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Kuo A, Hla T. Regulation of cellular and systemic sphingolipid homeostasis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024:10.1038/s41580-024-00742-y. [PMID: 38890457 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-024-00742-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
One hundred and fifty years ago, Johann Thudichum described sphingolipids as unusual "Sphinx-like" lipids from the brain. Today, we know that thousands of sphingolipid molecules mediate many essential functions in embryonic development and normal physiology. In addition, sphingolipid metabolism and signalling pathways are dysregulated in a wide range of pathologies, and therapeutic agents that target sphingolipids are now used to treat several human diseases. However, our understanding of sphingolipid regulation at cellular and organismal levels and their functions in developmental, physiological and pathological settings is rudimentary. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in sphingolipid pathways in different organelles, how secreted sphingolipid mediators modulate physiology and disease, progress in sphingolipid-targeted therapeutic and diagnostic research, and the trans-cellular sphingolipid metabolic networks between microbiota and mammals. Advances in sphingolipid biology have led to a deeper understanding of mammalian physiology and may lead to progress in the management of many diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kuo
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy Hla
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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2
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Denimal D. Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Functions of High-Density Lipoprotein in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 13:57. [PMID: 38247481 PMCID: PMC10812436 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that play an important role in preventing the development of atherosclerotic lesions and possibly also diabetes. In turn, both type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are susceptible to having deleterious effects on these HDL functions. The objectives of the present review are to expound upon the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions of HDLs in both diabetes in the setting of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases and discuss the contributions of these HDL functions to the onset of diabetes. (2) Methods: this narrative review is based on the literature available from the PubMed database. (3) Results: several antioxidant functions of HDLs, such as paraoxonase-1 activity, are compromised in T2D, thereby facilitating the pro-atherogenic effects of oxidized low-density lipoproteins. In addition, HDLs exhibit diminished ability to inhibit pro-inflammatory pathways in the vessels of individuals with T2D. Although the literature is less extensive, recent evidence suggests defective antiatherogenic properties of HDL particles in T1D. Lastly, substantial evidence indicates that HDLs play a role in the onset of diabetes by modulating glucose metabolism. (4) Conclusions and perspectives: impaired HDL antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions present intriguing targets for mitigating cardiovascular risk in individuals with diabetes. Further investigations are needed to clarify the influence of glycaemic control and nephropathy on HDL functionality in patients with T1D. Furthermore, exploring the effects on HDL functionality of novel antidiabetic drugs used in the management of T2D may provide intriguing insights for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Denimal
- Unit 1231, Center for Translational and Molecular Medicine, University of Burgundy, 21000 Dijon, France;
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Dijon Bourgogne University Hospital, 21079 Dijon, France
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Wang J, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Li J. Proteomic analysis of vitreal exosomes in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Eye (Lond) 2023; 37:2061-2068. [PMID: 36253458 PMCID: PMC10333309 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-022-02286-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the proteomic profiles of exosomes derived from vitreous humour (VH) obtained from proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) patients and non-diabetic controls with idiopathic macular hole/epiretinal membrane. METHODS Vitreal exosomes were isolated using differential ultracentrifugation, followed by characterisation performed using different techniques. A label-free proteomic analysis was conducted to determine the protein profiles of the exosomes. A parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) analysis was performed to verify the identified proteins and associated functional annotations were derived by gene ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was utilised to evaluate the diagnostic value of target proteins in distinguishing PDR from controls. RESULTS Exosomes were successfully isolated from VH, and were well characterised by various techniques. The results of proteomic analysis showed that a total of 758 proteins were identified and 10 proteins were screened as differentially expressed proteins, significantly changed in the PDR group containing 4 elevated proteins and 6 reduced proteins. GO analysis indicated that these differential proteins were mainly involved in many metabolic pathways, including nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism, adenosine diphosphate metabolic process and glycolytic process. The KEGG analysis enriched the top five pathways including glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, fructose and mannose metabolism, biosynthesis of amino acids, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 signalling pathway and carbon metabolism. The differential proteins, namely, lactate dehydrogenase A, ficolin 3, apolipoprotein B and apolipoprotein M, were further verified by PRM and showed a consistent trend with label-free proteomic analysis. The ROC analysis identified these proteins as promising biomarkers for PDR diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Vitreal exosomes from patients with PDR contained few proteins unique to PDR; thus, exosomal proteins have great potential as disease biomarkers and therapeutic targets for PDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Liaocheng Eye Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jianqiao Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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Drexler Y, Molina J, Elfassy T, Ma R, Christoffersen C, Kurano M, Yatomi Y, Mariani LH, Contreras G, Merscher S, Fornoni A. Identification of Glomerular and Plasma Apolipoprotein M as Novel Biomarkers in Glomerular Disease. Kidney Int Rep 2023; 8:884-897. [PMID: 37069998 PMCID: PMC10105063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2023.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dysregulation of sphingolipid and cholesterol metabolism contributes to the pathogenesis of glomerular diseases (GDs). Apolipoprotein M (ApoM) promotes cholesterol efflux and modulates the bioactive sphingolipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). Glomerular ApoM expression is decreased in patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). We hypothesized that glomerular ApoM deficiency occurs in GD and that ApoM expression and plasma ApoM correlate with outcomes. Methods Patients with GD from the Nephrotic Syndrome Study Network (NEPTUNE) were studied. We compared glomerular mRNA expression of ApoM (gApoM), sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1), and S1P receptors 1 to 5 (S1PR1-5) in patients (n = 84) and controls (n = 6). We used correlation analyses to determine associations between gApoM, baseline plasma ApoM (pApoM), and urine ApoM (uApoM/Cr). We used linear regression to determine whether gApoM, pApoM, and uApoM/Cr were associated with baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and proteinuria. Using Cox models, we determined whether gApoM, pApoM, and uApoM/Cr were associated with complete remission (CR) and the composite of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) or ≥40% eGFR decline. Results gApoM was reduced (P < 0.01) and SPHK1 and S1PR1 to 5 expression was increased (P < 0.05) in patients versus controls, consistent with ApoM/S1P pathway modulation. gApoM positively correlated with pApoM in the overall cohort (r = 0.34, P < 0.01) and in the FSGS (r = 0.48, P < 0.05) and minimal change disease (MCD) (r = 0.75, P < 0.05) subgroups. Every unit decrease in gApoM and pApoM (log2) was associated with a 9.77 ml/min per 1.73 m2 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.96-15.57) and 13.26 ml/min per 1.73 m2 (95% CI: 3.57-22.96) lower baseline eGFR, respectively (P < 0.01). From Cox models adjusted for age, sex, or race, pApoM was a significant predictor of CR (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.85; 95% CI: 1.06-3.23). Conclusions pApoM is a potential noninvasive biomarker of gApoM deficiency and strongly associates with clinical outcomes in GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelena Drexler
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Judith Molina
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Tali Elfassy
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Ruixuan Ma
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Christina Christoffersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Makoto Kurano
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yatomi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Laura H. Mariani
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Gabriel Contreras
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Sandra Merscher
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Alessia Fornoni
- Katz Family Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Peggy and Harold Katz Family Drug Discovery Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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Denimal D, Monier S, Bouillet B, Vergès B, Duvillard L. High-Density Lipoprotein Alterations in Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13020253. [PMID: 36837872 PMCID: PMC9967905 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations affecting high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are one of the various abnormalities observed in dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity. Kinetic studies have demonstrated that the catabolism of HDL particles is accelerated. Both the size and the lipidome and proteome of HDL particles are significantly modified, which likely contributes to some of the functional defects of HDLs. Studies on cholesterol efflux capacity have yielded heterogeneous results, ranging from a defect to an improvement. Several studies indicate that HDLs are less able to inhibit the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) proinflammatory pathway, and subsequently, the adhesion of monocytes on endothelium and their recruitment into the subendothelial space. In addition, the antioxidative function of HDL particles is diminished, thus facilitating the deleterious effects of oxidized low-density lipoproteins on vasculature. Lastly, the HDL-induced activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase is less effective in T2DM and metabolic syndrome, contributing to several HDL functional defects, such as an impaired capacity to promote vasodilatation and endothelium repair, and difficulty counteracting the production of reactive oxygen species and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Denimal
- INSERM, UMR1231, University of Burgundy, 21000 Dijon, France
- Department of Biochemistry, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Serge Monier
- INSERM, UMR1231, University of Burgundy, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Benjamin Bouillet
- INSERM, UMR1231, University of Burgundy, 21000 Dijon, France
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Bruno Vergès
- INSERM, UMR1231, University of Burgundy, 21000 Dijon, France
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Laurence Duvillard
- INSERM, UMR1231, University of Burgundy, 21000 Dijon, France
- Department of Biochemistry, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
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6
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Association of apolipoprotein M and sphingosine-1-phosphate with brown adipose tissue after cold exposure in humans. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18753. [PMID: 36335116 PMCID: PMC9637161 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21938-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The HDL-associated apolipoprotein M (apoM) and its ligand sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) may control energy metabolism. ApoM deficiency in mice is associated with increased vascular permeability, brown adipose tissue (BAT) mass and activity, and protection against obesity. In the current study, we explored the connection between plasma apoM/S1P levels and parameters of BAT as measured via 18F-FDG PET/CT after cold exposure in humans. Fixed (n = 15) vs personalized (n = 20) short-term cooling protocols decreased and increased apoM (- 8.4%, P = 0.032 vs 15.7%, P < 0.0005) and S1P (- 41.0%, P < 0.0005 vs 19.1%, P < 0.005) plasma levels, respectively. Long-term cooling (n = 44) did not affect plasma apoM or S1P levels. Plasma apoM and S1P did not correlate significantly to BAT volume and activity in the individual studies. However, short-term studies combined, showed that increased changes in plasma apoM correlated with BAT metabolic activity (β: 0.44, 95% CI [0.06-0.81], P = 0.024) after adjusting for study design but not BAT volume (β: 0.39, 95% CI [- 0.01-0.78], P = 0.054). In conclusion, plasma apoM and S1P levels are altered in response to cold exposure and may be linked to changes in BAT metabolic activity but not BAT volume in humans. This contrasts partly with observations in animals and highlights the need for further studies to understand the biological role of apoM/S1P complex in human adipose tissue and lipid metabolism.
