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Du Z, Li Z, Liu M, Sun M, Ma X, Wang L, Kang Z, Zhao J. Virulence and Molecular Characterization Reveal Signs of Sexual Genetic Recombination of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici and Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei in Tibet. PLANT DISEASE 2024; 108:2341-2353. [PMID: 38268170 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-23-0852-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Stripe rust of wheat and barley is caused by different formae speciales, Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) and P. striiformis f. sp. hordei (Psh), respectively. To understand the relationship between the populations of the two formae speciales, a total of 260 P. striiformis isolates, including 140 from barley and 120 from wheat collected from Linzhi, Tibet, China, from 2018 to 2020, were tested on 18 barley and 13 wheat genotypes and genotyped with 26 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based Kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) markers. As a result, 260 isolates were identified as 83 virulence phenotypes (VPs), 115 of which as 9 VPs and could infect only wheat (wheat population), 111 as 54 VPs and could infect only barley (barley population), and 34 belonged to 20 VPs that could infect both wheat and barley (mixed population). Of the 149 multilocus genotypes (MLGs) that were identified, 92 were from wheat, 56 from barley, and 1 from both wheat and barley. Phenotypic and genotypic diversity was high in the populations from wheat and barley. Low linkage disequilibrium was found in most of the sampling sites of both crops, indicating strong signs of sexual reproduction (|r̄d| = 0.022 to 0.393, P = 0.004 to 0.847), whereas it was not observed in the overall population (wheat and barley sources) and the wheat, barley, and mixed populations, which may be because of the complex composition of isolates. Population structure analyses based on phenotyping and SNP-KASP genotypes supported the separation of the two formae speciales. However, MLGs and clusters containing isolates from both wheat and barley obviously indicated sexual genetic recombination between the two formae speciales. The results of the study provided an insight into evolution of Pst and Psh and showed the importance of management strategies for stripe rust of wheat and barley in regions where both crops are grown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Du
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zejian Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Maxinzhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Mudi Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xinyao Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Liu B, Ma M, Liu X, Wang J, Zhong M, Feng Y, Huang L, Kang Z, Zhan G. Inoculum Sources of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici for Stripe Rust Epidemics on the Eastern Coast of China. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:211-219. [PMID: 37486148 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-23-0205-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Stripe rust, a fungal disease caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is one of the most destructive diseases affecting wheat production areas worldwide. In recent years in China, wheat stripe rust has caused huge yield losses throughout the vast Huang-Huai-Hai region, including the eastern coast regions, especially Shandong province. The aim of the present study was to explore the population structure and potential inoculum sources of the pathogen in this region. A total of 234 Pst isolates in 2021 were collected and isolated from seven provinces and identified for virulence phenotypes using 19 Chinese differentials and for genotypes using 17 single-nucleotide polymorphism-based Kompetitive allele-specific PCR markers. The virulence phenotype tests identified predominant races CYR34 (18.0%) and CYR32 (16.0%) in Shandong, which were similar to the results in Henan province, also with the predominant races CYR34 (21.9%) and CYR32 (18.8%). Based on the virulence data of phenotyping, the Pst populations in Shandong, Hubei, and Henan were similar. The genotypic analysis revealed remarkable gene flows among the Shandong, Hubei, Henan, Yunnan, and Guizhou populations, showing a migration of Pst from the southwestern oversummering regions to Shandong through the winter spore production regions. Genetic structure analysis also indicated an additional migration route from the northwestern oversummering regions through winter spore production regions to Shandong. The results are useful for understanding stripe rust epidemiology in the eastern coast region and improving control of the disease throughout the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bofan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Mengjie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Xinyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Mingjuan Zhong
- Zhucheng Agricultural and Rural Bureau, Zhucheng, Shandong 262200, P.R. China
| | - Yaoxuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Gangming Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
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McCoy AG, Belanger RR, Bradley CA, Cerritos-Garcia DG, Garnica VC, Giesler LJ, Grijalba PE, Guillin E, Henriquez MA, Kim YM, Malvick DK, Matthiesen RL, Mideros SX, Noel ZA, Robertson AE, Roth MG, Schmidt CL, Smith DL, Sparks AH, Telenko DEP, Tremblay V, Wally O, Chilvers MI. A global-temporal analysis on Phytophthora sojae resistance-gene efficacy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6043. [PMID: 37758723 PMCID: PMC10533513 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41321-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant disease resistance genes are widely used in agriculture to reduce disease outbreaks and epidemics and ensure global food security. In soybean, Rps (Resistance to Phytophthora sojae) genes are used to manage Phytophthora sojae, a major oomycete pathogen that causes Phytophthora stem and root rot (PRR) worldwide. This study aims to identify temporal changes in P. sojae pathotype complexity, diversity, and Rps gene efficacy. Pathotype data was collected from 5121 isolates of P. sojae, derived from 29 surveys conducted between 1990 and 2019 across the United States, Argentina, Canada, and China. This systematic review shows a loss of efficacy of specific Rps genes utilized for disease management and a significant increase in the pathotype diversity of isolates over time. This study finds that the most widely deployed Rps genes used to manage PRR globally, Rps1a, Rps1c and Rps1k, are no longer effective for PRR management in the United States, Argentina, and Canada. This systematic review emphasizes the need to widely introduce new sources of resistance to P. sojae, such as Rps3a, Rps6, or Rps11, into commercial cultivars to effectively manage PRR going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eduardo Guillin
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Yong Min Kim
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Adam H Sparks
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Perth, WA, Australia
- University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Qld, Australia
| | | | | | - Owen Wally
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Harrow, ON, Canada
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Zhao Y, Huang X, Li Q, Huang L, Kang Z, Zhao J. Virulence Phenotyping and Molecular Genotyping Reveal High Diversity Within and Strong Gene Flow Between the Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici Populations Collected from Barberry and Wheat in Shaanxi Province of China. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:701-712. [PMID: 35869588 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-21-2713-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Emergence of new Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici races that overcome resistance of wheat cultivars is a challenging issue for wheat production. Although sexual reproduction of the fungus on barberry plants under field conditions in the spring in China has been reported, the diversity of the pathogen on barberry plants and the relationship to the population in wheat fields have not been determined. In the present study, two P. striiformis f. sp. tritici populations collected in western Shaanxi Province in May 2016, one from barberry plants (103 isolates) and the other from nearby wheat crops (107 isolates), were phenotyped for virulence and genotyped with simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The phenotypic and genotypic data of the two populations were compared to determine their relationships. A total of 120 races, including 29 previously known races (seven were shared by the two populations) and 91 new races (35 from barberry and 56 from wheat), were identified. Similarly, a total of 132 multilocus genotypes, including 51 only from barberry, 77 only from wheat, and four from both, were detected using the SSR markers. Analyses of molecular variance identified high (93%) genetic variance within populations and low but still significant variance (7%) between the populations. Nonparametric multivariate discriminant analysis of principal components and STRUCTURE analysis showed that the two populations had a close relationship with little genetic differentiation (FST = 0.038) and strong gene flow (Nm = 6.34, P = 0.001) between them. Although the analysis of linkage disequilibrium indicated clonal populations, the isolation of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici from barberry plants and the high genetic diversities in the barberry and wheat populations suggest that barberry plants provide aeciospores to infect wheat crops in the area. The information is useful for understanding stripe rust epidemiology and management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xueling Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Kong P, Daughtrey ML, Hong C. Differential Adaptation Has Resulted in Aggressiveness Variation of Calonectria pseudonaviculata on Hosts Buxus, Pachysandra, and Sarcococca. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020181. [PMID: 36836296 PMCID: PMC9966688 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Calonectria pseudonaviculata (Cps) infects Buxus (boxwood), Pachysandra (pachysandra), and Sarcococca spp. (sweet box); yet, how it adapts to its hosts has been unclear. Here, we performed serial passage experiments with the three hosts and measured Cps changes in three aggressiveness components: infectibility, lesion size, and conidial production. The detached leaves of individual hosts were inoculated with isolates (P0) from the originating host, followed by nine serial inoculations of new leaves of the same host with conidia from the infected leaves of the previous inoculation. All boxwood isolates maintained their capability of infection and lesion expansion through the 10 passages, whereas most non-boxwood isolates lost these abilities during the passages. Isolates from plants of origin (*-P0) and their descendants isolated from passages 5 (*-P5) and 10 (*-P10) were used to evaluate aggressiveness changes on all three hosts with cross-inoculation. While post-passage boxwood isolates gave enlarged lesions on pachysandra, sweet box P5 and pachysandra P10 isolates showed reduced aggressiveness on all hosts. Cps appears to be most adapted to boxwood and less adapted to sweet box and pachysandra. These results suggest speciation of Cps, with its coevolutionary pace with the hosts the fastest with boxwood, intermediate with sweet box, and the slowest with pachysandra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Kong
- Hampton Roads Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Virginia Beach, VA 23455, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Margery L. Daughtrey
- Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Cornell University, Riverhead, NY 11901, USA
| | - Chuanxue Hong
- Hampton Roads Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Virginia Beach, VA 23455, USA
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Zhan G, Ji F, Chen X, Wang J, Zhang D, Zhao J, Zeng Q, Yang L, Huang L, Kang Z. Populations of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in Winter Spore Production Regions Spread from Southwestern Oversummering Areas in China. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:2856-2865. [PMID: 35471078 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-21-2070-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striifomis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is one of the most destructive wheat diseases in China. Understanding the interregional dispersal of Pst inoculum is important for controlling the disease. In the present study, wheat stripe rust samples collected from the winter spore production and oversummering regions in November 2018 to March 2019 were studied through virulence testing and molecular characterization. From 296 isolates, 96 races were identified using a set of 19 Chinese wheat cultivars and 111 races were identified using 18 Yr single-gene lines as differentials. The isolates from Hubei province in the winter spore production area had the highest similarity in virulence with those from eastern Yunnan in the oversummering area. Molecular characterization using 13 simple-sequence repeat and 43 Kompetitive allele specific PCR-single nucleotide polymorphism markers supported the conclusion that the Pst populations in the winter spore production regions were from Guizhou and eastern Yunnan, key oversummering areas in the southwest. Furthermore, an analysis of wind movement at the 700-hPa high altitude also supported the conclusion of spore dispersal from the southwestern oversummering region to the south-central winter spore production region. The results of this study provide an epidemiological basis for deploying various effective resistance genes in different regions to control stripe rust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangming Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Fan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Xianming Chen
- USDA-ARS, Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit and Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430, U.S.A
| | - Jianxiu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Dingling Zhang
- College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Jun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Qingdong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Lijun Yang
- Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P.R. China
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
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Genetic Characterization of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici Populations from Different Wheat Cultivars Using Simple Sequence Repeats. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070705. [PMID: 35887461 PMCID: PMC9319641 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is one of the most important fungal diseases affecting wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) worldwide. In this study, the genetic diversity and population structure of Pst isolates were analyzed using 15 microsatellite markers. Isolates were collected from five wheat cultivars with different levels of resistance from Yanting county and Fucheng district, Mianyang city, Sichuan province, China. The aim of this study was to investigate whether Pst populations are differentiated by wheat genotype or geographic origin. Seventy-six multilocus genotypes (MLGs) were identified from all 289 single uredinial isolates. In general, the genotypic diversity of Pst populations from five wheat cultivars in Fucheng was higher than that in Yanting. In addition, the genetic diversity was highest in the Pst populations from Mianmai 367, a cultivar considered to be highly resistant. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) phylogenetic tree, Bayesian clustering analysis, and minimum spanning network for the MLGs revealed two major genetic clusters based on geographical location. Greater differentiation was observed between the populations from the two sampling locations than between the populations from different hosts in the same location. The results suggest that geographic and environmental differences could partially explain the genetic differentiation of Pst more than wheat genotype. This study provides novel insight into the interactions between Pst populations and their hosts. The results could be helpful in designing more effective management strategies for stripe rust in wheat production.
