMI in predicting better cardiorespiratory endurance (R2 = .308). When handgrip strength was tested as the dependent variable, we found that high birth weight, male sex, and older age emerged as important determinants for both sides. CONCLUSION Children aged 6-14 years born with a birth weight < 2.5 kg have low handgrip strength and cardiorespiratory fitness, which seems to be mediated partially by influences of both prenatal environment (e.g., birth weight) and biological variables (e.g., age, sex, BMI).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Franciele de Meneck
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Franco
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Birth weight associated with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry-determined muscle-bone unit in young healthy women from the Nutritionists' Health Study. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2020; 12:42-49. [PMID: 31902386 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174419000874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Muscle and bone have been considered a functional unit that grows together early in life, deteriorates with aging, and can cause osteosarcopenia. Due to its importance in public health, detecting risk factors in early life is desirable. This study examined whether birth weight (BW) was associated with muscle-bone unit using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) parameters in young women from the Nutritionists' Health Study (NutriHS), a cohort study of undergraduates and Nutrition graduates. This cross-sectional analysis included 170 young healthy women who answered early life events-questionnaire, and had anthropometric, muscle tests and DXA-determined body composition and bone densitometry (iDXA-Lunar®). A blood sample was obtained for a subsample of 148 participants. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI) was calculated. BW was categorized in quartiles (BWq) and variables of interest compared by ANOVA. Associations of BWq with calf circumference (CC), handgrip, muscle performance tests, ASMI, bone mineral density and content (BMD and BMC), and plasma glucose, lipids, insulin, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D were performed using multiple linear regression and directed acyclic graph-recommended adjustments. Mean values of age, body mass index, and BW were 23.0 years (20.0-28.0), 22.9 ± 2.9 kg/m2, and 3199 ± 424 g, respectively. Comparing variables across BWq, significant differences in CC, handgrip, ASMI, and total body BMC were detected. Regression models adjusted for confounders showed associations of BWq with CC (β = 0.72, p = 0.005), handgrip (β = 1.53, p = 0.001), ASMI (β = 0.16, p = 0.022), total body BMC (β = 64.8, p = 0.005), total femur BMC (β = 0.70, p = 0.041), total body BMD (β = 0.02, p = 0.043), and lumbar spine BMD (β = 0.03, p = 0.028). We conclude that BW is associated with muscle-bone unit using DXA-parameters in Brazilian young healthy women from the NutriHS, suggesting a role for intrauterine environment for musculoskeletal health.
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Francis MR, Pinniger GJ, Noble PB, Wang KCW. Intrauterine growth restriction affects diaphragm function in adult female and male mice. Pediatr Pulmonol 2020; 55:229-235. [PMID: 31535471 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.24519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In utero diaphragm development is critically important for postnatal respiratory function and any disturbance to fetal development may lead to diaphragm dysfunction and respiratory complications in the postnatal period. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) has been shown to affect respiratory function in a sex-dependent manner; however, the effect of IUGR on diaphragm function is unknown. AIM This study used a maternal hypoxia-induced mouse model of IUGR to investigate the impact of IUGR on diaphragm function and structure in male and female adult offspring. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pregnant BALB/c mice were housed under hypoxic conditions (10.5% O2 ) from gestational days 11 to 17.5 and then returned to normoxic conditions. Control mice were housed under normoxic conditions throughout pregnancy. At 8 weeks of age, offspring were euthanized and diaphragms isolated for functional assessment in organ bath experiments and for histological analysis. RESULTS IUGR offspring were lighter at birth and remained lighter at 8 weeks of age compared to Controls. While diaphragm force (maximal or twitch) was not affected by treatment or sex, the IUGR group exhibited a longer half-relaxation time after twitch contractions compared to Control. Female offspring had a lower maximum rate of force development and higher fatigue resistance compared to males, independent of IUGR. There was no difference in the diaphragm myofibre cross-sectional area between groups or sexes. CONCLUSION Sex and IUGR independently affect diaphragm contraction in adult mice without changes in structure. This study demonstrates that IUGR affects diaphragm contractile function in later life and could impair respiratory function if exacerbated under conditions of increased respiratory load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddison R Francis
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gavin J Pinniger
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter B Noble
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kimberley C W Wang
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Yates DT, Camacho LE, Kelly AC, Steyn LV, Davis MA, Antolic AT, Anderson MJ, Goyal R, Allen RE, Papas KK, Hay WW, Limesand SW. Postnatal β2 adrenergic treatment improves insulin sensitivity in lambs with IUGR but not persistent defects in pancreatic islets or skeletal muscle. J Physiol 2019; 597:5835-5858. [PMID: 31665811 PMCID: PMC6911010 DOI: 10.1113/jp278726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Key points Previous studies in fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) have shown that adrenergic dysregulation was associated with low insulin concentrations and greater insulin sensitivity. Although whole‐body glucose clearance is normal, 1‐month‐old lambs with IUGR at birth have higher rates of hindlimb glucose uptake, which may compensate for myocyte deficiencies in glucose oxidation. Impaired glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion in IUGR lambs is due to lower intra‐islet insulin availability and not from glucose sensing. We investigated adrenergic receptor (ADR) β2 desensitization by administering oral ADRβ modifiers for the first month after birth to activate ADRβ2 and antagonize ADRβ1/3. In IUGR lambs ADRβ2 activation increased whole‐body glucose utilization rates and insulin sensitivity but had no effect on isolated islet or myocyte deficiencies. IUGR establishes risk for developing diabetes. In IUGR lambs we identified disparities in key aspects of glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion and insulin‐stimulated glucose oxidation, providing new insights into potential mechanisms for this risk.
Abstract Placental insufficiency causes intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and disturbances in glucose homeostasis with associated β adrenergic receptor (ADRβ) desensitization. Our objectives were to measure insulin‐sensitive glucose metabolism in neonatal lambs with IUGR and to determine whether daily treatment with ADRβ2 agonist and ADRβ1/β3 antagonists for 1 month normalizes their glucose metabolism. Growth, glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and glucose utilization rates (GURs) were measured in control lambs, IUGR lambs and IUGR lambs treated with adrenergic receptor modifiers: clenbuterol atenolol and SR59230A (IUGR‐AR). In IUGR lambs, islet insulin content and GSIS were less than in controls; however, insulin sensitivity and whole‐body GUR were not different from controls. Of importance, ADRβ2 stimulation with β1/β3 inhibition increases both insulin sensitivity and whole‐body glucose utilization in IUGR lambs. In IUGR and IUGR‐AR lambs, hindlimb GURs were greater but fractional glucose oxidation rates and ex vivo skeletal muscle glucose oxidation rates were lower than controls. Glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) was lower in IUGR and IUGR‐AR skeletal muscle than in controls but GLUT1 was greater in IUGR‐AR. ADRβ2, insulin receptor, glycogen content and citrate synthase activity were similar among groups. In IUGR and IUGR‐AR lambs heart rates were greater, which was independent of cardiac ADRβ1 activation. We conclude that targeted ADRβ2 stimulation improved whole‐body insulin sensitivity but minimally affected defects in GSIS and skeletal muscle glucose oxidation. We show that risk factors for developing diabetes are independent of postnatal catch‐up growth in IUGR lambs as early as 1 month of age and are inherent to the islets and myocytes. Previous studies in fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) have shown that adrenergic dysregulation was associated with low insulin concentrations and greater insulin sensitivity. Although whole‐body glucose clearance is normal, 1‐month‐old lambs with IUGR at birth have higher rates of hindlimb glucose uptake, which may compensate for myocyte deficiencies in glucose oxidation. Impaired glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion in IUGR lambs is due to lower intra‐islet insulin availability and not from glucose sensing. We investigated adrenergic receptor (ADR) β2 desensitization by administering oral ADRβ modifiers for the first month after birth to activate ADRβ2 and antagonize ADRβ1/3. In IUGR lambs ADRβ2 activation increased whole‐body glucose utilization rates and insulin sensitivity but had no effect on isolated islet or myocyte deficiencies. IUGR establishes risk for developing diabetes. In IUGR lambs we identified disparities in key aspects of glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion and insulin‐stimulated glucose oxidation, providing new insights into potential mechanisms for this risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin T Yates
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Leticia E Camacho
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Amy C Kelly
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Leah V Steyn
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Melissa A Davis
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Andrew T Antolic
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Miranda J Anderson
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ravi Goyal
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ronald E Allen
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Klearchos K Papas
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - William W Hay
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Sean W Limesand
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Tao T, Dai L, Ma J, Li Y, Guo Z. Association between early-life exposure to the Great Chinese Famine and poor physical function later in life: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e027450. [PMID: 31326928 PMCID: PMC6661887 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the association between early-life exposure to the Great Chinese Famine (1959-1961) and the prevalence of poor physical function in midlife. DESIGN A population-based historical prospective study was performed as part of a wider cross-sectional survey. Exposure to famine was defined by birthdate, and participants were divided into non-exposed group, fetal-exposed group and infant-exposed group. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS A total of 3595 subjects were enrolled into the study from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) 2015 based on random selection of households that had at least one member aged 45 years old and older in 28 provinces of mainland China. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Physical function status was assessed by a six-item self-report on the Barthel scale which rated basic activities of daily living (BADL). RESULTS 743 (20.7%) out of all participants were exposed to the Great Chinese Famine in their fetal periods, while 1550 (43.1%) participants were exposed at the age of an infant. The prevalence of poor physical function in the non-exposed group, fetal period-exposed group and infant period-exposed group were 12.3%, 15.5% and 17.0%, respectively. Among males, after stratification by gender and severity of famine, the prevalence of poor physical function in the fetal period was significantly higher (OR 2.40, 95% CI 1.18 to 4.89, p=0.015) than the non-exposed group in severely affected areas, even after adjusting for the number of chronic diseases, place of residence, smoking and alcohol drinking habits, marital status, educational level and body mass index. A similar connection between prenatal and early postnatal exposure to the Great Chinese Famine and the prevalence of poor physical function in midlife, however, was not observed from female adults. CONCLUSIONS Males who were exposed to the Great Chinese Famine (1959-1961) present considerably decreased physical function in their later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingyan Dai
