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Rodriguez-Zas SL, Southey NL, Rund L, Antonson AM, Nowak RA, Johnson RW. Prenatal and postnatal challenges affect the hypothalamic molecular pathways that regulate hormonal levels. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292952. [PMID: 37851674 PMCID: PMC10584192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to improve our understanding of how the hypothalamus mediates the effects of prenatal and postnatal challenges on behavior and sensitivity to stimuli. A pig model of virally initiated maternal immune activation (MIA) was used to investigate potential interactions of the prenatal challenge both with sex and with postnatal nursing withdrawal. The hypothalami of 72 females and males were profiled for the effects of MIA and nursing withdrawal using RNA-sequencing. Significant differential expression (FDR-adjusted p value < 0.05) was detected in the profile of 222 genes. Genes involved in the Gene Ontology biological process of regulation of hormone levels tended to be over-expressed in individuals exposed to both challenges relative to individuals exposed to either one challenge, and most of these genes were over-expressed in MIA females relative to males across nursing levels. Differentially expressed genes included Fshb, Ttr, Agrp, Gata3, Foxa2, Tfap2b, Gh1, En2, Cga, Msx1, and Npy. The study also found that prenatal and postnatal challenges, as well as sex, impacted the regulation of neurotransmitter activity and immune effector processes in the hypothalamus. In particular, the olfactory transduction pathway genes were over-expressed in weaned MIA males, and several transcription factors were potentially found to target the differentially expressed genes. Overall, these results highlight how multiple environmental challenges can interact and affect the molecular mechanisms of the hypothalamus, including hormonal, immune response, and neurotransmitter processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L. Rodriguez-Zas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
- Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Nicole L. Southey
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Laurie Rund
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Adrienne M. Antonson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Romana A. Nowak
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Rodney W. Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
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Kenis S, Istiban MN, Van Damme S, Vandewyer E, Watteyne J, Schoofs L, Beets I. Ancestral glycoprotein hormone-receptor pathway controls growth in C. elegans. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1200407. [PMID: 37409228 PMCID: PMC10319355 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1200407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, thyrostimulin is a highly conserved glycoprotein hormone that, besides thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), is a potent ligand of the TSH receptor. Thyrostimulin is considered the most ancestral glycoprotein hormone and orthologs of its subunits, GPA2 and GPB5, are widely conserved across vertebrate and invertebrate animals. Unlike TSH, however, the functions of the thyrostimulin neuroendocrine system remain largely unexplored. Here, we identify a functional thyrostimulin-like signaling system in Caenorhabditis elegans. We show that orthologs of GPA2 and GPB5, together with thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) related neuropeptides, constitute a neuroendocrine pathway that promotes growth in C. elegans. GPA2/GPB5 signaling is required for normal body size and acts through activation of the glycoprotein hormone receptor ortholog FSHR-1. C. elegans GPA2 and GPB5 increase cAMP signaling by FSHR-1 in vitro. Both subunits are expressed in enteric neurons and promote growth by signaling to their receptor in glial cells and the intestine. Impaired GPA2/GPB5 signaling causes bloating of the intestinal lumen. In addition, mutants lacking thyrostimulin-like signaling show an increased defecation cycle period. Our study suggests that the thyrostimulin GPA2/GPB5 pathway is an ancient enteric neuroendocrine system that regulates intestinal function in ecdysozoans, and may ancestrally have been involved in the control of organismal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Kenis
- Neural Signaling and Circuit Plasticity Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Majdulin Nabil Istiban
- Neural Signaling and Circuit Plasticity Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sara Van Damme
- Neural Signaling and Circuit Plasticity Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elke Vandewyer
- Neural Signaling and Circuit Plasticity Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Watteyne
- Neural Signaling and Circuit Plasticity Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liliane Schoofs
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Isabel Beets
- Neural Signaling and Circuit Plasticity Group, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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LPS immune challenge reduces arcuate nucleus TSHR and CART mRNA and elevates plasma CART peptides. BMC Neurosci 2019; 20:59. [PMID: 31829131 PMCID: PMC6907259 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-019-0539-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim was to examine the impact of lipopolysaccharide-induced systemic inflammation on expression of mRNA for cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) and the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) and its ligands in CNS areas of relevance for feeding controls and metabolism. Lipopolysaccharide effects on plasma levels of TSH and CART peptides were also examined. Methods Lipopolysaccharide (150–200 μg/mouse) was injected in C57BL/6J mice and tissue and plasma samples taken after 24 h. To establish if plasma increase in CART peptide levels were prostanoid dependent, indomethacin was given via the drinking water beginning 48 h prior to LPS. We evaluated mRNA expression for CART, TSHR, TSHβ, and thyrostimulin in brain and pituitary extracts. Plasma levels of TSH, CARTp, and serum amyloid P component were analyzed by ELISA. Results Lipopolysaccharide suppressed TSHR mRNA expression in the arcuate nucleus and the pituitary. CART mRNA expression was reduced in the arcuate nucleus but elevated in the pituitary of mice treated with Lipopolysaccharide, whereas plasma TSH remained unchanged. Plasma CART peptide concentration increased after LPS treatment in a prostanoid-independent manner, and CART peptide levels correlated positively to degree of inflammation. Conclusions Our findings suggest that central and peripheral CART is affected by acute inflammation. Considering the role of the arcuate nucleus in feeding controls, our data highlight TSHR and CART as putative neuroendocrine signaling components that respond to inflammation, perhaps to maintain weight and metabolic homeostasis during states of disease.