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7
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Linton MF, Yancey PG, Leuthner ZM, Brown JD. The FoxOs are in the ApoM house. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:158471. [PMID: 35362476 PMCID: PMC8970665 DOI: 10.1172/jci158471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome continues to increase globally and heightens the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Insulin resistance is a core pathophysiologic mechanism that causes abnormal carbohydrate metabolism and atherogenic changes in circulating lipoprotein quantity and function. In particular, dysfunctional HDL is postulated to contribute to CVD risk in part via loss of HDL-associated sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). In this issue of the JCI, Izquierdo et al. demonstrate that HDL from humans with insulin resistance contained lower levels of S1P. Apolipoprotein M (ApoM), a protein constituent of HDL that binds S1P and controls bioavailability was decreased in insulin-resistant db/db mice. Gain- and loss-of-function mouse models implicated the forkhead box O transcription factors (FoxO1,3,4) in the regulation of both ApoM and HDL-associated S1P. These data have important implications for potential FoxO-based therapies designed to treat lipid and carbohydrate abnormalities associated with human metabolic disease and CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- MacRae F Linton
- Department of Medicine, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Patricia G Yancey
- Department of Medicine, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and
| | - Zoe M Leuthner
- Department of Medicine, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and
| | - Jonathan D Brown
- Department of Medicine, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and
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8
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Izquierdo MC, Shanmugarajah N, Lee SX, Kraakman MJ, Westerterp M, Kitamoto T, Harris M, Cook JR, Gusarova GA, Zhong K, Marbuary E, O-Sullivan I, Rasmus NF, Camastra S, Unterman TG, Ferrannini E, Hurwitz BE, Haeusler RA. Hepatic FoxOs link insulin signaling with plasma lipoprotein metabolism through an apolipoprotein M/sphingosine-1-phosphate pathway. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:146219. [PMID: 35104242 PMCID: PMC8970673 DOI: 10.1172/jci146219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple beneficial cardiovascular effects of HDL depend on sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). S1P associates with HDL by binding to apolipoprotein M (ApoM). Insulin resistance is a major driver of dyslipidemia and cardiovascular risk. However, the mechanisms linking alterations in insulin signaling with plasma lipoprotein metabolism are incompletely understood. The insulin-repressible FoxO transcription factors mediate key effects of hepatic insulin action on glucose and lipoprotein metabolism. This work tested whether hepatic insulin signaling regulates HDL-S1P and aimed to identify the underlying molecular mechanisms. We report that insulin-resistant, nondiabetic individuals had decreased HDL-S1P levels, but no change in total plasma S1P. This also occurred in insulin-resistant db/db mice, which had low ApoM and a specific reduction of S1P in the HDL fraction, with no change in total plasma S1P levels. Using mice lacking hepatic FoxOs (L-FoxO1,3,4), we found that hepatic FoxOs were required for ApoM expression. Total plasma S1P levels were similar to those in controls, but S1P was nearly absent from HDL and was instead increased in the lipoprotein-depleted plasma fraction. This phenotype was restored to normal by rescuing ApoM in L-FoxO1,3,4 mice. Our findings show that insulin resistance in humans and mice is associated with decreased HDL-associated S1P. Our study shows that hepatic FoxO transcription factors are regulators of the ApoM/S1P pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Concepción Izquierdo
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America
| | - Niroshan Shanmugarajah
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America
| | - Samuel X Lee
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael J Kraakman
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America
| | - Marit Westerterp
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Takumi Kitamoto
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael Harris
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America
| | - Joshua R Cook
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America
| | - Galina A Gusarova
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America
| | - Kendra Zhong
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America
| | - Elijah Marbuary
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America
| | - InSug O-Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Nikolaus F Rasmus
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America
| | - Stefania Camastra
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa School of Medicine, Pisa, Italy
| | - Terry G Unterman
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Ele Ferrannini
- Department of Internal Medicine, CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
| | - Barry E Hurwitz
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Miami, United States of America
| | - Rebecca A Haeusler
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America
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9
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Bisgaard LS, Christoffersen C. The apoM/S1P Complex-A Mediator in Kidney Biology and Disease? Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:754490. [PMID: 34722589 PMCID: PMC8553247 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.754490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney disease affects more than 10% of the population, can be both acute and chronic, and is linked to other diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and sepsis. Despite the detrimental consequences for patients, no good treatment options directly targeting the kidney are available. Thus, a better understanding of the pathology and new treatment modalities are required. Accumulating evidence suggests that the apolipoprotein M/sphingosine-1-phosphate (apoM/S1P) axis is a likely drug target, but significant gaps in our knowledge remain. In this review, we present what has so far been elucidated about the role of apoM in normal kidney biology and describe how changes in the apoM/S1P axis are thought to affect the development of kidney disease. ApoM is primarily produced in the liver and kidneys. From the liver, apoM is secreted into circulation, where it is attached to lipoproteins (primarily HDL). Importantly, apoM is a carrier of the bioactive lipid S1P. S1P acts by binding to five different receptors. Together, apoM/S1P plays a role in several biological mechanisms, such as inflammation, endothelial cell permeability, and lipid turnover. In the kidney, apoM is primarily expressed in the proximal tubular cells. S1P can be produced locally in the kidney, and several of the five S1P receptors are present in the kidney. The functional role of kidney-derived apoM as well as plasma-derived apoM is far from elucidated and will be discussed based on both experimental and clinical studies. In summary, the current studies provide evidence that support a role for the apoM/S1P axis in kidney disease; however, additional pre-clinical and clinical studies are needed to reveal the mechanisms and target potential in the treatment of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line S Bisgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina Christoffersen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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Kane JP, Pullinger CR, Goldfine ID, Malloy MJ. Dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus: Role of lipoprotein species and interrelated pathways of lipid metabolism in diabetes mellitus. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2021; 61:21-27. [PMID: 34562838 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2021.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a complex disease. We are increasingly gaining a better understanding of its mechanisms at the molecular level. From these new insights, better therapeutic approaches should emerge. Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome with many associated subphenotypes. These include mitochondrial disorders, lipodystrophies, and inflammatory disorders involving cytokines. Levels of sphingosine-1-phosphate, which has recently been shown to play a role in glucose homeostasis, are low in diabetics, whereas levels of ceramides are increased. Major phenotypes associated with diabetes mellitus are dyslipidemias, notably hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Both diabetes and dyslipidemia are strongly associated with increased risk for atherosclerotic vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Kane
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Clive R Pullinger
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Department of Physiological Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, United States.
| | - Ira D Goldfine
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Mary J Malloy
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, United States; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States
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11
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Yao Mattisson I, Christoffersen C. Apolipoprotein M and its impact on endothelial dysfunction and inflammation in the cardiovascular system. Atherosclerosis 2021; 334:76-84. [PMID: 34482091 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein M (apoM) is a member of the lipocalin superfamily and is predominantly associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL). It was found that apoM is the chaperon to the bioactive sphingolipid, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). Several studies have since contributed to expand the knowledge on apoM, S1P, and the apoM/S1P-complex in cardiovascular diseases. For instance, the HDL-bound apoM/S1P complex serves as a bridge between HDL and endothelial cells, maintaining a healthy endothelial barrier. Evidence indicates, however, that the apoM/S1P complex may has both protective and harmful effects on the cardiovascular system, which suggests the need for more research to understand the interplay between these molecules. This review aims to shed light on the most recent findings on apoM/S1P-signaling and its impact on endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and cardiovascular diseases. Finally, it will be discussed whether drugs that target apoM and/or S1P-signaling may be beneficial to patients with cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Yao Mattisson
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christina Christoffersen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3A, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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12
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Tageldeen MM, Badrawy H, Abdelmeguid M, Zaghlol M, Gaber N, Kenawy EM. Apolipoprotein M Gene Polymorphism Rs805297 (C-1065A): Association With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Related Microvascular Complications in South Egypt. Am J Med Sci 2021; 362:48-55. [PMID: 33621527 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein M (ApoM) may have a role in the susceptibility of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Polymorphisms in the promoter region of the ApoM gene were found to be significantly associated with diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of ApoM SNP rs805297 (C-1065A) with the susceptibility of T2DM and related microvascular complications in South Egypt. METHODS We conducted a case-control study of 60 T2DM patients and 60 healthy control subjects. Lipid profile, fasting, and 2 hours postprandial glucose and creatinine levels were estimated. Patients were subjected to general and Fundus examinations, and screening for nephropathy by urinary albumin levels. ApoM level was assayed by ELISA. Genotyping of the human ApoM gene polymorphism SNP rs805297 (C-1065A) was done by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism followed by sequencing to confirm the polymorphism results. RESULTS ApoM was not different between T2DM and the control group (p=0.075) and was negatively correlated with LDL-c (p=0.029). There were significant differences in ApoM genotypes (p=0.001) and allele frequencies (p=0.019) between T2DM and the control group. A significant reduction in FBG, 2hPPG, and HbA1c levels in the heterozygous than the wild genotype in the group with diabetes with no difference in other lab parameters and microvascular complications. The C-allele is associated with lower blood glucose levels and retinopathy. The wild (CC) genotype is considered as a risk factor for developing T2DM in South Egyptians but not CA+AA genotypes. CONCLUSIONS In South Egyptians the ApoM polymorphism rs805297 (C-1065A) wild type (CC) was associated with T2DM susceptibility and may have a role in controlling hyperglycemia in these patients. The A-allele is associated with hyperglycemia and diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hosny Badrawy
- Clinical Pathology, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mona Abdelmeguid
- Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Mohammed Zaghlol
- Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Noha Gaber
- Clinical Pathology, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Eglal Mohamed Kenawy
- Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
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13
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Kobayashi T, Kurano M, Nanya M, Shimizu T, Ohkawa R, Tozuka M, Yatomi Y. Glycation of HDL Polymerizes Apolipoprotein M and Attenuates Its Capacity to Bind to Sphingosine 1-Phosphate. J Atheroscler Thromb 2021; 28:730-741. [PMID: 32999208 PMCID: PMC8265924 DOI: 10.5551/jat.55699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim:
Recently, it has been established that most of the pleiotropic effects of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) are attributed to sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), which rides on HDL via apolipoprotein M (ApoM). In subjects with diabetes mellitus, both the pleiotropic effects of HDL and its role in reverse cholesterol transport are reported to be impaired. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the impaired pleiotropic effects of HDL in subjects with diabetes, from the aspects of S1P and ApoM.
Methods:
The incubation of HDL in a high-glucose condition resulted in the dimerization of ApoM. Moreover, the treatment of HDL with methylglyoxal resulted in the modulation of the ApoM structure, as suggested by the results of western blot analysis, isoelectric focusing electrophoresis, and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, which was reversed by treatment with anti-glycation reagents.
