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Mainou E, Berendam SJ, Obregon-Perko V, Uffman EA, Phan CT, Shaw GM, Bar KJ, Kumar MR, Fray EJ, Siliciano JM, Siliciano RF, Silvestri G, Permar SR, Fouda GG, McCarthy J, Chahroudi A, Chan C, Conway JM. Comparative analysis of within-host dynamics of acute infection and viral rebound dynamics in postnatally SHIV-infected ART-treated infant rhesus macaques. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.21.595130. [PMID: 38826467 PMCID: PMC11142125 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.21.595130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Viral dynamics of acute HIV infection and HIV rebound following suspension of antiretroviral therapy may be qualitatively similar but must differ given, for one, development of adaptive immune responses. Understanding the differences of acute HIV infection and viral rebound dynamics in pediatric populations may provide insights into the mechanisms of viral control with potential implications for vaccine design and the development of effective targeted therapeutics for infants and children. Mathematical models have been a crucial tool to elucidate the complex processes driving viral infections within the host. Traditionally, acute HIV infection has been modeled with a standard model of viral dynamics initially developed to explore viral decay during treatment, while viral rebound has necessitated extensions of that standard model to incorporate explicit immune responses. Previous efforts to fit these models to viral load data have underscored differences between the two infection stages, such as increased viral clearance rate and increased death rate of infected cells during rebound. However, these findings have been predicated on viral load measurements from disparate adult individuals. In this study, we aim to bridge this gap, in infants, by comparing the dynamics of acute infection and viral rebound within the same individuals by leveraging an infant nonhuman primate Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus (SHIV) infection model. Ten infant Rhesus macaques (RMs) orally challenged with SHIV.C.CH505 375H dCT and given ART at 8 weeks post-infection. These infants were then monitored for up to 60 months post-infection with serial viral load and immune measurements. We use the HIV standard viral dynamics model fitted to viral load measurements in a nonlinear mixed effects framework. We find that the primary difference between acute infection and rebound is the increased death rate of infected cells during rebound. We use these findings to generate hypotheses on the effects of adaptive immune responses. We leverage these findings to formulate hypotheses to elucidate the observed results and provide arguments to support the notion that delayed viral rebound is characterized by a stronger CD8+ T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Mainou
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Emilie A Uffman
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Caroline T Phan
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - George M Shaw
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Katharine J Bar
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mithra R Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emily J Fray
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Janet M Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert F Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Janice McCarthy
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ann Chahroudi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Cliburn Chan
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jessica M Conway
- Department of Mathematics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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2
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Phan T, Conway JM, Pagane N, Kreig J, Sambaturu N, Iyaniwura S, Li JZ, Ribeiro RM, Ke R, Perelson AS. Understanding early HIV-1 rebound dynamics following antiretroviral therapy interruption: The importance of effector cell expansion. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.03.592318. [PMID: 38746144 PMCID: PMC11092759 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.03.592318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Most people living with HIV-1 experience rapid viral rebound once antiretroviral therapy is interrupted; however, a small fraction remain in viral remission for an extended duration. Understanding the factors that determine whether viral rebound is likely after treatment interruption can enable the development of optimal treatment regimens and therapeutic interventions to potentially achieve a functional cure for HIV-1. We built upon the theoretical framework proposed by Conway and Perelson to construct dynamic models of virus-immune interactions to study factors that influence viral rebound dynamics. We evaluated these models using viral load data from 24 individuals following antiretroviral therapy interruption. The best-performing model accurately captures the heterogeneity of viral dynamics and highlights the importance of the effector cell expansion rate. Our results show that post-treatment controllers and non-controllers can be distinguished based on the effector cell expansion rate in our models. Furthermore, these results demonstrate the potential of using dynamic models incorporating an effector cell response to understand early viral rebound dynamics post-antiretroviral therapy interruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin Phan
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Jessica M Conway
- Department of Mathematics, Pennsylvania State University, College Township, PA, USA
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, College Township, PA, USA
| | - Nicole Pagane
- Program in Computational and Systems Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard; Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jasmine Kreig
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Narmada Sambaturu
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Sarafa Iyaniwura
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Jonathan Z Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ruy M Ribeiro
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Ruian Ke
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Alan S Perelson
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
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3
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Joshi VR, Altfeld M. Harnessing natural killer cells to target HIV-1 persistence. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2024; 19:141-149. [PMID: 38457230 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this article is to review recent advances in the role of natural killer (NK) cells in approaches aimed at reducing the latent HIV-1 reservoir. RECENT FINDINGS Multiple approaches to eliminate cells harboring latent HIV-1 are being explored, but have been met with limited success so far. Recent studies have highlighted the role of NK cells and their potential in HIV-1 cure efforts. Anti-HIV-1 NK cell function can be optimized by enhancing NK cell activation, antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity, reversing inhibition of NK cells as well as by employing immunotherapeutic complexes to enable HIV-1 specificity of NK cells. While NK cells alone do not eliminate the HIV-1 reservoir, boosting NK cell function might complement other strategies involving T cell and B cell immunity towards an HIV-1 functional cure. SUMMARY Numerous studies focusing on targeting latently HIV-1-infected cells have emphasized a potential role of NK cells in these strategies. Our review highlights recent advances in harnessing NK cells in conjunction with latency reversal agents and other immunomodulatory therapeutics to target HIV-1 persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinita R Joshi
- Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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4
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Gutowska A, Sarkis S, Rahman MA, Goldfarbmuren KC, Moles R, Bissa M, Doster M, Washington-Parks R, McKinnon K, Silva de Castro I, Schifanella L, Franchini G, Pise-Masison CA. Complete Rescue of HTLV-1 p12KO Infectivity by Depletion of Monocytes Together with NK and CD8 + T Cells. Pathogens 2024; 13:292. [PMID: 38668247 PMCID: PMC11054408 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The transient depletion of monocytes alone prior to exposure of macaques to HTLV-1 enhances both HTLV-1WT (wild type) and HTLV-1p12KO (Orf-1 knockout) infectivity, but seroconversion to either virus is not sustained over time, suggesting a progressive decrease in virus expression. These results raise the hypotheses that either HTLV-1 persistence depends on a monocyte reservoir or monocyte depletion provides a transient immune evasion benefit. To test these hypotheses, we simultaneously depleted NK cells, CD8+ T cells, and monocytes (triple depletion) prior to exposure to HTLV-1WT or HTLV-1p12KO. Remarkably, triple depletion resulted in exacerbation of infection by both viruses and complete rescue of HTLV-1p12KO infectivity. Following triple depletion, we observed rapid and sustained seroconversion, high titers of antibodies against HTLV-1 p24Gag, and frequent detection of viral DNA in the blood and tissues of all animals when compared with depletion of only CD8+ and NK cells, or monocytes alone. The infection of macaques with HTLV-1WT or HTLV-1p12KO was associated with higher plasma levels of IL-10 after 21 weeks, while IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-18, and IL-1β were only elevated in animals infected with HTLV-1WT. The repeat depletion of monocytes, NK, and CD8+ cells seven months following the first exposure to HTLV-1 did not further exacerbate viral replication. These results underscore the contribution of monocytes in orchestrating anti-viral immunity. Indeed, the absence of orf-1 expression was fully compensated by the simultaneous depletion of CD8+ T cells, NK cells, and monocytes, underlining the primary role of orf-1 in hijacking host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gutowska
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.G.); (S.S.); (I.S.d.C.)
| | - Sarkis Sarkis
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.G.); (S.S.); (I.S.d.C.)
| | - Mohammad Arif Rahman
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.G.); (S.S.); (I.S.d.C.)
| | - Katherine C. Goldfarbmuren
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ramona Moles
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.G.); (S.S.); (I.S.d.C.)
| | - Massimiliano Bissa
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.G.); (S.S.); (I.S.d.C.)
| | - Melvin Doster
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.G.); (S.S.); (I.S.d.C.)
| | - Robyn Washington-Parks
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.G.); (S.S.); (I.S.d.C.)
| | - Katherine McKinnon
- Vaccine Branch Flow Cytometry Core, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Isabela Silva de Castro
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.G.); (S.S.); (I.S.d.C.)
| | - Luca Schifanella
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.G.); (S.S.); (I.S.d.C.)
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.G.); (S.S.); (I.S.d.C.)
| | - Cynthia A. Pise-Masison
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (A.G.); (S.S.); (I.S.d.C.)
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5
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Tuyishime M, Spreng RL, Hueber B, Nohara J, Goodman D, Chan C, Barfield R, Beck WE, Jha S, Asdell S, Wiehe K, He MM, Easterhoff D, Conley HE, Hoxie T, Gurley T, Jones C, Adhikary ND, Villinger F, Thomas R, Denny TN, Moody MA, Tomaras GD, Pollara J, Reeves RK, Ferrari G. Multivariate analysis of FcR-mediated NK cell functions identifies unique clustering among humans and rhesus macaques. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1260377. [PMID: 38124734 PMCID: PMC10732150 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1260377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhesus macaques (RMs) are a common pre-clinical model used to test HIV vaccine efficacy and passive immunization strategies. Yet, it remains unclear to what extent the Fc-Fc receptor (FcR) interactions impacting antiviral activities of antibodies in RMs recapitulate those in humans. Here, we evaluated the FcR-related functionality of natural killer cells (NKs) from peripheral blood of uninfected humans and RMs to identify intra- and inter-species variation. NKs were screened for FcγRIIIa (human) and FcγRIII (RM) genotypes (FcγRIII(a)), receptor signaling, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), the latter mediated by a cocktail of monoclonal IgG1 antibodies with human or RM Fc. FcγRIII(a) genetic polymorphisms alone did not explain differences in NK effector functionality in either species cohort. Using the same parameters, hierarchical clustering separated each species into two clusters. Importantly, in principal components analyses, ADCC magnitude, NK contribution to ADCC, FcγRIII(a) cell-surface expression, and frequency of phosphorylated CD3ζ NK cells all contributed similarly to the first principal component within each species, demonstrating the importance of measuring multiple facets of NK cell function. Although ADCC potency was similar between species, we detected significant differences in frequencies of NK cells and pCD3ζ+ cells, level of cell-surface FcγRIII(a) expression, and NK-mediated ADCC (P<0.001), indicating that a combination of Fc-FcR parameters contribute to overall inter-species functional differences. These data strongly support the importance of multi-parameter analyses of Fc-FcR NK-mediated functions when evaluating efficacy of passive and active immunizations in pre- and clinical trials and identifying correlates of protection. The results also suggest that pre-screening animals for multiple FcR-mediated NK function would ensure even distribution of animals among treatment groups in future preclinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Tuyishime
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Rachel L. Spreng
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, United States
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Brady Hueber
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Junsuke Nohara
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Derrick Goodman
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Cliburn Chan
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Richard Barfield
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Whitney E. Beck
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Shalini Jha
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Stephanie Asdell
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Max M. He
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, United States
| | | | | | - Taylor Hoxie
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, United States
| | | | | | - Nihar Deb Adhikary
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, United States
| | - Francois Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, United States
| | - Rasmi Thomas
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Thomas N. Denny
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Michael Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, United States
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Justin Pollara
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, United States
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC, United States
| | - R. Keith Reeves
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC, United States
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, United States
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Durham, NC, United States
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6
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Policicchio BB, Cardozo-Ojeda EF, Xu C, Ma D, He T, Raehtz KD, Sivanandham R, Kleinman AJ, Perelson AS, Apetrei C, Pandrea I, Ribeiro RM. CD8 + T cells control SIV infection using both cytolytic effects and non-cytolytic suppression of virus production. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6657. [PMID: 37863982 PMCID: PMC10589330 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42435-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether CD8+ T lymphocytes control human immunodeficiency virus infection by cytopathic or non-cytopathic mechanisms is not fully understood. Multiple studies highlighted non-cytopathic effects, but one hypothesis is that cytopathic effects of CD8+ T cells occur before viral production. Here, to examine the role of CD8+ T cells prior to virus production, we treated SIVmac251-infected macaques with an integrase inhibitor combined with a CD8-depleting antibody, or with either reagent alone. We analyzed the ensuing viral dynamics using a mathematical model that included infected cells pre- and post- viral DNA integration to compare different immune effector mechanisms. Macaques receiving the integrase inhibitor alone experienced greater viral load decays, reaching lower nadirs on treatment, than those treated also with the CD8-depleting antibody. Models including CD8+ cell-mediated reduction of viral production (non-cytolytic) were found to best explain the viral profiles across all macaques, in addition an effect in killing infected cells pre-integration (cytolytic) was supported in some of the best models. Our results suggest that CD8+ T cells have both a cytolytic effect on infected cells before viral integration, and a direct, non-cytolytic effect by suppressing viral production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B Policicchio
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | | | - Cuiling Xu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Dongzhu Ma
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Tianyu He
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Kevin D Raehtz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Ranjit Sivanandham
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Adam J Kleinman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Alan S Perelson
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Ruy M Ribeiro
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
- Laboratório de Biomatemática, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa (previous address), Lisboa, Portugal.