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Hausken KN, Tizon B, Shpilman M, Barton S, Decatur W, Plachetzki D, Kavanaugh S, Ul-Hasan S, Levavi-Sivan B, Sower SA. Cloning and characterization of a second lamprey pituitary glycoprotein hormone, thyrostimulin (GpA2/GpB5). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 264:16-27. [PMID: 29678725 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel heterodimeric glycoprotein hormone (GpH) comprised of alpha (GpA2) and beta (GpB5) subunits was discovered in 2002 and called thyrostimulin for its ability to activate the TSH receptor in mammals, but its central function in vertebrates has not been firmly established. We report here the cloning and expression of lamprey (l)GpB5, and its ability to heterodimerize with lGpA2 to form a functional l-thyrostimulin. The full-length cDNA of lGpB5 encodes 174 amino acids with ten conserved cysteine residues and one glycosylation site that is conserved with other vertebrate GpB5 sequences. Phylogenetic and synteny analyses support that lGpB5 belongs to the vertebrate GpB5 clade. Heterodimerization of lGpB5 and lGpA2 was shown by nickel pull-down of histidine-tagged recombinant subunits. RNA transcripts of lGpB5 were detected in the pituitary of lampreys during both parasitic and adult life stages. Intraperitoneal injection with lGnRH-III (100 μg/kg) increased pituitary lGpA2, lGpB5, and lGpHβ mRNA expression in sexually mature, adult female lampreys. A recombinant l-thyrostimulin produced by expression of a fusion gene in Pichia pastoris activated lamprey GpH receptors I and II as measured by cAMP enzymeimmunoassay. In contrast to jawed vertebrates that have pituitary LH, FSH, and TSH, our data support that lampreys only have two functional pituitary GpHs, lGpH and l-thyrostimulin, which consist of lGpA2 and unique beta subunits. It is hypothesized that lGpH and l-thyrostimulin differentially regulate reproductive and thyroid activities in some unknown way(s) in lampreys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krist N Hausken
- Center for Molecular and Comparative Endocrinology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Belen Tizon
- Center for Molecular and Comparative Endocrinology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Michal Shpilman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Shannon Barton
- Center for Molecular and Comparative Endocrinology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Wayne Decatur
- Center for Molecular and Comparative Endocrinology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - David Plachetzki
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Scott Kavanaugh
- Center for Molecular and Comparative Endocrinology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Sabah Ul-Hasan
- Center for Molecular and Comparative Endocrinology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Berta Levavi-Sivan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Stacia A Sower
- Center for Molecular and Comparative Endocrinology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA.