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Bouvet L, Holdgate S, James L, Thomas J, Mackay IJ, Cockram J. The evolving battle between yellow rust and wheat: implications for global food security. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:741-753. [PMID: 34821981 PMCID: PMC8942934 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03983-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a global commodity, and its production is a key component underpinning worldwide food security. Yellow rust, also known as stripe rust, is a wheat disease caused by the fungus Puccinia striiformis Westend f. sp. tritici (Pst), and results in yield losses in most wheat growing areas. Recently, the rapid global spread of genetically diverse sexually derived Pst races, which have now largely replaced the previous clonally propagated slowly evolving endemic populations, has resulted in further challenges for the protection of global wheat yields. However, advances in the application of genomics approaches, in both the host and pathogen, combined with classical genetic approaches, pathogen and disease monitoring, provide resources to help increase the rate of genetic gain for yellow rust resistance via wheat breeding while reducing the carbon footprint of the crop. Here we review key elements in the evolving battle between the pathogen and host, with a focus on solutions to help protect future wheat production from this globally important disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bouvet
- John Bingham Laboratory, NIAB, 93 Lawrence Weaver Road, Cambridge, CB3 0LE, UK
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Sarah Holdgate
- John Bingham Laboratory, NIAB, 93 Lawrence Weaver Road, Cambridge, CB3 0LE, UK
| | - Lucy James
- John Bingham Laboratory, NIAB, 93 Lawrence Weaver Road, Cambridge, CB3 0LE, UK
| | - Jane Thomas
- John Bingham Laboratory, NIAB, 93 Lawrence Weaver Road, Cambridge, CB3 0LE, UK
| | - Ian J Mackay
- John Bingham Laboratory, NIAB, 93 Lawrence Weaver Road, Cambridge, CB3 0LE, UK
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK
| | - James Cockram
- John Bingham Laboratory, NIAB, 93 Lawrence Weaver Road, Cambridge, CB3 0LE, UK.
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Wang C, Li Y, Wang B, Hu X. Genetic Analysis Reveals Relationships Among Populations of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici from the Longnan, Longdong, and Central Shaanxi Regions of China. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:278-289. [PMID: 34129356 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-20-0312-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Wheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is one of the most important diseases of wheat worldwide. In China, Longnan (LN) and Longdong (LD) in the south and east of Gansu province, respectively, are important P. striiformis f. sp. tritici oversummering areas and are a source of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici inoculum for the major wheat-growing regions in eastern China. Central Shaanxi (CS) is a wheat-growing region that acts as an important bridge zone for stripe rust epidemic development between LN and LD in the west and the Huanghuai wheat-growing region in the east, and thus, it plays an essential role in P. striiformis f. sp. tritici epidemics in China. To study the relationships among P. striiformis f. sp. tritici populations in the three regions (LN, LD, and CS), we sampled 284 isolates from different geographic locations. Based on 10 simple sequence repeat markers, the results demonstrated high genetic diversity in all three regions, although diversity did vary among regions, with LN > LD > CS. Genetic differentiation was lower, with more extensive gene flow between LD and CS. P. striiformis f. sp. tritici populations in the CS region were genetically closer to those from LD than those from LN, which may be a result of geographical proximity and topography. A positive and significant correlation existed between linearized fixation index (FST) and the log of geographical distances among all subpopulations. Linkage disequilibrium analysis showed that subpopulations of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici from Qinzhou, Qincheng, Beidao, and Maiji from LN and Qianyang and Longxian from CS were in equilibrium (P > 0.05), suggesting that somatic hybridization and/or sexual reproduction may exist in these subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conghao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yuxiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Baotong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiaoping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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Perronne R, Dubs F, de Vallavieille-Pope C, Leconte M, du Cheyron P, Cadot V, Vidal T, Enjalbert J. Spatiotemporal Changes in Varietal Resistance to Wheat Yellow Rust in France Reveal an Increase in Field Resistance Level During the Period 1985-2018. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:1602-1612. [PMID: 34695367 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-20-0187-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring spatiotemporal changes in varietal resistance and understanding its drivers seem essential to managing plant diseases but require having access to the genetic basis of disease resistance and to its deployment. In this study, we focused on yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) for three decades in France, by using field adult plant resistance levels, Yr race-specific resistance genes of varieties, presence of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici pathotypes and their virulence profiles, and systematic surveys of the acreages of bread wheat varieties available at a yearly survey time and at a district level. Based on these data, we studied spatiotemporal changes in varietal resistance over the period from 1985 to 2018 in 54 French administrative districts (hereafter "departments") by using a set of relevant indicators weighted by the relative acreage proportion of the varieties sown at the department level. Our analyses revealed an increase in varietal resistance over decades that would be due to the accumulation of both quantitative resistance and different race-specific resistance genes. We suggest that, beyond breeders, several actors, including examination offices, agricultural advisory services, and farmers, may have had a substantial influence on these spatiotemporal changes, promoting more resistant varieties and the rapid replacement of newly susceptible varieties by still resistant ones at the beginning of each epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Perronne
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, GQE-Le Moulon, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Université Rennes, 35653 Le Rheu, France
| | - Florence Dubs
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, GQE-Le Moulon, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Marc Leconte
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR BIOGER, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | | | | | - Tiphaine Vidal
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR BIOGER, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Jérôme Enjalbert
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, GQE-Le Moulon, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Genetic Diversity of Wheat Stripe Rust Fungus Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in Yunnan, China. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081735. [PMID: 34451780 PMCID: PMC8399030 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The stripe rust of wheat is one of the devastating diseases in China, which is caused by fungus Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst). The Yunnan Province of China is located in the south-western part, and holds distinctive geographical and climate features, while wheat growth and epidemics of stripe rust fungus are fully dissimilar to the major wheat-growing regions of China. It is important to discover its origin and migration to control the disease. In this study, 352 isolates were sampled from 11 spots of the Yunnan Province during the wheat growing season from 2004 to 2015 and analyzed with SNPs markers of housekeeping genes. Results revealed that 220 haplotypes were inferred from the concatenating sequences; among them, 5 haplotypes (viz., 'H86', 'H18', 'H8', 'H15' and 'H23') comprised over 24.5% of the population. The haplotype diversity, nucleotide diversity, mutation rate and recombination events were 0.992, 6.04 × 10-3, 4.46 × 10-3 and 18.0 respectively, which revealed the genetic diversity of Pst populations among all locations. Four grouping methods, such as UPGMA-tree, PCA, PLS-DA and STRUCTURE, were employed for the categorization of the Pst populations conferring to their races and topographical localities. All methods were found significant and mostly had co-linear relations with each other. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) conferred total variation was 9.09%, and 86.20% of variation was within the populations. The current study also exposed a comparatively high genetic multiplicity within the population, while low genetic inconsistency among the populations. Furthermore, the molecular records on the gene pole (Nm = 18.45) established that the migration of the stripe rust pathogen occurred among all locations in Yunnan province. The ancestral haplotype was detected in Yuxi. Based on the trajectories of upper airflow and genetic diversity of Pst populations in different locations, it is suggested that the locations Dehong, Dali, Lincang and Baoshan are probably a major source of Pst in Yunnan.
