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Jiang D, Wang M, Zhao X, Lu X, Zong H, Zhuge B. Glycerol Production from Undetoxified Lignocellulose Hydrolysate by a Multiresistant Engineered Candida glycerinogenes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:1630-1639. [PMID: 38194497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Glycerol is an important platform compound with multidisciplinary applications, and glycerol production using low-cost sugar cane bagasse hydrolysate is promising. Candida glycerinogenes, an industrial yeast strain known for its high glycerol production capability, has been found to thrive in bagasse hydrolysate obtained through a simple treatment without detoxification. The engineered C. glycerinogenes exhibited significant resistance to furfural, acetic acid, and 3,4-dimethylbenzaldehyde within undetoxified hydrolysates. To further enhance glycerol production, genetic modifications were made to Candida glycerinogenes to enhance the utilization of xylose. Fermentation of undetoxified bagasse hydrolysate by CgS45 resulted in a glycerol titer of 40.3 g/L and a yield of 40.4%. This process required only 1 kg of bagasse to produce 93.5 g of glycerol. This is the first report of glycerol production using lignocellulose, which presents a new way for environmentally friendly industrial production of glycerol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqi Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Research Centre of Industrial Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Mengying Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Research Centre of Industrial Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Research Centre of Industrial Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xinyao Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Research Centre of Industrial Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hong Zong
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Research Centre of Industrial Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Bin Zhuge
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Research Centre of Industrial Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Lee B, Church M, Hokamp K, Alhussain MM, Bamagoos AA, Fleming AB. Systematic analysis of tup1 and cyc8 mutants reveals distinct roles for TUP1 and CYC8 and offers new insight into the regulation of gene transcription by the yeast Tup1-Cyc8 complex. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010876. [PMID: 37566621 PMCID: PMC10446238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The Tup1-Cyc8 complex in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was one of the first global co-repressors of gene transcription discovered. However, despite years of study, a full understanding of the contribution of Tup1p and Cyc8p to complex function is lacking. We examined TUP1 and CYC8 single and double deletion mutants and show that CYC8 represses more genes than TUP1, and that there are genes subject to (i) unique repression by TUP1 or CYC8, (ii) redundant repression by TUP1 and CYC8, and (iii) there are genes at which de-repression in a cyc8 mutant is dependent upon TUP1, and vice-versa. We also reveal that Tup1p and Cyc8p can make distinct contributions to commonly repressed genes most likely via specific interactions with different histone deacetylases. Furthermore, we show that Tup1p and Cyc8p can be found independently of each other to negatively regulate gene transcription and can persist at active genes to negatively regulate on-going transcription. Together, these data suggest that Tup1p and Cyc8p can associate with active and inactive genes to mediate distinct negative and positive regulatory roles when functioning within, and possibly out with the complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Lee
- Department of Microbiology, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Church
- Department of Microbiology, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Karsten Hokamp
- Department of Genetics, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Smurfit Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mohamed M. Alhussain
- Department of Microbiology, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Atif A. Bamagoos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alastair B. Fleming
- Department of Microbiology, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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3
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Staneva D, Vasileva B, Podlesniy P, Miloshev G, Georgieva M. Yeast Chromatin Mutants Reveal Altered mtDNA Copy Number and Impaired Mitochondrial Membrane Potential. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9030329. [PMID: 36983497 PMCID: PMC10058930 DOI: 10.3390/jof9030329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are multifunctional, dynamic organelles important for stress response, cell longevity, ageing and death. Although the mitochondrion has its genome, nuclear-encoded proteins are essential in regulating mitochondria biogenesis, morphology, dynamics and function. Moreover, chromatin structure and epigenetic mechanisms govern the accessibility to DNA and control gene transcription, indirectly influencing nucleo-mitochondrial communications. Thus, they exert crucial functions in maintaining proper chromatin structure, cell morphology, gene expression, stress resistance and ageing. Here, we present our studies on the mtDNA copy number in Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromatin mutants and investigate the mitochondrial membrane potential throughout their lifespan. The mutants are arp4 (with a point mutation in the ARP4 gene, coding for actin-related protein 4-Arp4p), hho1Δ (lacking the HHO1 gene, coding for the linker histone H1), and the double mutant arp4 hho1Δ cells with the two mutations. Our findings showed that the three chromatin mutants acquired strain-specific changes in the mtDNA copy number. Furthermore, we detected the disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential in their chronological lifespan. In addition, the expression of nuclear genes responsible for regulating mitochondria biogenesis and turnover was changed. The most pronounced were the alterations found in the double mutant arp4 hho1Δ strain, which appeared as the only petite colony-forming mutant, unable to grow on respiratory substrates and with partial depletion of the mitochondrial genome. The results suggest that in the studied chromatin mutants, hho1Δ, arp4 and arp4 hho1Δ, the nucleus-mitochondria communication was disrupted, leading to impaired mitochondrial function and premature ageing phenotype in these mutants, especially in the double mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dessislava Staneva
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Epigenetics and Longevity, Institute of Molecular Biology "RoumenTsanev", Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Bela Vasileva
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Epigenetics and Longevity, Institute of Molecular Biology "RoumenTsanev", Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Petar Podlesniy
- CiberNed (Centro Investigacion Biomedica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas), 28029 Barcelona, Spain
| | - George Miloshev
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Epigenetics and Longevity, Institute of Molecular Biology "RoumenTsanev", Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Milena Georgieva
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Epigenetics and Longevity, Institute of Molecular Biology "RoumenTsanev", Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
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4