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7
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Jackson PEH, Holsey J, Turse L, Hammarskjold ML, Rekosh D. Rev-Rev Response Element Activity Selection Bias at the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission Bottleneck. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofad486. [PMID: 37854107 PMCID: PMC10580148 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is inefficient and results in selection of viral variants based on incompletely understood factors. Functional variation in the Rev-Rev response element (RRE) regulatory axis of HIV affect replication kinetics and relative expression of viral proteins. We explored whether differences in this axis among viral isolates affect transmission fitness. Methods HIV sequences were identified from nine female-to-male transmission pairs. Using a rapid flow cytometric assay, we analyzed Rev-RRE functional activity of primary isolates. Results Rev-RRE activity was significantly lower in recipient viruses compared with corresponding donor viruses. In most transmission events, recipient virus Rev-RRE activity clustered at the extreme low end of the range of donor virus activity. Conclusions These data indicate selection pressure on the Rev-RRE axis during female-to-male sexual transmission. Variation in Rev-RRE activity may permit viral adaptation to different fitness landscapes and could play an important role in HIV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E H Jackson
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Myles H. Thaler Center for AIDS and Human Retrovirus Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Jordan Holsey
- Myles H. Thaler Center for AIDS and Human Retrovirus Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Lauren Turse
- Myles H. Thaler Center for AIDS and Human Retrovirus Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Marie-Louise Hammarskjold
- Myles H. Thaler Center for AIDS and Human Retrovirus Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - David Rekosh
- Myles H. Thaler Center for AIDS and Human Retrovirus Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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8
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de Almeida SM, Beltrame MP, Tang B, Rotta I, Justus JLP, Schluga Y, da Rocha MT, Martins E, Liao A, Abramson I, Vaida F, Schrier R, Ellis RJ. CD3 +CD56 + and CD3 -CD56 + lymphocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid of persons with HIV-1 subtypes B and C. J Neuroimmunol 2023; 377:578067. [PMID: 36965365 PMCID: PMC10817703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
The transactivator of transcription (Tat) is a HIV regulatory protein which promotes viral replication and chemotaxis. HIV-1 shows extensive genetic diversity, HIV-1 subtype C being the most dominant subtype in the world. Our hypothesis is the frequency of CSF CD3+CD56+ and CD3-CD56dim is reduced in HIV-1C compared to HIV-1B due to the Tat C30S31 substitution in HIV-1C. 34 CSF and paired blood samples (PWH, n = 20; PWoH, n = 14) were studied. In PWH, the percentage of CD3+CD56+ was higher in CSF than in blood (p < 0.001), comparable in both compartments in PWoH (p = 0.20). The proportion of CD3-CD56dim in CSF in PWH was higher than PWoH (p = 0.008). There was no subtype differences. These results showed CNS compartmentalization of NKT cell response in PWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio M de Almeida
- Virology Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | | | - Bin Tang
- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (HNRC), UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Indianara Rotta
- Virology Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Julie Lilian P Justus
- Immunophenotyping Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Yara Schluga
- Immunophenotyping Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Maria Tadeu da Rocha
- Immunophenotyping Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Edna Martins
- Immunophenotyping Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Antony Liao
- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (HNRC), UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ian Abramson
- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (HNRC), UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Florin Vaida
- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (HNRC), UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rachel Schrier
- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (HNRC), UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ronald J Ellis
- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (HNRC), UCSD, San Diego, CA, USA
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9
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Blaauw MJ, Cristina dos Santos J, Vadaq N, Trypsteen W, van der Heijden W, Groenendijk A, Zhang Z, Li Y, de Mast Q, Netea MG, Joosten LA, Vandekerckhove L, van der Ven A, Matzaraki V. Targeted plasma proteomics identifies MICA and IL1R1 proteins associated with HIV-1 reservoir size. iScience 2023; 26:106486. [PMID: 37091231 PMCID: PMC10113782 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 reservoir shows high variability in size and activity among virally suppressed individuals. Differences in the size of the viral reservoir may relate to differences in plasma protein concentrations. We tested whether plasma protein expression levels are associated with levels of cell-associated (CA) HIV-1 DNA and RNA in 211 virally suppressed people living with HIV (PLHIV). Plasma concentrations of FOLR1, IL1R1, MICA, and FETUB showed a positive association with CA HIV-1 RNA and DNA. Moreover, SNPs in close proximity to IL1R1 and MICA genes were found to influence the levels of CA HIV-1 RNA and DNA. We found a difference in mRNA expression of the MICA gene in homozygotes carrying the rs9348866-A allele compared to the ones carrying the G allele (p < 0.005). Overall, our findings pinpoint plasma proteins that could serve as potential targets for therapeutic interventions to lower or even eradicate cells containing CA HIV-1 RNA and DNA in PLHIV.
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10
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Anderko RR, Mailliard RB. Mapping the interplay between NK cells and HIV: therapeutic implications. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 113:109-138. [PMID: 36822173 PMCID: PMC10043732 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiac007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although highly effective at durably suppressing plasma HIV-1 viremia, combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) treatment regimens do not eradicate the virus, which persists in long-lived CD4+ T cells. This latent viral reservoir serves as a source of plasma viral rebound following treatment interruption, thus requiring lifelong adherence to ART. Additionally, challenges remain related not only to access to therapy but also to a higher prevalence of comorbidities with an inflammatory etiology in treated HIV-1+ individuals, underscoring the need to explore therapeutic alternatives that achieve sustained virologic remission in the absence of ART. Natural killer (NK) cells are uniquely positioned to positively impact antiviral immunity, in part due to the pleiotropic nature of their effector functions, including the acquisition of memory-like features, and, therefore, hold great promise for transforming HIV-1 therapeutic modalities. In addition to defining the ability of NK cells to contribute to HIV-1 control, this review provides a basic immunologic understanding of the impact of HIV-1 infection and ART on the phenotypic and functional character of NK cells. We further delineate the qualities of "memory" NK cell populations, as well as the impact of HCMV on their induction and subsequent expansion in HIV-1 infection. We conclude by highlighting promising avenues for optimizing NK cell responses to improve HIV-1 control and effect a functional cure, including blockade of inhibitory NK receptors, TLR agonists to promote latency reversal and NK cell activation, CAR NK cells, BiKEs/TriKEs, and the role of HIV-1-specific bNAbs in NK cell-mediated ADCC activity against HIV-1-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee R. Anderko
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Robbie B. Mailliard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
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11
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Natural Killer Cells Regulate Acute SIV Replication, Dissemination, and Inflammation, but Do Not Impact Independent Transmission Events. J Virol 2023; 97:e0151922. [PMID: 36511699 PMCID: PMC9888193 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01519-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are potent effector cells of the innate immune system possessing both cytotoxic and immunoregulatory capabilities, which contribute to their crucial role in controlling human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections. However, despite significant evidence for NK cell modulation of HIV disease, their specific contribution to transmission and control of acute infection remains less clear. To elucidate the contribution of NK cells during acute SIV infection, we performed an acute necropsy study, where rhesus macaques (RM) were subjected to preinfection depletion of systemic NK cells using established methods of IL-15 neutralization, followed by subsequent challenge with barcoded SIVmac239X. Our study showed that depletion was highly effective, resulting in near total ablation of all NK cell subsets in blood, liver, oral, and rectal mucosae, and lymph nodes (LN) that persisted through the duration of the study. Meanwhile, frequencies and phenotypes of T cells remained virtually unchanged, indicating that our method of NK cell depletion had minimal off-target effects. Importantly, NK cell-depleted RM demonstrated an early and sustained 1 to 2 log increase in viremia over controls, but sequence analysis suggested no difference in the number of independent transmission events. Acute bulk, central memory (CM), and CCR5+ CD4+ T cell depletion was similar between experimental and control groups, while CD8+ T cell activation was higher in NK cell-depleted RM as measured by Ki67 and PD-1 expression. Using 27-plex Luminex analyses, we also found modestly increased inflammatory cytokines in NK cell-depleted RM compared to control animals. In the effort to determine the impact of NK cells on HIV/SIV transmission and acute viremia, future studies will be necessary to better harness these cells for future viral therapies. Collectively, these data suggest NK cells are important modulators of lentivirus dissemination and disease but may not have the capacity to independently eliminate individual transmission events. IMPORTANCE Natural killer (NK) cells as major effector cells of the innate immune system can contribute significantly to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) control. However, a specific role for NK cells in blocking lentivirus transmission remains incompletely clear. In this study, we depleted NK cells prior to challenge with a barcoded SIV. Importantly, our studied showed systemic NK cell depletion was associated with a significant increase in acute viremia, but did not impact the number of independent transmission events. Collectively, these data suggest NK cells are critical modulators of early lentivirus replication but may not regulate individual transmission events at mucosal portals of entry.