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van der Spek AH, Surovtseva OV, Jim KK, van Oudenaren A, Brouwer MC, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CMJE, Leenen PJM, van de Beek D, Hernandez A, Fliers E, Boelen A. Regulation of Intracellular Triiodothyronine Is Essential for Optimal Macrophage Function. Endocrinology 2018; 159:2241-2252. [PMID: 29648626 PMCID: PMC5920313 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Innate immune cells, including macrophages, have recently been identified as target cells for thyroid hormone. We hypothesized that optimal intracellular concentrations of the active thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (T3) are essential for proinflammatory macrophage function. T3 is generated intracellularly by type 2 deiodinase (D2) and acts via the nuclear thyroid hormone receptor (TR). In zebrafish embryos, D2 knockdown increased mortality during pneumococcal meningitis. Primary murine D2 knockout macrophages exhibited impaired phagocytosis and partially reduced cytokine response to stimulation with bacterial endotoxin. These effects are presumably due to reduced intracellular T3 availability. Knockdown of the main TR in macrophages, TRα, impaired polarization into proinflammatory macrophages and amplified polarization into immunomodulatory macrophages. Intracellular T3 availability and action appear to play a crucial role in macrophage function. Our data suggest that low intracellular T3 action has an anti-inflammatory effect, possibly due to an effect on macrophage polarization mediated via the TRα. This study provides important insights into the link between the endocrine and innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne H van der Spek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Olga V Surovtseva
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kin Ki Jim
- Department of Neurology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Adri van Oudenaren
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, CE Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Matthijs C Brouwer
- Department of Neurology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Pieter J M Leenen
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, CE Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Diederik van de Beek
- Department of Neurology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Arturo Hernandez
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Maine Medical Center, Scarborough, Maine
| | - Eric Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anita Boelen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Abstract
Thyrostimulin is a glycoprotein heterodimer of GPA2 and GPB5, first described in 2002. It is involved in the physiological function of several tissues. Moreover, evidence points towards the ability of thyrostimulin's individual monomers to induce a biological effect, which could denote the circulatory/systemic effects of the molecule when found in higher concentrations. From the evolutionary point of view, thyrostimulin shares a binding epitope with the thyroid-stimulating hormone for the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor, whilst possessing affinity for another unique binding site on the same receptor. Although thyrostimulin can be involved in the hypothalamicpituitary- thyroid axis, its presence in various tissues in an eclectic array of different species renders it multifunctional. From weight loss via increasing metabolic rate to progression of cancer in human ovaries, it is certainly not a signaling molecule to overlook. Furthermore, thyrostimulin has been implicated in bone metabolism, acute illness, and reproductive function. In summary, to our knowledge, this is the first review dealing with the physiological role of thyrostimulin and its potential applications in the clinical practice.
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Soto-Rivera CL, Fichorova RN, Allred EN, Van Marter LJ, Shah B, Martin CR, Agus MSD, Leviton A. The relationship between TSH and systemic inflammation in extremely preterm newborns. Endocrine 2015; 48:595-602. [PMID: 24996532 PMCID: PMC4285685 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-014-0329-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Elevated thyrotropin (TSH) levels in critically ill extremely premature infants have been attributed to transient hypothyroidism of prematurity or non-thyroidal illness syndrome. We evaluated the hypothesis that relatively high TSH levels in the first 2 postnatal weeks follow recovery from systemic inflammation, similar to non-thyroidal illness syndrome. The study was conducted in 14 Neonatal Intensive Care Units and approved by each individual Institutional Review Board. We measured the concentrations of TSH and 25 inflammation-related proteins in blood spots obtained on postnatal days 1, 7, and 14. We then evaluated the temporal relationships between hyperthyrotropinemia (HTT), defined as a TSH concentration in the highest quartile for gestational age and postnatal day, and elevated levels of inflammation-related proteins. 880 newborns less than 28 weeks of gestation were included. Elevated concentrations of inflammation-related proteins during the first or second week did not precede day-14 HTT. Systemic inflammation on day 7 was associated with day-14 HTT only if inflammation persisted through the end of the 2 week period. HTT frequently accompanied elevated concentrations of inflammation-related proteins on the same day. The hypothesis that HTT follows recovery from severe illness, defined as preceding systemic inflammation, is weakly supported by our study. Our findings more prominently support the hypothesis that TSH conveys information about concomitant inflammation in the extremely premature newborn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen L Soto-Rivera
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Endocrinology and Medicine Critical Care, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,