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12
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Liang J, Liu X, Tsui CKM, Ma Z, Luo Y. Genetic Structure and Asymmetric Migration of Wheat Stripe Rust Pathogen in Western Epidemic Areas of China. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:1252-1260. [PMID: 33210988 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-20-0236-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici causes severe global epidemics of wheat stripe rust primarily by airborne urediniospores. Understanding long-distance migration patterns of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici is critical for disease forecasting and management. Although the western epidemic areas in China have been considered as the source of inoculum spread eastward across the country, migration pathways among different populations within the western epidemic areas are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the population genetics of 200 P. striiformis f. sp. tritici isolates from western epidemic areas using amplified fragment length polymorphism and simple sequence repeat markers. A coalescent approach was also used to calculate the migration rates among populations. Data analyses with both marker systems indicated high genetic diversity in each regional population. The Mantel test revealed significant positive correlation between genetic and geographic distances. Both discriminant analysis of principal components and STRUCTURE analysis supported moderate population structure shaped by seasonality and geography. The calculated migration rates indicated the presence of asymmetric migration between major populations in western epidemic areas, with greater migration rates from high elevation, oversummering areas to low elevation, overwintering areas. Sichuan Basin, one of the low elevation, overwintering areas, sampled in both fall and spring, was inferred as a recipient in fall but a donor in spring. Migration among P. striiformis f. sp. tritici populations may be partly attributable to terrace farming and prevailing wind direction in different seasons. Our study provides a better understanding of fine-scale population structure and the interregional migration pattern of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici in northwestern China and will inform future rust management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Liang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiufeng Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Clement K M Tsui
- Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Zhanhong Ma
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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13
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Kemler M, Wingfield M, Cowan D, Slippers B. Foliar fungi of the enigmatic desert plant Welwitschia mirabilis show little adaptation to their unique host plant. S AFR J SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.17159/sajs.2021/7666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Foliar fungi, especially endophytic fungi, constitute an important part of the microbiome of plants. Yet little is known about the composition of these communities. In this study, we isolated fungi from leaf tissues of the desert plant Welwitschia mirabilis to determine the culturable diversity of the foliar fungal community. The isolated fungal taxa, which grouped into 17 distinct lineages, were identified by sequencing elongation factor 1 alpha, beta tubulin 1, beta tubulin 2 and the internal transcribed spacer region. The culturable community was mainly composed of cosmopolitan fungal genera despite the unique taxonomic position of the plant and its geographic isolation. To test for endemism in two of the common fungal genera, Alternaria and Aureobasidium, we built haplotype networks using a global data set. Even this broad data set showed little evidence for specialisation within this unique host or its geographical location. The data suggest that the culturable members of communities of leaf-associated fungi in habitats with little plant coverage, such as the Namib Desert, are mainly established by long-distance aerially distributed fungal inocula and few of these taxa co-evolve with the host within the habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kemler
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- AG Geobotanik, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Don Cowan
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Bernard Slippers
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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14
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Susi H, Burdon JJ, Thrall PH, Nemri A, Barrett LG. Genetic analysis reveals long-standing population differentiation and high diversity in the rust pathogen Melampsora lini. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008731. [PMID: 32810177 PMCID: PMC7454959 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A priority for research on infectious disease is to understand how epidemiological and evolutionary processes interact to influence pathogen population dynamics and disease outcomes. However, little is understood about how population adaptation changes across time, how sexual vs. asexual reproduction contribute to the spread of pathogens in wild populations and how diversity measured with neutral and selectively important markers correlates across years. Here, we report results from a long-term study of epidemiological and genetic dynamics within several natural populations of the Linum marginale-Melampsora lini plant-pathogen interaction. Using pathogen isolates collected from three populations of wild flax (L. marginale) spanning 16 annual epidemics, we probe links between pathogen population dynamics, phenotypic variation for infectivity and genomic polymorphism. Pathogen genotyping was performed using 1567 genome-wide SNP loci and sequence data from two infectivity loci (AvrP123, AvrP4). Pathogen isolates were phenotyped for infectivity using a differential set. Patterns of epidemic development were assessed by conducting surveys of infection prevalence in one population (Kiandra) annually. Bayesian clustering analyses revealed host population and ecotype as key predictors of pathogen genetic structure. Despite strong fluctuations in pathogen population size and severe annual bottlenecks, analysis of molecular variance revealed that pathogen population differentiation was relatively stable over time. Annually, varying levels of clonal spread (0–44.8%) contributed to epidemics. However, within populations, temporal genetic composition was dynamic with rapid turnover of pathogen genotypes, despite the dominance of only four infectivity phenotypes across the entire study period. Furthermore, in the presence of strong fluctuations in population size and migration, spatial selection may maintain pathogen populations that, despite being phenotypically stable, are genetically highly dynamic. Melampsora lini is a rust fungus that infects native flax, Linum marginale in south-eastern Australia where its epidemiology and evolution have been intensively studied since 1987. Over that time, substantial diversity in the pathotypic structure of M. lini has been demonstrated but an understanding of how genetic diversity in pathogen populations is maintained through space and time is lacking. Here we integrated phenotypic, genotypic and epidemiological datasets spanning 16 annual epidemics across three host populations to examine long-term pathogen genetic dynamics. The results show that host ecotype is the dominant selective force in the face of strong bottlenecks and annual patterns of genetic turnover. Results from previous studies indicate that in this geographic region, M. lini lacks the capacity to reproduce sexually–we thus expected to find limited genetic diversity and evidence for strong clonality influencing genetic dynamics within growing seasons. However, the breadth of genomic coverage provided by the SNP markers revealed high levels of genotypic variation within M. lini populations. This discovery contrasts with observed phenotypic dynamics as the epidemics of this pathogen were largely dominated by four pathotypes across the study period. Based on a detailed assessment and comparison of pathotypic and genotypic patterns, our study increases the understanding of how genetic diversity is generated and maintained through space and time within wild pathogen populations. The implications for the management of resistance to pathogens in agricultural or conservation contexts are significant: the appearance of clonality may be hiding high levels of pathogen diversity and recombination. Understanding how this diversity is generated could provide new and unique ways to mitigate or suppress the emergence of infectious strains, allowing to efficiently combat harmful diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Susi
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Canberra, Australia
- * E-mail:
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15
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Alternate Hosts of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici and Their Role. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060434. [PMID: 32498285 PMCID: PMC7350320 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the interactions between the host and the pathogen is important in developing resistant cultivars and strategies for controlling the disease. Since the discovery of Berberis and Mahonia spp. as alternate hosts of the wheat stripe rust pathogen, Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici Erikss. (Pst), their possible role in generating new races of Pst through sexual reproduction has become a hot topic. To date, all the investigations about the role of alternate hosts in the occurrence of the wheat stripe rust epidemics revealed that it depends on alternate host species and environmental conditions. In this review, we summarized the current status of alternate hosts of Pst, their interactions with the pathogen, their importance in genetic diversity and disease epidemics. Most importantly, the recent research progress in understanding the role of alternate hosts of Pst is provided.
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Sharma-Poudyal D, Bai Q, Wan A, Wang M, See D, Chen X. Molecular Characterization of International Collections of the Wheat Stripe Rust Pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici Reveals High Diversity and Intercontinental Migration. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:933-942. [PMID: 31895005 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-19-0355-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici causes stripe rust (yellow rust), one of the most important wheat diseases worldwide. To understand the genetic variation of the pathogen in a global scale, 283 P. striiformis f. sp. tritici isolates collected from 16 countries in eight geographic regions were genotyped using 24 codominant simple sequence repeat markers. The overall collection had a high level of genetic diversity, and the diversity levels in the Asian populations were generally higher than those of the other regions. Heterozygosity of isolates ranged from 0 to 75%, with an average of 46%. Mean heterozygosity in individual countries ranged from 34 to 59%. A total of 265 multilocus genotypes (MLGs) were detected, which were classified into eight molecular groups. Some of the molecular groups were present in all geographic regions. Moreover, many isolates from different regions were found to be identical or very closely related MLGs. Analysis of molecular variance revealed high variation within countries and intermediate variation between countries, but it revealed low and insignificant variation among geographic regions. Pairwise comparisons of regional populations detected considerable effective migrants and only low to moderate levels of differentiation. The molecular genotypes had a moderate level of correlation with the virulence phenotypes, and some of the molecular/virulence groups contained isolates from different continents. The results indicate tremendous migrations of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici and warrant the development of management strategies considering the global pathogen population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Sharma-Poudyal
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430
| | - Qing Bai
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430
| | - Anmin Wan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430
| | - Meinan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430
| | - Deven See
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430
- Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA 99164-6430
| | - Xianming Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6430
- Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA 99164-6430
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17
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Hartmann FE, Snirc A, Cornille A, Godé C, Touzet P, Van Rossum F, Fournier E, Le Prieur S, Shykoff J, Giraud T. Congruent population genetic structures and divergence histories in anther‐smut fungi and their host plants
Silene italica
and the
Silene nutans
species complex. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:1154-1172. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanny E. Hartmann
- Ecologie Systematique Evolution Batiment 360 AgroParisTech CNRS Universite Paris‐Saclay Orsay France
| | - Alodie Snirc
- Ecologie Systematique Evolution Batiment 360 AgroParisTech CNRS Universite Paris‐Saclay Orsay France
| | - Amandine Cornille
- Genetique Quantitative et Evolution–Le Moulon AgroParisTech CNRS INRAE Universite Paris‐Saclay Gif‐sur‐Yvette France
| | - Cécile Godé
- UMR 8198 ‐ Evo‐Eco‐Paleo CNRS Univ. Lille Lille France
| | - Pascal Touzet
- UMR 8198 ‐ Evo‐Eco‐Paleo CNRS Univ. Lille Lille France
| | - Fabienne Van Rossum
- Meise Botanic Garden Meise Belgium
- Fédération Wallonie–Bruxelles Brussels Belgium
| | | | - Stéphanie Le Prieur
- Ecologie Systematique Evolution Batiment 360 AgroParisTech CNRS Universite Paris‐Saclay Orsay France
| | - Jacqui Shykoff
- Ecologie Systematique Evolution Batiment 360 AgroParisTech CNRS Universite Paris‐Saclay Orsay France
| | - Tatiana Giraud