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12
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Abeynaike SA, Huynh TR, Mehmood A, Kim T, Frank K, Gao K, Zalfa C, Gandarilla A, Shultz L, Paust S. Human Hematopoietic Stem Cell Engrafted IL-15 Transgenic NSG Mice Support Robust NK Cell Responses and Sustained HIV-1 Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:365. [PMID: 36851579 PMCID: PMC9960100 DOI: 10.3390/v15020365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice reconstituted with human immune systems are instrumental in the investigation of HIV-1 pathogenesis and therapeutics. Natural killer (NK) cells have long been recognized as a key mediator of innate anti-HIV responses. However, established humanized mouse models do not support robust human NK cell development from engrafted human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). A major obstacle to human NK cell reconstitution is the lack of human interleukin-15 (IL-15) signaling, as murine IL-15 is a poor stimulator of the human IL-15 receptor. Here, we demonstrate that immunodeficient NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG) mice expressing a transgene encoding human IL-15 (NSG-Tg(IL-15)) have physiological levels of human IL-15 and support long-term engraftment of human NK cells when transplanted with human umbilical-cord-blood-derived HSCs. These Hu-NSG-Tg(IL-15) mice demonstrate robust and long-term reconstitution with human immune cells, but do not develop graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), allowing for long-term studies of human NK cells. Finally, we show that these HSC engrafted mice can sustain HIV-1 infection, resulting in human NK cell responses in HIV-infected mice. We conclude that Hu-NSG-Tg(IL-15) mice are a robust novel model to study NK cell responses to HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn A. Abeynaike
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tridu R. Huynh
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Division of Internal Medicine, Scripps Clinic/Scripps Green Hospital, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Abeera Mehmood
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Teha Kim
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kayla Frank
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kefei Gao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Cristina Zalfa
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Angel Gandarilla
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Silke Paust
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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13
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Nordstrom JL, Ferrari G, Margolis DM. Bispecific antibody-derived molecules to target persistent HIV infection. J Virus Erad 2022; 8:100083. [PMID: 36111287 PMCID: PMC9468498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2022.100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection persists despite durable and potent antiviral therapy. To target persistent HIV infection, one major strategy aims to induce HIV provirus expression using latency reversing agents and then eliminate these reservoir cells via immune responses enhanced by treatment with antibody-derived bispecific molecules. The specificities of anti-HIV-1 envelope monoclonal antibodies have been incorporated into bispecific molecules that can recognize infected cells and recruit cytotoxic immune cells to eliminate them. This concept seeks to engineer a unique and potent effector response based on the opportunity to target conserved viral epitopes on infected cells, and recruit broad populations of immune effector cells that are not limited by major histocompatibility complex restrictions or other programmed specificity constraints. This article provides a review of bispecific DART® molecules and other dual-specificity antibody-based molecules that function by co-engaging CD3-expressing T cells or CD16A-expressing NK cells with HIV-1-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David M. Margolis
- UNC HIV Cure Center and Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, and Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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14
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Elevated KIR expression and diminished intensity of CD7 on NK cell subsets among treatment naïve HIV infected Ethiopians. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14747. [PMID: 36042218 PMCID: PMC9427747 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18413-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are crucial effector cells of the innate immune response to viral infections, including HIV, through cytolytic activity and the production of cytokines with anti-HIV activities. We recruited 15 treatment naïve HIV patients and 16 healthy controls (HC) to assess NK cell subsets or expression of multiple markers by flow cytometry. The frequency of circulating CD56brightCD16-ve and CD56dimCD16bright NK cell subsets was significantly lower among the HIV group than in HC. The CD56-veCD16bright subset was higher in HIV patients, but this was only apparent when gated among total NK cells, not total lymphocytes. NK cells among HIV participants also showed a lower and higher frequency of CD8 and HLA-DR expressing cells, respectively. In addition, CD7 median fluorescent intensity and CD2+CD7- frequencies were significantly lower in HIV patients. A distinct population of KIR3DL1/S1 cells was unexpectedly higher among CD56brightCD16-ve NK cells in HIV patients. In conclusion, this study in the Ethiopian setting confirms many previous findings, but the down-regulation of CD7 and enhanced KIR3DL1/S1 within the CD56bright subsets have not been widely reported among HIV patients and merit further research.
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15
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Hove-Skovsgaard M, Møller DL, Hald A, Gerstoft J, Lundgren J, Ostrowski SR, Nielsen SD. Improved induced innate immune response after cART initiation in people with HIV. Front Immunol 2022; 13:974767. [PMID: 36059528 PMCID: PMC9428745 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.974767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Impairment of the innate immune function may contribute to the increased risk of bacterial and viral infections in people with HIV (PWH). In this study we aimed to investigate the induced innate immune responses in PWH prior to and after initiation of combinational antiretroviral therapy (cART). Furthermore, we aimed to investigate if the induced innate immune responses before initiation of cART were associated with CD4+ T-cell recovery one year after initiating cART. Material and method The induced innate immune response was assessed by the TruCulture® whole blood technique in 32 PWH before cART initiation and after 1, 6 and 12 months. To mimic bacterial and viral infections we used a panel of three stimuli (lipopolysaccharide (LPS), resiquimod (R848), and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C)) to stimulate the extracellular Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and the intracellular TLR7/8 and TLR3, respectively. The following cytokine responses were analyzed by Luminex 200: Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α, Interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p40, IL17A, Interferon (IFN)-α, and IFN-γ. Results At baseline PWH with nadir CD4+ T-cell count <350 cell/µL had lower levels of LPS-, R848-, and Poly I:C-induced IL-6 and IFN-γ, LPS- and R848-induced TNF-α and IL-12, LPS induced IL-1b, and R848-induced IL-10 than PWH with nadir CD4+ T-cell count >350 cells/µL. The majority (>50%) had induced cytokine concentrations below the reference intervals at baseline which was most pronounced for the LPS- and Poly I:C-induced responses. The induced responses in the whole population improved after 12 months of cART, and more PWH had induced cytokine concentrations within the reference intervals after 12 months. However, the majority of PWH still had LPS-induced INF-α, INF-γ and Poly I:C-induced TNF-α and IL-6 below the reference interval. The induced innate immune responses before cART initiation were not associated with the CD4+ T-cell recovery after 12 months of cART. Conclusion The innate immune response was impaired in PWH, with a more pronounced impairment in PWH with low nadir CD4+ T-cell count. Initiation of cART improved the innate immune response, but compared to the reference intervals, some impairment remained in PWH without viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malene Hove-Skovsgaard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dina Leth Møller
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annemette Hald
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Gerstoft
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Lundgren
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Centre of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sisse Rye Ostrowski
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne Dam Nielsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Susanne Dam Nielsen,
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16
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Macedo AB, Levinger C, Nguyen BN, Richard J, Gupta M, Cruz CRY, Finzi A, Chiappinelli KB, Crandall KA, Bosque A. The HIV Latency Reversal Agent HODHBt Enhances NK Cell Effector and Memory-Like Functions by Increasing Interleukin-15-Mediated STAT Activation. J Virol 2022; 96:e0037222. [PMID: 35867565 PMCID: PMC9364794 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00372-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Elimination of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reservoirs is a critical endpoint to eradicate HIV. One therapeutic intervention against latent HIV is "shock and kill." This strategy is based on the transcriptional activation of latent HIV with a latency-reversing agent (LRA) with the consequent killing of the reactivated cell by either the cytopathic effect of HIV or the immune system. We have previously found that the small molecule 3-hydroxy-1,2,3-benzotriazin-4(3H)-one (HODHBt) acts as an LRA by increasing signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) factor activation mediated by interleukin-15 (IL-15) in cells isolated from aviremic participants. The IL-15 superagonist N-803 is currently under clinical investigation to eliminate latent reservoirs. IL-15 and N-803 share similar mechanisms of action by promoting the activation of STATs and have shown some promise in preclinical models directed toward HIV eradication. In this work, we evaluated the ability of HODHBt to enhance IL-15 signaling in natural killer (NK) cells and the biological consequences associated with increased STAT activation in NK cell effector and memory-like functions. We showed that HODHBt increased IL-15-mediated STAT phosphorylation in NK cells, resulting in increases in the secretion of CXCL-10 and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and the expression of cytotoxic proteins, including granzyme B, granzyme A, perforin, granulysin, FASL, and TRAIL. This increased cytotoxic profile results in increased cytotoxicity against HIV-infected cells and different tumor cell lines. HODHBt also improved the generation of cytokine-induced memory-like NK cells. Overall, our data demonstrate that enhancing the magnitude of IL-15 signaling with HODHBt favors NK cell cytotoxicity and memory-like generation, and thus, targeting this pathway could be further explored for HIV cure interventions. IMPORTANCE Several clinical trials targeting the HIV latent reservoir with LRAs have been completed. In spite of a lack of clinical benefit, they have been crucial to elucidate hurdles that "shock and kill" strategies have to overcome to promote an effective reduction of the latent reservoir to lead to a cure. These hurdles include low reactivation potential mediated by LRAs, the negative influence of some LRAs on the activity of natural killer and effector CD8 T cells, an increased resistance to apoptosis of latently infected cells, and an exhausted immune system due to chronic inflammation. To that end, finding therapeutic strategies that can overcome some of these challenges could improve the outcome of shock and kill strategies aimed at HIV eradication. Here, we show that the LRA HODHBt also improves IL-15-mediated NK cell effector and memory-like functions. As such, pharmacological enhancement of IL-15-mediated STAT activation can open new therapeutic avenues toward an HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B. Macedo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Callie Levinger
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bryan N. Nguyen
- Computational Biology Institute, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mamta Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- GW Cancer Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Conrad Russell Y. Cruz
- GW Cancer Center, Washington, DC, USA
- Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Katherine B. Chiappinelli
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- GW Cancer Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Keith A. Crandall
- Computational Biology Institute, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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17
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Duan S, Liu S. Targeting NK Cells for HIV-1 Treatment and Reservoir Clearance. Front Immunol 2022; 13:842746. [PMID: 35371060 PMCID: PMC8967654 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.842746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) can inhibit the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and reduce viral loads in the peripheral blood to undetectable levels. However, the presence of latent HIV-1 reservoirs prevents complete HIV-1 eradication. Several drugs and strategies targeting T cells are now in clinical trials, but their effectiveness in reducing viral reservoirs has been mixed. Interestingly, innate immune natural killer (NK) cells, which are promising targets for cancer therapy, also play an important role in HIV-1 infection. NK cells are a unique innate cell population with features of adaptive immunity that can regulate adaptive and innate immune cell populations; therefore, they can be exploited for HIV-1 immunotherapy and reservoir eradication. In this review, we highlight immunotherapy strategies for HIV infection that utilize the beneficial properties of NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqin Duan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuwen Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Shi Y, Su J, Chen R, Wei W, Yuan Z, Chen X, Wang X, Liang H, Ye L, Jiang J. The Role of Innate Immunity in Natural Elite Controllers of HIV-1 Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:780922. [PMID: 35211115 PMCID: PMC8861487 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.780922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural process of human immunodeficiency virus type 1(HIV-1) infection is characterized by high viral load, immune cell exhaustion, and immunodeficiency, which eventually leads to the stage of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and opportunistic infections. Rapidly progressing HIV-1 individuals often die of AIDS several years after infection without treatment. The promotion of ART greatly prolongs the survival time of HIV-infected persons. However, some patients have incomplete immune function reconstruction after ART due to latent storage of HIV-infected cells. Therefore, how to achieve a functional cure has always been the focus and hot spot of global AIDS research. Fortunately, the emergence of ECs/LTNPs who can control virus replication naturally has ignited new hope for realizing a functional cure for AIDS. Recently, a special category of infected individuals has attracted attention that can delay the progression of the disease more rigorously than the natural progression of HIV-1 infection described above. These patients are characterized by years of HIV-1 infection, long-term asymptomatic status, and normal CD4+T cell count without ART, classified as HIV-infected long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs) and elite controllers (ECs). Numerous studies have shown that the host and virus jointly determine the progression of HIV-1 infection, in which the level of innate immunity activation plays an important role. As the first line of defense against pathogen invasion, innate immunity is also a bridge to induce adaptive immunity. Compared with natural progressors, innate immunity plays an antiviral role in HIV-1 infection by inducing or activating many innate immune-related factors in the natural ECs. Learning the regulation of ECs immunity, especially the innate immunity in different characteristics, and thus studying the mechanism of the control of disease progression naturally, will contribute to the realization of the functional cure of AIDS. Therefore, this review will explore the relationship between innate immunity and disease progression in ECs of HIV-1 infection from the aspects of innate immune cells, signaling pathways, cytokines, which is helpful to provide new targets and theoretical references for the functional cure, prevention and control of AIDS, and development of a vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Shi
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jinming Su
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Joint Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases in China (Guangxi)-ASEAN, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Rongfeng Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Joint Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases in China (Guangxi)-ASEAN, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Wudi Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Joint Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases in China (Guangxi)-ASEAN, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zongxiang Yuan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiu Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xinwei Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Hao Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Joint Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases in China (Guangxi)-ASEAN, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Li Ye
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Joint Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases in China (Guangxi)-ASEAN, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Junjun Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Joint Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases in China (Guangxi)-ASEAN, Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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19
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Flores-Gonzalez J, Ramon-Luing LA, Ocaña-Guzman R, Buendia-Roldan I, Islas-Muñoz B, Volkow-Fernández P, Chavez-Galan L. Valganciclovir as Add-On Therapy Modifies the Frequency of NK and NKT Cell Subpopulations in Disseminated Kaposi Sarcoma Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14020412. [PMID: 35053573 PMCID: PMC8773484 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Kaposi sarcoma is one disease that develops in people living with HIV with severe immunosuppression and impacts morbidity and associated mortality. This disease is currently treated with antiretroviral therapy and chemotherapy agents that can further contribute to immunosuppression in patients. Thus, searching for new therapies to induce a robust immune system activation in these patients is necessary. Herein, the frequency and phenotype of natural killer subpopulation cells in people living with HIV with Kaposi sarcoma were evaluated. After KS diagnosis, patients started antiretroviral therapy or valganciclovir plus antiretroviral therapy. Results showed that in patients treated with valganciclovir plus antiretroviral therapy, the expression of CD57 and CD27 proteins on natural killer cells was regulated, enhancing the immune response of the study cohort. This finding contributes to understanding more about the immune response of people living with HIV with Kaposi sarcoma. Abstract Human herpesvirus-8 infection (HHV-8) is the causative agent of Kaposi sarcoma (KS) and is highly prevalent among people living with HIV (KS/HIV). It has been reported that valganciclovir (VGC) reduces HHV-8 replication in KS/HIV patients. However, currently it is unclear if VGC modifies the frequency and induces changes in markers of immune regulation of immune cells necessary to eliminate HHV8-infected cells, such as Natural Killer (NK) and NK T cells (NKT). This study evaluated the effect of VGC used as antiviral HHV8 therapy in KS patients on the frequency of NK and NKT subpopulations based on the CD27 and CD57 expression, and the immunosenescence markers, PD-1 and KLRG1. Twenty KS/HIV patients were followed-up at baseline (W0), 4 (W4), and 12 weeks (W12) of the study protocol. Among them, 10 patients received a conventional treatment scheme (CT), solely antiretroviral therapy (ART), and 10 patients received a modified treatment regime (MT), including VGC plus ART. In both groups, bleomycin/vincristine was administrated according to the treating physician’s decision. The soluble levels of IL-15, PD-L1, PD-L2, and E-cadherin were quantified across the follow-up. Our results showed that the higher IL-15 levels and lower NK frequencies cells in KS/HIV patients reach almost normal values with both treatments regimes at W12. CD27+ NK and NKT cell frequencies increased since W4 on KS/HIV patients with MT. Furthermore, PD-1 expression decreased while KLRG1 increased on NK and NKT subpopulations at W12, and it is accompanied by increased PD-L1 plasma level since W4. Our study highlights the disruption of NK and NKT subpopulations in patients with KS/HIV and explores VGC treatment’s contribution to immune reconstitution during the first weeks of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Flores-Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (J.F.-G.); (L.A.R.-L.); (R.O.-G.)