Results:
The glycation of HDL resulted in impaired binding of the glycated HDL to S1P, and the S1P on glycated HDL degraded faster. In the case of human subjects, on the other hand, although both the serum ApoM levels and the ApoM content in HDL were lower in subjects with diabetes, we did not observe the polymerization of ApoM.
Conclusions:
Modulation of the quantity and quality of ApoM might explain, at least in part, the impaired functions of HDL in subjects with diabetes mellitus. ApoM might be a useful target for laboratory testing and/or the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamaki Kobayashi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The University of Tokyo.,Analytical Laboratory Chemistry, Graduate School of Health Care Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Makoto Kurano
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - Mai Nanya
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - Tomo Shimizu
- Research and Development Division, Tsukuba Research Institute, Sekisui Medical Co., Ltd
| | - Ryunosuke Ohkawa
- Analytical Laboratory Chemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Minoru Tozuka
- Life Science Research Center, Nagano Children's Hospital
| | - Yutaka Yatomi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The University of Tokyo
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14
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Christoffersen C. Apolipoprotein M-A Marker or an Active Player in Type II Diabetes? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:665393. [PMID: 34093440 PMCID: PMC8176018 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.665393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein M (apoM) is a member of the lipocalin superfamily and an important carrier of the small bioactive lipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). The apoM/S1P complex is attached to all lipoproteins, but exhibits a significant preference for high-density lipoproteins. Although apoM, S1P, and the apoM/S1P complex have been discovered more than a decade earlier, the overall function of the apoM/S1P complex remains controversial. Evidence suggests that the complex plays a role in inflammation and cholesterol metabolism and is important for maintaining a healthy endothelial barrier, regulating the turnover of triglycerides from lipoproteins, and reducing cholesterol accumulation in vessel walls. Recent studies have also addressed the role of apoM and S1P in the development of diabetes and obesity. However, limited evidence is available, and the data published so far deviates. This review discusses the specific elements indicative of the protective or harmful effects of apoM, S1P, and the apoM/S1P complex on type 2 diabetes development. Since drugs targeting the S1P system and its receptors are available and could be potentially used for treating diabetes, this research topic is a pertinent one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Christoffersen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Christina Christoffersen,
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15
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Hajny S, Christoffersen M, Dalila N, Nielsen LB, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Christoffersen C. Apolipoprotein M and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5867499. [PMID: 32621749 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Recent studies have discovered a role of apolipoprotein M (apoM) in energy metabolism, and observational analyses in humans suggest an association with type 2 diabetes. The causal relationship remains however elusive. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether reduced plasma apoM concentrations are causally linked to increased risk of type 2 diabetes. DESIGN Prospective study design analyzed by Mendelian randomization. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Two cohorts reflecting the Danish general population: the Copenhagen City Heart Study (CCHS, n = 8589) and the Copenhagen General Population Study (CGPS; n = 93 857). Observational analyses included a subset of participants from the CCHS with available plasma apoM (n = 725). Genetic analyses included the complete cohorts (n = 102 446). During a median follow-up of 16 years (CCHS) and 8 years (CGPS), 563 and 2132 participants developed type 2 diabetes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Plasma apoM concentration, genetic variants in APOM, and type 2 diabetes. RESULTS First, we identified an inverse correlation between plasma apoM and risk of type 2 diabetes in a subset of participants from the CCHS (hazard ratio between highest vs lowest quartile (reference) = 0.32; 95% confidence interval = 0.1-1.01; P for trend = .02). Second, genotyping of specific single nucleotide polymorphisms in APOM further revealed a 10.8% (P = 6.2 × 10-5) reduced plasma apoM concentration in participants with variant rs1266078. Third, a meta-analysis including data from 599 451 individuals showed no association between rs1266078 and risk of type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS The present study does not appear to support a causal association between plasma apoM and risk of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hajny
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Christoffersen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nawar Dalila
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars B Nielsen
- Faculty of Health, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne Tybjærg-Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina Christoffersen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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16
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Tavernier G, Caspar-Bauguil S, Viguerie N. Apolipoprotein M: new connections with diet, adipose tissue and metabolic syndrome. Curr Opin Lipidol 2020; 31:8-14. [PMID: 31815756 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To focus on state-of-the-art knowledge on the apolipoprotein M (ApoM) physiology and physiopathology regarding metabolism. RECENT FINDINGS In humans, the ApoM was recently described as secreted by adipocytes. Obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes are associated with low circulating ApoM and adipose tissue APOM expression. Dieting-induced weight loss enhances adipose tissue expression and secretion, and exercise training increases plasma ApoM. The ApoM is a chaperone for the bioactive sphingolipid, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), which has a specific role in inflammation. Its association with S1P in the inhibition of brown adipose tissue activity and subsequent insulin sensitivity was reported with the model of ApoM-deficient mouse. SUMMARY The adipose tissue is an endocrine organ responsible for obesity-related comorbidities. Obesity and dieting impact the adipose tissue secretory profile. The recent demonstration of ApoM being secreted by healthy adipocytes questions about the possible role of this adipose production in metabolic diseases. Low-circulating ApoM is associated with unhealthy metabolic phenotype. The lower circulating apoM during metabolic syndrome might be a cause of obesity-related comorbidities. Lifestyle interventions enhance ApoM production. Whether it acts in combination to S1P or other small lipidic molecules deserves further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Tavernier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1048, Obesity Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC)
- University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Paul Sabatier University
| | - Sylvie Caspar-Bauguil
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1048, Obesity Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC)
- University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Paul Sabatier University
- Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, Toulouse University Hospitals, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Viguerie
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1048, Obesity Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC)
- University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Paul Sabatier University
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17
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Yao S, Zhang J, Zhan Y, Shi Y, Yu Y, Zheng L, Xu N, Luo G. Insulin Resistance in Apolipoprotein M Knockout Mice is Mediated by the Protein Kinase Akt Signaling Pathway. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 20:771-780. [PMID: 31702495 PMCID: PMC7360917 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666191023125820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous clinical studies have suggested that apolipoprotein M (apoM) is involved in glucose metabolism and plays a causative role in insulin sensitivity. OBJECTIVE The potential mechanism of apoM on modulating glucose homeostasis is explored and differentially expressed genes are analyzed by employing ApoM deficient (ApoM-/- ) and wild type (WT) mice. METHODS The metabolism of glucose in the hepatic tissues of high-fat diet ApoM-/- and WT mice was measured by a glycomics approach. Bioinformatic analysis was applied for analyzing the levels of differentially expressed mRNAs in the liver tissues of these mice. The insulin sensitivity of ApoM-/- and WT mice was compared using the insulin tolerance test and the phosphorylation levels of protein kinase Akt (AKT) and insulin stimulation in different tissues were examined by Western blot. RESULTS The majority of the hepatic glucose metabolites exhibited lower concentration levels in the ApoM-/- mice compared with those of the WT mice. Gene Ontology (GO) classification and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis indicated that ApoM deficiency affected the genes associated with the metabolism of glucose. The insulin tolerance test suggested that insulin sensitivity was impaired in ApoM-/- mice. The phosphorylation levels of AKT in muscle and adipose tissues of ApoM-/- mice were significantly diminished in response to insulin stimulation compared with those noted in WT mice. CONCLUSION ApoM deficiency led to the disorders of glucose metabolism and altered genes related to glucose metabolism in mice liver. In vivo data indicated that apoM might augment insulin sensitivity by AKT-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ning Xu
- Address correspondence to these two authors at the Comprehensive Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 213003, Changzhou, China; Tel: +86-0519-68870619; E-mail: , and the Section of Clinical Chemistry & Pharmacology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lunds University, S-22185 Lund, Sweden; E-mail:
| | - Guanghua Luo
- Address correspondence to these two authors at the Comprehensive Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 213003, Changzhou, China; Tel: +86-0519-68870619; E-mail: , and the Section of Clinical Chemistry & Pharmacology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lunds University, S-22185 Lund, Sweden; E-mail:
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18
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Sramkova V, Berend S, Siklova M, Caspar-Bauguil S, Carayol J, Bonnel S, Marques M, Decaunes P, Kolditz CI, Dahlman I, Arner P, Stich V, Saris WHM, Astrup A, Valsesia A, Rossmeislova L, Langin D, Viguerie N. Apolipoprotein M: a novel adipokine decreasing with obesity and upregulated by calorie restriction. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 109:1499-1510. [PMID: 30869115 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adipose tissue (AT) is a secretory organ producing a wide variety of factors that participate in the genesis of metabolic disorders linked to excess fat mass. Weight loss improves obesity-related disorders. OBJECTIVES Transcriptomic studies on human AT, and a combination of analyses of transcriptome and proteome profiling of conditioned media from adipocytes and stromal cells isolated from human AT, have led to the identification of apolipoprotein M (apoM) as a putative adipokine. We aimed to validate apoM as novel adipokine, investigate the relation of AT APOM expression with metabolic syndrome and insulin sensitivity, and study the regulation of its expression in AT and secretion during calorie restriction-induced weight loss. METHODS We examined APOM mRNA level and secretion in AT from 485 individuals enrolled in 5 independent clinical trials, and in vitro in human multipotent adipose-derived stem cell adipocytes. APOM expression and secretion were measured during dieting. RESULTS APOM was expressed in human subcutaneous and visceral AT, mainly by adipocytes. ApoM was released into circulation from AT, and plasma apoM concentrations correlate with AT APOM mRNA levels. In AT, APOM expression inversely correlated with adipocyte size, was lower in obese compared to lean individuals, and reduced in subjects with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Regardless of fat depot, there was a positive relation between AT APOM expression and systemic insulin sensitivity, independently of fat mass and plasma HDL cholesterol. In human multipotent adipose-derived stem cell adipocytes, APOM expression was enhanced by insulin-sensitizing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists and inhibited by tumor necrosis factor α, a cytokine that causes insulin resistance. In obese individuals, calorie restriction increased AT APOM expression and secretion. CONCLUSIONS ApoM is a novel adipokine, the expression of which is a hallmark of healthy AT and is upregulated by calorie restriction. AT apoM deserves further investigation as a potential biomarker of risk for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Sramkova
- Department for the Study of Obesity and Diabetes, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Franco-Czech Laboratory for Clinical Research on Obesity, Third Faculty of Medicine, Prague and Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Toulouse, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1048, Obesity Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC), Toulouse, France.,University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Sarah Berend
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1048, Obesity Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC), Toulouse, France.,University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Michaela Siklova