- Ecologie Systematique Evolution Batiment 360 AgroParisTech CNRS Universite Paris‐Saclay Orsay France
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18
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Hartmann FE, Rodríguez de la Vega RC, Carpentier F, Gladieux P, Cornille A, Hood ME, Giraud T. Understanding Adaptation, Coevolution, Host Specialization, and Mating System in Castrating Anther-Smut Fungi by Combining Population and Comparative Genomics. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 57:431-457. [PMID: 31337277 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-082718-095947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Anther-smut fungi provide a powerful system to study host-pathogen specialization and coevolution, with hundreds of Microbotryum species specialized on diverse Caryophyllaceae plants, castrating their hosts through manipulation of the hosts' reproductive organs to facilitate disease transmission. Microbotryum fungi have exceptional genomic characteristics, including dimorphic mating-type chromosomes, that make this genus anexcellent model for studying the evolution of mating systems and their influence on population genetics structure and adaptive potential. Important insights into adaptation, coevolution, host specialization, and mating system evolution have been gained using anther-smut fungi, with new insights made possible by the recent advent of genomic approaches. We illustrate with Microbotryum case studies how using a combination of comparative genomics, population genomics, and transcriptomics approaches enables the integration of different evolutionary perspectives across different timescales. We also highlight current challenges and suggest future studies that will contribute to advancing our understanding of the mechanisms underlying adaptive processes in populations of fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny E Hartmann
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France;
| | | | - Fantin Carpentier
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France;
| | - Pierre Gladieux
- UMR BGPI, Univ. Montpellier, INRA, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Amandine Cornille
- Génétique Quantitative et Evolution-Le Moulon, INRA; Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Michael E Hood
- Biology Department, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002-5000, USA
| | - Tatiana Giraud
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France;
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19
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Aggarwal R, Kulshreshtha D, Sharma S, Singh VK, Manjunatha C, Bhardwaj SC, Saharan MS. Molecular characterization of Indian pathotypes of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici and multigene phylogenetic analysis to establish inter- and intraspecific relationships. Genet Mol Biol 2018; 41:834-842. [PMID: 30281059 PMCID: PMC6415613 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2017-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) is one of the most devastating diseases of wheat (Triticum spp.) worldwide. Indian isolates were characterised based on their phenotypic reaction on differential hosts carrying different Yr genes. Based on virulence/avirulence structure, isolates were characterised into ten different pathotypes viz. 70S0-2, 67S64, 70S4, 66S0, 70S64, 66S64-1, 38S102, 47S102, 46S119, and 78S84. These Indian pathotypes of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici and 38 pathotypes of other rust species (P. graminis tritici and P. triticina) were used in this study to analyze their molecular phylogenetic relationship. The nucleotides of rDNA-ITS, partial β-tubulin and ketopantoate reductase genes of all the pathotypes were sequenced directly after PCR. Based on sequence data of rDNA-ITS and β-tubulin, three phylogenetic groups corresponding to three different species of Puccinia were obtained. Asian isolates formed a distinct evolutionary lineage than from those derived from USA. The sequence similarity of Indian pathotypes with other Asian (China and Iran) isolates indicated the same origin of pathotypes. The results will allow rapid identification of Indian P.striiformis f. sp. tritici pathotypes causing stripe rust in wheat, assist in making predictions regarding potential rust pathotypes, and identifying sources of resistance to the disease in advance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Aggarwal
- Fungal Molecular Biology Laboratory, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian
Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepika Kulshreshtha
- Fungal Molecular Biology Laboratory, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian
Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Sapna Sharma
- Fungal Molecular Biology Laboratory, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian
Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Vaibhav K. Singh
- Fungal Molecular Biology Laboratory, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian
Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Channappa Manjunatha
- ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Regional Station
Wellington, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Subhash C. Bhardwaj
- Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Regional Station,
Flowerdale, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Mahender S. Saharan
- Fungal Molecular Biology Laboratory, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian
Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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20
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Abbate JL, Gladieux P, Hood ME, de Vienne DM, Antonovics J, Snirc A, Giraud T. Co-occurrence among three divergent plant-castrating fungi in the same Silene host species. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:10.1111/mec.14805. [PMID: 30030861 PMCID: PMC6340787 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The competitive exclusion principle postulates that different species can only coexist in sympatry if they occupy distinct ecological niches. The goal of this study was to understand the geographical distribution of three species of Microbotryum anther-smut fungi that are distantly related but infect the same host plants, the sister species Silene vulgaris and S. uniflora, in Western Europe. We used microsatellite markers to investigate pathogen distribution in relation to host specialization and ecological factors. Microbotryum violaceo-irregulare was only found on S. vulgaris at high elevations in the Alps. Microbotryum lagerheimii could be subdivided into two genetically differentiated clusters, one on S. uniflora in the UK and the second on S. vulgaris in the Alps and Pyrenees. The most abundant pathogen species, M. silenes-inflatae, could be subdivided into four genetic clusters, co-occurring in the Alps, the UK and the Pyrenees, and was found on both S. vulgaris and S. uniflora. All three fungal species had high levels of homozygosity, in agreement with the selfing mating system generally observed in anther-smut fungi. The three pathogen species and genetic clusters had large range overlaps, but occurred at sites with different elevations, temperatures and precipitation levels. The three Microbotryum species thus do not appear to be maintained by host specialization or geographic allopatry, but instead may occupy different ecological niches in terms of environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Abbate
- UMR MIVEGEC, IRD 224, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, F-34394 Montpellier, France
- UMR UMMISCO, IRD 209, UPMC, F-93143 Bondy, France
| | - Pierre Gladieux
- Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, F-91400 France
- INRA, UMR BGPI, Bâtiment K; Campus International de Baillarguet, F-34398, Montpellier, France
| | - Michael E. Hood
- Biology Department, McGuire Life Sciences Building, Amherst College, Rts 9 & 116, Amherst, MA USA 01002-5000
| | - Damien M. de Vienne
- Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, F-91400 France
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5558, Université Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
- Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
| | - Janis Antonovics
- University of Virginia, Dept. of Biology, Gilmer Hall, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Alodie Snirc
- Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, F-91400 France
| | - Tatiana Giraud
- Laboratoire Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, Univ. Paris Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, F-91400 France
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21
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Ali S, Rodriguez-Algaba J, Thach T, Sørensen CK, Hansen JG, Lassen P, Nazari K, Hodson DP, Justesen AF, Hovmøller MS. Yellow Rust Epidemics Worldwide Were Caused by Pathogen Races from Divergent Genetic Lineages. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1057. [PMID: 28676811 PMCID: PMC5477562 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether the recent worldwide epidemics of wheat yellow rust were driven by races of few clonal lineage(s) or populations of divergent races. Race phenotyping of 887 genetically diverse Puccinia striiformis isolates sampled in 35 countries during 2009-2015 revealed that these epidemics were often driven by races from few but highly divergent genetic lineages. PstS1 was predominant in North America; PstS2 in West Asia and North Africa; and both PstS1 and PstS2 in East Africa. PstS4 was prevalent in Northern Europe on triticale; PstS5 and PstS9 were prevalent in Central Asia; whereas PstS6 was prevalent in epidemics in East Africa. PstS7, PstS8 and PstS10 represented three genetic lineages prevalent in Europe. Races from other lineages were in low frequencies. Virulence to Yr9 and Yr27 was common in epidemics in Africa and Asia, while virulence to Yr17 and Yr32 were prevalent in Europe, corresponding to widely deployed resistance genes. The highest diversity was observed in South Asian populations, where frequent recombination has been reported, and no particular race was predominant in this area. The results are discussed in light of the role of invasions in shaping pathogen population across geographical regions. The results emphasized the lack of predictability of emergence of new races with high epidemic potential, which stresses the need for additional investments in population biology and surveillance activities of pathogens on global food crops, and assessments of disease vulnerability of host varieties prior to their deployment at larger scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Ali
- Department of Agroecology, Global Rust Reference Centre, Aarhus UniversitySlagelse, Denmark
| | | | - Tine Thach
- Department of Agroecology, Global Rust Reference Centre, Aarhus UniversitySlagelse, Denmark
| | - Chris K. Sørensen
- Department of Agroecology, Global Rust Reference Centre, Aarhus UniversitySlagelse, Denmark
| | - Jens G. Hansen
- Department of Agroecology, Global Rust Reference Centre, Aarhus UniversitySlagelse, Denmark
| | - Poul Lassen
- Department of Agroecology, Global Rust Reference Centre, Aarhus UniversitySlagelse, Denmark
| | - Kumarse Nazari
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Regional Cereal Rust Research Centre, Aegean Agricultural Research Instituteİzmir, Turkey
| | - David P. Hodson
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, CIMMYTAddis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Annemarie F. Justesen
- Department of Agroecology, Global Rust Reference Centre, Aarhus UniversitySlagelse, Denmark
| | - Mogens S. Hovmøller
- Department of Agroecology, Global Rust Reference Centre, Aarhus UniversitySlagelse, Denmark
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Branco S, Bi K, Liao HL, Gladieux P, Badouin H, Ellison CE, Nguyen NH, Vilgalys R, Peay KG, Taylor JW, Bruns TD. Continental-level population differentiation and environmental adaptation in the mushroom Suillus brevipes. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:2063-2076. [PMID: 27761941 PMCID: PMC5392165 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent advancements in sequencing technology allowed researchers to better address the patterns and mechanisms involved in microbial environmental adaptation at large spatial scales. Here we investigated the genomic basis of adaptation to climate at the continental scale in Suillus brevipes, an ectomycorrhizal fungus symbiotically associated with the roots of pine trees. We used genomic data from 55 individuals in seven locations across North America to perform genome scans to detect signatures of positive selection and assess whether temperature and precipitation were associated with genetic differentiation. We found that S. brevipes exhibited overall strong population differentiation, with potential admixture in Canadian populations. This species also displayed genomic signatures of positive selection as well as genomic sites significantly associated with distinct climatic regimes and abiotic environmental parameters. These genomic regions included genes involved in transmembrane transport of substances and helicase activity potentially involved in cold stress response. Our study sheds light on large-scale environmental adaptation in fungi by identifying putative adaptive genes and providing a framework to further investigate the genetic basis of fungal adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Branco
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Ke Bi
- Computational Genomics Resource Laboratory (CGRL), California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA, 94720
| | - Hui-Ling Liao
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy FL 32351
| | | | - Hélène Badouin
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Christopher E. Ellison
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Nhu H. Nguyen
- Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i, United States of America
| | - Rytas Vilgalys
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kabir G. Peay
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - John W. Taylor
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas D. Bruns
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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23