| | - Lucero A. Ramon-Luing
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (J.F.-G.); (L.A.R.-L.); (R.O.-G.)
| | - Ranferi Ocaña-Guzman
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (J.F.-G.); (L.A.R.-L.); (R.O.-G.)
| | - Ivette Buendia-Roldan
- Laboratory of Translational Research in Aging and Pulmonary Fibrosis, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Beda Islas-Muñoz
- Infectious Diseases Department, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (B.I.-M.); (P.V.-F.)
| | - Patricia Volkow-Fernández
- Infectious Diseases Department, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (B.I.-M.); (P.V.-F.)
| | - Leslie Chavez-Galan
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (J.F.-G.); (L.A.R.-L.); (R.O.-G.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +52-555-487-1700 (ext. 5270)
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20
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Deciphering the Role of Mucosal Immune Responses and the Cervicovaginal Microbiome in Resistance to HIV Infection in HIV-Exposed Seronegative (HESN) Women. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0047021. [PMID: 34704803 PMCID: PMC8549735 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00470-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The female genital tract (FGT) is an important site of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Discerning the nature of HIV-specific local immune responses is crucial for identifying correlates of protection in HIV-exposed seronegative (HESN) individuals. The present study involved a comprehensive analysis of soluble immune mediators, secretory immunoglobulins (sIg), natural killer (NK) cells, CXCR5+ CD8+ T cells, T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, and T regulatory cells (Tregs) in the vaginal mucosa as well as the nature and composition of the cervicovaginal microbiome in HESN women. We found significantly elevated antiviral cytokines, soluble immunoglobulins, and increased frequencies of activated NK cells, CXCR5+ CD8+ T cells, and Tfh cells in HESN females compared to HIV-unexposed healthy (UH) women. Analysis of the genital microbiome of HESN women revealed a greater bacterial diversity and increased abundance of Gardnerella spp. in the mucosa. The findings suggest that the female genital tract of HESN females represents a microenvironment equipped with innate immune factors, antiviral mediators, and critical T cell subsets that protect against HIV infection. IMPORTANCE The vast majority of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections across the world occur via the sexual route. The genital tract mucosa is thus the primary site of HIV replication, and discerning the nature of HIV-specific immune responses in this compartment is crucial. The role of the innate immune system at the mucosal level in exposed seronegative individuals and other HIV controllers remains largely unexplored. This understanding can provide valuable insights to improve vaccine design. We investigated mucosal T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, CXCR5+ CD8+ T cells, natural killer (NK) cells subsets, soluble immune markers, and microbiome diversity in HIV-exposed seronegative (HESN) women. We found a significantly higher level of mucosal CXCR5+ CD8+ T cells, CD4+ Tfh cells, activated NK cell subsets, and antiviral immune cell mediators in HESN women. We also found a higher abundance of Gardnerella spp., microbiome dysbiosis, and decreased levels of inflammatory markers to be associated with reduced susceptibility to HIV infection. Our findings indicate that increased distribution of mucosal NK cells, CXCR5+ CD8+ T cells, Tfh cells, and soluble markers in HIV controllers with a highly diverse cervicovaginal microbiome could contribute effectively to protection against HIV infection. Overall, our findings imply that future vaccine design should emphasize inducing these highly functional cell types at the mucosal sites.
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21
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Perera Molligoda Arachchige AS. NK cell-based therapies for HIV infection: Investigating current advances and future possibilities. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 111:921-931. [PMID: 34668588 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5ru0821-412rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells are well-known for their antiviral functions. Also, their role in HIV has been well established, with rapid responses elicited during early HIV infection. Most immune cells including CD4+ T cells, monocytes, Mϕs, and dendritic cells are readily infected by HIV. Recent evidence from multiple studies has suggested that similar to these cells, in chronic conditions like HIV, NK cells also undergo functional exhaustion with impaired cytotoxicity, altered cytokine production, and impaired ADCC. NK-based immunotherapy aims to successfully restore, boost, and modify their activity as has been already demonstrated in the field of cancer immunotherapy. The utilization of NK cell-based strategies for the eradication of HIV from the body provides many advantages over classical ART. The literature search consisted of manually selecting the most relevant studies from databases including PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, and ClinicalTrial.gov. Some of the treatments currently under consideration are CAR-NK cell therapy, facilitating ADCC, TLR agonists, bNAbs, and BiKEs/TriKEs, blocking inhibitory NK receptors during infection, IL-15 and IL-15 superagonists (eg: ALT-803), and so on. This review aims to discuss the NK cell-based therapies currently under experimentation against HIV infection and finally highlight the challenges associated with NK cell-based immunotherapies.
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22
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Doria M, Zicari S, Cotugno N, Domínguez‐Rodríguez S, Ruggiero A, Pascucci GR, Tagarro A, Rojo Conejo P, Nastouli E, Gärtner K, Cameron M, Richardson B, Foster C, Williams SL, Rinaldi S, De Rossi A, Giaquinto C, Rossi P, Pahwa S, Palma P. Early ART initiation during infancy preserves natural killer cells in young European adolescents living with HIV (CARMA cohort). J Int AIDS Soc 2021; 24:e25717. [PMID: 34235857 PMCID: PMC8264399 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION HIV infection causes pathological changes in the natural killer (NK) cell compartment that can be only partially restored by antiretroviral therapy (ART). We investigated NK cells phenotype and function in children with perinatally acquired HIV (PHIV) and long-term viral control (five years) due to effective ART in a multicentre cross-sectional European study (CARMA, EPIICAL consortium). The impact of age at ART start and viral reservoir was also evaluated. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 40 PHIV who started ART within two years of life (early treated patients (ET), ≤6 months; late treated patients (LT), > 6 months), with at least five years of HIV-1 suppression (<40 HIV copies/mL), were collected between November 2017 and August 2018. NK phenotype and function were analysed by flow cytometry and transcriptional profile of PBMCs by RNA-Seq. HIV-1 DNA was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (Data were analysed by Spearman correlation plots and multivariable Poisson regression model (adjusted for baseline %CD4 and RNA HIV viral load and for age at ART start as an interaction term, either ET or LT) to explore the association between NK cell parameters and HIV reservoir modulated by age at ART start. RESULTS A significantly higher frequency of CD56neg NK cells was found in LT compared with ET. We further found in LT a positive correlation of CD56neg NK cells with HIV-1 DNA. LT also displayed increased expression of the NKG2D and NKp46 activating receptors and perforin compared with ET. Moreover, CD107a+ and IFN-γ+ frequencies in non-stimulated NK were associated with HIV-1 DNA in LT patients. Finally, RNA-Seq analysis showed in LT an up-regulation of genes related to NK-activating pathways and susceptibility to apoptosis compared with ET. CONCLUSIONS We show that early initiation of ART during infancy preserves the NK compartment and is associated with lower HIV-1 reservoir. Such condition persists over adolescence due to long-term viral control achieved through effective ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Doria
- Research Unit of Primary ImmunodeficiencyBambino Gesú Children's HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
| | - Sonia Zicari
- Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and VaccinologyAcademic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO)Bambino Gesù Children's HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
| | - Nicola Cotugno
- Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and VaccinologyAcademic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO)Bambino Gesù Children's HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
- Department of Systems MedicineChair of PediatricsUniversity of Rome "Tor Vergata"RomeItaly
| | - Sara Domínguez‐Rodríguez
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases UnitFundación para la Investigación Biomédica del HospitalMadridSpain
| | - Alessandra Ruggiero
- Research Unit of Primary ImmunodeficiencyBambino Gesú Children's HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
| | - Giuseppe R Pascucci
- Research Unit of Primary ImmunodeficiencyBambino Gesú Children's HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
- Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and VaccinologyAcademic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO)Bambino Gesù Children's HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
- Department of Systems MedicineChair of PediatricsUniversity of Rome "Tor Vergata"RomeItaly
| | - Alfredo Tagarro
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases UnitFundación para la Investigación Biomédica del HospitalMadridSpain
| | - Pablo Rojo Conejo
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases UnitFundación para la Investigación Biomédica del HospitalMadridSpain
| | - Eleni Nastouli
- Department of VirologyUniversity College Hospital LondonUK
| | | | - Mark Cameron
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
| | - Brian Richardson
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
| | | | - Sion L Williams
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | - Stefano Rinaldi
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | - Anita De Rossi
- Section of Oncology and ImmunologyDepartment of Surgery, Oncology, and GastroenterologyUnit of Viral Oncology and AIDS Reference CenterUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
- Istituto Oncologico Veneto (IOV)‐IRCCSRomeItaly
| | - Carlo Giaquinto
- Department of Mother and Child HealthUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Paolo Rossi
- Research Unit of Primary ImmunodeficiencyBambino Gesú Children's HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
- Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and VaccinologyAcademic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO)Bambino Gesù Children's HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
- Department of Systems MedicineChair of PediatricsUniversity of Rome "Tor Vergata"RomeItaly
| | - Savita Pahwa
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFLUSA
| | - Paolo Palma
- Research Unit of Primary ImmunodeficiencyBambino Gesú Children's HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
- Research Unit of Clinical Immunology and VaccinologyAcademic Department of Pediatrics (DPUO)Bambino Gesù Children's HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
- Department of Systems MedicineChair of PediatricsUniversity of Rome "Tor Vergata"RomeItaly
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23