- Department for the Study of Obesity and Diabetes, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Franco-Czech Laboratory for Clinical Research on Obesity, Third Faculty of Medicine, Prague and Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Toulouse, France
| | - Sylvie Caspar-Bauguil
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1048, Obesity Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC), Toulouse, France.,University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France.,Toulouse University Hospitals, Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, Toulouse, France
| | - Jérôme Carayol
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Metabolic Health Department, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Bonnel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1048, Obesity Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC), Toulouse, France.,University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Marques
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1048, Obesity Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC), Toulouse, France.,University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Pauline Decaunes
- University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1048, Stroma-vascular cells of adipose tissue, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC), Toulouse, France
| | - Catherine-Ines Kolditz
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1048, Obesity Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC), Toulouse, France.,University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Ingrid Dahlman
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Arner
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vladimir Stich
- Department for the Study of Obesity and Diabetes, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Franco-Czech Laboratory for Clinical Research on Obesity, Third Faculty of Medicine, Prague and Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Toulouse, France
| | - Wim H M Saris
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Arne Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Armand Valsesia
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Metabolic Health Department, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lenka Rossmeislova
- Department for the Study of Obesity and Diabetes, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Franco-Czech Laboratory for Clinical Research on Obesity, Third Faculty of Medicine, Prague and Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Toulouse, France
| | - Dominique Langin
- Franco-Czech Laboratory for Clinical Research on Obesity, Third Faculty of Medicine, Prague and Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Toulouse, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1048, Obesity Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC), Toulouse, France.,University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France.,Toulouse University Hospitals, Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Viguerie
- Franco-Czech Laboratory for Clinical Research on Obesity, Third Faculty of Medicine, Prague and Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), Toulouse, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1048, Obesity Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC), Toulouse, France.,University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
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19
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Bisgaard LS, Christoffersen C. Apolipoprotein M/sphingosine-1-phosphate: novel effects on lipids, inflammation and kidney biology. Curr Opin Lipidol 2019; 30:212-217. [PMID: 31008738 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In 2011, the crystal structure of apolipoprotein M (apoM) and its capacity to bind sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) was characterized. Since then, a variety of studies has increased our knowledge on apoM biology and functionality. From being an unknown and hardly significant player in overall metabolism, apoM has gained significant interest. RECENT FINDINGS Key discoveries in the last 2 years have indicated that the apoM/S1P complex has important roles in lipid metabolism (affecting triglyceride turnover), inflammation (a marker of severe sepsis and potentially providing anti-inflammatory signaling) and kidney biology (potential to protect against immunoglobulin A nephropathy). SUMMARY Several studies suggest a potential for apoM/S1P as biomarkers for inflammation, sepsis and nephropathy. Also, a novel chaperone is characterized and could have potential as a drug for treatment in inflammation and nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina Christoffersen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg Hospital
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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20
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Sørensen IM, Bertelsen M, Freese E, Lindhard K, Ullum H, Feldt-Rasmussen B, Nielsen LB, Christoffersen C, Bro S. Apolipoprotein M in patients with chronic kidney disease. Atherosclerosis 2018; 275:304-311. [PMID: 29980057 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.06.815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plasma apolipoprotein M (APOM) is bound to HDL-particles and has anti-atherogenic effects. The present study explored whether plasma APOM is reduced in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). In addition, we tested the hypothesis that the excretion of APOM into the urine is increased in patients with kidney disease. METHODS Plasma samples were collected from a cohort of patients with CKD stages 1 to 5D (N = 409) and controls (N = 35). Urine was collected from 47 subjects. Plasma APOM was measured with sandwich ELISA and urine APOM with competitive ELISA. RESULTS Plasma APOM levels were reduced in patients with CKD stages 3-5D as compared to patients with CKD stages 1 + 2 and controls (p < 0.01). CKD patients with known CVD displayed even further reduction in plasma APOM levels than CKD patients without known CVD (p < 0.001). Fast-phase liquid chromatography showed that plasma APOM was primarily associated with HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) across CKD stages. Accordingly, when plasma APOM values were corrected for HDL-C, a significant difference only persisted between patients with CKD stage 3 and stages 1 + 2 (p < 0.05), and the difference between CKD patients with and without known CVD disappeared. Urine APOM/creatinine ratio was not significantly increased in patients with kidney disease. CONCLUSIONS The results show that the difference in plasma APOM levels observed between patients with mild and advanced CKD may mainly be due to differences in plasma HDL-C. Whether APOM plays a role in human uremic atherogenesis warrants further experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Mh Sørensen
- Department of Nephrology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Ellen Freese
- Department of Nephrology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Henrik Ullum
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Lars Bo Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina Christoffersen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne Bro
- Department of Nephrology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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21
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Swendeman SL, Xiong Y, Cantalupo A, Yuan H, Burg N, Hisano Y, Cartier A, Liu CH, Engelbrecht E, Blaho V, Zhang Y, Yanagida K, Galvani S, Obinata H, Salmon JE, Sanchez T, Di Lorenzo A, Hla T. An engineered S1P chaperone attenuates hypertension and ischemic injury. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/492/eaal2722. [PMID: 28811382 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aal2722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction, a hallmark of vascular disease, is restored by plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL). However, a generalized increase in HDL abundance is not beneficial, suggesting that specific HDL species mediate protective effects. Apolipoprotein M-containing HDL (ApoM+HDL), which carries the bioactive lipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), promotes endothelial function by activating G protein-coupled S1P receptors. Moreover, HDL-bound S1P is limiting in several inflammatory, metabolic, and vascular diseases. We report the development of a soluble carrier for S1P, ApoM-Fc, which activated S1P receptors in a sustained manner and promoted endothelial function. In contrast, ApoM-Fc did not modulate circulating lymphocyte numbers, suggesting that it specifically activated endothelial S1P receptors. ApoM-Fc administration reduced blood pressure in hypertensive mice, attenuated myocardial damage after ischemia/reperfusion injury, and reduced brain infarct volume in the middle cerebral artery occlusion model of stroke. Our proof-of-concept study suggests that selective and sustained targeting of endothelial S1P receptors by ApoM-Fc could be a viable therapeutic strategy in vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven L Swendeman
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yuquan Xiong
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anna Cantalupo
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hui Yuan
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nathalie Burg
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Yu Hisano
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andreane Cartier
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Catherine H Liu
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Eric Engelbrecht
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Victoria Blaho
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Keisuke Yanagida
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sylvain Galvani
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hideru Obinata
- Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Jane E Salmon
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Teresa Sanchez
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Annarita Di Lorenzo
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Timothy Hla
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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22
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Enhanced differential expression statistics for data-independent acquisition proteomics. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5869. [PMID: 28724900 PMCID: PMC5517573 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05949-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a new reproducibility-optimization method ROPECA for statistical analysis of proteomics data with a specific focus on the emerging data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry technology. ROPECA optimizes the reproducibility of statistical testing on peptide-level and aggregates the peptide-level changes to determine differential protein-level expression. Using a ‘gold standard’ spike-in data and a hybrid proteome benchmark data we show the competitive performance of ROPECA over conventional protein-based analysis as well as state-of-the-art peptide-based tools especially in DIA data with consistent peptide measurements. Furthermore, we also demonstrate the improved accuracy of our method in clinical studies using proteomics data from a longitudinal human twin study.
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Shiu SW, Wong Y, Tan KC. Pre-β1 HDL in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis 2017; 263:24-28. [PMID: 28595104 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pre-β1 HDL, being a major acceptor of free cholesterol from cells, plays an important role in reverse cholesterol transport. This study was performed to determine whether abnormalities in pre-β1 HDL concentration were present in type 2 diabetes irrespective of their HDL-cholesterol levels, and the impact on cholesterol efflux. METHODS 640 type 2 diabetic patients with or without cardiovascular disease (CVD) and 360 non-diabetic controls matched for serum HDL-cholesterol levels were recruited. Plasma pre-β1 HDL was measured by ELISA, and cholesterol efflux to serum, mediated by ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), was determined by measuring the transfer of [3H]cholesterol from cultured cells expressing ABCA1 to the medium containing the tested serum. RESULTS Despite the diabetic subjects having matched HDL-cholesterol and total apoA1 as controls, plasma pre-β1 HDL was significantly reduced in both male (p < 0.01) and female diabetic patients (p < 0.05), and patients with CVD had the lowest pre-β1 HDL level. Serum capacity to induce ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux was impaired in the diabetic group (p < 0.01) and cholesterol efflux correlated with pre-β1 HDL (Pearson's r = 0.38, p < 0.01), and this association remained significantly even after controlling for age, gender, body mass index, diabetes status, smoking, apoA1, triglyceride and LDL. CONCLUSIONS Plasma pre-β1 HDL level was significantly decreased in type 2 diabetes and was associated with a reduction in cholesterol efflux mediated by ABCA1. Our data would suggest that low pre-β1 HDL might cause impairment in reverse cholesterol transport in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Shiu
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Y Wong
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - K C Tan
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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24