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - JinXiang Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yusi Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuoyuan Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Portella AK, Paquet C, Bischoff AR, Molle RD, Faber A, Moore S, Arora N, Levitan R, Silveira PP, Dube L. Multi-behavioral obesogenic phenotypes among school-aged boys and girls along the birth weight continuum. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212290. [PMID: 30789933 PMCID: PMC6383887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence shows that extremes of birth weight (BW) carry a common increased risk for the development of adiposity and related cardiovascular diseases, but little is known about the role of obesogenic behaviors in this process. Moreover, no one has empirically examined whether the relationship between BW, obesogenic behaviors and BMI along the full low-to-high birthweight continuum reflects the U-shape pattern expected from common risk at both BW extremes. Our objective was to characterize physical activity, screen time, and eating behavior and their relationship to BMI as a function of BW among school-aged boys and girls. In this cross-sectional study, 460 children aged 6 to 12 years (50% boys) from Montreal, Canada provided information on sleeping time, screen time, physical activity levels, eating behavior (emotional, external and restrained eating) and anthropometrics (height, weight, BW) through parent reported questionnaires. BMI was normalized using WHO Standards (zBMI), and BW expressed as ratio using Canadian population standards (BW for gestational age and sex). Analyses were conducted using generalized linear models with linear and quadratic terms for BW, stratified by sex and adjusted for age, ethnicity and household income. In boys, physical activity and screen time showed U-shaped associations with BW, while physical activity had an inverted U-shaped in girls. Emotional and restrained eating had positive linear relations with BW in boys and girls. Sleep time and external eating were not associated with BW. A U-shaped relationship between BW and zBMI was found in boys but no association was found in girls. Only sleep (in boys and girls), and emotional eating (girls only) were related to zBMI and mediation of the BW-zBMI relationship was only supported for emotional eating. In conclusion, BW relates to obesogenic behaviors and BMI in both non-linear and linear ways, and these associations differed by sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Krumel Portella
- Desautels Faculty of Management, McGill Center for the Convergence of Health and Economics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- PostGraduate Program in Pediatrics, Universidade Federal de Ciencias da Saude de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
- * E-mail:
| | - Catherine Paquet
- School of Health Sciences, Centre for Population Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Adrianne Rahde Bischoff
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Roberta Dalle Molle
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Aida Faber
- Desautels Faculty of Management, McGill Center for the Convergence of Health and Economics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Spencer Moore
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States of America
| | | | - Robert Levitan
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Patricia Pelufo Silveira
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Sackler Institute for Epigenetics & Psychobiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Laurette Dube
- Desautels Faculty of Management, McGill Center for the Convergence of Health and Economics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Is willingness to exercise programmed in utero? Reviewing sedentary behavior and the benefits of physical activity in intrauterine growth restricted individuals. JORNAL DE PEDIATRIA (VERSÃO EM PORTUGUÊS) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedp.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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13
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Bischoff AR, Cunha FDS, Dalle Molle R, Maróstica PJC, Silveira PP. Is willingness to exercise programmed in utero? Reviewing sedentary behavior and the benefits of physical activity in intrauterine growth restricted individuals. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2018; 94:582-595. [PMID: 29476706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The literature suggests that a fetus will adapt to surrounding adversities by optimizing its use of energy to improve survival, ultimately leading to the programming of the individual's energy intake and expenditure. While recent reviews focused on the fetal programming of energy intake and food preferences, there is also some evidence that fetal adversity is associated with diminished physical activity levels. Therefore, we aimed to review (a) the evidence for an association between being born with intrauterine growth restriction and sedentarism over the life-course and (b) the potential benefits of physical activity over cardiometabolic risk factors for this population. SOURCES PubMed, Scielo, Scopus and Embase. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS Most clinical studies that used objective measures found no association between intrauterine growth restriction and physical activity levels, while most studies that used self-reported questionnaires revealed such relationships, particularly leisure time physical activity. Experimental studies support the existence of fetal programming of physical activity, and show that exposure to exercise during IUGR individuals' life improves metabolic outcomes but less effect was seen on muscle architecture or function. CONCLUSIONS Alterations in muscle strength and metabolism, as well as altered aerobic performance, may predispose IUGR individuals to be spontaneously less physically active, suggesting that this population may be an important target for preventive interventions. Although very heterogeneous, the different studies allow us to infer that physical activity may have beneficial effects especially for individuals that are more vulnerable to metabolic modifications such as those with IUGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianne Rahde Bischoff
- University of Toronto, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Toronto, Canada; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Fábio da Silva Cunha
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Pediatria, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Roberta Dalle Molle
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Pediatria, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Paulo José Cauduro Maróstica
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Pediatria, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Pelufo Silveira
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Pediatria, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; McGill University, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, Montreal, Canada
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14
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Żelaźniewicz A, Pawłowski B. Maternal hand grip strength in pregnancy, newborn sex and birth weight. Early Hum Dev 2018; 119:51-55. [PMID: 29558661 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM Hand grip strength (HGS) is a non-invasive measure of physical strength, overall health, and nutritional status. The aim of the study was to test if HGS and its changes in pregnancy are related with offspring sex and birth weight. METHODS We conducted longitudinal study on 95 healthy pregnant women (mean age 29.57 ± 3.43). HGS was measured in each trimester. A woman's height and changes in weight in pregnancy were also measured. The information on a child's sex, birth weight and the pregnancy week at delivery were derived from hospital records. Fifty one women delivered a boy, and forty four women delivered a girl. RESULTS HGS decreased from the first to the third trimester of pregnancy (F(2,188) = 15.94, p < 0.001). Women with greater HGS in each trimester were more likely to give birth to a boy (p < 0.05), and the decrease in HGS in pregnancy was comparable in the two groups of mothers (F(2,186) = 1.39, p = 0.25). HGS in pregnancy was related with offspring birth weight when controlled for a child's sex and week at delivery (F(2,182) = 3.15, p = 0.04). Maternal height also important predictor of HGS in pregnancy, and the decrease in HGS was only observed in shorter women. CONCLUSION The results of this study indicate that HGS is a sensitive marker, differentiating the variation in physical condition in healthy, well-fed pregnant women in affluent population and pregnancy outcome (offspring sex and birth weight). Also, the result indicates that relatively taller women bear lower cost of pregnancy and are able to invest more in developing foetus.
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15
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Syddall HE, Westbury LD, Shaw SC, Dennison EM, Cooper C, Gale CR. Correlates of Level and Loss of Grip Strength in Later Life: Findings from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing and the Hertfordshire Cohort Study. Calcif Tissue Int 2018; 102:53-63. [PMID: 29058059 PMCID: PMC5760591 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-017-0337-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Characterisation of grip strength (GS) using isometric dynamometry is central to the definition of sarcopenia. Determinants of low GS include: older age, shorter stature, low physical activity, poor nutrition, socioeconomic disadvantage and multimorbidity. Less is known about risk factors for accelerated loss of GS. We investigated determinants of level and 8-year loss of GS in 3703 men and women (aged 52-82 years) in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). Four hundred and forty-one men and women (aged 59-71 years) who participated in a 10-year follow-up of the Hertfordshire Cohort Study (HCS) were used for replication. Variables were harmonised between cohorts. Change in GS was characterised using mixed-effects models in ELSA and a residual change approach in HCS and analysed for men and women combined. Men in ELSA and HCS had higher average levels of GS at baseline, and accelerated rates of loss, compared with women. In ELSA, older age, shorter stature and multimorbidity were correlated with lower level, and accelerated rate of loss, of GS in both sexes (accelerated loss of 0.04 (95% CI 0.00-0.08) standard deviation scores per additional morbidity after multivariable adjustment). Socioeconomic disadvantage, low level of physical activity and poorer self-reported health were also correlated with low GS level, but not loss rate, after multivariable adjustment. Analysis in HCS yielded similar results. Our results identify multimorbidity as a modifiable determinant of loss of muscle strength in later life, and raise the possibility that developmental influences may impact on rate of involutional decline in muscle strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Syddall
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - L D Westbury
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - S C Shaw
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - E M Dennison
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - C Cooper
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.