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Huot N, Rascle P, Petitdemange C, Contreras V, Stürzel CM, Baquero E, Harper JL, Passaes C, Legendre R, Varet H, Madec Y, Sauermann U, Stahl-Hennig C, Nattermann J, Saez-Cirion A, Le Grand R, Keith Reeves R, Paiardini M, Kirchhoff F, Jacquelin B, Müller-Trutwin M. SIV-induced terminally differentiated adaptive NK cells in lymph nodes associated with enhanced MHC-E restricted activity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1282. [PMID: 33627642 PMCID: PMC7904927 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21402-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a critical understudied role during HIV infection in tissues. In a natural host of SIV, the African green monkey (AGM), NK cells mediate a strong control of SIVagm infection in secondary lymphoid tissues. We demonstrate that SIVagm infection induces the expansion of terminally differentiated NKG2alow NK cells in secondary lymphoid organs displaying an adaptive transcriptional profile and increased MHC-E-restricted cytotoxicity in response to SIV Env peptides while expressing little IFN-γ. Such NK cell differentiation was lacking in SIVmac-infected macaques. Adaptive NK cells displayed no increased NKG2C expression. This study reveals a previously unknown profile of NK cell adaptation to a viral infection, thus accelerating strategies toward NK-cell directed therapies and viral control in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Huot
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Rascle
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France ,grid.508487.60000 0004 7885 7602Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Petitdemange
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
| | - Vanessa Contreras
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-Inserm, U1184, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | | | - Eduard Baquero
- grid.462718.eInstitut Pasteur, Unité de Virologie Structurale, Paris, France
| | - Justin L. Harper
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Caroline Passaes
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
| | - Rachel Legendre
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Hugo Varet
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Biomics Platform, Center for Technological Resources and Research (C2RT), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Yoann Madec
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535 Institut Pasteur; Epidemiology of Emerging Diseases Unit, Paris, France
| | - Ulrike Sauermann
- grid.418215.b0000 0000 8502 7018Deutsches Primatenzentrum - Leibniz Institut für Primatenforschung, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christiane Stahl-Hennig
- grid.418215.b0000 0000 8502 7018Deutsches Primatenzentrum - Leibniz Institut für Primatenforschung, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jacob Nattermann
- grid.452463.2Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn, Germany
| | - Asier Saez-Cirion
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- CEA-Université Paris Sud-Inserm, U1184, IDMIT Department, IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - R. Keith Reeves
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XCenter for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | | | - Beatrice Jacquelin
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
| | - Michaela Müller-Trutwin
- grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV, Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
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24
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Ram DR, Kroll K, Reeves RK. Skipped Over: Tuning Natural Killer Cells Toward HIV Through Alternative Splicing. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2020; 36:969-972. [PMID: 32862656 PMCID: PMC7703092 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2020.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells provide some of the earliest immune responses to infection, but when viruses manipulate or perturb the immune environment to alter NK cell function, this places the host at a disadvantage. Indeed, others and we observe that in the context of HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection, although NK cells are not infected, they can become dysfunctional over time. Several studies have characterized protein and transcriptional profiles of NK cells during HIV/SIV infection, but none have examined whether the production of alternative transcripts and corresponding isoforms is modulated. This phenomenon occurs broadly in normal biology and in other disease states, and could provide a novel avenue of investigation that may yield better targets to restore or augment NK cell responses to HIV/SIV. Herein, we briefly summarize published and new data that may provide a perspective on how to target NK cell splice variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Ram
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kyle Kroll
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - R. Keith Reeves
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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25
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HIV-1 induced changes in HLA-C*03 : 04-presented peptide repertoires lead to reduced engagement of inhibitory natural killer cell receptors. AIDS 2020; 34:1713-1723. [PMID: 32501836 PMCID: PMC8635260 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Viral infections influence intracellular peptide repertoires available for presentation by HLA-I. Alterations in HLA-I/peptide complexes can modulate binding of killer immunoglobuline-like receptors (KIRs) and thereby the function of natural killer (NK) cells. Although multiple studies have provided evidence that HLA-I/KIR interactions play a role in HIV-1 disease progression, the consequence of HIV-1 infection for HLA-I/KIR interactions remain largely unknown. DESIGN We determined changes in HLA-I presented peptides resulting from HIV-1-infection of primary human CD4 T cells and assessed the impact of changes in peptide repertoires on HLA-I/KIR interactions. METHODS Liquid chromatography-coupled tandem mass spectrometry to identify HLA-I presented peptides, cell-based in-vitro assays to evaluate functional consequences of alterations in immunopeptidome and atomistic molecular dynamics simulations to confirm experimental data. RESULTS A total of 583 peptides exclusively presented on HIV-1-infected cells were identified, of which only 0.2% represented HIV-1 derived peptides. Focusing on HLA-C*03 : 04/KIR2DL3 interactions, we observed that HLA-C*03 : 04-presented peptides derived from noninfected CD4 T cells mediated stronger binding of inhibitory KIR2DL3 than peptides derived from HIV-1-infected cells. Furthermore, the most abundant peptide presented by HLA-C*03 : 04 on noninfected CD4 T cells (VIYPARISL) mediated the strongest KIR2DL3-binding, while the most abundant peptide presented on HIV-1-infected cells (YAIQATETL) did not mediate KIR2DL3-binding. Molecular dynamics simulations of HLA-C*03 : 04/KIR2DL3 interactions in the context of these two peptides revealed that VIYPARISL significantly enhanced the HLA-C*03 : 04/peptide contact area to KIR2DL3 compared with YAIQATETL. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that HIV-1 infection-induced changes in HLA-I-presented peptides can reduce engagement of inhibitory KIRs, providing a mechanism for enhanced activation of NK cells by virus-infected cells.
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26
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Aid M, Ram DR, Bosinger SE, Barouch DH, Reeves RK. Delineation and Modulation of the Natural Killer Cell Transcriptome in Rhesus Macaques During ZIKV and SIV Infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:194. [PMID: 32411625 PMCID: PMC7201019 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are crucial regulators of antiviral and anti-tumor immune responses. Although in humans some NK cell transcriptional programs are relatively well-established, NK cell transcriptional networks in non-human primates (NHP) remain poorly delineated. Here we performed RNA-Seq experiments using purified NK cells from experimentally naïve rhesus macaques, providing the first transcriptional characterization of pure NK cells in any NHP species. This novel NK cell transcriptomic signature (NK RMtsig) overlaps with published human NK signatures, allowing us to identify new key signaling and transcription factor networks underlying NK cell function. Finally, we show that applying NK RMtsig to an unrelated rhesus macaque cohort infected with SIVmac251 or ZIKV can sensitively detect NK cell repertoire perturbations, thus confirming applicability of this approach. In sum, we propose this NHP NK cell signature will serve as a useful resource for future studies involving infection, disease or treatment modalities in NHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malika Aid
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Daniel R Ram
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Steven E Bosinger
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - R Keith Reeves
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
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27
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Potential of the NKG2D/NKG2DL Axis in NK Cell-Mediated Clearance of the HIV-1 Reservoir. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184490. [PMID: 31514330 PMCID: PMC6770208 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral persistency in latently infected CD4+ T cells despite antiretroviral therapy (ART) represents a major drawback in the fight against HIV-1. Efforts to purge latent HIV-1 have been attempted using latency reversing agents (LRAs) that activate expression of the quiescent virus. However, initial trials have shown that immune responses of ART-treated patients are ineffective at clearing LRA-reactivated HIV-1 reservoirs, suggesting that an adjuvant immunotherapy is needed. Here we overview multiple lines of evidence indicating that natural killer (NK) cells have the potential to induce anti-HIV-1 responses relevant for virus eradication. In particular, we focus on the role of the NKG2D activating receptor that crucially enables NK cell-mediated killing of HIV-1-infected cells. We describe recent data indicating that LRAs can synergize with HIV-1 at upregulating ligands for NKG2D (NKG2DLs), hence sensitizing T cells that exit from viral latency for recognition and lysis by NK cells; in addition, we report in vivo and ex vivo data showing the potential benefits and drawbacks that LRAs may have on NKG2D expression and, more in general, on the cytotoxicity of NK cells. Finally, we discuss how the NKG2D/NKG2DLs axis can be exploited for the development of effective HIV-1 eradication strategies combining LRA-induced virus reactivation with recently optimized NK cell-based immunotherapies.
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28
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Naicker T, Phoswa WN, Onyangunga OA, Gathiram P, Moodley J. Angiogenesis, Lymphangiogenesis, and the Immune Response in South African Preeclamptic Women Receiving HAART. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153728. [PMID: 31366152 PMCID: PMC6696390 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose of the review: This review highlights the role of angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and immune markers in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated preeclamptic (PE) pregnancies in an attempt to unravel the mysteries underlying the duality of both conditions in South Africa. Recent findings: Studies demonstrate that HIV-infected pregnant women develop PE at a lower frequency than uninfected women. In contrast, women receiving highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) are more inclined to develop PE, stemming from an imbalance of angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and immune response. Summary: In view of the paradoxical effect of HIV infection on PE development, this study examines angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and immune markers in the highly HIV endemic area of KwaZulu-Natal. We believe that HAART re-constitutes the immune response in PE, thereby predisposing women to PE development. This susceptibility is due to an imbalance in the angiogenic/lymphangiogenic/immune response as compared to normotensive pregnant women. Further large-scale studies are urgently required to investigate the effect of the duration of HAART on PE development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thajasvarie Naicker
- Optics and Imaging Centre, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4013, South Africa.
| | - Wendy N Phoswa
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4013, South Africa.