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Gurney J, Aldakak L, Betts A, Gougat-Barbera C, Poisot T, Kaltz O, Hochberg ME. Network structure and local adaptation in co-evolving bacteria-phage interactions. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:1764-1777. [PMID: 28092408 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Numerous theoretical and experimental studies have investigated antagonistic co-evolution between parasites and their hosts. Although experimental tests of theory from a range of biological systems are largely concordant regarding the influence of several driving processes, we know little as to how mechanisms acting at the smallest scales (individual molecular and phenotypic changes) may result in the emergence of structures at larger scales, such as co-evolutionary dynamics and local adaptation. We capitalized on methods commonly employed in community ecology to quantify how the structure of community interaction matrices, so-called bipartite networks, reflected observed co-evolutionary dynamics, and how phages from these communities may or may not have adapted locally to their bacterial hosts. We found a consistent nested network structure for two phage types, one previously demonstrated to exhibit arms race co-evolutionary dynamics and the other fluctuating co-evolutionary dynamics. Both phages increased their host ranges through evolutionary time, but we found no evidence for a trade-off with impact on bacteria. Finally, only bacteria from the arms race phage showed local adaptation, and we provide preliminary evidence that these bacteria underwent (sometimes different) molecular changes in the wzy gene associated with the LPS receptor, while bacteria co-evolving with the fluctuating selection phage did not show local adaptation and had partial deletions of the pilF gene associated with type IV pili. We conclude that the structure of phage-bacteria interaction networks is not necessarily specific to co-evolutionary dynamics, and discuss hypotheses for why only one of the two phages was, nevertheless, locally adapted.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Gurney
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, UMR5554, Université de Montpellier, CC065, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Lafi Aldakak
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, UMR5554, Université de Montpellier, CC065, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Alex Betts
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Claire Gougat-Barbera
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, UMR5554, Université de Montpellier, CC065, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Timothée Poisot
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Marie-Victorin, 90, avenue Vincent-d'Indy, Montréal, H2V 2S9, Canada
| | - Oliver Kaltz
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, UMR5554, Université de Montpellier, CC065, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Michael E Hochberg
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, UMR5554, Université de Montpellier, CC065, Place E. Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.,Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Rd., Santa Fe, NM, 87501, USA
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24
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Hu X, Ma L, Liu T, Wang C, Peng Y, Pu Q, Xu X. Population Genetic Analysis of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici Suggests Two Distinct Populations in Tibet and the Other Regions of China. PLANT DISEASE 2017; 101:288-296. [PMID: 30681929 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-16-0190-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Wheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is an important disease on wheat, seriously threatening wheat production worldwide. China is one of the largest stripe rust epidemic regions in the world. The pathogen sexual reproduction and migration routes between Tibet and the other regions in China are still unknown. In this study, we obtained 961 Pst isolates from 1,391 wheat leaf samples from Gansu (277), Shaanxi (253), Sichuan (172), and Tibet (259), comprising 13 natural populations, and genotyped them with simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The isolates can be divided into two distinct clusters based on DAPC and STRUCTURE analyses. The genetic diversity of Longnan (in Gansu) and Yibin (in Sichuan) populations was the highest and lowest among the 13 populations, respectively. The hypothesis of multilocus linkage disequilibrium was rejected for the populations from Linzhi in the Himalayan, Longnan, Hanzhong, Guangyuan, Mianyang, Liangshan, and Chendu in the south Qinling Mountains at the level of P = 0.01, which indicated significant linkage among markers in these populations. Populations in the other regions had extensive gene exchange (Nm > 4); little gene exchange was found between Tibet and the other regions (Nm < 1). The results suggest that the Tibet epidemic region of Pst is highly differentiated from the other epidemic regions in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lijie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Taiguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory for the Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Conghao Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yuelin Peng
- Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi 860000, China
| | - Qiong Pu
- Tibet Autonomous Region Agricultural Technology Extension and Service Center, Lhasa 850000, Tibet
| | - Xiangming Xu
- NIAB East Malling Research, New Road, East Malling, ME19 6BJ, Kent, U.K
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25
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Feurtey A, Gladieux P, Hood ME, Snirc A, Cornille A, Rosenthal L, Giraud T. Strong phylogeographic co-structure between the anther-smut fungus and its white campion host. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 212:668-679. [PMID: 27500396 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although congruence between host and pathogen phylogenies has been extensively investigated, the congruence between host and pathogen genetic structures at the within-species level has received little attention. Using an unprecedented and comprehensive collection of associated plant-pathogen samples, we investigated the degree of congruence between the genetic structures across Europe of two evolutionary and ecological model organisms, the anther-smut pathogen Microbotryum lychnidis-dioicae and its host plant Silene latifolia. We demonstrated a significant and particularly strong level of host-pathogen co-structure, with three main genetic clusters displaying highly similar spatial ranges in Western Europe, Eastern Europe and Italy, respectively. Correcting for the geographical component of genetic variation, significant correlations were still found between the genetic distances of anther-smut and host populations. Inoculation experiments suggested plant local adaptation, at the cluster level, for resistance to pathogens. These findings indicate that the pathogen remained isolated in the same fragmented southern refugia as its host plant during the last glaciation, and that little long-distance dispersal has occurred since the recolonization of Europe for either the plant or the pathogen, despite their known ability to travel across continents. This, together with the inoculation results, suggests that coevolutionary and competitive processes may be drivers of host-pathogen co-structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Feurtey
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, 91400, France
| | - Pierre Gladieux
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, 91400, France
- UMR BGPI, INRA, Montpellier, 34398, France
| | - Michael E Hood
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, MA, 01002, USA
| | - Alodie Snirc
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, 91400, France
| | - Amandine Cornille
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, 91400, France
| | - Lisa Rosenthal
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, MA, 01002, USA
| | - Tatiana Giraud
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, 91400, France.
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26
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Zhan GM, Wang FP, Luo HY, Jiang SC, Zheng WM, Huang LL, Kang ZS. Screening for simple sequence repeat markers in Puccinia striiformis tritici based on genomic sequence. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2016; 16:727-32. [PMID: 26238548 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1400364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) is the obligate biotrophic fungus responsible for stripe rust wheat. In this study, we developed and characterized 20 polymorphic microsatellite markers from the genomic sequence of an isolate of Chinese Pst race CY32. Polymorphism at each simple sequence repeat (SSR) locus was determined using 32 Pst isolates from 7 countries. The number of alleles varied from 2 to 7 across isolates, and the observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.33 to 0.97 (mean 0.62) and 0.23 to 0.73 (mean 0.51), respectively. As expected the genomic SSR markers were more polymorphic than the expressed sequence tag (EST)-SSR markers developed previously. These markers will be more useful for population genetics and molecular genetics studies in Pst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang-ming Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Fu-ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Huai-yong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Shu-chang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Wen-ming Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Life Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Li-li Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Zhen-sheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China;
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27
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Walter S, Ali S, Kemen E, Nazari K, Bahri BA, Enjalbert J, Hansen JG, Brown JK, Sicheritz‐Pontén T, Jones J, de Vallavieille‐Pope C, Hovmøller MS, Justesen AF. Molecular markers for tracking the origin and worldwide distribution of invasive strains of Puccinia striiformis. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:2790-804. [PMID: 27066253 PMCID: PMC4800029 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigating the origin and dispersal pathways is instrumental to mitigate threats and economic and environmental consequences of invasive crop pathogens. In the case of Puccinia striiformis causing yellow rust on wheat, a number of economically important invasions have been reported, e.g., the spreading of two aggressive and high temperature adapted strains to three continents since 2000. The combination of sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers, which were developed from two specific AFLP fragments, differentiated the two invasive strains, PstS1 and PstS2 from all other P. striiformis strains investigated at a worldwide level. The application of the SCAR markers on 566 isolates showed that PstS1 was present in East Africa in the early 1980s and then detected in the Americas in 2000 and in Australia in 2002. PstS2 which evolved from PstS1 became widespread in the Middle East and Central Asia. In 2000, PstS2 was detected in Europe, where it never became prevalent. Additional SSR genotyping and virulence phenotyping revealed 10 and six variants, respectively, within PstS1 and PstS2, demonstrating the evolutionary potential of the pathogen. Overall, the results suggested East Africa as the most plausible origin of the two invasive strains. The SCAR markers developed in the present study provide a rapid, inexpensive, and efficient tool to track the distribution of P. striiformis invasive strains, PstS1 and PstS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Walter
- Department of AgroecologyAarhus UniversityFlakkebjergDK‐4200SlagelseDenmark
| | - Sajid Ali
- Department of AgroecologyAarhus UniversityFlakkebjergDK‐4200SlagelseDenmark
- Institute of Biotechnology & Genetic EngineeringThe University of Agriculture, Peshawar25000PeshawarPakistan
| | - Eric Kemen
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
- Present address: Eric Kemen Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCarl‐von‐Linné‐Weg 1050829CologneGermany
| | - Kumarse Nazari
- ICARDARegional Cereal Rust Research CentreAegean Agricultural Research Institute P.K. 9Menemen/İZMİRTurkey
| | - Bochra A. Bahri
- National Institute of Agronomy of Tunisia (INAT)Avenue Charles Nicolle43 TN‐1082 El MahrajèneTunisia
| | - Jérôme Enjalbert
- INRA UMR 320 Génétique VégétaleFerme du MoulonF‐91190Gif sur YvetteFrance
| | - Jens G. Hansen
- Department of AgroecologyAarhus UniversityFlakkebjergDK‐4200SlagelseDenmark
| | | | - Thomas Sicheritz‐Pontén
- Center for Biological Sequence AnalysisDepartment of Systems BiologyTechnical University of DenmarkBuilding 208DK‐2800Kongens LyngbyDenmark
| | - Jonathan Jones
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
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28
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Cheng P, Chen XM, See DR. Grass Hosts Harbor More Diverse Isolates of Puccinia striiformis Than Cereal Crops. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 106:362-371. [PMID: 26667189 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-07-15-0155-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Puccinia striiformis causes stripe rust on cereal crops and many grass species. However, it is not clear whether the stripe rust populations on grasses are able to infect cereal crops and how closely they are related to each other. In this study, 103 isolates collected from wheat, barley, triticale, rye, and grasses in the United States were characterized by virulence tests and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Of 69 pathotypes identified, 41 were virulent on some differentials of wheat only, 10 were virulent on some differentials of barley only, and 18 were virulent on some differentials of both wheat and barley. These pathotypes were clustered into three groups: group one containing isolates from wheat, triticale, rye, and grasses; group two isolates were from barley and grasses; and group three isolates were from grasses and wheat. SSR markers identified 44 multilocus genotypes (MLGs) and clustered them into three major molecular groups (MG) with MLGs in MG3 further classified into three subgroups. Isolates from cereal crops were present in one or more of the major or subgroups, but not all, whereas grass isolates were present in all of the major and subgroups. The results indicate that grasses harbor more diverse isolates of P. striiformis than the cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cheng