- NIHR Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - C R Gale
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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16
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Spracklen CN, Ryckman KK, Robinson JG, Stefanick ML, Sarto GE, Anton SD, Wallace RB. Low Birth Weight and Risk of Later-Life Physical Disability in Women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2017; 72:543-547. [PMID: 27440911 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glw134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is strong evidence that low and high birth weight due to in-utero programming results in elevated risk for adult diseases, though less research has been performed examining the influence of birth weight and physical disability later in life. Methods Baseline data from 76,055 postmenopausal women in the Women's Health Initiative, a large multi-ethnic cohort, were used to examine the association between self-reported birth weight category (<6 lbs, 6-7 lbs 15 oz, 8-9 lbs 15 oz, and ≥10 lbs) and the self-reported physical functioning score on the RAND 36-item Health Survey. Linear regression models were adjusted for age, education, race/ethnicity, body mass index, and a comorbidity score. Results Unadjusted models indicate that women born in the lowest and highest birth weight categories have significantly lower physical functioning scores as compared to women born in the normal weight category (β = -2.22, p < .0001 and β = -3.56, p < .0001, respectively). After adjustments, the relationship between the lowest birth weight category and physical functioning score remained significant (β = -1.52, p < .0001); however, the association with the highest birth weight category dissipated. Conclusions Preconception and prenatal interventions aimed at reducing the incidence of low birth weight infants may subsequently reduce the burden of later-life physical disability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelli K Ryckman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City
| | - Jennifer G Robinson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City
| | | | - Gloria E Sarto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison
| | - Stephen D Anton
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Medicine, University of Florida, Gainsville
| | - Robert B Wallace
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City
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17
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Body composition and the monitoring of non-communicable chronic disease risk. GLOBAL HEALTH EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENOMICS 2016; 1:e18. [PMID: 29868210 PMCID: PMC5870426 DOI: 10.1017/gheg.2016.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There is a need for simple proxies of health status, in order to improve monitoring of chronic disease risk within and between populations, and to assess the efficacy of public health interventions as well as clinical management. This review discusses how, building on recent research findings, body composition outcomes may contribute to this effort. Traditionally, body mass index has been widely used as the primary index of nutritional status in children and adults, but it has several limitations. We propose that combining information on two generic traits, indexing both the ‘metabolic load’ that increases chronic non-communicable disease risk, and the homeostatic ‘metabolic capacity’ that protects against these diseases, offers a new opportunity to improve assessment of disease risk. Importantly, this approach may improve the ability to take into account ethnic variability in chronic disease risk. This approach could be applied using simple measurements readily carried out in the home or community, making it ideal for M-health and E-health monitoring strategies.
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18
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Ingle L, Stephenson A, Sandercock GR. Physical activity profiles and selected muscular fitness variables in English schoolchildren: A north-south divide? Eur J Sport Sci 2016; 16:1187-96. [PMID: 27220086 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2016.1183714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare and contrast habitual physical activity (PA) profiles and muscular fitness in schoolchildren from northern and southern regions of England. Data were collected from two secondary schools in the north east (NE) of England. The study procedures followed methods employed by the East of England Healthy Hearts Study in 10-16-year-old boys and girls based in the south east (SE) region of England and data were compared. Habitual physical activity (PAQ-A), vertical jump test, and hand-grip (HG) strength were assessed. We converted raw scores from all assessments to age- and sex-normalised z-scores. We recruited 597 children (58% boys) in the NE and compared findings to 597 age- and sex-matched boys and girls from the SE. Boys in the SE had significantly stronger HG scores, jumped higher, were more powerful (mean peak power: 2131 W vs. 1782 W; P < 0.0001), and reported being more physically active (mean PAQ-A: 2.9 vs. 2.5; P < 0.0001) than their male counterparts in the NE. In girls, the opposite trend was evident. Girls from the NE of England had a higher HG score, jumped higher, and were more powerful (mean peak power: 2114 W vs. 1839 W; P < .0001) than their peers from the SE. Regional variations in the habitual PA profiles and muscular fitness of schoolchildren from the SE and NE of England do exist. The systematic surveillance of children's PA and fitness profiles throughout England would help identify regional inequalities on a larger scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Ingle
- a Department of Sport, Health & Exercise Science , University of Hull , Kingston upon Hull , UK
| | - Ashlie Stephenson
- a Department of Sport, Health & Exercise Science , University of Hull , Kingston upon Hull , UK
| | - Gavin R Sandercock
- b Centre for Sport & Exercise Sciences , University of Essex , Essex , UK
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19
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Bisson M, Lavoie-Guénette J, Tremblay A, Marc I. Physical Activity Volumes during Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies Assessing the Association with Infant's Birth Weight. AJP Rep 2016; 6:e170-97. [PMID: 27127718 PMCID: PMC4848034 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1583169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aims to examine the association between different maternal physical activity exposures during pregnancy and infant's birth weight, body composition, and risk of inadequate weight. Methods Two reviewers (M.B. and J.L.G.) identified observational studies reporting total or leisure time activity during pregnancy and birth weight outcomes. Pooled analyses were performed to summarize the risk associated with high or moderate volumes of physical activity on birth weight. Results A total of 54 studies among 4,080 reported the association between physical activity and birth weight (37 studies) or risks of small or large birth weight. The association between physical activity and birth weight was evaluated by physical activity levels (low, moderate, or high). Despite heterogeneity, pooled results (23 studies) suggested that moderate levels of activity are associated with an increased birth weight (mean difference: 61.5 g, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 16.6, 106.5, 15 studies), while high levels were associated with lower birth weight (mean difference: -69.9 g, 95% CI: -114.8, -25.0, 15 studies). Data were insufficient to provide robust estimates for other outcomes. Conclusions The results of observational studies suggest an inverted u-shaped association between physical activity and birth weight, despite methodological variability. These results could help refining physical activity guidelines for pregnancy and provide guidance for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Bisson
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHU de Québec), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joëlle Lavoie-Guénette
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHU de Québec), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Angelo Tremblay
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Marc
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHU de Québec), Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
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20
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Mata Zubillaga D, Rodríguez Fernández C, Rodríguez Fernández L, de Paz Fernández J, Arboleda Franco S, Alonso Patiño F. Evaluation of isometric force in lower limbs and body composition in preterm infants. ANALES DE PEDIATRÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anpede.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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21
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Workman M, McDade TW, Adair LS, Kuzawa CW. Slow early growers have more muscle in relation to adult activity: evidence from Cebu, Philippines. Eur J Clin Nutr 2015; 69:1350-5. [PMID: 25782430 PMCID: PMC4575228 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2015.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background/objectives Adult skeletal muscle mass (SMM) protects against type 2 diabetes but little is
known about its developmental antecedents. We examined whether pace of early weight gain
predicted adult SMM in a birth cohort from Cebu City, Philippines. Additionally, we
examined whether increases in SMM associated with adult muscle-building exercise varied
according to early growth. Subjects/methods Data came from 1472 participants of the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition
Survey. Weight was measured at birth and at 6-month intervals through age 24 months.
Adult SMM was estimated from anthropometric measurements when participants were 20-22
years old. Interviews provided information on adult exercise/lifestyle habits. Results SMM (mean ± SD) was 20.8 ± 3.9 kg (men) and 13.6 ± 3.4
kg (women). Faster early weight gain predicted higher adult SMM. After adjustment for
height and lifestyle factors, strongest associations with SMM were found for 6-12 months
growth in men (β=0.17, p=0.001) and for birth weight in women
(β=0.14, p=0.001). Individuals who had grown slowly displayed
greater SMM in association with adult weight lifting, basketball playing, and physically
demanding forms of employment (men) or household chores (women). Conclusions These results suggest heightened sensitivity of activity-induced muscle
hypertrophy among adults who were born light or who gained weight slowly as infants.
Future research should test this finding by comparing responses of muscle mass to an
intervention in slow v. fast early growers. Findings suggest that adults who display
reduced SMM following suboptimal early growth may be good candidates for new
anti-diabetes interventions that promote muscle-building activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Workman
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - T W McDade
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Cells to Society, Center on Social Disparities and Health at the Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - L S Adair
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - C W Kuzawa
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Cells to Society, Center on Social Disparities and Health at the Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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22
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Mata Zubillaga D, Rodríguez Fernández C, Rodríguez Fernández LM, de Paz Fernández JA, Arboleda Franco S, Alonso Patiño F. [Evaluation of isometric force in lower limbs and body composition in preterm infants]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2015; 83:229-35. [PMID: 25639163 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Strength is a physical quality with a clear influence on quality of life. It is determined by the structure of the musculoskeletal system, and depends on the muscular structure. It has been described that prematurity conditions both qualities. The aims of this study are to determine whether prematurity is associated with strength or body composition and evaluate the relationship between prematurity, strength and muscle mass. MATERIAL AND METHODS Case-control study. Participants were premature 7-to-11 year-old children and full-term birth controls. Strength was measured by a strength gauge and body composition from DEXA (duel-energy X-ray absorptiometry) scans. A total of 89 subjects were included and divided into three groups: 30 prematures with birth-weight ≤ 1500g, 29 prematures with birth-weight 1500-2000g, and 30 controls. RESULTS Weight and BMI z-score was lower in the premature group. No differences were found in muscular mass or strength between groups. A ratio was established between strength and weight or muscular mass. It was observed that it was possible for them to move four times their weight, without finding any differences between groups or a relationship with birth-weight. CONCLUSIONS Between 7 and 11 years of age, children who were premature have lower weight and BMI than the rest of the children. However, there were no differences in body composition or strength between preterm children and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mata Zubillaga
- Unidad de Pediatría, Centro de Salud Ponferrada IV. Ponferrada, León.