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van Zeijl CJJ, Surovtseva OV, Kwakkel J, van Beeren HC, Bassett JHD, Williams GR, Wiersinga WM, Fliers E, Boelen A. Thyrostimulin deficiency does not alter peripheral responses to acute inflammation-induced nonthyroidal illness. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 307:E527-37. [PMID: 25117405 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00266.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Thyrostimulin, a putative glycoprotein hormone, comprises the subunits GPA2 and GPB5 and activates the TSH receptor (TSHR). The observation that proinflammatory cytokines stimulate GPB5 transcription suggested a role for thyrostimulin in the pathogenesis of nonthyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS). In the present study, we induced acute inflammation by LPS administration to GPB5(-/-) and WT mice to evaluate the role of thyrostimulin in peripheral thyroid hormone metabolism during NTIS. In addition to serum thyroid hormone concentrations, we studied mRNA expression and activity of deiodinase types I, II, and III (D1, D2, and D3) in peripheral T3 target tissues, including liver, muscle, and white and brown adipose tissue (WAT and BAT), of which the latter three express the TSHR. LPS decreased serum free (f)T4 and fT3 indexes to a similar extent in GPB5(-/-) and WT mice. Serum reverse (r)T3 did not change following LPS administration. LPS also induced significant alterations in tissue D1, D2, and D3 mRNA and activity levels, but only the LPS-induced increase in WAT D2 mRNA expression differed between GPB5(-/-) and WT mice. In conclusion, lacking GPB5 during acute illness does not affect the LPS-induced decrease of serum thyroid hormones while resulting in subtle changes in tissue D2 expression that are unlikely to be mediated via the TSHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clementine J J van Zeijl
- Department of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Olga V Surovtseva
- Department of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Joan Kwakkel
- Department of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Hermina C van Beeren
- Department of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | | | - Graham R Williams
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wilmar M Wiersinga
- Department of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Eric Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Anita Boelen
- Department of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
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Kwakkel J, Surovtseva OV, de Vries EM, Stap J, Fliers E, Boelen A. A novel role for the thyroid hormone-activating enzyme type 2 deiodinase in the inflammatory response of macrophages. Endocrinology 2014; 155:2725-34. [PMID: 24731098 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-2066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Deiodinase type 2 (D2) is a thyroid hormone-activating enzyme converting the prohormone T4 into the active hormone T3. In the present study, we show for the first time that D2 is up-regulated in the mouse liver during acute and chronic inflammation, in close correlation with the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β and independently of serum T3. Inflammation-induced D2 expression was confirmed in macrophages, in conjunction with selective thyroid hormone transporter (monocarboxylate transporter 10) and thyroid hormone receptor (TR)α1 stimulation, and was absent in hepatocytes. Moreover, D2 knockdown in macrophages resulted in a clear attenuation of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced IL-1β and GM-CSF expression, in addition to aberrant phagocytosis. Locally produced T3, acting via the TRα, may be instrumental in this novel inflammatory response, because LPS-treated TRα(0/0) mice showed a markedly decreased LPS-induced GM-CSF mRNA expression. We now propose that hepatic D2 favors the innate immune response by specifically regulating cellular thyroid hormone levels in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kwakkel
- Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.K., O.V.S., E.M.d.V., A.B., E.F.) and Cell Biology and Histology (J.S.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Dietrich JW, Landgrafe G, Fotiadou EH. TSH and Thyrotropic Agonists: Key Actors in Thyroid Homeostasis. J Thyroid Res 2012; 2012:351864. [PMID: 23365787 PMCID: PMC3544290 DOI: 10.1155/2012/351864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper provides the reader with an overview of our current knowledge of hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid feedback from a cybernetic standpoint. Over the past decades we have gained a plethora of information from biochemical, clinical, and epidemiological investigation, especially on the role of TSH and other thyrotropic agonists as critical components of this complex relationship. Integrating these data into a systems perspective delivers new insights into static and dynamic behaviour of thyroid homeostasis. Explicit usage of this information with mathematical methods promises to deliver a better understanding of thyrotropic feedback control and new options for personalised diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction and targeted therapy, also by permitting a new perspective on the conundrum of the TSH reference range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes W. Dietrich
- Lab XU44, Medical Hospital I, Bergmannsheil University Hospitals, Ruhr University of Bochum (UK RUB), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, NRW, Germany
| | - Gabi Landgrafe
- Lab XU44, Medical Hospital I, Bergmannsheil University Hospitals, Ruhr University of Bochum (UK RUB), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, NRW, Germany
- Klinik für Allgemein- und Visceralchirurgie, Agaplesion Bethesda Krankenhaus Wuppertal gGmbH, Hainstraße 35, 42109 Wuppertal, NRW, Germany
| | - Elisavet H. Fotiadou