| | - Onankoy A Onyangunga
- Optics and Imaging Centre, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4013, South Africa
| | - Premjith Gathiram
- Women's Health and HIV Research Group. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Clinical Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4013, South Africa
| | - Jagidesa Moodley
- Women's Health and HIV Research Group. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Clinical Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4013, South Africa
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Díez-Fuertes F, De La Torre-Tarazona HE, Calonge E, Pernas M, Bermejo M, García-Pérez J, Álvarez A, Capa L, García-García F, Saumoy M, Riera M, Boland-Auge A, López-Galíndez C, Lathrop M, Dopazo J, Sakuntabhai A, Alcamí J. Association of a single nucleotide polymorphism in the ubxn6 gene with long-term non-progression phenotype in HIV-positive individuals. Clin Microbiol Infect 2019; 26:107-114. [PMID: 31158522 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The long-term non-progressors (LTNPs) are a heterogeneous group of HIV-positive individuals characterized by their ability to maintain high CD4+ T-cell counts and partially control viral replication for years in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. The present study aims to identify host single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with non-progression in a cohort of 352 individuals. METHODS DNA microarrays and exome sequencing were used for genotyping about 240 000 functional polymorphisms throughout more than 20 000 human genes. The allele frequencies of 85 LTNPs were compared with a control population. SNPs associated with LTNPs were confirmed in a population of typical progressors. Functional analyses in the affected gene were carried out through knockdown experiments in HeLa-P4, macrophages and dendritic cells. RESULTS Several SNPs located within the major histocompatibility complex region previously related to LTNPs were confirmed in this new cohort. The SNP rs1127888 (UBXN6) surpassed the statistical significance of these markers after Bonferroni correction (q = 2.11 × 10-6). An uncommon allelic frequency of rs1127888 among LTNPs was confirmed by comparison with typical progressors and other publicly available populations. UBXN6 knockdown experiments caused an increase in CAV1 expression and its accumulation in the plasma membrane. In vitro infection of different cell types with HIV-1 replication-competent recombinant viruses caused a reduction of the viral replication capacity compared with their corresponding wild-type cells expressing UBXN6. CONCLUSIONS A higher prevalence of Ala31Thr in UBXN6 was found among LTNPs within its N-terminal region, which is crucial for UBXN6/VCP protein complex formation. UBXN6 knockdown affected CAV1 turnover and HIV-1 replication capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Díez-Fuertes
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Clínic- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - H E De La Torre-Tarazona
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Calonge
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Pernas
- Molecular Virology Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Bermejo
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - J García-Pérez
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Álvarez
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Capa
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - F García-García
- Unidad de Bioinformática y Bioestadística, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia, Spain
| | - M Saumoy
- HIV Unit, Infectious Disease Service, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Riera
- Servicio de Medicina Interna-Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario "Son Espases", Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - A Boland-Auge
- Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - C López-Galíndez
- Molecular Virology Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Lathrop
- Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - J Dopazo
- Clinical Bioinformatics Area, Fundación Progreso y Salud (FPS), CDCA, Hospital Virgen del Rocio, Sevilla, Spain; Bioinformatics in Rare Diseases (BiER), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), FPS, Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain; INB-ELIXIR-es, FPS, Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - A Sakuntabhai
- Functional Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - J Alcamí
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Hospital Clínic- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
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30
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Colomb F, Giron LB, Trbojevic-Akmacic I, Lauc G, Abdel-Mohsen M. Breaking the Glyco-Code of HIV Persistence and Immunopathogenesis. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2019; 16:151-168. [PMID: 30707400 PMCID: PMC6441623 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-019-00433-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Glycoimmunology is an emerging field focused on understanding how immune responses are mediated by glycans (carbohydrates) and their interaction with glycan-binding proteins called lectins. How glycans influence immunological functions is increasingly well understood. In a parallel way, in the HIV field, it is increasingly understood how the host immune system controls HIV persistence and immunopathogenesis. However, what has mostly been overlooked, despite its potential for therapeutic applications, is the role that the host glycosylation machinery plays in modulating the persistence and immunopathogenesis of HIV. Here, we will survey four areas in which the links between glycan-lectin interactions and immunology and between immunology and HIV are well described. For each area, we will describe these links and then delineate the opportunities for the HIV field in investigating potential interactions between glycoimmunology and HIV persistence/immunopathogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies show that the human glycome (the repertoire of human glycan structures) plays critical roles in driving or modulating several cellular processes and immunological functions that are central to maintaining HIV infection. Understanding the links between glycoimmunology and HIV infection may create a new paradigm for discovering novel glycan-based therapies that can lead to eradication, functional cure, or improved tolerance of lifelong infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Colomb
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Leila B Giron
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Gordan Lauc
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Borongajska cesta 83h, Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovacica 1, Zagreb, Croatia
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31
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Nabatanzi R, Bayigga L, Cose S, Rowland-Jones S, Canderan G, Joloba M, Nakanjako D. Aberrant natural killer (NK) cell activation and dysfunction among ART-treated HIV-infected adults in an African cohort. Clin Immunol 2019; 201:55-60. [PMID: 30817998 PMCID: PMC6448528 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined NK cell phenotypes and functions after seven years of ART and undetectable viral loads (<50 copies/ml) with restored CD4 T-cell counts (≥500 cells/μl) and age-matched healthy-HIV-uninfected individuals from the same community. METHODS Using flow-cytometry, NK cell phenotypes were described using lineage markers (CD56+/-CD16+/-). NK cell activation was determined by expression of activation receptors (NKG2D, NKp44 and NKp46) and activation marker CD69. NK cell function was determined by CD107a, granzyme-b, and IFN-gamma production. RESULTS CD56 dim and CD56 bright NK cells were lower among ART-treated-HIV-infected than among age-matched-HIV-negative individuals; p = 0.0016 and p = 0.05 respectively. Production of CD107a (P = 0.004) and Granzyme-B (P = 0.005) was lower among ART-treated-HIV-infected relative to the healthy-HIV-uninfected individuals. NKG2D and NKp46 were lower, while CD69 expression was higher among ART-treated-HIV-infected than healthy-HIV-uninfected individuals. CONCLUSION NK cell activation and dysfunction persisted despite seven years of suppressive ART with "normalization" of peripheral CD4 counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Nabatanzi
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lois Bayigga
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Stephen Cose
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda; Department of Clinical Research, LSHTM, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Rowland-Jones
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Moses Joloba
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Damalie Nakanjako
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda; Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.
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32
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Fulop T, Franceschi C, Hirokawa K, Pawelec G. Nonhuman Primate Models of Immunosenescence. HANDBOOK OF IMMUNOSENESCENCE 2019. [PMCID: PMC7121907 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-99375-1_80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Due to a dramatic increase in life expectancy, the number of individuals aged 65 and older is rapidly rising. This presents considerable challenges to our health care system since advanced age is associated with a higher susceptibility to infectious diseases due to immune senescence. However, the mechanisms underlying age-associated dysregulated immunity are still incompletely understood. Advancement in our comprehension of mechanisms of immune senescence and development of interventions to improve health span requires animal models that closely recapitulate the physiological changes that occur with aging in humans. Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are invaluable preclinical models to study the underlying causal mechanism of pathogenesis due to their outbred nature, high degree of genetic and physiological similarity to humans, and their susceptibility to human pathogens. In this chapter, we review NHP models available for biogerontology research, advantages and challenges they present, and advances they facilitated. Furthermore, we emphasize the utility of NHPs in characterizing immune senescence, evaluating interventions to reverse aging of the immune system, and development of vaccine strategies that are better suited for this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Fulop
- Division of Geriatrics Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke Department of Medicine, Sherbrooke, QC Canada
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Graham Pawelec
- Center for Medical Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Preliminary Studies on Immune Response and Viral Pathogenesis of Zika Virus in Rhesus Macaques. Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7030070. [PMID: 30127237 PMCID: PMC6160936 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7030070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika Virus (ZIKV) is primarily transmitted through mosquito bites. It can also be transmitted during sexual intercourse and in utero from mother to fetus. To gain preliminary insight into ZIKV pathology and immune responses on route of transmission, rhesus macaques (RMs) were inoculated with ZIKV (PRVABC59) via intravaginal (IVAG) (n = 3) or subcutaneous (sub Q) (n = 2) routes. Systemic ZIKV infection was observed in all RMs, regardless of the route of inoculation. After 9 days postinfection (dpi), ZIKV was not detected in the plasma of IVAG- and sub-Q-inoculated RMs. Importantly, RMs harbored ZIKV up to 60 dpi in various anatomical locations. Of note, ZIKV was also present in several regions of the brain, including the caudate nucleus, parietal lobe, cortex, and amygdala. These observations appear to indicate that ZIKV infection may be systemic and persistent regardless of route of inoculation. In addition, we observed changes in key immune cell populations in response to ZIKV infection. Importantly, IVAG ZIKV infection of RMs is associated with increased depletion of CD11C hi myeloid cells, reduced PD-1 expression in NK cells, and elevated frequencies of Ki67+ CD8+ central memory cells as compared to sub Q ZIKV-infected RMs. These results need to interpreted with caution due to the small number of animals utilized in this study. Future studies involving large groups of animals that have been inoculated through both routes of transmission are needed to confirm our findings.