| | - C Rodríguez Fernández
- Servicio de Pediatría y Neonatología, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León, León
| | | | - J A de Paz Fernández
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación Física y del Deporte, Universidad de León, León
| | - S Arboleda Franco
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación Física y del Deporte, Universidad de León, León
| | - F Alonso Patiño
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación Física y del Deporte, Universidad de León, León
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The developmental origins of sarcopenia: from epidemiological evidence to underlying mechanisms. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2014; 1:150-7. [PMID: 25141783 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174410000097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is defined as the loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength with age. There is increasing recognition of the serious health consequences in terms of disability, morbidity and mortality as well as major healthcare costs. Adult determinants of sarcopenia including age, gender, size, levels of physical activity and heritability have been well described. Nevertheless, there remains considerable unexplained variation in muscle mass and strength between older adults that may reflect not only the current rate of loss but the peak attained earlier in life. To date most epidemiological studies of sarcopenia have focused on factors modifying decline in later life; however, a life course approach to understanding sarcopenia, additionally, focuses on factors operating earlier in life including developmental influences. The epidemiological evidence linking low birth weight with lower muscle mass and strength is strong and consistent with replication in a number of different groups including children, young and older adults. However, most of the evidence for the cellular, hormonal, metabolic and molecular mechanisms underlying these associations comes from animal models. The next stage is to translate the understanding of mechanisms from animal muscle to human muscle enabling progress to be made not only in earlier identification of individuals at risk of sarcopenia but also in the development of beneficial interventions across the life course.
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The relationship of birthweight, muscle size at birth and post-natal growth to grip strength in 9-year-old Indian children: findings from the Mysore Parthenon study. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2014; 1:329-37. [PMID: 23750316 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174410000309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Foetal development may permanently affect muscle function. Indian newborns have a low mean birthweight, predominantly due to low lean tissue and muscle mass. We aimed to examine the relationship of birthweight, and arm muscle area (AMA) at birth and post-natal growth to handgrip strength in Indian children. Grip strength was measured in 574 children aged 9 years, who had detailed anthropometry at birth and every 6-12 months post-natally. Mean (standard deviation (s.d.)) birthweight was 2863 (446) g. At 9 years, the children were short (mean height s.d. -0.6) and light (mean weight s.d. -1.1) compared with the World Health Organization growth reference. Mean (s.d.) grip strength was 12.7 (2.2) kg (boys) and 11.0 (2.0) kg (girls). Weight, length and AMA at birth, but not skinfold measurements at birth, were positively related to 9-year grip strength (β = 0.40 kg/s.d. increase in birthweight, P < 0.001; and β = 0.41 kg/s.d. increase in AMA, P < 0.001). Grip strength was positively related to 9-year height, body mass index and AMA and to gains in these measurements from birth to 2 years, 2-5 years and 5-9 years (P < 0.001 for all). The associations between birth size and grip strength were attenuated but remained statistically significant for AMA after adjusting for 9-year size. We conclude that larger overall size and muscle mass at birth are associated with greater muscle strength in childhood, and that this is mediated mainly through greater post-natal size. Poorer muscle development in utero is associated with reduced childhood muscle strength.
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Abstract
Consistent positive relationships have been found between birth weight and grip strength in adults but evidence in children is limited. In a prospective general population birth cohort (Southampton Women's Survey), grip strength and anthropometry (height and weight) were measured in 968 children at the age of 4 years. Mean (standard deviation (s.d.)) birth weight was 3.48 (0.52) kg. Birth weight, adjusted for sex and gestational age, was positively associated with grip strength (β = 0.22 kg/s.d. increase in adjusted birth weight; 95% CI 0.11, 0.34). The relationship was attenuated after adjustment for current height and weight such that it became non-significant (β = 0.03 kg/s.d. increase in adjusted birth weight; 95% CI-0.08, 0.14), suggesting that body size may be on the causal pathway. Early influences on muscle development appear to impact on grip strength in children, as well as adults.
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26
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Yates DT, Clarke DS, Macko AR, Anderson MJ, Shelton LA, Nearing M, Allen RE, Rhoads RP, Limesand SW. Myoblasts from intrauterine growth-restricted sheep fetuses exhibit intrinsic deficiencies in proliferation that contribute to smaller semitendinosus myofibres. J Physiol 2014; 592:3113-25. [PMID: 24860171 PMCID: PMC4214663 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.272591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) reduces skeletal muscle mass in fetuses and offspring. Our objective was to determine whether myoblast dysfunction due to intrinsic cellular deficiencies or serum factors reduces myofibre hypertrophy in IUGR fetal sheep. At 134 days, IUGR fetuses weighed 67% less (P < 0.05) than controls and had smaller (P < 0.05) carcasses and semitendinosus myofibre areas. IUGR semitendinosus muscles had similar percentages of pax7-positive nuclei and pax7 mRNA but lower (P < 0.05) percentages of myogenin-positive nuclei (7 ± 2% and 13 ± 2%), less myoD and myogenin mRNA, and fewer (P < 0.05) proliferating myoblasts (PNCA-positive-pax7-positive) than controls (44 ± 2% vs. 52 ± 1%). Primary myoblasts were isolated from hindlimb muscles, and after 3 days in growth media (20% fetal bovine serum, FBS), myoblasts from IUGR fetuses had 34% fewer (P < 0.05) myoD-positive cells than controls and replicated 20% less (P < 0.05) during a 2 h BrdU pulse. IUGR myoblasts also replicated less (P < 0.05) than controls during a BrdU pulse after 3 days in media containing 10% control or IUGR fetal sheep serum (FSS). Both myoblast types replicated less (P < 0.05) with IUGR FSS-supplemented media compared to control FSS-supplemented media. In differentiation-promoting media (2% FBS), IUGR and control myoblasts had similar percentages of myogenin-positive nuclei after 5 days and formed similar-sized myotubes after 7 days. We conclude that intrinsic cellular deficiencies in IUGR myoblasts and factors in IUGR serum diminish myoblast proliferation and myofibre size in IUGR fetuses, but intrinsic myoblast deficiencies do not affect differentiation. Furthermore, the persistent reduction in IUGR myoblast replication shows adaptive deficiencies that explain poor muscle growth in IUGR newborn offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin T Yates
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Derek S Clarke
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Antoni R Macko
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Miranda J Anderson
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Leslie A Shelton
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Marie Nearing
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ronald E Allen
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Robert P Rhoads
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Sean W Limesand
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Abstract
Establishing sufficient skeletal muscle mass is essential for lifelong metabolic health. The intrauterine environment is a major determinant of the muscle mass that is present during the life course of an individual, because muscle fiber number is set at the time of birth. Thus, a compromised intrauterine environment from maternal nutrient restriction or placental insufficiency that restricts muscle fiber number can have permanent effects on the amount of muscle an individual will live with. Reduced muscle mass due to fewer muscle fibers persists even after compensatory or 'catch-up' postnatal growth occurs. Furthermore, muscle hypertrophy can only partially compensate for this limitation in fiber number. Compelling associations link low birth weight and decreased muscle mass to future insulin resistance, which can drive the development of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes, and the risk of cardiovascular events later in life. There are gaps in knowledge about the origins of reduced muscle growth at the cellular level and how these patterns are set during fetal development. By understanding the nutrient and endocrine regulation of fetal skeletal muscle growth and development, we can direct research efforts toward improving muscle growth early in life to prevent the development of chronic metabolic diseases later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D. Brown
- Department of Pediatrics (Neonatology), University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus F441, Perinatal Research Center, 13243 East 23 Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, Phone: 303-724-0106, Fax: 303-724-0898
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28
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Harvey NC, Moon RJ, Sayer AA, Ntani G, Davies JH, Javaid MK, Robinson SM, Godfrey KM, Inskip HM, Cooper C. Maternal antenatal vitamin D status and offspring muscle development: findings from the Southampton Women's Survey. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:330-7. [PMID: 24178796 PMCID: PMC3880861 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-3241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] status in pregnancy has been associated with offspring bone development and adiposity. Vitamin D has also been implicated in postnatal muscle function, but little is known about a role for antenatal 25(OH)D exposure in programming muscle development. OBJECTIVE We investigated the associations between maternal plasma 25(OH)D status at 34 weeks of gestation and offspring lean mass and muscle strength at 4 years of age. DESIGN AND SETTING We studied a prospective UK population-based mother-offspring cohort: the Southampton Women's Survey (SWS). PARTICIPANTS Initially, 12,583 nonpregnant women were recruited into the SWS, of whom 3159 had singleton pregnancies; 678 mother-child pairs were included in this analysis. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURED At 4 years of age, offspring assessments included hand grip strength and whole-body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, yielding lean mass and percent lean mass. Physical activity was assessed by 7-day accelerometry in a subset of children (n=326). RESULTS The maternal serum 25(OH)D concentration in pregnancy was positively associated with offspring height-adjusted hand grip strength (β=0.10 SD/SD, P=.013), which persisted after adjustment for maternal confounding factors, duration of breastfeeding, and child's physical activity at 4 years (β=0.13 SD/SD, P=.014). Maternal 25(OH)D was also positively associated with offspring percent lean mass (β=0.11 SD/SD, P=.006), but not total lean mass (β=0.06 SD/SD, P=.15). However, this association did not persist after adjustment for confounding factors (β=0.09 SD/SD, P=.11). CONCLUSIONS This observational study suggests that intrauterine exposure to 25(OH)D during late pregnancy might influence offspring muscle development through an effect primarily on muscle strength rather than on muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C. Harvey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| | - Rebecca J. Moon
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- Paediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Avan Aihie Sayer
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Georgia Ntani
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Justin H. Davies
- Paediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - M Kassim Javaid
- NIHR Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Oxford, Nuffield Orthopedic Centre, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7HE
| | - Sian M. Robinson
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Keith M. Godfrey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| | - Hazel M. Inskip
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Cyrus Cooper