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Lee M, Kim JI, Choi S, Jang Y, Sorn SR. The Effect of apoM Polymorphism Associated with HDL Metabolism on Obese Korean Adults. JOURNAL OF NUTRIGENETICS AND NUTRIGENOMICS 2017; 9:306-317. [PMID: 28245483 DOI: 10.1159/000455948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein M (apoM) is a recently identified apolipoprotein associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in coronary artery disease (CAD), but the association between apoM polymorphism and obesity has not been reported. AIM To investigate the association between apoM polymorphism and obesity prevalence in 584 Korean adults. METHODS A total of 584 individuals aged between 30 and 80 years were recruited from Yonsei Medical Center in Seoul, Korea, and divided into obese (OB; body mass index, BMI ≥25) and nonobese (non-OB; BMI <25) groups. Anthropometric variables, lipid profiles, insulin-resistant profiles, reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) enzymes, HDL subfraction, and apoM polymorphism were determined. RESULTS In OB with T-855C polymorphism, TT genotype carriers significantly showed 6.2% higher diastolic blood pressure (DBP), 1.3% lower amount of HDL2b subfraction, and 19.7% higher lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) mass than TC+CC carriers. OB subjects with the T allele of T-778C polymorphism significantly demonstrated 43% higher plasma insulin, 17.7% higher total cholesterol, 26.7% higher triglyceride, 40.7% higher leptin, 1.6% lower HDL2b, and 12.6% higher LCAT mass than those with the C allele. These results were reversed in non-OB with T-778C polymorphism regarding HDL subfractions and RCT enzymes. CONCLUSION apoM T-855C and T-778C polymorphisms were found to be associated with obesity by regulating HDL metabolism, and the T alleles of apoM T-778C were shown to be more strongly correlated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoungsook Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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25
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Ruiz M, Okada H, Dahlbäck B. HDL-associated ApoM is anti-apoptotic by delivering sphingosine 1-phosphate to S1P1 & S1P3 receptors on vascular endothelium. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:36. [PMID: 28179022 PMCID: PMC5299634 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0429-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background High-density Lipoprotein (HDL) attenuates endothelial cell apoptosis induced by different cell-death stimuli such as oxidation or growth factor deprivation. HDL is the main plasma carrier of the bioactive lipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), which it is a signaling molecule that promotes cell survival in response to several apoptotic stimuli. In HDL, S1P is bound to Apolipoprotein M (ApoM), a Lipocalin that is only present in around 5% of the HDL particles. The goal of this study is to characterize ApoM-bound S1P role in endothelial apoptosis protection and the signaling pathways involved. Methods Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) cultures were switched to serum/grow factor deprivation medium to induce apoptosis and the effect caused by the addition of ApoM and S1P analyzed. Results The addition of HDL+ApoM or recombinant ApoM-bound S1P promoted cell viability and blocked apoptosis, whereas HDL-ApoM had no protective effect. Remarkably, S1P exerted a more potent anti-apoptotic effect when carried by ApoM as compared to albumin, or when added as free molecule. Mechanistically, cooperation between S1P1 and S1P3 was required for the HDL/ApoM/S1P-mediated anti-apoptotic ability. Furthermore, AKT and ERK phosphorylation was also necessary to achieve the anti-apoptotic effect of the HDL/ApoM/S1P complex. Conclusions Altogether, our results indicate that ApoM and S1P are key elements of the anti-apoptotic activity of HDL and promote optimal endothelial function. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12944-017-0429-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Ruiz
- Department of Translational Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden. .,Department of Translational Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, Wallenberg Laboratory, Lund University, Inga Marie Nilssons gata 53, SE-20502, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Hiromi Okada
- Department of Translational Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Björn Dahlbäck
- Department of Translational Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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26
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Zhang P, Gao J, Pu C, Feng G, Wang L, Huang L, Zhang Y. ApoM/HDL-C and apoM/apoA-I ratios are indicators of diabetic nephropathy in healthy controls and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Chim Acta 2017; 466:31-37. [PMID: 28073663 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein M (apoM) concentrations were decreased in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). ApoM was selectively expressed in renal tubular epithelial cells. We investigated the changes in plasma apoM concentrations in diabetic nephropathy (DN) patients and the potential of apoM as a biomarker of DN. METHODS A total of 96 DN patients and 100 age- and sex-matched diabetic non-nephropathy (non-DN) patients and 110 healthy controls were included. All T2DM patients were divided into 3 groups according to urinary albumin excretion: normoalbuminuria (n=100), microalbuminuria (n=50) and macroalbuminuria (n=46). Plasma apoM concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS DN Patients had higher plasma apoM concentrations than those in non-DN patients (22.23±11.69 vs. 18.96±7.85ng/μl, P<0.05). In addition, microalbuminuria group showed higher plasma apoM concentrations than those in normoalbuminuria group (22.67±11.40 vs. 18.96±7.85ng/μl, P<0.05). The areas under curve (AUC) of apoM using a receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that plasma apoM concentrations were not indicators for identification of DN from healthy people (AUC=0.478, P=0.585) and from T2DM (AUC=0.563, P=0.125). DN patients had higher ratios of apoM/HDL-C and apoM/apoA1 than those in healthy controls and in non-DN patients. ApoM/HDL-C and apoM/apoA1 ratios could be used as indicators for identification of DN from healthy people (AUC=0.597, P=0.016; AUC=0.665, P=0.000, respectively) and from T2DM (AUC=0.580, P=0.050; AUC=0.601, P=0.015, respectively). CONCLUSIONS ApoM/HDL-C and apoM/apoA1 ratios could be used as indicators for identification of DN from healthy people and from T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puhong Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biological Macro-molecules Research, Wannan Medical College, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, China
| | - Jialin Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biological Macro-molecules Research, Wannan Medical College, China
| | - Chun Pu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, China
| | - Gang Feng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, China
| | - Lizhuo Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wannan Medical College, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biological Macro-molecules Research, Wannan Medical College, China
| | - Lizhu Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wannan Medical College, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biological Macro-molecules Research, Wannan Medical College, China.
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Zhang P, Gao J, Pu C, Feng G, Wang L, Huang L, Tao Q, Zhang Y. Effects of hyperlipidaemia on plasma apolipoprotein M levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: an independent case-control study. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:158. [PMID: 27633510 PMCID: PMC5025546 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0325-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Apolipoprotein M (apoM) is mainly enriched in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and is slightly present in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. apoM is involved in HDL formation and HDL-mediated reverse cholesterol transport. apoM is also associated with hyperlipidaemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Significantly high plasma apoM levels are detected in hyperlipidaemia mice with a defective LDL receptor. By contrast, low plasma apoM levels are observed in patients with T2DM, which is often accompanied with hyperlipidaemia. However, the underlying mechanism of this condition is poorly understood. This research aims to examine the changes in apoM levels in patients with hyperlipidaemia and to determine the effects of hyperlipidaemia on plasma apoM levels in patients with T2DM. Methods This study included patients with hyperlipidaemia (n = 79), patients with T2DM but without hyperlipidaemia (n = 125), patients with T2DM and hyperlipidaemia (n = 98), and healthy controls (n = 105). Their plasma apoM concentrations were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results The average plasma apoM concentrations were 18 % higher in the hyperlipidaemia group (26.63 ± 10.35 ng/μL) than in the healthy controls (22.61 ± 10.81 ng/μL, P <0.01). The plasma apoM concentrations were lower in the T2DM without hyperlipidaemia group (18.54 ± 10.33 ng/μL, P <0.01) and the T2DM with hyperlipidaemia group (19.83 ± 7.41 ng/μL, P <0.05) than in the healthy controls. Similar to apoA-I (1.29 ± 0.33 g/L vs. 1.28 ± 0.31 g/L, P >0.05), the plasma apoM concentrations in the T2DM with hyperlipidaemia group did not significantly differ from those in the T2DM without hyperlipidaemia group (P >0.05). Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that hyperlipidaemia (β = 5.18, P = 0.007) is an independent promoting factor of plasma apoM levels and diabetes (β = −3.09, P = 0.005) is an inhibiting factor of plasma apoM levels. Conclusion Plasma apoM concentrations are higher in patients with hyperlipidaemia than in healthy controls. Low plasma apoM levels in patients with T2DM are likely caused by diabetes but are not induced by hyperlipidaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puhong Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biological Macro-molecules Research (Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, China
| | - Jialin Gao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biological Macro-molecules Research (Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, China.,Department of Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Chun Pu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Gang Feng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Lizhuo Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wannan Medical College, 22 West Wenchang Road, Wuhu, 241002, People's Republic of China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biological Macro-molecules Research (Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, China
| | - Lizhu Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Qingsong Tao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wannan Medical College, 22 West Wenchang Road, Wuhu, 241002, People's Republic of China. .,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biological Macro-molecules Research (Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, China.
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Zhang PH, Gao JL, Pu C, Feng G, Wang LZ, Huang LZ, Zhang Y. A single-nucleotide polymorphism C-724 /del in the proter region of the apolipoprotein M gene is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:142. [PMID: 27576735 PMCID: PMC5006532 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0307-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein M (apoM) was the carrier of the biologically active lipid mediator sphingosine-1-phospate in high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and played a critical role in formation and maturation of prebeta-HDL-C particles. The plasma apoM levels were decreased obviously in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A new single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) C-724del in apoM promoter was associated with a higher risk for coronary artery diseases (CAD) and myocardial infarction, could reduce promoter activities and apoM expression in vitro. The primary aim of the present case-controls study was to investigate the effect of apoM SNP C-724del on apoM expression in vivo and its association with T2DM susceptibility in an eastern Han Chinese cohort. METHODS Two hundred and fifty-nine T2DM patients and seventy-six healthy controls were included in this study. Amplifying DNA of apoM proximal promoter region including SNP C-724del by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and amplicons sequencing. The plasma apoM concentrations were assayed by enzyme linked immunosorbentassay (ELISA). RESULTS Four polymorphic sites, rs805297 (C-1065A), rs9404941 (T-855C), rs805296 (T-778C), C-724del were confirmed. rs805297 (C-1065A) and rs9404941 (T-855C) showed no statistical difference in allele frequencies and genotype distributions between T2DM patients and healthy controls just as previous studies. It's worth noting that the difference of rs805296 (T-778C) between these two groups was not found in this study. In SNP C-724del, the frequency of del allele and mutant genotypes (del/del, C/del) were higher in T2DM patients compared with healthy controls (p = 0.035; P = 0.040, respectively), while the plasma apoM levels of C-724del mutant allele carriers compared with the wide-type homozygotes carriers were not statistically different in T2DM patients (18.20 ± 8.53 ng/uL vs 20.44 ± 10.21 ng/uL, P = 0.245). CONCLUSION The polymorphism C-724del in the promoter region of the apoM gene could confer the risk of T2DM among eastern Han Chinese. Unfortunately, the lowing of plasma apoM levels of C-724del mutant allele carriers compared with the wide-type homozygotes carriers in T2DM patients was not statistically different in present study, so further researchs were needed by enlarging the sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu-Hong Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biological Macro-molecules Research, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Lin Gao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biological Macro-molecules Research, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Pu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Feng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Zhuo Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wannan Medical College, 22 West Wenchang Road, Wuhu, 241002, People's Republic of China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biological Macro-molecules Research, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Zhu Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wannan Medical College, 22 West Wenchang Road, Wuhu, 241002, People's Republic of China. .,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biological Macro-molecules Research, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, People's Republic of China.