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34
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Ellegård R, Khalid M, Svanberg C, Holgersson H, Thorén Y, Wittgren MK, Hinkula J, Nyström S, Shankar EM, Larsson M. Complement-Opsonized HIV-1 Alters Cross Talk Between Dendritic Cells and Natural Killer (NK) Cells to Inhibit NK Killing and to Upregulate PD-1, CXCR3, and CCR4 on T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:899. [PMID: 29760706 PMCID: PMC5936988 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer (NK) cells, and T cells play critical roles during primary HIV-1 exposure at the mucosa, where the viral particles become coated with complement fragments and mucosa-associated antibodies. The microenvironment together with subsequent interactions between these cells and HIV at the mucosal site of infection will determine the quality of immune response that ensues adaptive activation. Here, we investigated how complement and immunoglobulin opsonization influences the responses triggered in DCs and NK cells, how this affects their cross talk, and what T cell phenotypes are induced to expand following the interaction. Our results showed that DCs exposed to complement-opsonized HIV (C-HIV) were less mature and had a poor ability to trigger IFN-driven NK cell activation. In addition, when the DCs were exposed to C-HIV, the cytotolytic potentials of both NK cells and CD8 T cells were markedly suppressed. The expression of PD-1 as well as co-expression of negative immune checkpoints TIM-3 and LAG-3 on PD-1 positive cells were increased on both CD4 as well as CD8 T cells upon interaction with and priming by NK–DC cross talk cultures exposed to C-HIV. In addition, stimulation by NK–DC cross talk cultures exposed to C-HIV led to the upregulation of CD38, CXCR3, and CCR4 on T cells. Together, the immune modulation induced during the presence of complement on viral surfaces is likely to favor HIV establishment, dissemination, and viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rada Ellegård
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Asir-Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Cecilia Svanberg
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Hanna Holgersson
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ylva Thorén
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mirja Karolina Wittgren
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jorma Hinkula
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sofia Nyström
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Esaki M Shankar
- Division of Infection Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India.,Center of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Microbiology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Corroon J, Pillsbury C, Wojcikiewicz A, Huyck A, Saenz C, Takakura M, Milkis S, Bradley R. Pilot clinical trial of constitutional hydrotherapy in HIV+ adults. ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aimed.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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36
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Nabatanzi R, Cose S, Joloba M, Jones SR, Nakanjako D. Effects of HIV infection and ART on phenotype and function of circulating monocytes, natural killer, and innate lymphoid cells. AIDS Res Ther 2018; 15:7. [PMID: 29544508 PMCID: PMC5853105 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-018-0194-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection causes upregulation of markers of inflammation, immune activation and apoptosis of host adaptive, and innate immune cells particularly monocytes, natural killer (NK) and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) restores CD4 T-cell counts, the persistent aberrant activation of monocytes, NK and ILCs observed likely contributes to the incomplete recovery of T-cell effector functions. A better understanding of the effects of HIV infection and ART on the phenotype and function of circulating monocytes, NK, and ILCs is required to guide development of novel therapeutic interventions to optimize immune recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Nabatanzi
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Stephen Cose
- MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS and London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Moses Joloba
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Damalie Nakanjako
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
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Bronnimann MP, Skinner PJ, Connick E. The B-Cell Follicle in HIV Infection: Barrier to a Cure. Front Immunol 2018; 9:20. [PMID: 29422894 PMCID: PMC5788973 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of HIV replication occurs in secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) such as the spleen, lymph nodes, and gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Within SLOs, HIV RNA+ cells are concentrated in the B-cell follicle during chronic untreated infection, and emerging data suggest that they are a major source of replication in treated disease as well. The concentration of HIV RNA+ cells in the B-cell follicle is mediated by several factors. Follicular CD4+ T-cell subsets including T-follicular helper cells and T-follicular regulatory cells are significantly more permissive to HIV than extrafollicular subsets. The B cell follicle also contains a large reservoir of extracellular HIV virions, which accumulate on the surface of follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) in germinal centers. FDC-bound HIV virions remain infectious even in the presence of neutralizing antibodies and can persist for months or even years. Moreover, the B-cell follicle is semi-immune privileged from CTL control. Frequencies of HIV- and SIV-specific CTL are lower in B-cell follicles compared to extrafollicular regions as the majority of CTL do not express the follicular homing receptor CXCR5. Additionally, CTL in the B-cell follicle may be less functional than extrafollicular CTL as many exhibit the recently described CD8 T follicular regulatory phenotype. Other factors may also contribute to the follicular concentration of HIV RNA+ cells. Notably, the contribution of NK cells and γδ T cells to control and/or persistence of HIV RNA+ cells in secondary lymphoid tissue remains poorly characterized. As HIV research moves increasingly toward the development of cure strategies, a greater understanding of the barriers to control of HIV infection in B-cell follicles is critical. Although no strategy has as of yet proven to be effective, a range of novel therapies to address these barriers are currently being investigated including genetically engineered CTL or chimeric antigen receptor T cells that express the follicular homing molecule CXCR5, treatment with IL-15 or an IL-15 superagonist, use of bispecific antibodies to harness the killing power of the follicular CD8+ T cell population, and disruption of the follicle through treatments such as rituximab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Bronnimann
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Pamela J Skinner
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Elizabeth Connick
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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Davis-Gardner ME, Gardner MR, Alfant B, Farzan M. eCD4-Ig promotes ADCC activity of sera from HIV-1-infected patients. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006786. [PMID: 29253851 PMCID: PMC5749896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxity (ADCC) can eliminate HIV-1 infected cells, and may help reduce the reservoir of latent virus in infected patients. Sera of HIV-1 positive individuals include a number of antibodies that recognize epitopes usually occluded on HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimers. We have recently described eCD4-Ig, a potent and exceptionally broad inhibitor of HIV-1 entry that can be used to protect rhesus macaques from multiple high-dose challenges with simian-human immunodeficiency virus AD8 (SHIV-AD8). Here we show that eCD4-Ig bearing an IgG1 Fc domain (eCD4-IgG1) can mediate efficient ADCC activity against HIV-1 isolates with differing tropisms, and that it does so at least 10-fold more efficiently than CD4-Ig, even when more CD4-Ig molecules bound cell surface-expressed Env. An ADCC-inactive IgG2 form of eCD4-Ig (eCD4-IgG2) exposes V3-loop and CD4-induced epitopes on cell-expressed trimers, and renders HIV-1-infected cells susceptible to ADCC mediated by antibodies of these classes. Moreover, eCD4-IgG2, but not IgG2 forms of the broadly neutralizing antibodies VRC01 and 10-1074, enhances the ADCC activities of serum antibodies from patients by 100-fold, and significantly enhanced killing of two latently infected T-cell lines reactivated by vorinostat or TNFα. Thus eCD4-Ig is qualitatively different from CD4-Ig or neutralizing antibodies in its ability to mediate ADCC, and it may be uniquely useful in treating HIV-1 infection or reducing the reservoir of latently infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith E. Davis-Gardner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Matthew R. Gardner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Barnett Alfant
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Michael Farzan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
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Desimio MG, Giuliani E, Doria M. The histone deacetylase inhibitor SAHA simultaneously reactivates HIV-1 from latency and up-regulates NKG2D ligands sensitizing for natural killer cell cytotoxicity. Virology 2017; 510:9-21. [PMID: 28689087 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In pilot HIV-1 eradication studies, patients' immune responses were ineffective at killing viral reservoirs reactivated through latency reversing agents (LRAs) like suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA). We hypothesized that T cells harboring reactivated HIV-1 express MIC and ULBP ligands for the activating NKG2D receptor of natural killer (NK) cells. Here, we demonstrated that MICA/B and ULBP2 are induced by SAHA on primary T cells harboring reactivated virus. Using latently HIV-1-infected J-Lat 6.3/8.4/9.2 and J1.1 cell lines, we showed that SAHA reverts latency and, simultaneously, up-regulates MICA/B and ULBP2 acting at the transcriptional level and through ATR activation, thus sensitizing T cells with reactivated virus to NKG2D-mediated killing by NK cells. Moreover, IL-2 and IL-15 potently boosted NKG2D expression and cytotoxicity of NK cells against SAHA-reactivated p24+ target cells. Therefore, immunotherapy with cytokines enhancing NKG2D-mediated NK-cell cytotoxicity combined with administration of LRAs up-modulating NKG2D ligands, represents a promising approach towards HIV-1 eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erica Giuliani
- Laboratory of Immunoinfectivology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Margherita Doria
- Laboratory of Immunoinfectivology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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Brief Report: Increased Frequency of CD39+ CD56bright Natural Killer Cells in HIV-1 Infection Correlates With Immune Activation and Disease Progression. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2017; 74:467-472. [PMID: 27930600 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The expression pattern of the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 on natural killer (NK) cells was examined in peripheral blood mononuclear cell of 61 HIV-1-infected patients. Increased frequencies of CD39CD56 NK cells were detectable in untreated HIV patients, which was associated with high viral load, low CD4 T-cell count, and CD8 T-cell activation. Additionally, levels of CD39 on NK cells were inducible by in vitro stimulation of NK cells, correlating with aryl hydrocarbon receptor and interleukin 10 expression. Here, we provide the first evidence of increased CD39CD56 NK cell frequencies during HIV infection, which might have consequences for NK cell function and HIV pathogenesis.
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Liu D, Tian S, Zhang K, Xiong W, Lubaki NM, Chen Z, Han W. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified natural killer cell-based immunotherapy and immunological synapse formation in cancer and HIV. Protein Cell 2017; 8:861-877. [PMID: 28488245 PMCID: PMC5712291 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-017-0415-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells contribute to the body’s immune defenses. Current chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cell immunotherapy shows strong promise for treating various cancers and infectious diseases. Although CAR-modified NK cell immunotherapy is rapidly gaining attention, its clinical applications are mainly focused on preclinical investigations using the NK92 cell line. Despite recent advances in CAR-modified T cell immunotherapy, cost and severe toxicity have hindered its widespread use. To alleviate these disadvantages of CAR-modified T cell immunotherapy, additional cytotoxic cell-mediated immunotherapies are urgently needed. The unique biology of NK cells allows them to serve as a safe, effective, alternative immunotherapeutic strategy to CAR-modified T cells in the clinic. While the fundamental mechanisms underlying the cytotoxicity and side effects of CAR-modified T and NK cell immunotherapies remain poorly understood, the formation of the immunological synapse (IS) between CAR-modified T or NK cells and their susceptible target cells is known to be essential. The role of the IS in CAR T and NK cell immunotherapies will allow scientists to harness the power of CAR-modified T and NK cells to treat cancer and infectious diseases. In this review, we highlight the potential applications of CAR-modified NK cells to treat cancer and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and discuss the challenges and possible future directions of CAR-modified NK cell immunotherapy, as well as the importance of understanding the molecular mechanisms of CAR-modified T cell- or NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity and side effects, with a focus on the CAR-modified NK cell IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfang Liu
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Shuo Tian
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Wei Xiong
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ndongala Michel Lubaki
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Zhiying Chen
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Weidong Han
- Institute of Basic Medicine, College of Life Sciences, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
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42
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MHC-I peptides get out of the groove and enable a novel mechanism of HIV-1 escape. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2017; 24:387-394. [PMID: 28218747 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules play a crucial role in immunity by capturing peptides for presentation to T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. The peptide termini are tethered within the MHC-I antigen-binding groove, but it is unknown whether other presentation modes occur. Here we show that 20% of the HLA-B*57:01 peptide repertoire comprises N-terminally extended sets characterized by a common motif at position 1 (P1) to P2. Structures of HLA-B*57:01 presenting N-terminally extended peptides, including the immunodominant HIV-1 Gag epitope TW10 (TSTLQEQIGW), showed that the N terminus protrudes from the peptide-binding groove. The common escape mutant TSNLQEQIGW bound HLA-B*57:01 canonically, adopting a dramatically different conformation than the TW10 peptide. This affected recognition by killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) 3DL1 expressed on NK cells. We thus define a previously uncharacterized feature of the human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I) immunopeptidome that has implications for viral immune escape. We further suggest that recognition of the HLA-B*57:01-TW10 epitope is governed by a 'molecular tension' between the adaptive and innate immune systems.
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43
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Hattori S, Matsuda K, Kariya R, Harada H, Okada S. Proliferation of functional human natural killer cells with anti-HIV-1 activity in NOD/SCID/Jak3(null) mice. Microbiol Immunol 2016; 60:106-13. [PMID: 26708420 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer cells, a critical component of the innate immune system, eradicate both virus-infected cells and tumor cells through cytotoxicity and secretion of cytokines. Human NK cell research has largely been based on in vitro studies because of the lack of appropriate animal models. In this study, a selective proliferation model of functional human NK cells was established in NOD/SCID/Jak3(null) (NOJ) mice transplanted with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and K562 cells. The antiviral effects of NK cells were evaluated by challenging this mouse model with HIV-1. The percentage of intracellular p24(+) T cells and the amount of plasma p24 was decreased compared with NOJ mice transplanted with PBMC. Our findings indicate that NK cells have an anti-HIV-1 effect through direct cytotoxicity against HIV-1-infected cells. These mice provide an important model for evaluating human NK function against human infectious diseases such as HIV-1 and malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Hattori
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kouki Matsuda
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ryusho Kariya
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hideki Harada
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Seiji Okada
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Strauss-Albee DM, Fukuyama J, Liang EC, Yao Y, Jarrell JA, Drake AL, Kinuthia J, Montgomery RR, John-Stewart G, Holmes S, Blish CA. Human NK cell repertoire diversity reflects immune experience and correlates with viral susceptibility. Sci Transl Med 2016. [PMID: 26203083 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aac5722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Innate natural killer (NK) cells are diverse at the single-cell level because of variegated expressions of activating and inhibitory receptors, yet the developmental roots and functional consequences of this diversity remain unknown. Because NK cells are critical for antiviral and antitumor responses, a better understanding of their diversity could lead to an improved ability to harness them therapeutically. We found that NK diversity is lower at birth than in adults. During an antiviral response to either HIV-1 or West Nile virus, NK diversity increases, resulting in terminal differentiation and cytokine production at the cost of cell division and degranulation. In African women matched for HIV-1 exposure risk, high NK diversity is associated with increased risk of HIV-1 acquisition. Existing diversity may therefore decrease the flexibility of the antiviral response. Collectively, the data reveal that human NK diversity is a previously undefined metric of immune history and function that may be clinically useful in forecasting the outcomes of infection and malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara M Strauss-Albee
- Stanford Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Julia Fukuyama
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Emily C Liang
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yi Yao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Justin A Jarrell
- Stanford Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alison L Drake
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - John Kinuthia
- Department of Research and Programs, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi 00202, Kenya
| | - Ruth R Montgomery
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Grace John-Stewart
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Susan Holmes
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Catherine A Blish
- Stanford Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Interleukin-21 administration leads to enhanced antigen-specific T cell responses and natural killer cells in HIV-1 vaccinated mice. Cell Immunol 2016; 303:55-65. [PMID: 27062692 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-21 (IL-21), which belongs to IL-2 γ chain receptor cytokine family, is as an important regulator of immune responses. In this study, we developed a novel strategy for immunizing mice with a DNA/vaccinia/protein vaccine in the presence or absence of mouse IL-21 (mIL-21) to evaluate whether mIL-21 could enhance immune responses. Our results demonstrated that co-immunization with mIL-21 did not increase significantly the capacity of vaccine induced antibodies to bind to HIV-1 GP140. An effect of mIL-21 in adjusting the efficacy of HIV-1 vaccine through enhancing Th1 type immune response was however observed. The frequencies of HIV-1-specific cytokine-producing CD4+ T and CD4+ TEM cells, especially multifunctional T cell responses, were significantly increased by co-administrating with mIL-21. A significant increase was also observed in the frequency of NK cells in mIL-21 adjuvant groups. Taken together, combination of mIL-21 with HIV-1 vaccines led to distinct enhancement of NK cells and T cell immune responses associated with immune protection.