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
- NIHR Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Oxford, Nuffield Orthopedic Centre, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7HE
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29
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Bisson M, Alméras N, Plaisance J, Rhéaume C, Bujold E, Tremblay A, Marc I. Maternal fitness at the onset of the second trimester of pregnancy: correlates and relationship with infant birth weight. Pediatr Obes 2013; 8:464-74. [PMID: 23281128 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2012.00129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED What is already known about this subject A healthy life begins in utero and a healthy pregnancy requires a fit and healthy mother. Physical activity during pregnancy provides a stimulation that is essential for promoting optimal body oxygenation and composition as well as metabolic fitness during pregnancy. Although a higher maternal fitness is expected to provide a beneficial fetal environment, it is still unclear whether physical fitness during pregnancy contributes to perinatal health. What this study adds Participation in sports and exercise previously and at the beginning of pregnancy can benefit maternal health by improving cardiorespiratory fitness during pregnancy, irrespective of maternal body mass index. Maternal strength, an indicator of muscular fitness, is an independent determinant of infant fetal growth and can positively influence birth weight. BACKGROUND It is still unclear whether maternal physical activity and fitness during pregnancy contributes to perinatal health. OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to characterize maternal physical fitness at 16 weeks of pregnancy and to examine its effects on infant birth weight. METHODS Maternal anthropometry (body mass index [BMI] and skin-folds), physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2 peak) and muscular fitness (handgrip strength) were assessed at 16 weeks of gestation in 65 healthy pregnant women. Offspring birth weight was collected from maternal charts after delivery. RESULTS A higher VO2 peak was associated with physical activity spent at sports and exercise before and in early pregnancy (P = 0.0005). Maternal BMI was negatively associated with cardiorespiratory fitness (P < 0.0001) but positively related to muscular strength (P = 0.0001). Unlike maternal cardiorespiratory fitness, handgrip strength was positively associated with infant birth weight (r = 0.34, P = 0.0068) even after adjustment for confounders (adjusted r = 0.27, P = 0.0480). CONCLUSION A positive relationship between maternal muscular fitness and infant birth weight highlighted maternal strength in pregnancy as a new determinant of infant birth weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bisson
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Quebec, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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30
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Touwslager RNH, Gielen M, Tan FES, Mulder ALM, Gerver WJM, Zimmermann LJ, Houben AJHM, Zeegers MP, Derom C, Vlietinck R, Maes HH, Stehouwer CDA, Thomis M. Genetic, maternal and placental factors in the association between birth weight and physical fitness: a longitudinal twin study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76423. [PMID: 24194838 PMCID: PMC3806789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adult cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength are related to all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Both are possibly related to birth weight, but it is unclear what the importance is of genetic, maternal and placental factors in these associations. Design Peak oxygen uptake and measures of strength, flexibility and balance were obtained yearly during adolescence (10–18 years) in 114 twin pairs in the Leuven Longitudinal Twin Study. Their birth weights had been collected prospectively within the East Flanders Prospective Twin Survey. Results We identified linear associations between birth weight and adolescent vertical jump (b = 1.96 cm per kg birth weight, P = 0.02), arm pull (b = 1.85 kg per kg birth weight P = 0.03) and flamingo balance (b = −1.82 attempts to stand one minute per kg birth weight, P = 0.03). Maximum oxygen uptake appeared to have a U-shaped association with birth weight (the smallest and largest children had the lowest uptake, P = 0.01), but this association was no longer significant after adjustment for parental BMI. Using the individual twin’s deviation from his own twin pair’s average birth weight, we found positive associations between birth weight and adolescent vertical jump (b = 3.49, P = 0.0007) and arm pull (b = 3.44, P = 0.02). Δ scores were calculated within the twin pairs as first born twin minus second born twin. Δ birth weight was associated with Δ vertical jump within MZ twin pairs only (b = 2.63, P = 0.009), which indicates importance of placental factors. Conclusions We found evidence for an association between adolescent physical performance (strength, balance and possibly peak oxygen uptake) and birth weight. The associations with vertical jump and arm pull were likely based on individual, more specifically placental (in the case of vertical jump) factors. Our results should be viewed as hypothesis-generating and need confirmation, but potentially support preventive strategies to optimize birth weight, for example via placental function, to target later fitness and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robbert N. H. Touwslager
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Marij Gielen
- Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Section of Complex Genetics, Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frans E. S. Tan
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Antonius L. M. Mulder
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Willem J. M. Gerver
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J. Zimmermann
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alfons J. H. M. Houben
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Maurice P. Zeegers
- Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Section of Complex Genetics, Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Catherine Derom
- Department for Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert Vlietinck
- Department for Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hermine H. Maes
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Coen D. A. Stehouwer
- Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Martine Thomis
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Does cardiorespiratory fitness modify the association between birth weight and insulin resistance in adult life? PLoS One 2013; 8:e73967. [PMID: 24069257 PMCID: PMC3775791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Lower birth weight is associated with higher insulin resistance in later life. The aim of this study was to determine whether cardiorespiratory fitness modifies the association of birth weight with insulin resistance in adults. Methods The subjects were 379 Japanese individuals (137 males, 242 females) aged 20–64 years born after 1943. Insulin resistance was assessed using a homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), which is calculated from fasting blood glucose and insulin levels. Cardiorespiratory fitness (maximal oxygen uptake, VO2max) was assessed by a maximal graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer. Birth weight was reported according to the Maternal and Child Health Handbook records or the subject’s or his/her mother’s memory. Results The multiple linear regression analysis revealed that birth weight was inversely associated with HOMA-IR (β = −0.141, p = 0.003), even after adjustment for gender, age, current body mass index, mean blood pressure, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, and smoking status. Further adjustments for VO2max made little difference in the relationship between birth weight and HOMA-IR (β = −0.148, p = 0.001), although VO2max (β = −0.376, p<0.001) was a stronger predictor of HOMA-IR than birth weight. Conclusions The results showed that the association of lower birth weight with higher insulin resistance was little modified by cardiorespiratory fitness in adult life. However, cardiorespiratory fitness was found to be a stronger predictor of insulin resistance than was birth weight, suggesting that increasing cardiorespiratory fitness may have a much more important role in preventing insulin resistance than an individual’s low birth weight.
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Kehoe SH, Krishnaveni GV, Veena SR, Hill JC, Osmond C, Kiran, Coakley P, Karat SC, Fall CHD. Birth size and physical activity in a cohort of Indian children aged 6-10 years. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2012; 3:245-52. [PMID: 24098836 PMCID: PMC3790308 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174412000189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence of a reduction in children's physical activity in India in the last decade. Our objective was to assess whether size and body composition at birth are associated with physical activity in school-aged children. Children from a prospective observational cohort study born in Mysore, South India between 1997 and 1998 (n = 663) had neonatal anthropometric measurements made within 72 h of delivery [weight, mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), chest, abdomen and head circumference, crown-heel, crown-buttock and leg length, triceps and subscapular skinfolds]. At 6-10 years, children (n = 449) were asked to wear AM7164 or GT1M Actigraph accelerometers for 7 days. Body composition was measured within 6 months of activity monitoring. Arm muscle area at birth and time of activity monitoring was calculated from MUAC and skinfold measurements. Activity outcome measures were: mean accelerometer counts per minute (cpm); counts per day and proportion of time spent in moderate and vigorous activity. The mean (S.D.) number of days with ≥500 min of recorded accelerometer data was 7.0 (1.1). Linear regression models showed no significant associations between any of the neonatal anthropometric measures and the activity variables. Body fat percentage at 7.5 years was negatively associated with all activity variables (B = -4.69, CI: -7.31, -2.07 for mean cpm). In conclusion, this study showed no associations between body size and skinfold thickness at birth and objectively measured physical activity in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. H. Kehoe
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - G. V. Krishnaveni
- Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore, India
| | - S. R. Veena
- Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore, India
| | - J. C. Hill
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - C. Osmond
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Kiran
- Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore, India
| | - P. Coakley
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - S. C. Karat
- Epidemiology Research Unit, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore, India
| | - C. H. D. Fall
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Developmental programming in response to intrauterine growth restriction impairs myoblast function and skeletal muscle metabolism. J Pregnancy 2012; 2012:631038. [PMID: 22900186 PMCID: PMC3415084 DOI: 10.1155/2012/631038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal adaptations to placental insufficiency alter postnatal metabolic homeostasis in skeletal muscle by reducing glucose oxidation rates, impairing insulin action, and lowering the proportion of oxidative fibers. In animal models of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), skeletal muscle fibers have less myonuclei at birth. This means that myoblasts, the sole source for myonuclei accumulation in fibers, are compromised. Fetal hypoglycemia and hypoxemia are complications that result from placental insufficiency. Hypoxemia elevates circulating catecholamines, and chronic hypercatecholaminemia has been shown to reduce fetal muscle development and growth. We have found evidence for adaptations in adrenergic receptor expression profiles in myoblasts and skeletal muscle of IUGR sheep fetuses with placental insufficiency. The relationship of β-adrenergic receptors shifts in IUGR fetuses because Adrβ2 expression levels decline and Adrβ1 expression levels are unaffected in myofibers and increased in myoblasts. This adaptive response would suppress insulin signaling, myoblast incorporation, fiber hypertrophy, and glucose oxidation. Furthermore, this β-adrenergic receptor expression profile persists for at least the first month in IUGR lambs and lowers their fatty acid mobilization. Developmental programming of skeletal muscle adrenergic receptors partially explains metabolic and endocrine differences in IUGR offspring, and the impact on metabolism may result in differential nutrient utilization.