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Khoonsari PE, Häggmark A, Lönnberg M, Mikus M, Kilander L, Lannfelt L, Bergquist J, Ingelsson M, Nilsson P, Kultima K, Shevchenko G. Analysis of the Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteome in Alzheimer's Disease. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150672. [PMID: 26950848 PMCID: PMC4780771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder accounting for more than 50% of cases of dementia. Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease relies on cognitive tests and analysis of amyloid beta, protein tau, and hyperphosphorylated tau in cerebrospinal fluid. Although these markers provide relatively high sensitivity and specificity for early disease detection, they are not suitable for monitor of disease progression. In the present study, we used label-free shotgun mass spectrometry to analyse the cerebrospinal fluid proteome of Alzheimer’s disease patients and non-demented controls to identify potential biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease. We processed the data using five programs (DecyderMS, Maxquant, OpenMS, PEAKS, and Sieve) and compared their results by means of reproducibility and peptide identification, including three different normalization methods. After depletion of high abundant proteins we found that Alzheimer’s disease patients had lower fraction of low-abundance proteins in cerebrospinal fluid compared to healthy controls (p<0.05). Consequently, global normalization was found to be less accurate compared to using spiked-in chicken ovalbumin for normalization. In addition, we determined that Sieve and OpenMS resulted in the highest reproducibility and PEAKS was the programs with the highest identification performance. Finally, we successfully verified significantly lower levels (p<0.05) of eight proteins (A2GL, APOM, C1QB, C1QC, C1S, FBLN3, PTPRZ, and SEZ6) in Alzheimer’s disease compared to controls using an antibody-based detection method. These proteins are involved in different biological roles spanning from cell adhesion and migration, to regulation of the synapse and the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam Emami Khoonsari
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Häggmark
- Affinity Proteomics, Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Lönnberg
- Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Mikus
- Affinity Proteomics, Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Kilander
- Department of Public Health/Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Lannfelt
- Department of Public Health/Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Bergquist
- Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Ingelsson
- Department of Public Health/Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Nilsson
- Affinity Proteomics, Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kim Kultima
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cancer Pharmacology and Computational Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Ganna Shevchenko
- Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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30
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Ren K, Tang ZL, Jiang Y, Tan YM, Yi GH. Apolipoprotein M. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 446:21-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, with a two- to fourfold increase in cardiovascular disease risk compared with non-diabetic individuals. Abnormalities in lipid metabolism that are observed in the context of type 2 diabetes are among the major factors contributing to an increased cardiovascular risk. Diabetic dyslipidaemia includes not only quantitative lipoprotein abnormalities, but also qualitative and kinetic abnormalities that, together, result in a shift towards a more atherogenic lipid profile. The primary quantitative lipoprotein abnormalities are increased triacylglycerol (triglyceride) levels and decreased HDL-cholesterol levels. Qualitative lipoprotein abnormalities include an increase in large, very low-density lipoprotein subfraction 1 (VLDL1) and small, dense LDLs, as well as increased triacylglycerol content of LDL and HDL, glycation of apolipoproteins and increased susceptibility of LDL to oxidation. The main kinetic abnormalities are increased VLDL1 production, decreased VLDL catabolism and increased HDL catabolism. In addition, even though LDL-cholesterol levels are typically normal in patients with type 2 diabetes, LDL particles show reduced turnover, which is potentially atherogenic. Although the pathophysiology of diabetic dyslipidaemia is not fully understood, the insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency observed in patients with type 2 diabetes are likely to contribute to these lipid changes, as insulin plays an important role in regulating lipid metabolism. In addition, some adipocytokines, such as adiponectin or retinol-binding protein 4, may also contribute to the development of dyslipidaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Vergès
- Service Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Maladies Métaboliques, Hôpital du Bocage, 2 bd Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 21000, Dijon, France,
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Pan Y, Zhou HG, Zhou H, Hu M, Tang LJ. Apolipoprotein M regulates the orphan nuclear receptor LRH-1 gene expression through binding to its promoter region in HepG2 cells. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:2375-82. [PMID: 25987835 PMCID: PMC4422289 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s78496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein M (ApoM) is predominantly located in the high-density lipoprotein in human plasma. It has been demonstrated that ApoM expression could be regulated by several crucial nuclear receptors that are involved in the bile acid metabolism. In the present study, by combining gene-silencing experiments, overexpression studies, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we showed that ApoM positively regulated liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1) gene expression via direct binding to an LRH-1 promoter region (nucleotides -406/ -197). In addition, we investigated the effects of farnesoid X receptor agonist GW4064 on hepatic ApoM expression in vitro. In HepG2 cell cultures, both mRNA and protein levels of ApoM and LRH-1 were decreased in a time-dependent manner in the presence of 1 μM GW4064, and the inhibition effect was gradually attenuated after 24 hours. In conclusion, our findings present supportive evidence that ApoM is a regulator of human LRH-1 transcription, and further reveal the importance of ApoM as a critical regulator of bile acids metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Pan
- Clinical Laboratory, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China ; Molecular Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hou-gang Zhou
- Clinical Laboratory, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Tumor Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Hu
- Clinical Laboratory, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-jun Tang
- Molecular Biology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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Borup A, Christensen PM, Nielsen LB, Christoffersen C. Apolipoprotein M in lipid metabolism and cardiometabolic diseases. Curr Opin Lipidol 2015; 26:48-55. [PMID: 25551802 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review will address recent findings on apolipoprotein M (apoM) and its ligand sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) in lipid metabolism and inflammatory diseases. RECENT FINDINGS ApoM's likely role(s) in health and disease has become more diverse after the discovery that apoM functions as a chaperone for S1P. Hence, apoM has recently been implicated in lipid metabolism, diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis through in-vivo, in-vitro and genetic association studies. It remains to be established to which degree such associations with apoM can be attributed to its ability to bind S1P. SUMMARY The apoM/S1P axis and its implications in atherosclerosis and lipid metabolism have been thoroughly studied. Owing to the discovery of the apoM/S1P axis, the scope of apoM research has broadened. ApoM and S1P have been implicated in lipid metabolism, that is by modulating HDL particles. Also, the importance in regulating endothelial function is being investigated. Furthermore, both apoM and S1P have been linked to diabetes and glucose and insulin metabolism. Finally, genetic variations in the apoM gene are associated with lipid disturbances, diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis. These findings suggest not only diverse effects of apoM, but also the important question of whether apoM mainly acts as a S1P carrier, if apoM carries other substances with biological effects as well, or whether the apoM protein has effects on its own.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Borup
- aDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet bInstitute of Biomedical Sciences cInstitute of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark *Dr Anna Borup and Pernille M. Christensen contributed equally to the writing of this article
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Guo H, Zhao XX, Zhang XJ, Chen W, Zhang J. Functional study of -724I/D polymorphism in apolipoprotein M (apoM) gene promoter region and its association with myocardial infarction. Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:371-5. [PMID: 25637426 PMCID: PMC4321410 DOI: 10.12659/msm.893077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to detect the function of -724I/D polymorphism in the apolipoprotein M (apoM) gene promoter region and to determine its relationship with myocardial infarction (MI). Material/Methods We selected 309 patients with MI and 309 healthy controls for this case-control study. The PCR products of the apoM gene promoter region were directly sequenced to analyze the -724I/D polymorphism. Differences in frequency distributions of genotype and allele were compared between the MI group and the control group. We used gene recombination and site-directed mutagenesis technique to observe the impact of -724 I/D on transcription activity of apoM gene promoter in vitro. Results The allele frequency of the -724Del in the MI group was higher than that in the control group (9.5% vs. 3.2%, OR=3.156, 95% CI (1.876~5.309), P<0.001). Compared to the I/I genotype carriers, the apoM levels decreased but the total cholesterol (TC) levels increased significantly in the -724Del allele carriers in plasma. The activity of apoM I/I genotype promoter decreased significantly after the deletion mutation at -724 position in apoM gene. Conclusions -724 I/D polymorphism decreases the apoM promoter activity, down-regulates the apoM protein expression level, and increases the risk of MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Guo
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Clinical Medical College, Second Military Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Xian-Xian Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Xiao-Juan Zhang
- Dialysis Center, Jingdu Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University, School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
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Bosteen MH, Dahlbäck B, Nielsen LB, Christoffersen C. Protein unfolding allows use of commercial antibodies in an apolipoprotein M sandwich ELISA. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:754-759. [PMID: 25561460 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d055947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
apoM is a member of the lipocalin superfamily and circulates in plasma attached to HDL particles. apoM plays a role in cholesterol metabolism and has recently been identified as transporter for the signaling lipid, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), in plasma. S1P is implicated in several inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. The ability to accurately measure apoM is crucial for investigating its biological functions and possible clinical implications. However, reliable commercial methods have been lacking so far. Therefore, we have developed an assay that specifically recognizes human apoM in plasma using commercially available reagents. Commercial apoM antibodies were screened for compatibility in a sandwich ELISA-based assay. One optimal pair of antibodies was chosen, and sample preparation, buffers, and incubation times were optimized to generate a simple and reproducible method. Validation and comparison to a previously described ELISA for apoM confirmed that the assay displays a high degree of sensitivity, specificity, and precision. Our results show that commercially available antibodies can be used to accurately measure human plasma apoM. This method can be implemented in every laboratory and will help promote high quality research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Høybye Bosteen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Björn Dahlbäck
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Lund, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lars Bo Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Christina Christoffersen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Zannis VI, Fotakis P, Koukos G, Kardassis D, Ehnholm C, Jauhiainen M, Chroni A. HDL biogenesis, remodeling, and catabolism. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2015; 224:53-111. [PMID: 25522986 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-09665-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, we review how HDL is generated, remodeled, and catabolized in plasma. We describe key features of the proteins that participate in these processes, emphasizing how mutations in apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and the other proteins affect HDL metabolism. The biogenesis of HDL initially requires functional interaction of apoA-I with the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and subsequently interactions of the lipidated apoA-I forms with lecithin/cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). Mutations in these proteins either prevent or impair the formation and possibly the functionality of HDL. Remodeling and catabolism of HDL is the result of interactions of HDL with cell receptors and other membrane and plasma proteins including hepatic lipase (HL), endothelial lipase (EL), phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP), cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), apolipoprotein M (apoM), scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI), ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1), the F1 subunit of ATPase (Ecto F1-ATPase), and the cubulin/megalin receptor. Similarly to apoA-I, apolipoprotein E and apolipoprotein A-IV were shown to form discrete HDL particles containing these apolipoproteins which may have important but still unexplored functions. Furthermore, several plasma proteins were found associated with HDL and may modulate its biological functions. The effect of these proteins on the functionality of HDL is the topic of ongoing research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilis I Zannis
- Molecular Genetics, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA,
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Kuivenhoven JA, Groen AK. Beyond the genetics of HDL: why is HDL cholesterol inversely related to cardiovascular disease? Handb Exp Pharmacol 2015; 224:285-300. [PMID: 25522992 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-09665-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
There is unequivocal evidence that high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels in plasma are inversely associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Studies of families with inherited HDL disorders and genetic association studies in general (and patient) population samples have identified a large number of factors that control HDL cholesterol levels. However, they have not resolved why HDL cholesterol and CVD are inversely related. A growing body of evidence from nongenetic studies shows that HDL in patients at increased risk of CVD has lost its protective properties and that increasing the cholesterol content of HDL does not result in the desired effects. Hopefully, these insights can help improve strategies to successfully intervene in HDL metabolism. It is clear that there is a need to revisit the HDL hypothesis in an unbiased manner. True insights into the molecular mechanisms that regulate plasma HDL cholesterol and triglycerides or control HDL function could provide the handholds that are needed to develop treatment for, e.g., type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Especially genome-wide association studies have provided many candidate genes for such studies. In this review we have tried to cover the main molecular studies that have been produced over the past few years. It is clear that we are only at the very start of understanding how the newly identified factors may control HDL metabolism. In addition, the most recent findings underscore the intricate relations between HDL, triglyceride, and glucose metabolism indicating that these parameters need to be studied simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Kuivenhoven
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands,
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Zhao JY, Hu YW, Li SF, Hu YR, Ma X, Wu SG, Wang YC, Gao JJ, Sha YH, Zheng L, Wang Q. Dihydrocapsaicin down-regulates apoM expression through inhibiting Foxa2 expression and enhancing LXRα expression in HepG2 cells. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13:50. [PMID: 24642298 PMCID: PMC3999941 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-13-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Apolipoprotein M (apoM), as a novel apolipoprotein which is mainly expressed in liver and kidney tissues, is associated with development and progression of atherosclerosis and diabetes. Our group have recently shown that Dihydrocapsaicin(DHC)can significantly decrease atherosclerotic plaque formation in apoE−/− mice. However, the effect and possible mechanism of DHC on apoM expression remain unclear. Methods HepG2 cells were treated with 0 μM, 25 μM, 50 μM and 100 μM DHC for 24 h or were treated with 100 μM DHC for 0, 6, 12, and 24 h, respectively. The mRNA levels and protein levels were measured by real-time quantitative PCR and western blot analysis, respectively. Results We found that DHC markedly decreased expression of apoM at both mRNA and protein level in HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. Expression of Foxa2 was decreased while expression of LXRα was increased by DHC treatment in HepG2 cells. In addittion, overexpression of Foxa2 markedly compensated the inhibition effect induced by DHC on apoM expression. LXRα small interfering RNA significantly abolished the inhibition effect which induced by DHC on apoM expression. The liver of C57BL/6 mice treated with DHC had significantly lower expression of apoM. Furthermore, the liver had lower expression of Foxa2 while had higher expression of LXRα. Conclusions DHC could down-regulate apoM expression through inhibiting Foxa2 expression and enhancing LXRα expression in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lei Zheng
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China.