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46
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Remodeling of the Host Cell Plasma Membrane by HIV-1 Nef and Vpu: A Strategy to Ensure Viral Fitness and Persistence. Viruses 2016; 8:67. [PMID: 26950141 PMCID: PMC4810257 DOI: 10.3390/v8030067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane protects the cell from its surroundings and regulates cellular communication, homing, and metabolism. Not surprisingly, the composition of this membrane is highly controlled through the vesicular trafficking of proteins to and from the cell surface. As intracellular pathogens, most viruses exploit the host plasma membrane to promote viral replication while avoiding immune detection. This is particularly true for the enveloped human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which assembles and obtains its lipid shell directly at the plasma membrane. HIV-1 encodes two proteins, negative factor (Nef) and viral protein U (Vpu), which function primarily by altering the quantity and localization of cell surface molecules to increase virus fitness despite host antiviral immune responses. These proteins are expressed at different stages in the HIV-1 life cycle and employ a variety of mechanisms to target both unique and redundant surface proteins, including the viral receptor CD4, host restriction factors, immunoreceptors, homing molecules, tetraspanins and membrane transporters. In this review, we discuss recent progress in the study of the Nef and Vpu targeting of host membrane proteins with an emphasis on how remodeling of the cell membrane allows HIV-1 to avoid host antiviral immune responses leading to the establishment of systemic and persistent infection.
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Hölzemer A, Thobakgale CF, Jimenez Cruz CA, Garcia-Beltran WF, Carlson JM, van Teijlingen NH, Mann JK, Jaggernath M, Kang SG, Körner C, Chung AW, Schafer JL, Evans DT, Alter G, Walker BD, Goulder PJ, Carrington M, Hartmann P, Pertel T, Zhou R, Ndung’u T, Altfeld M. Selection of an HLA-C*03:04-Restricted HIV-1 p24 Gag Sequence Variant Is Associated with Viral Escape from KIR2DL3+ Natural Killer Cells: Data from an Observational Cohort in South Africa. PLoS Med 2015; 12:e1001900; discussion e1001900. [PMID: 26575988 PMCID: PMC4648589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viruses can evade immune surveillance, but the underlying mechanisms are insufficiently understood. Here, we sought to understand the mechanisms by which natural killer (NK) cells recognize HIV-1-infected cells and how this virus can evade NK-cell-mediated immune pressure. METHODS AND FINDINGS Two sequence mutations in p24 Gag associated with the presence of specific KIR/HLA combined genotypes were identified in HIV-1 clade C viruses from a large cohort of infected, untreated individuals in South Africa (n = 392), suggesting viral escape from KIR+ NK cells through sequence variations within HLA class I-presented epitopes. One sequence polymorphism at position 303 of p24 Gag (TGag303V), selected for in infected individuals with both KIR2DL3 and HLA-C*03:04, enabled significantly better binding of the inhibitory KIR2DL3 receptor to HLA-C*03:04-expressing cells presenting this variant epitope compared to the wild-type epitope (wild-type mean 18.01 ± 10.45 standard deviation [SD] and variant mean 44.67 ± 14.42 SD, p = 0.002). Furthermore, activation of primary KIR2DL3+ NK cells from healthy donors in response to HLA-C*03:04+ target cells presenting the variant epitope was significantly reduced in comparison to cells presenting the wild-type sequence (wild-type mean 0.78 ± 0.07 standard error of the mean [SEM] and variant mean 0.63 ± 0.07 SEM, p = 0.012). Structural modeling and surface plasmon resonance of KIR/peptide/HLA interactions in the context of the different viral sequence variants studied supported these results. Future studies will be needed to assess processing and antigen presentation of the investigated HIV-1 epitope in natural infection, and the consequences for viral control. CONCLUSIONS These data provide novel insights into how viruses can evade NK cell immunity through the selection of mutations in HLA-presented epitopes that enhance binding to inhibitory NK cell receptors. Better understanding of the mechanisms by which HIV-1 evades NK-cell-mediated immune pressure and the functional validation of a structural modeling approach will facilitate the development of novel targeted immune interventions to harness the antiviral activities of NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique Hölzemer
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Heinrich-Pette-Institut, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg—Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christina F. Thobakgale
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Camilo A. Jimenez Cruz
- Computational Biology Center, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Jaclyn K. Mann
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Manjeetha Jaggernath
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Seung-gu Kang
- Computational Biology Center, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York, United States of America
| | - Christian Körner
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Heinrich-Pette-Institut, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Amy W. Chung
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jamie L. Schafer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Microbiology, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David T. Evans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Microbiology, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bruce D. Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Philip J. Goulder
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Carrington
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Pia Hartmann
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Pertel
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ruhong Zhou
- Computational Biology Center, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York, United States of America
| | - Thumbi Ndung’u
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Heinrich-Pette-Institut, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
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Ellegård R, Crisci E, Andersson J, Shankar EM, Nyström S, Hinkula J, Larsson M. Impaired NK Cell Activation and Chemotaxis toward Dendritic Cells Exposed to Complement-Opsonized HIV-1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:1698-704. [PMID: 26157174 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mucosa resident dendritic cells (DCs) may represent one of the first immune cells that HIV-1 encounters during sexual transmission. The virions in body fluids can be opsonized with complement factors because of HIV-mediated triggering of the complement cascade, and this appears to influence numerous aspects of the immune defense targeting the virus. One key attribute of host defense is the ability to attract immune cells to the site of infection. In this study, we investigated whether the opsonization of HIV with complement (C-HIV) or a mixture of complement and Abs (CI-HIV) affected the cytokine and chemokine responses generated by DCs, as well as their ability to attract other immune cells. We found that the expression levels of CXCL8, CXCL10, CCL3, and CCL17 were lowered after exposure to either C-HIV or CI-HIV relative to free HIV (F-HIV). DCs exposed to F-HIV induced higher cell migration, consisting mainly of NK cells, compared with opsonized virus, and the chemotaxis of NK cells was dependent on CCL3 and CXCL10. NK cell exposure to supernatants derived from HIV-exposed DCs showed that F-HIV induced phenotypic activation (e.g., increased levels of TIM3, CD69, and CD25) and effector function (e.g., production of IFNγ and killing of target cells) in NK cells, whereas C-HIV and CI-HIV did not. The impairment of NK cell recruitment by DCs exposed to complement-opsonized HIV and the lack of NK activation may contribute to the failure of innate immune responses to control HIV at the site of initial mucosa infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rada Ellegård
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden; and
| | - Elisa Crisci
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden; and
| | - Jonas Andersson
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden; and
| | - Esaki M Shankar
- Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Lembah Pantai, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sofia Nyström
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden; and
| | - Jorma Hinkula
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden; and
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden; and
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Protective Effect of HLA-B*5701 and HLA-C -35 Genetic Variants in HIV-Positive Caucasians from Northern Poland. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127867. [PMID: 26068923 PMCID: PMC4465896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim of the Study Association of two HLA class I variants with HIV-1 pretreatment viremia, CD4+ T cell count at the care-entry and CD4+ T cell nadir. Methods 414 HIV-positive Caucasians (30% women) aged 19-73 years were genotyped for HLA-C -35 (rs9264942) and HLA-B*5701 variants. HIV-1 viral load, as well as CD4+ T cell count at care-entry and nadir, were compared across alleles, genotypes and haplotypes. Results HLA-C -35 C/C genotype was found in 17.6% patients, C/T genotype in 48.1%, and T/T genotype in 34.3% patients. HLA-B*5701 variant was present in 5.8% of studied population. HIV plasma viremia in the group with C allele was significantly lower (p=0.0002) compared to T/T group [mean:4.66 log (SD:1.03) vs. 5.07 (SD:0.85) log HIV-RNA copies/ml, respectively], while CD4+ T cell count at baseline was notably higher among C allele carriers compared to T/T homozygotes [median: 318 (IQR:127-537) cells/μl vs. median: 203 (IQR:55-410) cells/μl, respectively] (p=0.0007). Moreover, CD4+ T cell nadir among patients with C allele [median: 205 (IQR:83.5-390) cells/μl] was significantly higher compared to T/T group [median: 133 (IQR:46-328) cells/μl] (p=0.006). Among cases with HLA-B*5701 allele, significantly lower pretreatment viremia and higher baseline CD4+ T cell count were found (mean: 4.08 [SD: 1.2] vs. mean: 4.84 [SD:0.97] log HIV-RNA copies/ml, p=0.003 and 431 vs. 270 cells/μl, p=0.04, respectively) compared to HLA-B*5701 negative individuals. The lowest viremia (mean: 3.85 log [SD:1.3]) HIV-RNA copies/ml and the highest baseline and nadir CD4+ T cell [median: 476 (IQR:304-682) vs. median: 361 (IQR: 205-574) cells/μl, respectively) were found in individuals with HLA-B*5701(+)/HLA-C –35 C/C haplotype. Conclusions HLA-C -35 C and HLA-B*5701 allele exert a favorable effect on the immunological (higher baseline and nadir CD4+ T cell count) and virologic (lower pretreatment HIV viral load) variables. This protective effect is additive for the compound HLA-B*5701(+)/HLA-C -35 C/C haplotype.
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50
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Grifoni A, Montesano C, Colizzi V, Amicosante M. Key role of human leukocyte antigen in modulating human immunodeficiency virus progression: An overview of the possible applications. World J Virol 2015; 4:124-133. [PMID: 25964877 PMCID: PMC4419116 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v4.i2.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Host and viral factors deeply influence the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression. Among them human leukocyte antigen (HLA) locus plays a key role at different levels. In fact, genes of the HLA locus have shown the peculiar capability to modulate both innate and adaptive immune responses. In particular, HLA class I molecules are recognized by CD8+ T-cells and natural killers (NK) cells towards the interaction with T cell receptor (TCR) and Killer Immunoglobulin Receptor (KIR) 3DL1 respectively. Polymorphisms within the different HLA alleles generate structural changes in HLA class I peptide-binding pockets. Amino acid changes in the peptide-binding pocket lead to the presentation of a different set of peptides to T and NK cells. This review summarizes the role of HLA in HIV progression toward acquired immunodeficiency disease syndrome and its receptors. Recently, many studies have been focused on determining the HLA binding-peptides. The novel use of immune-informatics tools, from the prediction of the HLA-bound peptides to the modification of the HLA-receptor complexes, is considered. A better knowledge of HLA peptide presentation and recognition are allowing new strategies for immune response manipulation to be applied against HIV virus.
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