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Dodds R, Denison HJ, Ntani G, Cooper R, Cooper C, Sayer AA, Baird J. Birth weight and muscle strength: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nutr Health Aging 2012; 16:609-15. [PMID: 22836701 PMCID: PMC6485447 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-012-0053-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lower muscle strength is associated with a range of adverse health outcomes in later life. The variation in muscle strength between individuals is only partly accounted for by factors in adult life such as body size and physical activity. The aim of this review was to assess the strength of the association between intrauterine development (indicated by birth weight) and subsequent muscle strength. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that assessed the association between birth weight and subsequent muscle strength. RESULTS Nineteen studies met inclusion criteria with 17 studies showing that higher birth weight was associated with greater muscle strength. Grip strength was used as a single measure of muscle strength in 15 studies. Meta-analysis (13 studies, 20 481 participants, mean ages 9.3 to 67.5) showed a 0.86 kg (95% CI 0.58, 1.15) increase in muscle strength per additional kilogram of birth weight, after adjustment for age, gender and height at the time of strength measurement. CONCLUSION This review has found consistent evidence of a positive association between birth weight and muscle strength which is maintained across the lifecourse. Future work will be needed to elucidate the biological mechanisms underlying this association, but it suggests the potential benefit of an early intervention to help people maintain muscle strength in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dodds
- School of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK.
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Inskip H, Macdonald-Wallis C, Kapasi T, Robinson S, Godfrey K, Cooper C, Harvey N, Sayer AA. Associations between grip strength of parents and their 4-year-old children: findings from the Southampton Women's Survey. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2012; 26:27-33. [PMID: 22150705 PMCID: PMC3685131 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3016.2011.01231.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Relationships between birthweight and grip strength throughout the life course suggest that early influences on the growth and development of muscle are important for long-term muscle function. However, little is known about parental influences on children's grip strength. We have explored this in the Southampton Women's Survey, a prospective general population cohort study from before conception through childhood. Grip strength was measured using a Jamar handgrip dynamometer in the mother at 19 weeks' gestation and her partner, and in the child at age 4 years. Pre-pregnancy heights and weights were measured in the mothers; reported weights and measured heights were available for the fathers. Complete data on parents and children were available for 444 trios. In univariable analyses, both parents' grip strengths were significantly associated with that of the child (r = 0.17, P < 0.001 for mothers; r = 0.15, P = 0.002 for fathers). These correlations were similar to that between the grip strength of the mothers and the fathers (r = 0.17, P < 0.001). In the multivariable model, after adjustment for child's height and physical activity, the correlations with the child's grip strength were attenuated, being 0.10 (P = 0.02) and 0.11 (P = 0.01) for mothers' and fathers' grip strength respectively. The findings show that grip strength of each parent is associated with that of the child, indicating that heritable influences and the shared family environment influence the development of muscle strength. This contributes to our understanding of the role of heritable and environmental factors on early muscle growth and development, which are important for muscle function across the life course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel Inskip
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, UK.
| | - Corrie Macdonald-Wallis
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN. UK
| | - Tasneem Kapasi
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Siân Robinson
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Keith Godfrey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK. ,Southampton NIHR Nutrition, Diet & Lifestyle Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Cyrus Cooper
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Nicholas Harvey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Avan Aihie Sayer
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
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Abstract
AIM Research in animals has shown that altering foetal nutrition by under-nourishing or over-nourishing the mother or rendering her diabetic or foetal exposure to glucocorticoids and toxins can programme obesity in later life. The increased adiposity is mediated by permanent changes in appetite, food choices, physical activity and energy metabolism. In humans, increased adiposity has been shown in people who experienced foetal under-nutrition due to maternal famine or over-nutrition due to maternal diabetes. Lower birth weight (a proxy for foetal under-nutrition) is associated with a reduced adult lean mass and increased intra-abdominal fat. Higher birth-weight caused by maternal diabetes is associated with increased total fat mass and obesity in later life. There is growing evidence that maternal obesity, without diabetes, is also a risk factor for obesity in the child, due to foetal over-nutrition effects. Maternal smoking is associated with an increased risk of obesity in the children, although a causal link has not been proven. Other foetal exposures associated with increased adiposity in animals include glucocorticoids and endocrine disruptors. CONCLUSIONS Reversing the current obesity epidemic will require greater attention to, and better understanding of, these inter-generational (mother-offspring) factors that programme body composition during early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline H D Fall
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK.
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Thorn SR, Rozance PJ, Brown LD, Hay WW. The intrauterine growth restriction phenotype: fetal adaptations and potential implications for later life insulin resistance and diabetes. Semin Reprod Med 2011; 29:225-36. [PMID: 21710398 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1275516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) fetus develops unique metabolic adaptations in response to exposure to reduced nutrient supply. These adaptations provide survival value for the fetus by enhancing the capacity of the fetus to take up and use nutrients, thereby reducing the need for nutrient supply. Each organ and tissue in the fetus adapts differently, with the brain showing the greatest capacity for maintaining nutrient supply and growth. Such adaptations, if persistent, also have the potential in later life to promote nutrient uptake and storage, which directly lead to complications of obesity, insulin resistance, reduced insulin production, and type 2 diabetes.
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Ridgway CL, Sharp SJ, Derom C, Beunen G, Fagard R, Vlietinck R, Ekelund U, Loos RJF. The contribution of prenatal environment and genetic factors to the association between birth weight and adult grip strength. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17955. [PMID: 21423582 PMCID: PMC3058058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Low birth weight has been associated with reduced hand grip strength, which is a marker of future physical function and disease risk. The aim of this study was to apply a twin pair approach, using both ‘individual’ data and ‘within-pair’ differences, to investigate the influence of birth weight on hand grip strength and whether this association may be mediated through fat free mass (FFM). Participants from the East Flanders Prospective Twin Survey were included if born without congenital abnormalities, birth weight >500 g and ≥22 weeks of gestation. Follow up in adulthood (age: 18–34 year), included anthropometric measures and hand grip (n = 783 individuals, n = 326 same-sex twin pairs). Birth weight was positively associated with hand grip strength (β = 2.60 kg, 95% CI 1.52, 3.67, p<0.001) and FFM (β = 4.2, 95% CI 3.16, 5.24, p<0.001), adjusted for gestational age, sex and adult age. Using ‘within-pair’ analyses, the birth weight hand grip association was significant in DZ men only (β = 5.82, 95% CI 0.67, 10.97, p = 0.028), which was attenuated following adjustment for FFM. Within-pair birth weight FFM associations were most pronounced in DZ men (β = 11.20, 95% CI 7.18, 15.22, p<0.001). Our ‘individual’ analyses show that higher birth weight is associated with greater adult hand grip strength, which is mediated through greater adult FFM. The ‘within-pair’ analyses confirm this observation and furthermore show that, particularly in men, genetic factors may in part explain this association, as birth weight differences in DZ men result in greater differences in adult strength and FFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte L Ridgway
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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Birnie K, Cooper R, Martin RM, Kuh D, Sayer AA, Alvarado BE, Bayer A, Christensen K, Cho SI, Cooper C, Corley J, Craig L, Deary IJ, Demakakos P, Ebrahim S, Gallacher J, Gow AJ, Gunnell D, Haas S, Hemmingsson T, Inskip H, Jang SN, Noronha K, Osler M, Palloni A, Rasmussen F, Santos-Eggimann B, Spagnoli J, Starr J, Steptoe A, Syddall H, Tynelius P, Weir D, Whalley LJ, Zunzunegui MV, Ben-Shlomo Y, Hardy R. Childhood socioeconomic position and objectively measured physical capability levels in adulthood: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e15564. [PMID: 21297868 PMCID: PMC3027621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grip strength, walking speed, chair rising and standing balance time are objective measures of physical capability that characterise current health and predict survival in older populations. Socioeconomic position (SEP) in childhood may influence the peak level of physical capability achieved in early adulthood, thereby affecting levels in later adulthood. We have undertaken a systematic review with meta-analyses to test the hypothesis that adverse childhood SEP is associated with lower levels of objectively measured physical capability in adulthood. METHODS AND FINDINGS Relevant studies published by May 2010 were identified through literature searches using EMBASE and MEDLINE. Unpublished results were obtained from study investigators. Results were provided by all study investigators in a standard format and pooled using random-effects meta-analyses. 19 studies were included in the review. Total sample sizes in meta-analyses ranged from N = 17,215 for chair rise time to N = 1,061,855 for grip strength. Although heterogeneity was detected, there was consistent evidence in age adjusted models that lower childhood SEP was associated with modest reductions in physical capability levels in adulthood: comparing the lowest with the highest childhood SEP there was a reduction in grip strength of 0.13 standard deviations (95% CI: 0.06, 0.21), a reduction in mean walking speed of 0.07 m/s (0.05, 0.10), an increase in mean chair rise time of 6% (4%, 8%) and an odds ratio of an inability to balance for 5s of 1.26 (1.02, 1.55). Adjustment for the potential mediating factors, adult SEP and body size attenuated associations greatly. However, despite this attenuation, for walking speed and chair rise time, there was still evidence of moderate associations. CONCLUSIONS Policies targeting socioeconomic inequalities in childhood may have additional benefits in promoting the maintenance of independence in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Birnie
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Cooper
- Medical Research Council Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing and Division of Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M. Martin
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Kuh
- Medical Research Council Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing and Division of Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Avan Aihie Sayer
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Beatriz E. Alvarado
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Antony Bayer
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Centre for Health Sciences Research, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kaare Christensen
- The Danish Twin Registry and The Danish Aging Research Center, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sung-il Cho
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cyrus Cooper