- First, second, and third authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6430; and second and third authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Wheat Genetics, Quality, Physiology and Disease Research Unit, Pullman, WA 99164-6430
| | - X M Chen
- First, second, and third authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6430; and second and third authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Wheat Genetics, Quality, Physiology and Disease Research Unit, Pullman, WA 99164-6430
| | - D R See
- First, second, and third authors: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6430; and second and third authors: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Wheat Genetics, Quality, Physiology and Disease Research Unit, Pullman, WA 99164-6430
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29
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Ali S, Soubeyrand S, Gladieux P, Giraud T, Leconte M, Gautier A, Mboup M, Chen W, de Vallavieille-Pope C, Enjalbert J. cloncase: Estimation of sex frequency and effective population size by clonemate resampling in partially clonal organisms. Mol Ecol Resour 2016; 16:845-61. [DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Ali
- UMR1290, BIOGER; INRA-AgroParisTech; BP01 78850 Thiverval-Grignon France
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering; the University of Agriculture, Peshawar; 25000 Peshawar Pakistan
| | - Samuel Soubeyrand
- UR546 Biostatistics and Spatial Processes; INRA; 84914 Avignon France
| | - Pierre Gladieux
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution; CNRS; Univ. Paris-Sud; AgroParisTech; Université Paris-Saclay; 91400 Orsay France
- UMR385 Biologie et Génétique des Interactions Plante-Parasite; CIRAD; INRA; F-34398 Montpellier France
| | - Tatiana Giraud
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution; CNRS; Univ. Paris-Sud; AgroParisTech; Université Paris-Saclay; 91400 Orsay France
| | - Marc Leconte
- UMR1290, BIOGER; INRA-AgroParisTech; BP01 78850 Thiverval-Grignon France
| | - Angélique Gautier
- UMR1290, BIOGER; INRA-AgroParisTech; BP01 78850 Thiverval-Grignon France
| | - Mamadou Mboup
- DuPont de Nemours (France) SAS Crop Protection - European Research & Development Center; 24, rue du Moulin 68740 Nambsheim France
| | - Wanquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests; Institute of Plant Protection; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road Beijing 100193 China
| | | | - Jérôme Enjalbert
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution; CNRS; Univ. Paris-Sud; AgroParisTech; Université Paris-Saclay; 91400 Orsay France
- GQE - Le Moulon; INRA; Univ. Paris-Sud; CNRS; AgroParisTech; Université Paris-Saclay; F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette France
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30
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Delmas CEL, Fabre F, Jolivet J, Mazet ID, Richart Cervera S, Delière L, Delmotte F. Adaptation of a plant pathogen to partial host resistance: selection for greater aggressiveness in grapevine downy mildew. Evol Appl 2016; 9:709-25. [PMID: 27247621 PMCID: PMC4869412 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
An understanding of the evolution of pathogen quantitative traits in response to host selective pressures is essential for the development of durable management strategies for resistant crops. However, we still lack experimental data on the effects of partial host resistance on multiple phenotypic traits (aggressiveness) and evolutionary strategies in pathogens. We performed a cross‐inoculation experiment with four grapevine hosts and 103 isolates of grapevine downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) sampled from susceptible and partially resistant grapevine varieties. We analysed the neutral and adaptive genetic differentiation of five quantitative traits relating to pathogen transmission. Isolates from resistant hosts were more aggressive than isolates from susceptible hosts, as they had a shorter latency period and higher levels of spore production. This pattern of adaptation contrasted with the lack of neutral genetic differentiation, providing evidence for directional selection. No specificity for a particular host variety was detected. Adapted isolates had traits that were advantageous on all resistant varieties. There was no fitness cost associated with this genetic adaptation, but several trade‐offs between pathogen traits were observed. These results should improve the accuracy of prediction of fitness trajectories for this biotrophic pathogen, an essential element for the modelling of durable deployment strategies for resistant varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé E L Delmas
- UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du VignobleINRAVillenave d'OrnonFrance; Bordeaux Science AgroUMR 1065 SAVEISVVUniversité de BordeauxVillenave d'OrnonFrance
| | - Frédéric Fabre
- UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du VignobleINRAVillenave d'OrnonFrance; Bordeaux Science AgroUMR 1065 SAVEISVVUniversité de BordeauxVillenave d'OrnonFrance
| | - Jérôme Jolivet
- UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du VignobleINRAVillenave d'OrnonFrance; Bordeaux Science AgroUMR 1065 SAVEISVVUniversité de BordeauxVillenave d'OrnonFrance
| | - Isabelle D Mazet
- UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du VignobleINRAVillenave d'OrnonFrance; Bordeaux Science AgroUMR 1065 SAVEISVVUniversité de BordeauxVillenave d'OrnonFrance
| | - Sylvie Richart Cervera
- UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du VignobleINRAVillenave d'OrnonFrance; Bordeaux Science AgroUMR 1065 SAVEISVVUniversité de BordeauxVillenave d'OrnonFrance
| | - Laurent Delière
- UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du VignobleINRAVillenave d'OrnonFrance; Bordeaux Science AgroUMR 1065 SAVEISVVUniversité de BordeauxVillenave d'OrnonFrance
| | - François Delmotte
- UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du VignobleINRAVillenave d'OrnonFrance; Bordeaux Science AgroUMR 1065 SAVEISVVUniversité de BordeauxVillenave d'OrnonFrance
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31
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Thach T, Ali S, de Vallavieille-Pope C, Justesen A, Hovmøller M. Worldwide population structure of the wheat rust fungus Puccinia striiformis in the past. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 87:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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32
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Gladieux P, Feurtey A, Hood ME, Snirc A, Clavel J, Dutech C, Roy M, Giraud T. The population biology of fungal invasions. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:1969-86. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Gladieux
- Ecologie; Systématique et Evolution; Université Paris-Sud; Bâtiment 360 F-91405 Orsay France
- CNRS; 91405 Orsay France
| | - A. Feurtey
- Ecologie; Systématique et Evolution; Université Paris-Sud; Bâtiment 360 F-91405 Orsay France
- CNRS; 91405 Orsay France
| | - M. E. Hood
- Department of Biology; Amherst College; Amherst Massachusetts 01002 USA
| | - A. Snirc
- Ecologie; Systématique et Evolution; Université Paris-Sud; Bâtiment 360 F-91405 Orsay France
- CNRS; 91405 Orsay France
| | - J. Clavel
- Conservation des Espèces; Restauration et Suivi des Populations - CRBPO; Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle-CNRS-Université Pierre et Marie Curie; 55 rue Buffon 75005 Paris France
| | - C. Dutech
- Biodiversité Gènes et Communautés; INRA-Université Bordeaux 1; Site de Pierroton 33610 Cestas France
| | - M. Roy
- Evolution et Diversité Biologique; Université Toulouse Paul Sabatier-Ecole Nationale de Formation Agronomique-CNRS; 118 route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse France
| | - T. Giraud
- Ecologie; Systématique et Evolution; Université Paris-Sud; Bâtiment 360 F-91405 Orsay France
- CNRS; 91405 Orsay France
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Cheng P, Chen XM. Virulence and Molecular Analyses Support Asexual Reproduction of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2014; 104:1208-20. [PMID: 24779354 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-13-0314-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Wheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, occurs every year and causes significant yield losses in the U.S. Pacific Northwest (PNW). A large number of P. striiformis f. tritici races are identified every year and predominant races have changed rapidly. Barberry and mahonia plants, which have been identified under controlled conditions as alternate hosts for the fungus, are found in the region. However, whether sexual reproduction occurs in the P. striiformis f. sp. tritici population under natural conditions is not clear. To determine the reproduction mode of the P. striiformis f. sp. tritici population using virulence and molecular markers, a systematic collection of leaf samples with a single stripe of uredia was made in 26 fields in the PNW in 2010. In total, 270 isolates obtained from the PNW collection, together with 66 isolates from 20 other states collected in the same year, were characterized by virulence tests and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. In total, 21 races and 66 multilocus genotypes (MLGs) were detected, of which 15 races and 32 MLGs were found in the PNW. Cluster analysis with the SSR marker data revealed two genetic groups, which were significantly correlated to the two virulence groups. The analyses of genotype/individual ratio, multilocus linkage disequilibrium, and heterozygosity strongly supported asexual reproduction for the pathogen population in the PNW, as well as other regions of the United States.
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Chen W, Wellings C, Chen X, Kang Z, Liu T. Wheat stripe (yellow) rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2014; 15:433-46. [PMID: 24373199 PMCID: PMC6638732 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Stripe (yellow) rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is a serious disease of wheat occurring in most wheat areas with cool and moist weather conditions during the growing season. The basidiomycete fungus is an obligate biotrophic parasite that is difficult to culture on artificial media. Pst is a macrocyclic, heteroecious fungus that requires both primary (wheat or grasses) and alternate (Berberis or Mahonia spp.) host plants to complete its life cycle. Urediniospores have the capacity for wind dispersal over long distances, which may, under high inoculum pressure, extend to thousands of kilometres from the initial infection sites. Stripe rust, which is considered to be the current major rust disease affecting winter cereal production across the world, has been studied intensively for over a century. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the Pst-wheat pathosystem, with emphasis on the life cycle, uredinial infection process, population biology of the pathogen, genes for stripe rust resistance in wheat and molecular perspectives of wheat-Pst interactions. TAXONOMY The stripe rust pathogen, Puccinia striiformis Westend. (Ps), is classified in kingdom Fungi, phylum Basidiomycota, class Urediniomycetes, order Uredinales, family Pucciniaceae, genus Puccinia. Ps is separated below the species level by host specialization on various grass genera, comprising up to nine formae speciales, of which P. striiformis f. sp. tritici Erikss. (Pst) causes stripe (or yellow) rust on wheat. HOST RANGE Uredinial/telial hosts: Pst mainly infects common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), durum wheat (T. turgidum var. durum L.), cultivated emmer wheat (T. dicoccum Schrank), wild emmer wheat (T. dicoccoides Korn) and triticale (Triticosecale). Pst can infect certain cultivated barleys (Hordeum vulgare L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.), but generally does not cause severe epidemics. In addition, Pst may infect naturalized and improved pasture grass species, such as Elymus canadensis L., Leymus secalinus Hochst, Agropyron spp. Garetn, Hordeum spp. L., Phalaris spp. L and Bromus unioloides Kunth. Pycnial/aecial (alternative) hosts: Barberry (Berberis chinensis, B. koreana, B. holstii, B. vulgaris, B. shensiana, B. potaninii, B. dolichobotrys, B. heteropoda, etc.) and Oregon grape (Mahonia aquifolium). DISEASE SYMPTOMS Stripe rust appears as a mass of yellow to orange urediniospores erupting from pustules arranged in long, narrow stripes on leaves (usually between veins), leaf sheaths, glumes and awns on susceptible plants. Resistant wheat cultivars are characterized by various infection types from no visual symptoms to small hypersensitive flecks to uredinia surrounded by chlorosis or necrosis with restricted urediniospore production. On seedlings, uredinia produced by the infection of a single urediniospore are not confined by leaf veins, but progressively emerge from the infection site in all directions, potentially covering the entire leaf surface. Individual uredinial pustules are oblong, 0.4-0.7 mm in length and 0.1 mm in width. Urediniospores are broadly ellipsoidal to broadly obovoid, (16-)18-30(-32) × (15-)17-27(-28) μm, with a mean of 24.5 × 21.6 μm, yellow to orange in colour, echinulate, and with 6-18 scattered germ pores. Urediniospores can germinate rapidly when free moisture (rain or dew) occurs on leaf surfaces and when the temperatures range is between 7 and 12 °C. At higher temperatures or during the later growing stages of the host, black telia are often produced, which are pulvinate to oblong, 0.2-0.7 mm in length and 0.1 mm in width. The teliospores are predominantly two-celled, dark brown with thick walls, mostly oblong-clavate, (24-)31-56(-65) × (11-)14-25(-29) μm in length and width, and rounded or flattened at the apex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, West Yuan Ming Yuan Road, Beijing, 100193, China