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Zheng L, Luo G, Zhang J, Mu Q, Shi Y, Berggren-Söderlund M, Nilsson-Ehle P, Zhang X, Xu N. Decreased activities of apolipoprotein m promoter are associated with the susceptibility to coronary artery diseases. Int J Med Sci 2014; 11:365-72. [PMID: 24578614 PMCID: PMC3936031 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.7696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the correlation among genetic polymorphisms of the proximal promoter region of apolipoprotein M (apoM) gene, the polymorphisms in relation to apoM expressions and the susceptibility to coronary artery diseases (CAD) in a Han Chinese population. Four common polymorphic sites, i.e., T-1628G, C-1065A, T-855C and T-778C, were confirmed, and a new deletion mutation C-724del was found, in 206 CAD patients and 209 non-CAD patients using direct DNA sequencing analyses. Occurrences of alleles T-1628G, T-855C and C-724del were significantly higher in CAD patients compared to non-CAD patients. Moreover we examined all these polymorphisms in relation to apoM expression by applying luciferase reporter assay. It demonstrated that constructs -855C and 724del showed obvious decreased luciferase activities, i.e., (0.93±0.15 vs. 2.11±0.15; P=0.012) and (1.13±0.25 vs. 2.11±0.15; P=0.009) respectively, which indicates these two polymorphisms could confer decreased apoM expressions. Meanwhile the occurrences of these two SNP were also significantly higher in the CAD patients than in non-CAD patients. It is therefore reasonable to speculate that down-regulated apoM expressions in relation to these polymorphisms may affect HDL and cholesterol metabolism in vivo and further influence the susceptibility to CAD, although the underlying mechanisms need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zheng
- 1. Comprehensive Laboratory, Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Guanghua Luo
- 1. Comprehensive Laboratory, Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- 1. Comprehensive Laboratory, Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Qinfeng Mu
- 1. Comprehensive Laboratory, Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Yuanping Shi
- 1. Comprehensive Laboratory, Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Maria Berggren-Söderlund
- 2. Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter Nilsson-Ehle
- 2. Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- 1. Comprehensive Laboratory, Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Ning Xu
- 2. Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden
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Elsøe S, Christoffersen C, Luchoomun J, Turner S, Nielsen LB. Apolipoprotein M promotes mobilization of cellular cholesterol in vivo. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:1287-92. [PMID: 24046869 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The HDL associated apolipoprotein M (apoM) protects against experimental atherosclerosis but the mechanism is unknown. ApoM increases prebeta-HDL formation. We explored whether plasma apoM affects mobilization of cholesterol from peripheral cells in mice. METHODS AND RESULTS ApoM-enriched HDL from apoM-transgenic mice increased the in vitro efflux of 3H-cholesterol from macrophages by 24 +/- 3% (p < 0.05) as compared with HDL from wild type (WT) mice, thus confirming previous findings. However, apoM-free HDL was not poorer than that of WT HDL to mobilize 3H-cholesterol. 3H-cholesterol-labeled foam cells were implanted in the peritoneal cavity of apoM-/-, WT and apoM-transgenic mice to assess the mobilization of cholesterol from foam cells in vivo and subsequent excretion into feces. The results showed a statistically non-significant trend towards increased mobilization of cellular cholesterol to plasma with increasing plasma apoM. However, the apoM-genotype did not affect the excretion of 3H-cholesterol in feces. Nevertheless, when apoM-/-, apoM-transgenic and WT mice received a constant intravenous infusion of 13C2-cholesterol/intralipid for 5 h, the rate of enrichment of blood free cholesterol with free 13C2-cholesterol was significantly lower (consistent with an increase in flux of unlabeled free cholesterol into the plasma) in the apoM-transgenic (3.0 +/- 0.9 per thousand/h) as compared to WT (5.7 +/- 0.9 per thousand/h, p < 0.05) and apoM-/- (6.5 +/- 0.6 per thousand/h, p < 0.01) mice. CONCLUSION The present data indicate that the plasma apoM levels modulate the ability of plasma to mobilize cellular cholesterol, whereas apoM has no major effect on the excretion of cholesterol into feces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Elsøe
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Gordon SM, Davidson WS, Urbina EM, Dolan LM, Heink A, Zang H, Lu LJ, Shah AS. The effects of type 2 diabetes on lipoprotein composition and arterial stiffness in male youth. Diabetes 2013; 62:2958-67. [PMID: 23835332 PMCID: PMC3717874 DOI: 10.2337/db12-1753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest HDL exists as numerous subpopulations with distinct protein/lipid compositions that are not reflected in the HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) number. In this study, we sought to evaluate HDL subpopulations in adolescents with type 2 diabetes (T2D) to determine if changes in HDL composition are associated with early vascular disease. T2D (n = 10), lean (n = 9), and obese (n = 11) youth were recruited. Plasma was fractionated using gel-filtration chromatography, and lipid-associated proteins were identified using mass spectrometry. Concurrently, vascular stiffness was assessed using pulse wave velocity (PWV). We found youth with T2D exhibited decreased phospholipid content in fractions containing large HDL particles that was inversely associated with PWV (P < 0.001). No association was noted between HDL-C and PWV. Proteomic analysis revealed changes in 7 of 45 identified proteins in the T2D group, including apolipoprotein (apo) A-II, apoE, and paraoxonase-1 (P < 0.05). Our data demonstrate early changes in the lipid and protein compositions of specific HDL subspecies in adolescents with T2D that are related to early markers of arterial disease. These findings suggest that analyzing the composition of HDL, rather than HDL-C, may be useful in assessing cardiovascular risk in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M. Gordon
- Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - W. Sean Davidson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Elaine M. Urbina
- Division of Cardiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Lawrence M. Dolan
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Anna Heink
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Huaiyu Zang
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - L. Jason Lu
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Amy S. Shah
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Corresponding author: Amy S. Shah,
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The apolipoprotein m-sphingosine-1-phosphate axis: biological relevance in lipoprotein metabolism, lipid disorders and atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:4419-31. [PMID: 23439550 PMCID: PMC3634416 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14034419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein M (apoM) is a plasma apolipoprotein that mainly associates with high-density lipoproteins. Hence, most studies on apoM so far have investigated its effect on and association with lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis. The insight into apoM biology recently took a major turn. ApoM was identified as a carrier of the bioactive lipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). S1P activates five different G-protein-coupled receptors, known as the S1P-receptors 1–5 and, hence, affects a wide range of biological processes, such as lymphocyte trafficking, angiogenesis, wound repair and even virus suppression and cancer. The ability of apoM to bind S1P is due to a lipophilic binding pocket within the lipocalin structure of the apoM molecule. Mice overexpressing apoM have increased plasma S1P concentrations, whereas apoM-deficient mice have decreased S1P levels. ApoM-S1P is able to activate the S1P-receptor-1, affecting the function of endothelial cells, and apoM-deficient mice display impaired endothelial permeability in the lung. This review will focus on the putative biological roles of the new apoM–S1P axis in relation to lipoprotein metabolism, lipid disorders and atherosclerosis.