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Research Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Janie Corley
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Leone Craig
- Institute of Applied Health Sciences and Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J. Deary
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Panayotes Demakakos
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shah Ebrahim
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Gallacher
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Centre for Health Sciences Research, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Alan J. Gow
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David Gunnell
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Haas
- School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Tomas Hemmingsson
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hazel Inskip
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Soong-nang Jang
- Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kenya Noronha
- Economics Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Merete Osler
- Research Center for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Alberto Palloni
- Center for Demography and Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Finn Rasmussen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brigitte Santos-Eggimann
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Spagnoli
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - John Starr
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Steptoe
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Holly Syddall
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Per Tynelius
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Weir
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Lawrence J. Whalley
- Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | | | - Yoav Ben-Shlomo
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Hardy
- Medical Research Council Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing and Division of Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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40
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Ridgway CL, Brage S, Sharp SJ, Corder K, Westgate KL, van Sluijs EM, Goodyer IM, Hallal PC, Anderssen SA, Sardinha LB, Andersen LB, Ekelund U. Does birth weight influence physical activity in youth? A combined analysis of four studies using objectively measured physical activity. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16125. [PMID: 21264270 PMCID: PMC3020226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models suggest growth restriction in utero leads to lower levels of motor activity. Furthermore, individuals with very low birth weight report lower levels of physical activity as adults. The aim of this study was to examine whether birth weight acts as a biological determinant of physical activity and sedentary time. This study uses combined analysis of three European cohorts and one from South America (n = 4,170). Birth weight was measured or parentally reported. Height and weight were measured and used to calculate Body Mass Index (BMI). PA was objectively measured using accelerometry for ≥3 days, ≥10 hours day. Data was standardized to allow comparisons between different monitors. Total physical activity was assessed as counts per minute (cpm), with time spent above moderate activity (MVPA) >2,000 counts and time spent sedentary (<100 counts). There was no evidence for an association between birth weight and total physical activity (p = 0.9) or MVPA (p = 0.7). Overall there was no evidence for an association between birth weight and sedentary time (p = 0.8). However in the Pelotas study we did find an association between higher birth weight (kg) and lower overall physical activity (cpm) (β = -31, 95%CI: -58, -46, p = 0.03) and higher birth weight and greater sedentary time (mins/day) (β = 16.4, 95%CI: 5.3, 27.5, p = 0.004), although this was attenuated and no longer significant with further adjustment for gestational age. Overall this combined analysis suggests that birth weight may not be an important biological determinant of habitual physical activity or sedentary behaviour in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte L. Ridgway
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Søren Brage
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Sharp
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsten Corder
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kate L. Westgate
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Esther M. van Sluijs
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M. Goodyer
- Developmental Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sigmund A. Anderssen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Luis B. Sardinha
- Faculty of Human Movement, Technical University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Lars Bo Andersen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Sports Science & Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ulf Ekelund
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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41
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Nahhas RW, Choh AC, Lee M, Chumlea WMC, Duren DL, Siervogel RM, Sherwood RJ, Towne B, Czerwinski SA. Bayesian longitudinal plateau model of adult grip strength. Am J Hum Biol 2011; 22:648-56. [PMID: 20737612 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.21057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This article illustrates the use of applied Bayesian statistical methods in modeling the trajectory of adult grip strength and in evaluating potential risk factors that may influence that trajectory. METHODS The data consist of from 1 to 11 repeated grip strength measurements from each of 498 men and 533 women age 18-96 years in the Fels Longitudinal Study (Roche AF. 1992. Growth, maturation and body composition: the Fels longitudinal study 1929-1991. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). In this analysis, the Bayesian framework was particularly useful for fitting a nonlinear mixed effects plateau model with two unknown change points and for the joint modeling of a time-varying covariate. Multiple imputation (MI) was used to handle missing values with posterior inferences appropriately adjusted to account for between-imputation variability. RESULTS On average, men and women attain peak grip strength at the same age (36 years), women begin to decline in grip strength sooner (age 50 years for women and 56 years for men), and men lose grip strength at a faster rate relative to their peak; there is an increasing secular trend in peak grip strength that is not attributable to concurrent secular trends in body size, and the grip strength trajectory varies with birth weight (men only), smoking (men only), alcohol consumption (men and women), and sports activity (women only). CONCLUSIONS Longitudinal data analysis requires handling not only serial correlation but often also time-varying covariates, missing data, and unknown change points. Bayesian methods, combined with MI, are useful in handling these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramzi W Nahhas
- Department of Community Health, Lifespan Health Research Center, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45420, USA.
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Brown LD, Green AS, Limesand SW, Rozance PJ. Maternal amino acid supplementation for intrauterine growth restriction. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 2011; 3:428-44. [PMID: 21196387 DOI: 10.2741/s162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Maternal dietary protein supplementation to improve fetal growth has been considered as an option to prevent or treat intrauterine growth restriction. However, in contrast to balanced dietary supplementation, adverse perinatal outcomes in pregnant women who received high amounts of dietary protein supplementation have been observed. The responsible mechanisms for these adverse outcomes are unknown. This review will discuss relevant human and animal data to provide the background necessary for the development of explanatory hypotheses and ultimately for the development therapeutic interventions during pregnancy to improve fetal growth. Relevant aspects of fetal amino acid metabolism during normal pregnancy and those pregnancies affected by IUGR will be discussed. In addition, data from animal experiments which have attempted to determine mechanisms to explain the adverse responses identified in the human trials will be presented. Finally, we will suggest new avenues for investigation into how amino acid supplementation might be used safely to treat and/or prevent IUGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver; Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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43
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Ridgway CL, Ong KK, Tammelin T, Sharp SJ, Ekelund U, Jarvelin MR. Birth size, infant weight gain, and motor development influence adult physical performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010; 41:1212-21. [PMID: 19461546 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31819794ab] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adult physical performance is recognized as a marker of both current physical capacity and future health. The aim of the study was to examine the independent influences of birth weight, infant weight gain, and infant motor development on a variety of adult physical performance outcomes, in terms of muscular strength, muscular endurance, and aerobic fitness. METHODS The study population consisted of 4304 individuals from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (NFBC 1966) with anthropometry measured at birth and at 1 yr. Infant motor development at age 1 yr was assessed by parentally reported age at first walking supported and standing unaided. At follow-up, aged 31 yr, muscle strength was measured using a handgrip dynamometer, muscle endurance was measured using a timed trunk extension test, and aerobic fitness was estimated from heart rate immediately after a standardized step test. RESULTS Birth weight was positively associated with muscle strength and aerobic fitness at age 31 yr, and these associations were independent of adult body size (P < 0.001). Greater infant weight gain between 0 and 1 yr was associated with lower muscle endurance (P = 0.004) and poorer aerobic fitness (P = 0.002); these associations seemed to be mediated by adult body size. Independent of infant birth weight and adult body size (height and weight), earlier infant motor development was associated with greater adult muscle strength (P < or = 0.001), muscle endurance (P < 0.001), and aerobic fitness (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Higher birth weight, lower infant weight gain, and earlier infant motor development independently predict higher levels of adult physical performance for muscle strength, muscle endurance, and aerobic fitness at age 31 yr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte L Ridgway
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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44
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Cohen DD, Voss C, Taylor MJD, Stasinopoulos DM, Delextrat A, Sandercock GRH. Handgrip strength in English schoolchildren. Acta Paediatr 2010; 99:1065-72. [PMID: 20178516 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.01723.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aims of this study were to evaluate patterns of handgrip (HG) strength in relation to gender and age in English schoolchildren and to compare this with existing data and produce reference data for this population. METHODS The HG of 7147 English schoolchildren (3773 boys and 3374 girls) aged 10-15.9 years was measured using a portable Takei handgrip dynamometer (Takei Scientific Instruments Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan). Centile data were produced using the Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale and Shape. Z-scores were generated using existing data for European children. Age and gender interactions were analysed using analysis of covariance. RESULTS In boys and girls, significant increases in HG were found between every age-group (p < 0.001). Boys were significantly stronger than girls at every age (p < 0.001) and the boys' age-related increase was significantly greater than the girls' (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION This study provides reference data for handgrip strength in English schoolchildren. Handgrip strength in English children is broadly similar to existing European data, after adjusting for mass and stature. These data could be used for clinical or athletic screening of low and high strength in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Cohen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK.