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Gladieux P, Ropars J, Badouin H, Branca A, Aguileta G, Vienne DM, Rodríguez de la Vega RC, Branco S, Giraud T. Fungal evolutionary genomics provides insight into the mechanisms of adaptive divergence in eukaryotes. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:753-73. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Gladieux
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution UMR8079 University of Paris‐Sud Orsay 91405 France
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution CNRS UMR8079 Orsay 91405 France
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology University of California Berkeley CA 94720‐3102 USA
| | - Jeanne Ropars
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution UMR8079 University of Paris‐Sud Orsay 91405 France
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution CNRS UMR8079 Orsay 91405 France
| | - Hélène Badouin
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution UMR8079 University of Paris‐Sud Orsay 91405 France
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution CNRS UMR8079 Orsay 91405 France
| | - Antoine Branca
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution UMR8079 University of Paris‐Sud Orsay 91405 France
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution CNRS UMR8079 Orsay 91405 France
| | - Gabriela Aguileta
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG) Dr, Aiguader 88 Barcelona 08003 Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) Barcelona 08003 Spain
| | - Damien M. Vienne
- Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG) Dr, Aiguader 88 Barcelona 08003 Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) Barcelona 08003 Spain
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive Université Lyon 1 CNRS UMR5558 Villeurbanne 69622 France
| | - Ricardo C. Rodríguez de la Vega
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution UMR8079 University of Paris‐Sud Orsay 91405 France
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution CNRS UMR8079 Orsay 91405 France
| | - Sara Branco
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology University of California Berkeley CA 94720‐3102 USA
| | - Tatiana Giraud
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution UMR8079 University of Paris‐Sud Orsay 91405 France
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution CNRS UMR8079 Orsay 91405 France
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Ali S, Gladieux P, Rahman H, Saqib MS, Fiaz M, Ahmad H, Leconte M, Gautier A, Justesen AF, Hovmøller MS, Enjalbert J, de Vallavieille-Pope C. Inferring the contribution of sexual reproduction, migration and off-season survival to the temporal maintenance of microbial populations: a case study on the wheat fungal pathogenPuccinia striiformisf.sp.tritici. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:603-17. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Ali
- INRA UR 1290 BIOGER-CPP; BP01 78850 Thiverval-Grignon France
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering; The University of Agriculture; Peshawar 25000 Pakistan
- Department of Agroecology; Aarhus University; Flakkebjerg; DK-4200 Slagelse Denmark
| | - Pierre Gladieux
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology; University of California; Berkeley CA 94720-3102 USA
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution; UMR8079; Univ Paris-Sud; 91405 Orsay France
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution; UMR8079; CNRS; 91405 Orsay France
| | - Hidayatur Rahman
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics; The University of Agriculture; Peshawar 25000 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad S. Saqib
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics; The University of Agriculture; Peshawar 25000 Pakistan
| | | | | | - Marc Leconte
- INRA UR 1290 BIOGER-CPP; BP01 78850 Thiverval-Grignon France
| | | | | | - Mogens S. Hovmøller
- Department of Agroecology; Aarhus University; Flakkebjerg; DK-4200 Slagelse Denmark
| | - Jérôme Enjalbert
- INRA UMR 320 Génétique Végétale; Ferme du Moulon; 91190 Gif sur Yvette France
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Ali S, Gladieux P, Leconte M, Gautier A, Justesen AF, Hovmøller MS, Enjalbert J, de Vallavieille-Pope C. Origin, migration routes and worldwide population genetic structure of the wheat yellow rust pathogen Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1003903. [PMID: 24465211 PMCID: PMC3900651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Analyses of large-scale population structure of pathogens enable the identification of migration patterns, diversity reservoirs or longevity of populations, the understanding of current evolutionary trajectories and the anticipation of future ones. This is particularly important for long-distance migrating fungal pathogens such as Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici (PST), capable of rapid spread to new regions and crop varieties. Although a range of recent PST invasions at continental scales are well documented, the worldwide population structure and the center of origin of the pathogen were still unknown. In this study, we used multilocus microsatellite genotyping to infer worldwide population structure of PST and the origin of new invasions based on 409 isolates representative of distribution of the fungus on six continents. Bayesian and multivariate clustering methods partitioned the set of multilocus genotypes into six distinct genetic groups associated with their geographical origin. Analyses of linkage disequilibrium and genotypic diversity indicated a strong regional heterogeneity in levels of recombination, with clear signatures of recombination in the Himalayan (Nepal and Pakistan) and near-Himalayan regions (China) and a predominant clonal population structure in other regions. The higher genotypic diversity, recombinant population structure and high sexual reproduction ability in the Himalayan and neighboring regions suggests this area as the putative center of origin of PST. We used clustering methods and approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) to compare different competing scenarios describing ancestral relationship among ancestral populations and more recently founded populations. Our analyses confirmed the Middle East-East Africa as the most likely source of newly spreading, high-temperature-adapted strains; Europe as the source of South American, North American and Australian populations; and Mediterranean-Central Asian populations as the origin of South African populations. Although most geographic populations are not markedly affected by recent dispersal events, this study emphasizes the influence of human activities on recent long-distance spread of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Ali
- INRA UR 1290 BIOGER-CPP, Thiverval-Grignon, France
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, the University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Pierre Gladieux
- UMR 8079 Ecologie Systematique Evolution, Univ. Paris-Sud., CNRS-F, Orsay, France
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Marc Leconte
- INRA UR 1290 BIOGER-CPP, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | | | | | | | - Jérôme Enjalbert
- INRA UMR 320 Génétique Végétale, Ferme du Moulon, Gif sur Yvette, France
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Ren J, Yu Y, Gao F, Zeng L, Lu X, Wu X, Yan W, Ren G. Application of resistance gene analog markers to analyses of genetic structure and diversity in rice. Genome 2013; 56:377-87. [DOI: 10.1139/gen-2012-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Plant disease resistance gene analog (RGA) markers were designed according to the conserved sequence of known RGAs and used to map resistance genes. We used genome-wide RGA markers for genetic analyses of structure and diversity in a global rice germplasm collection. Of the 472 RGA markers, 138 were polymorphic and these were applied to 178 entries selected from the USDA rice core collection. Results from the RGA markers were similar between two methods, UPGMA and STRUCTURE. Additionally, the results from RGA markers in our study were agreeable with those previously reported from SSR markers, including cluster of ancestral classification, genetic diversity estimates, genetic relatedness, and cluster of geographic origins. These results suggest that RGA markers are applicable for analyses of genetic structure and diversity in rice. However, unlike SSR markers, the RGA markers failed to differentiate temperate japonica, tropical japonica, and aromatic subgroups. The restricted way for developing RGA markers from the cDNA sequence might limit the polymorphism of RGA markers in the genome, thus limiting the discriminatory power in comparison with SSR markers. Genetic differentiation obtained using RGA markers may be useful for defining genetic diversity of a suite of random R genes in plants, as many studies show a differentiation of resistance to a wide array of pathogens. They could also help to characterize the genetic structure and geographic distribution in crops, including rice, wheat, barley, and banana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juansheng Ren
- Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066, P.R. China
| | - Yuchao Yu
- Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066, P.R. China
- Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066, P.R. China
| | - Fangyuan Gao
- Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066, P.R. China
| | - Lihua Zeng
- Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066, P.R. China
| | - Xianjun Lu
- Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066, P.R. China
| | - Xianting Wu
- Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066, P.R. China
| | - Wengui Yan
- Dale Bumpers National Rice Research Center, US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), 2890 Hwy 130 East, Stuttgart, AR, 72160, USA
| | - Guangjun Ren
- Crop Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066, P.R. China
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Fontaine MC, Gladieux P, Hood ME, Giraud T. History of the invasion of the anther smut pathogen on Silene latifolia in North America. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 198:946-956. [PMID: 23406496 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the routes of pathogen introduction contributes greatly to efforts to protect against future disease emergence. Here, we investigated the history of the invasion in North America by the fungal pathogen Microbotryum lychnidis-dioicae, which causes the anther smut disease on the white campion Silene latifolia. This system is a well-studied model in evolutionary biology and ecology of infectious disease in natural systems. Analyses based on microsatellite markers show that the introduced American M. lychnidis-dioicae probably came from Scotland, from a single population, and thus suffered from a drastic bottleneck compared with genetic diversity in the native European range. The pattern in M. lychnidis-dioicae contrasts with that found by previous studies in its host plant species S. latifolia, also introduced in North America. In the plant, several European lineages have been introduced from across Europe. The smaller number of introductions for M. lychnidis-dioicae probably relates to its life history traits, as it is an obligate, specialized pathogen that is neither transmitted by the seeds nor persistent in the environment. The results show that even a nonagricultural, biotrophic, and insect-vectored pathogen suffering from a very strong bottleneck can successfully establish populations on its introduced host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Fontaine
- Université Paris-Sud, Laboratoire Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, UMR8079, Orsay Cedex, F-91405, France
- CNRS, UMR 8079, Orsay Cedex, F-91405, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Pierre Gladieux
- Université Paris-Sud, Laboratoire Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, UMR8079, Orsay Cedex, F-91405, France
- CNRS, UMR 8079, Orsay Cedex, F-91405, France
- Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Michael E Hood
- Department of Biology, Amherst College, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Tatiana Giraud
- Université Paris-Sud, Laboratoire Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, UMR8079, Orsay Cedex, F-91405, France
- CNRS, UMR 8079, Orsay Cedex, F-91405, France
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Haag KL, Traunecker E, Ebert D. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms of two closely related microsporidian parasites suggest a clonal population expansion after the last glaciation. Mol Ecol 2012; 22:314-26. [PMID: 23163569 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The mode of reproduction of microsporidian parasites has remained puzzling since many decades. It is generally accepted that microsporidia are capable of sexual reproduction, and that some species have switched to obligate asexuality, but such process had never been supported with population genetic evidence. We examine the mode of reproduction of Hamiltosporidium tvaerminnensis and Hamiltosporidium magnivora, two closely related microsporidian parasites of the widespread freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna, based on a set of 129 single-nucleotide polymorphisms distributed across 16 genes. We analyse 20 H. tvaerminnensis isolates from localities representative of the entire species' geographic distribution along the Skerry Island belt of the Baltic Sea. Five isolates of the sister species H. magnivora were used for comparison. We estimate the recombination rates in H. tvaerminnensis to be at least eight orders of magnitude lower than in H. magnivora and not significantly different from zero. This is corroborated by the higher divergence between H. tvaerminnensis alleles (including fixed heterozygosity), as compared to H. magnivora. Our study confirms that sexual recombination is present in microsporidia, that it can be lost, and that asexuals may become epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Haag
- Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, CH-4051, Basel, Switzerland.