- Lab XU44, Medical Hospital I, Bergmannsheil University Hospitals, Ruhr University of Bochum (UK RUB), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, NRW, Germany
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Xu L, Pan Y, Zhu Q, Gong S, Tao J, Xu GY, Jiang X. Arcuate Src activation-induced phosphorylation of NR2B NMDA subunit contributes to inflammatory pain in rats. J Neurophysiol 2012; 108:3024-33. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.01047.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The tyrosine kinases of Src family play an important role in the central sensitization following peripheral inflammation. However, whether the Src family in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of mediobasal hypothalamus is involved in central sensitization remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the role and mechanisms of tyrosine kinases of Src family in N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activity in the ARC following peripheral inflammation. Peripheral inflammation was induced by unilateral injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into rat hindpaw. The neuronal activities of the ARC were recorded using electrophysiological field recording from the in vitro mediobasal hypothalamic slices from control and CFA rats. Expression of total and phosphorylated Src and NR2B subunit protein was analyzed by Western blot and immuoprecipitation. Our results showed that CFA injection resulted in an increase in mechanical and thermal sensitivity, which was partially blocked by neonatal monosodium glutamate treatment. CFA injection also enhanced spontaneous firings of ARC neurons, which were reversed by the NMDA receptor NR2B subunit specific antagonist Ro25–6981 and by PP2, an Src family tyrosine kinase inhibitor. In addition, peripheral inflammation enhanced Src phosphorylation and NMDA receptor NR2B subunit phosphorylation without alteration of total NR2B subunit expression in the ARC. Peripheral inflammation also increased the association of NR2B protein with p-Src protein in the ARC. Administration of PP2 blocked the upregulation of NR2B phosphorylation induced by CFA injection. Taken together, our present results suggest that the arcuate Src activation-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of NR2B NMDA subunit may contribute to inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longsheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pain Basic Research and Clinical Therapy, Department of Neurobiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- First Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanyan Pan
- Key Laboratory of Pain Basic Research and Clinical Therapy, Department of Neurobiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pain Basic Research and Clinical Therapy, Department of Neurobiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shan Gong
- Key Laboratory of Pain Basic Research and Clinical Therapy, Department of Neurobiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jin Tao
- Key Laboratory of Pain Basic Research and Clinical Therapy, Department of Neurobiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guang-Yin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pain Basic Research and Clinical Therapy, Department of Neurobiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China; and
| | - Xinghong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Pain Basic Research and Clinical Therapy, Department of Neurobiology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Planck T, Parikh H, Groop L, Hallengren B, Lantz M. Intraorbital deiodinase type 2 expression is downregulated in chronic phase of Graves' ophthalmopathy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2012; 77:486-7. [PMID: 22288557 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04350.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Boelen A, Kwakkel J, Fliers E. Beyond low plasma T3: local thyroid hormone metabolism during inflammation and infection. Endocr Rev 2011; 32:670-93. [PMID: 21791567 DOI: 10.1210/er.2011-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Decreased serum thyroid hormone concentrations in severely ill patients were first reported in the 1970s, but the functional meaning of the observed changes in thyroid hormone levels, together known as nonthyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS), remains enigmatic. Although the common view was that NTIS results in overall down-regulation of metabolism in order to save energy, recent work has shown a more complex picture. NTIS comprises marked variation in transcriptional and translational activity of genes involved in thyroid hormone metabolism, ranging from inhibition to activation, dependent on the organ or tissue studied. Illness-induced changes in each of these organs appear to be very different during acute or chronic inflammation, adding an additional level of complexity. Organ- and timing-specific changes in the activity of thyroid hormone deiodinating enzymes (deiodinase types 1, 2, and 3) highlight deiodinases as proactive players in the response to illness, whereas the granulocyte is a novel and potentially important cell type involved in NTIS during bacterial infection. Although acute NTIS can be seen as an adaptive response to support the immune response, NTIS may turn disadvantageous when critical illness enters a chronic phase necessitating prolonged life support. For instance, changes in thyroid hormone metabolism in muscle during critical illness may be relevant for the pathogenesis of myopathy associated with prolonged ventilator dependence. This review focuses on NTIS as a timing-related and organ-specific response to illness, occurring independently from the decrease in serum thyroid hormone levels and potentially relevant for disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Boelen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, F5-165, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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