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45
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Dunn KM. Extending conceptual frameworks: life course epidemiology for the study of back pain. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2010; 11:23. [PMID: 20122264 PMCID: PMC2829505 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-11-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies have identified important causal and prognostic factors for back pain, but these frequently only identify a proportion of the variance, and new factors add little to these models. Recently, interest has increased in studying diseases over the life course, stimulated by the 1997 book by Kuh and Ben-Shlomo, a move accompanied by important conceptual and methodological developments. This has resulted in improvements in the understanding of other conditions like cardiovascular and respiratory disease. This paper aims to examine how conceptual frameworks from life course epidemiology could enhance back pain research. DISCUSSION Life course concepts can be divided into three categories. Concept 1: patterns over time, risk chains and accumulation. Simple 'chains of risk' have been studied - e.g. depression leading to back pain - but studies involving more risk factors in the chain are infrequent. Also, we have not examined how risk accumulation influences outcome, e.g. whether multiple episodes or duration of depression, throughout the life course, better predicts back pain. One-year back pain trajectories have been described, and show advantages for studying back pain, but there are few descriptions of longer-term patterns with associated transitions and turning points. Concept 2: influences and determinants of pathways. Analyses in back pain studies commonly adjust associations for potential confounders, but specific analysis of factors modifying risk, or related to the resilience or susceptibility to back pain, are rarely studied. Concept 3: timing of risk. Studies of critical or sensitive periods - crucial times of life which influence health later in life - are scarce in back pain research. Such analyses could help identify factors that influence the experience of pain throughout the life course. SUMMARY Back pain researchers could usefully develop hypotheses and models of how risks from different stages of life might interact and influence the onset, persistence and prognosis of back pain throughout the life course. Adoption of concepts and methods from life course epidemiology could facilitate this.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examines whether experience of famine during late childhood affect late life health. DESIGN Cross sectional cohort survey carried out from 2001-2004. SETTING Community in Hong Kong. PARTICIPANTS 1,906 men and 1,826 women aged >or= 65 years living in the community. MEASUREMENTS We examined the impact of experience of famine during late childhood, defined as caloric restriction for at least one year, on body mass index, body composition using DEXA, grip strength, walking speed and stride length, blood pressure, and ankle-brachial index,using logistic regression adjusting for various co-variates (age, lifestyle, socioeconomic factors). RESULTS Participants who had been exposed to a period of undernutrition in late childhood were shorter, had higher body mass index (BMI) and appendicular lean mass/height2, higher prevalence of recurrent falls, higher prevalence of myocardial infarct, arthritis and back pain. CONCLUSIONS Late childhood undernutrition has some adverse impact on late life health and functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Woo
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong.
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Andersen LG, Ängquist L, Gamborg M, Byberg L, Bengtsson C, Canoy D, Eriksson JG, Eriksson M, Järvelin MR, Lissner L, Nilsen TI, Osler M, Overvad K, Rasmussen F, Salonen MK, Schack-Nielsen L, Tammelin TH, Tuomainen TP, Sørensen TIA, Baker JL. Birth weight in relation to leisure time physical activity in adolescence and adulthood: meta-analysis of results from 13 nordic cohorts. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8192. [PMID: 20016780 PMCID: PMC2790716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prenatal life exposures, potentially manifested as altered birth size, may influence the later risk of major chronic diseases through direct biologic effects on disease processes, but also by modifying adult behaviors such as physical activity that may influence later disease risk. Methods/Principal Findings We investigated the association between birth weight and leisure time physical activity (LTPA) in 43,482 adolescents and adults from 13 Nordic cohorts. Random effects meta-analyses were performed on categorical estimates from cohort-, age-, sex- and birth weight specific analyses. Birth weight showed a reverse U-shaped association with later LTPA; within the range of normal weight the association was negligible but weights below and above this range were associated with a lower probability of undertaking LTPA. Compared with the reference category (3.26–3.75 kg), the birth weight categories of 1.26–1.75, 1.76–2.25, 2.26–2.75, and 4.76–5.25 kg, had odds ratios of 0.67 (95% confidence interval: 0.47, 0.94), 0.72 (0.59, 0.88), 0.89 (0.79, 0.99), and 0.65 (0.50, 0.86), respectively. The shape and strength of the birth weight-LTPA association was virtually independent of sex, age, gestational age, educational level, concurrent body mass index, and smoking. Conclusions/Significance The association between birth weight and undertaking LTPA is very weak within the normal birth weight range, but both low and high birth weights are associated with a lower probability of undertaking LTPA, which hence may be a mediator between prenatal influences and later disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Geisler Andersen
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Center for Health and Society, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Ängquist
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Center for Health and Society, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Gamborg
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Center for Health and Society, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Liisa Byberg
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Orthopaedics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Calle Bengtsson
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dexter Canoy
- The Northwest Institute for Bio-Health Informatics, School of Community-Based Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Johan G. Eriksson
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Vasa Central Hospital, Vasa, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marit Eriksson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lauren Lissner
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tom I. Nilsen
- Human Movement Science Programme, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Merete Osler
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
- Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Cardiology and Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aalborg Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Finn Rasmussen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Minna K. Salonen
- Diabetes Prevention Unit, Department of Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lene Schack-Nielsen
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Center for Health and Society, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Tuija H. Tammelin
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Oulu, Finland
- LIKES - Research Center for Sport and Health Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Thorkild I. A. Sørensen
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Center for Health and Society, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jennifer L. Baker
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Center for Health and Society, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Marrodán Serrano M, Romero Collazos J, Moreno Romero S, Mesa Santurino M, Cabañas Armesilla M, Pacheco del Cerro J, González-Montero de Espinosa M. Dinamometría en niños y jóvenes de entre 6 y 18 años: valores de referencia, asociación con tamaño y composición corporal. An Pediatr (Barc) 2009; 70:340-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2008.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Revised: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 11/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Ortega FB, Labayen I, Ruiz JR, Martin-Matillas M, Vicente-Rodríguez G, Redondo C, Wärnberg J, Gutiérrez A, Sjöström M, Castillo MJ, Moreno LA. Are muscular and cardiovascular fitness partially programmed at birth? Role of body composition. J Pediatr 2009; 154:61-66.e1. [PMID: 18783796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2008] [Revised: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether birth weight is associated with handgrip strength and cardiovascular fitness in adolescence and, if so, how these associations are influenced by current body composition. STUDY DESIGN A total of 1801 adolescents (983 females), age 13 to 18.5 years, from the AVENA (Alimentación y Valoración del Estado Nutricional de los Adolescentes Españoles [Food and Assessment of the Nutritional Status of Spanish Adolescents]) study were evaluated. Handgrip strength and cardiovascular fitness were assessed using the handgrip test and the 20-m shuttle run test, respectively. RESULTS Birth weight was positively associated with handgrip strength in females after controlling for current age, gestational age, breast-feeding, and adolescent body mass index (P = .002), body fat percentage (P < .001), or waist circumference (P = .005), but not after controlling for fat-free mass. The associations were similar yet weaker in males. Females with high birth weight (>90th percentile) had greater handgrip strength than those with normal (10th to 90th percentile) or low (<10th percentile) birth weight, after adjusting for body fat percentage (P = .004). All of the differences became nonsignificant after adjusting for adolescent fat-free mass. Birth weight was not associated with cardiovascular fitness. CONCLUSIONS High birth weight is associated with greater handgrip strength in adolescents, especially in females, yet these associations seem to be highly explained by fat-free mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco B Ortega
- Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Grenada, Spain.
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50
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Sayer AA, Dennison EM, Syddall HE, Jameson K, Martin HJ, Cooper C. The developmental origins of sarcopenia: using peripheral quantitative computed tomography to assess muscle size in older people. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2008; 63:835-40. [PMID: 18772471 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/63.8.835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of studies have shown strong graded positive relationships between size at birth, grip strength, and estimates of muscle mass in older people. However no studies to date have included direct measures of muscle size. METHODS We studied 313 men and 318 women born in Hertfordshire, United Kingdom between 1931 and 1939 who were still resident there and had historical records of growth in early life. Information on lifestyle was collected, and participants underwent peripheral quantitative computed tomography to directly measure forearm and calf muscle size. RESULTS Birth weight was positively related to forearm muscle area in the men (r = 0.24, p <.0001) and women (r = 0.17, p =.003). There were similar but weaker associations between birth weight and calf muscle area in the men (r = 0.13, p =.03) and in the women (r = 0.17, p =.004). These relationships were all attenuated by adjustment for adult size. CONCLUSION We present first evidence that directly measured muscle size in older men and women is associated with size at birth. This may reflect tracking of muscle size and is important because it suggests that benefit may be gained from taking a life course approach both to understanding the etiology of sarcopenia and to developing effective interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avan Aihie Sayer
- MRC Epidemiology Resource Centre, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom.
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