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Ahmed S, de Labrouhe DT, Delmotte F. Emerging virulence arising from hybridisation facilitated by multiple introductions of the sunflower downy mildew pathogen Plasmopara halstedii. Fungal Genet Biol 2012; 49:847-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2012.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Barrès B, Dutech C, Andrieux A, Halkett F, Frey P. Exploring the role of asexual multiplication in poplar rust epidemics: impact on diversity and genetic structure. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:4996-5008. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wang Y, Hao B, Zhang Q, Tuo E, Sun G, Zhang R, Jin S, Zhu M, Wang Y, Hsiang T. Discovery of multiple IGS haplotypes within genotypes of Puccinia striiformis. Fungal Biol 2012; 116:522-8. [PMID: 22483050 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In a search for specific molecular markers for population analysis of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) intergenic spacer (IGS) 1 region (rDNA-IGS1, between the 28S and the 5S rDNA genes) was amplified, cloned, and sequenced. It was found to exhibit multiple bands and length polymorphism. Surprisingly, single isolates were found to possess between three to five different IGS1 haplotypes. Bands were cloned and sequenced, and two highly variable regions (α and β) were found between conserved regions, with repeat units interspersed in both types of regions. There were 14 different repeat units, and these were sometimes grouped further into four combinations of repeat units, with a few individual nucleotides (A or C) inserted between the repeats. Among three geographically dispersed isolates, the variable region α was divided into eight types, and the variable region β was divided into two types based on repeat units. Most of the 14 repeat units were shared by the variable and the conserved regions. Among the three isolates, there were a total of 12 IGS1 haplotypes, but some of these were shared between isolates such that there were only eight unique haplotypes. The occurrence of multiple haplotypes within single isolates may be useful for analyzing the population structure, tracking the origin of annual epidemics and providing insights into evolutionary biology of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
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de Vallavieille-Pope C, Ali S, Leconte M, Enjalbert J, Delos M, Rouzet J. Virulence Dynamics and Regional Structuring of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in France Between 1984 and 2009. PLANT DISEASE 2012; 96:131-140. [PMID: 30731861 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-11-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding of long-term virulence dynamics of pathogen populations in response to host resistance gene deployment is of major importance for disease management and evolutionary biology. We monitored the virulence dynamics of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, the causal agent of wheat stripe rust, over 25 years in France. Virulence dynamics was explained by estimates of area associated with resistance genes carried by farmers' cultivars. The epidemics assessed through disease severity significantly correlated with the number of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici isolates collected each year, used to describe virulence dynamics. In the south, the dominance of the Mediterranean pathotype 6E16 and the cultivation of a susceptible cultivar were associated with an epidemic from 1997 to 1999. In the north, five epidemics occurred due to successive acquisition of virulence to the resistance genes Yr7, Yr6, Yr9, Yr17, and Yr32, either by acquisition of the virulence in the previous dominant pathotype or by incursion or selection of one or two new pathotypes. Frequency of pathotypes with Vr7 and Vr6 declined with the reduction in the cultivation of corresponding Yr gene cultivars, whereas the virulence Vr9 persisted longer than the cultivation of Yr9 cultivars. Although the first pathotypes carrying Vr9 decreased, this virulence persisted in other pathotypes even in the absence of Yr9 cultivars. At the regional level, Yr9 cultivars in the north caused a shift from high Vr6 frequency to high Vr9 frequency whereas, in the central region, where Yr9 cultivars were rare, Vr6 remained prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sajid Ali
- UMR 1290 BIOGER-CPP, INRA-AgroParisTech, BP01, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Marc Leconte
- UMR 1290 BIOGER-CPP, INRA-AgroParisTech, BP01, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Jérôme Enjalbert
- UMR 320 Génétique Végétale, INRA, Ferme du Moulon, 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Marc Delos
- SRAl, Cité administrative, Bat E, bd Armand Duportal, 31074 Toulouse cedex, France
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Mboup M, Bahri B, Leconte M, De Vallavieille-Pope C, Kaltz O, Enjalbert J. Genetic structure and local adaptation of European wheat yellow rust populations: the role of temperature-specific adaptation. Evol Appl 2011; 5:341-52. [PMID: 25568055 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2011.00228.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental heterogeneity influences coevolution and local adaptation in host-parasite systems. This also concerns applied issues, because the geographic range of parasites may depend on their capacity to adapt to abiotic conditions. We studied temperature-specific adaptation in the wheat yellow/stripe rust pathogen, Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici (PST). Using laboratory experiments, PST isolates from northern and southern France were studied for their ability to germinate and to infect bread and durum wheat cultivars over a temperature gradient. Pathogen origin × temperature interactions for infectivity and germination rate suggest local adaptation to high- versus low-temperature regimes in south and north. Competition experiments in southern and northern field sites showed a general competitive advantage of southern over northern isolates. This advantage was particularly pronounced in the southern 'home' site, consistent with a model integrating laboratory infectivity and field temperature variation. The stable PST population structure in France likely reflects adaptation to ecological and genetic factors: persistence of southern PST may be due to adaptation to the warmer Mediterranean climate; and persistence of northern PST can be explained by adaptation to commonly used cultivars, for which southern isolates are lacking the relevant virulence genes. Thus, understanding the role of temperature-specific adaptations may help to improve forecast models or breeding programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamadou Mboup
- UR BIOGER CPP, INRA Agro-Paris-Tech Thiverval-Grignon, France ; LMU Biocenter, Section of Evolutionary Biology, Grosshaderner Strasse Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Bochra Bahri
- UR BIOGER CPP, INRA Agro-Paris-Tech Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Marc Leconte
- UR BIOGER CPP, INRA Agro-Paris-Tech Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | | | - Oliver Kaltz
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution (ISEM), UMR 5554 (CC065), Université Montpellier 2 Place Eugéne Bataillon, Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Jérôme Enjalbert
- Inra, UMR de Génétique Végétale, CNRS université Paris-Sud AgroParisTech ferme du Moulon, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Singh R, Pandey B, Danishuddin M, Sheoran S, Sharma P, Chatrath R. Mining and survey of simple sequence repeats in wheat rust Puccinia sp. Bioinformation 2011; 7:291-5. [PMID: 22355223 PMCID: PMC3280497 DOI: 10.6026/007/97320630007291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The abundance and inherent potential for extensive allelic variations in simple sequence repeats (SSRs) or microsatellites resulted in valuable source for genetic markers in eukaryotes. In this study, we analyzed and compared the abundance and organisation of SSR in the genome of two important fungal pathogens of wheat, brown or leaf rust (Puccinia triticina) and black or stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici). P. triticina genome with two fold genome size as compared to P. graminis tritici has lower relative abundance and SSR density. The distribution pattern of different SSR motifs provides the evidence of greater accumulation of dinucleotide followed by trinucleotide repeats. More than two-hundred different types of repeat motifs were observed in the genomes. The longest SSR motifs varied in both genomes and some of the repeat motifs are found in higher frequency. The information about survey of relative abundance, relative density, length and frequency of different repeat motifs in Puccinia sp. will be useful for developing SSR markers that could find several applications in analysis of fungal genome such as genetic diversity, population genetics, race identification and acquisition of new virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sonia Sheoran
- Directorate of Wheat Research, Karnal – 132001, India
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47
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XHAARD C, FABRE B, ANDRIEUX A, GLADIEUX P, BARRÈS B, FREY P, HALKETT F. The genetic structure of the plant pathogenic fungus Melampsora larici-populina on its wild host is extensively impacted by host domestication. Mol Ecol 2011; 20:2739-55. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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48
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Prospects of molecular markers in Fusarium species diversity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 90:1625-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3209-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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49
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Hovmøller MS, Sørensen CK, Walter S, Justesen AF. Diversity of Puccinia striiformis on cereals and grasses. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2011; 49:197-217. [PMID: 21599494 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-072910-095230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Yellow (stripe) rust is a common fungal disease on cereals and grasses. It is caused by Puccinia striiformis sensu lato, which is biotrophic and heteroecious. The pathogen is specialized on the primary host at both species and cultivar levels, whereas several Berberis spp. may serve as alternate hosts. One lineage infects mainly cereals and at least two lineages are restricted to grasses. P. striiformis on cereals has a typical clonal population structure in many areas, resulting from asexual reproduction, but high diversity, suggesting frequent recombination, has been observed in certain areas in Asia. Yellow rust is spreading by airborne spores potentially across long distances, which may contribute to sudden disease epidemics in new areas. This has been the case since 2000, where large-scale epidemics in warmer wheat-growing areas have been ascribed to the emergence of two closely related yellow rust strains with increased aggressiveness and tolerance to warm temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mogens S Hovmøller
- Department of Integrated Pest Management, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aarhus University, Denmark.
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50
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Frenkel O, Brewer MT, Milgroom MG. Variation in pathogenicity and aggressiveness of Erysiphe necator from different Vitis spp. and geographic origins in the eastern United States. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2010; 100:1185-1193. [PMID: 20932167 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-10-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Eastern North America is considered the center of diversity for many Vitis spp. and for the grape powdery mildew pathogen, Erysiphe necator. However, little is known about populations of E. necator from wild Vitis spp. We determined the phenotypic variation in pathogenicity and aggressiveness of E. necator among isolates from wild and domesticated Vitis spp. from diverse geographic regions in the eastern United States. To test pathogenicity, we inoculated 38 E. necator isolates on three wild Vitis spp., two commercially grown hybrids and the European wine grape, Vitis vinifera. V. rotundifolia (muscadine grape) was the only host species on which complete host specialization was evident; it was only susceptible to isolates collected from V. rotundifolia. All isolates, regardless of source host, were pathogenic on the other Vitis spp. We found no differences in components of aggressiveness latent period and lesion size among isolates from different source hosts when inoculated on V. vinifera, which is highly susceptible to powdery mildew. However significant variation was evident among isolates on the more resistant V. labruscana 'Niagara'. Isolates from the wild species V. aestivalis were the most aggressive, whereas isolates from V. vinifera were not more aggressive than isolates from other source hosts. Greater aggressiveness was also detected among isolates from the southeastern United States compared with isolates from the northeastern United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Frenkel
- Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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