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Mughal SA, Park R, Nowak N, Gloyn AL, Karpe F, Matile H, Malecki MT, McCarthy MI, Stoffel M, Owen KR. Apolipoprotein M can discriminate HNF1A-MODY from Type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 2013; 30:246-50. [PMID: 23157689 PMCID: PMC4193536 DOI: 10.1111/dme.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Missed diagnosis of maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) has led to an interest in biomarkers that enable efficient prioritization of patients for definitive molecular testing. Apolipoprotein M (apoM) was suggested as a biomarker for hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 alpha (HNF1A)-MODY because of its reduced expression in Hnf1a(-/-) mice. However, subsequent human studies examining apoM as a biomarker have yielded conflicting results. We aimed to evaluate apoM as a biomarker for HNF1A-MODY using a highly specific and sensitive ELISA. METHODS ApoM concentration was measured in subjects with HNF1A-MODY (n = 69), Type 1 diabetes (n = 50), Type 2 diabetes (n = 120) and healthy control subjects (n = 100). The discriminative accuracy of apoM and of the apoM/HDL ratio for diabetes aetiology was evaluated. RESULTS Mean (standard deviation) serum apoM concentration (μmol/l) was significantly lower for subjects with HNF1A-MODY [0.86 (0.29)], than for those with Type 1 diabetes [1.37 (0.26), P = 3.1 × 10(-18) ) and control subjects [1.34 (0.22), P = 7.2 × 10(-19) ). There was no significant difference in apoM concentration between subjects with HNF1A-MODY and Type 2 diabetes [0.89 (0.28), P = 0.13]. The C-statistic measure of discriminative accuracy for apoM was 0.91 for HNF1A-MODY vs. Type 1 diabetes, indicating high discriminative accuracy. The apoM/HDL ratio was significantly lower in HNF1A-MODY than other study groups. However, this ratio did not perform well in discriminating HNF1A-MODY from either Type 1 diabetes (C-statistic = 0.79) or Type 2 diabetes (C-statistic = 0.68). CONCLUSIONS We confirm an earlier report that serum apoM levels are lower in HNF1A-MODY than in controls. Serum apoM provides good discrimination between HNF1A-MODY and Type 1 diabetes and warrants further investigation for clinical utility in diabetes diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Mughal
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Christoffersen C, Benn M, Christensen PM, Gordts PLSM, Roebroek AJM, Frikke-Schmidt R, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Dahlbäck B, Nielsen LB. The plasma concentration of HDL-associated apoM is influenced by LDL receptor-mediated clearance of apoB-containing particles. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:2198-2204. [PMID: 22826357 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p023697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ApoM is mainly associated with HDL. Nevertheless, we have consistently observed positive correlations of apoM with plasma LDL cholesterol in humans. Moreover, LDL receptor deficiency is associated with increased plasma apoM in mice. Here, we tested the idea that plasma apoM concentrations are affected by the rate of LDL receptor-mediated clearance of apoB-containing particles. We measured apoM in humans each carrying one of three different LDL receptor mutations (n = 9) or the apoB3500 mutation (n = 12). These carriers had increased plasma apoM (1.34 ± 0.13 µM, P = 0.003, and 1.23 ± 0.10 µM, P = 0.02, respectively) as compared with noncarriers (0.93 ± 0.04 µM). When we injected human apoM-containing HDL into Wt (n = 6) or LDL receptor-deficient mice (n = 6), the removal of HDL-associated human apoM was delayed in the LDL receptor-deficient mice. After 2 h, 54 ± 5% versus 90 ± 8% (P < 0.005) of the initial amounts of human apoM remained in the plasma of Wt and LDL receptor-deficient mice, respectively. Finally, we compared the turnover of radio-iodinated LDL and plasma apoM concentrations in 45 normocholesterolemic humans. There was a negative correlation between plasma apoM and the fractional catabolic rate of LDL (r = -0.38, P = 0.009). These data suggest that the plasma clearance of apoM, despite apoM primarily being associated with HDL, is influenced by LDL receptor-mediated clearance of apoB-containing particles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marianne Benn
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | | | - Philip L S M Gordts
- Center of Human Genetics, Experimental Mouse Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anton J M Roebroek
- Center of Human Genetics, Experimental Mouse Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Anne Tybjaerg-Hansen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; and
| | - Björn Dahlbäck
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Lars B Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Christoffersen C, Nielsen LB. Apolipoprotein M--a new biomarker in sepsis. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2012; 16:126. [PMID: 22587809 PMCID: PMC3580609 DOI: 10.1186/cc11320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is one of the leading causes of mortality in non-cardiac intensive care units, and the need for markers of progression and severity are high. Also, treatment of sepsis is highly debated and potential new targets of treatment are of great interest. In the previous issue of Critical Care Kumaraswamy and colleagues have investigated whether plasma apolipoprotein M (apoM) is affected during different grades of sepsis, septic shock and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Interestingly, plasma apoM was significantly decreased in all groups of patients with a relationship to severity of disease. This identifies apoM as a potential new biomarker in sepsis. It also underscores the possibility that altered high-density lipoprotein in sepsis patients can affect the course of disease. Thus, since apoM is the carrier of Sphingosine-1-P (S1P), a molecule with great influence on vascular barrier function, the study presented raises the interest and relevance for further studies of apoM and S1P in relation to sepsis and inflammation.
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46
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de Vries R, Perton FG, van Tol A, Dullaart RPF. Carotid intima media thickness is related positively to plasma pre ß-high density lipoproteins in non-diabetic subjects. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 413:473-7. [PMID: 22100832 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipid-poor or lipid-free high density lipoprotein (HDL) particles, designated pre ß-HDL, stimulate removal of cell-derived cholesterol to the extracellular compartment, which is an initial step in the reverse cholesterol transport pathway. Pre ß-HDL levels may be elevated in subjects with established cardiovascular disease. We determined the relationship of carotid intima media thickness (IMT), a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis, with pre ß-HDL in subjects without clinically manifest cardiovascular disease. METHODS IMT and plasma pre ß-HDL, assayed by crossed immuno-electrophoresis, were determined in 70 non-diabetic subjects (aged 56±9 years; non-smokers only; 27 women). RESULTS IMT was correlated positively with pre ß-HDL, both expressed as plasma apolipoprotein (apo) A-I concentration (r=0.271, p=0.023) and as% of apo A-I (r=0.341, p=0.004). In contrast, IMT was correlated inversely with HDL cholesterol (r=-0.253, p=0.035). IMT was also related positively to pre ß-HDL after adjustment for age, sex, systolic blood pressure (in apoA-I concentration, ß=0.203, p=0.043; in% of plasma apoA-I, ß=0.235, p=0.023). IMT remained associated with pre ß-HDL after additional adjustment for either body mass index, plasma glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, apoA-I and apoB. CONCLUSION Subclinical atherosclerosis may relate to higher plasma pre ß-HDL independently of apoA-I and HDL cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rindert de Vries
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Kappelle PJWH, Lambert G, Dahlbäck B, Nielsen LB, Dullaart RPF. Relationship of plasma apolipoprotein M with proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 levels in non-diabetic subjects. Atherosclerosis 2010; 214:492-4. [PMID: 21122852 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Apolipoprotein M (apoM) retards atherosclerosis development in murine models, and may be regulated by pathways involved in LDL metabolism. Proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 (PCSK9) plays a key role in LDL receptor processing. We determined the extent to which plasma apoM is related to PCSK9 levels in subjects with varying degrees of obesity. METHODS We sought correlations between plasma apoM and PCSK9, measured using recently developed ELISAs, in 79 non-diabetic subjects. RESULTS ApoM and PCSK9 levels were both correlated positively with total cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and apoB (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001). ApoM correlated positively with PCSK9 in lean individuals (n = 37, r = 0.337, P = 0.041), but not in overweight subjects (n = 32, r = 0.125, P = 0.50) and in obese subjects (n = 10, r = -0.055, P = 0.88). CONCLUSIONS The PCSK9 pathway may contribute to plasma apoM regulation in humans. The influence of PCSK9 on circulating apoM appears to be modified by adiposity.
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Kappelle PJWH, Ahnström J, Dikkeschei BD, de Vries R, Sluiter WJ, Wolffenbuttel BHR, van Tol A, Nielsen LB, Dahlbäck B, Dullaart RPF. Plasma apolipoprotein M responses to statin and fibrate administration in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis 2010; 213:247-50. [PMID: 20828695 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Plasma apolipoprotein M (apoM) is potentially anti-atherogenic, and has been found to be associated positively with plasma total, LDL and HDL cholesterol in humans. ApoM may, therefore, be intricately related to cholesterol metabolism. Here, we determined whether plasma apoM is affected by statin or fibrate administration in patients with diabetes mellitus. METHODS Fourteen type 2 diabetic patients participated in a placebo-controlled crossover study which included three 8-week treatment periods with simvastatin (40 mg daily), bezafibrate (400 mg daily), and their combination. RESULTS ApoM was decreased by 7% in response to simvastatin (P<0.05 from baseline and placebo), and remained unchanged during bezafibrate and combined simvastatin+bezafibrate administration. Plasma apoM concentrations correlated positively with apoB-containing lipoprotein measures at baseline and during placebo (P<0.02 to P<0.001), but these relationships were lost during all lipid lowering treatment periods. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that, even though plasma apoM is lowered by statins, apoM metabolism is to a considerable extent independent of statin- and fibrate-affected pathways involved in cholesterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J W H Kappelle
- Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Mosialou I, Zannis VI, Kardassis D. Regulation of human apolipoprotein m gene expression by orphan and ligand-dependent nuclear receptors. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:30719-30. [PMID: 20660599 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.131771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein M (apoM) plays an important role in the biogenesis and the metabolism of anti-atherogenic HDL particles in plasma and is expressed primarily in the liver and the kidney. We investigated the role of hormone nuclear receptors in apoM gene regulation in hepatic cells. Overexpression via adenovirus-mediated gene transfer and siRNA-mediated gene silencing established that hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (HNF-4) is an important regulator of apoM gene transcription in hepatic cells. apoM promoter deletion analysis combined with DNA affinity precipitation and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that HNF-4 binds to a hormone-response element (HRE) in the proximal apoM promoter (nucleotides -33 to -21). Mutagenesis of this HRE decreased basal hepatic apoM promoter activity to 10% of control and abolished the HNF4-mediated transactivation of the apoM promoter. In addition to HNF-4, homodimers of retinoid X receptor and heterodimers of retinoid X receptor with receptors for retinoic acid, thyroid hormone, fibrates (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor), and oxysterols (liver X receptor) were shown to bind with different affinities to the proximal HRE in vitro and in vivo. Ligands of these receptors strongly induced human apoM gene transcription and apoM promoter activity in HepG2 cells, whereas mutations in the proximal HRE abolished this induction. These findings provide novel insights into the role of apoM in the regulation of HDL by steroid hormones and into the development of novel HDL-based therapies for diseases such as diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and coronary artery disease that affect a large proportion of the population in Western countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Mosialou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion 71003, Greece
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Kappelle PJWH, van Tol A, Wolffenbuttel BHR, Dullaart RPF. Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Inhibition in Cardiovascular Risk Management: Ongoing Trials will End the Confusion. Cardiovasc Ther 2010; 29:e89-99. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5922.2010.00201.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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