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Soares Rodrigues CI, den Ridder M, Pabst M, Gombert AK, Wahl SA. Comparative proteome analysis of different Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains during growth on sucrose and glucose. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2126. [PMID: 36746999 PMCID: PMC9902475 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29172-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Both the identity and the amount of a carbon source present in laboratory or industrial cultivation media have major impacts on the growth and physiology of a microbial species. In the case of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, sucrose is arguably the most important sugar used in industrial biotechnology, whereas glucose is the most common carbon and energy source used in research, with many well-known and described regulatory effects, e.g. glucose repression. Here we compared the label-free proteomes of exponentially growing S. cerevisiae cells in a defined medium containing either sucrose or glucose as the sole carbon source. For this purpose, bioreactor cultivations were employed, and three different strains were investigated, namely: CEN.PK113-7D (a common laboratory strain), UFMG-CM-Y259 (a wild isolate), and JP1 (an industrial bioethanol strain). These strains present different physiologies during growth on sucrose; some of them reach higher specific growth rates on this carbon source, when compared to growth on glucose, whereas others display the opposite behavior. It was not possible to identify proteins that commonly presented either higher or lower levels during growth on sucrose, when compared to growth on glucose, considering the three strains investigated here, except for one protein, named Mnp1-a mitochondrial ribosomal protein of the large subunit, which had higher levels on sucrose than on glucose, for all three strains. Interestingly, following a Gene Ontology overrepresentation and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses, an inverse pattern of enriched biological functions and pathways was observed for the strains CEN.PK113-7D and UFMG-CM-Y259, which is in line with the fact that whereas the CEN.PK113-7D strain grows faster on glucose than on sucrose, the opposite is observed for the UFMG-CM-Y259 strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Inês Soares Rodrigues
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands.,School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato 80, Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil.,Cargill R&D Centre Europe, Havenstraat 84, 1800, Vilvoorde, Belgium.,DAB.bio, Alexander Fleminglaan 1, 2613 AX, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Maxime den Ridder
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Pabst
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas K Gombert
- School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato 80, Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Sebastian Aljoscha Wahl
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands. .,Lehrstuhl für Bioverfahrenstechnik, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordan-Str. 3-5, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.
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5
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Müller H, Lesur A, Dittmar G, Gentzel M, Kettner K. Proteomic consequences of TDA1 deficiency in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Protein kinase Tda1 is essential for Hxk1 and Hxk2 serine 15 phosphorylation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18084. [PMID: 36302925 PMCID: PMC9613766 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21414-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hexokinase 2 (Hxk2) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a dual function hexokinase, acting as a glycolytic enzyme and being involved in the transcriptional regulation of glucose-repressible genes. Relief from glucose repression is accompanied by phosphorylation of Hxk2 at serine 15, which has been attributed to the protein kinase Tda1. To explore the role of Tda1 beyond Hxk2 phosphorylation, the proteomic consequences of TDA1 deficiency were investigated by difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) comparing a wild type and a Δtda1 deletion mutant. To additionally address possible consequences of glucose repression/derepression, both were grown at 2% and 0.1% (w/v) glucose. A total of eight protein spots exhibiting a minimum twofold enhanced or reduced fluorescence upon TDA1 deficiency was detected and identified by mass spectrometry. Among the spot identities are-besides the expected Hxk2-two proteoforms of hexokinase 1 (Hxk1). Targeted proteomics analyses in conjunction with 2D-DIGE demonstrated that TDA1 is indispensable for Hxk2 and Hxk1 phosphorylation at serine 15. Thirty-six glucose-concentration-dependent protein spots were identified. A simple method to improve spot quantification, approximating spots as rotationally symmetric solids, is presented along with new data on the quantities of Hxk1 and Hxk2 and their serine 15 phosphorylated forms at high and low glucose growth conditions. The Δtda1 deletion mutant exhibited no altered growth under high or low glucose conditions or on alternative carbon sources. Also, invertase activity, serving as a reporter for glucose derepression, was not significantly altered. Instead, an involvement of Tda1 in oxidative stress response is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Müller
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Antoine Lesur
- grid.451012.30000 0004 0621 531XLuxembourg Institute of Health, 1a Rue Thomas Edison, 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Gunnar Dittmar
- grid.451012.30000 0004 0621 531XLuxembourg Institute of Health, 1a Rue Thomas Edison, 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg ,grid.16008.3f0000 0001 2295 9843Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, 6 Avenue de Swing, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Marc Gentzel
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), TP Molecular Analysis / Mass Spectrometry, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg 46/47, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Karina Kettner
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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6
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Brink DP, Borgström C, Persson VC, Ofuji Osiro K, Gorwa-Grauslund MF. D-Xylose Sensing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Insights from D-Glucose Signaling and Native D-Xylose Utilizers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12410. [PMID: 34830296 PMCID: PMC8625115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extension of the substrate range is among one of the metabolic engineering goals for microorganisms used in biotechnological processes because it enables the use of a wide range of raw materials as substrates. One of the most prominent examples is the engineering of baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the utilization of d-xylose, a five-carbon sugar found in high abundance in lignocellulosic biomass and a key substrate to achieve good process economy in chemical production from renewable and non-edible plant feedstocks. Despite many excellent engineering strategies that have allowed recombinant S. cerevisiae to ferment d-xylose to ethanol at high yields, the consumption rate of d-xylose is still significantly lower than that of its preferred sugar d-glucose. In mixed d-glucose/d-xylose cultivations, d-xylose is only utilized after d-glucose depletion, which leads to prolonged process times and added costs. Due to this limitation, the response on d-xylose in the native sugar signaling pathways has emerged as a promising next-level engineering target. Here we review the current status of the knowledge of the response of S. cerevisiae signaling pathways to d-xylose. To do this, we first summarize the response of the native sensing and signaling pathways in S. cerevisiae to d-glucose (the preferred sugar of the yeast). Using the d-glucose case as a point of reference, we then proceed to discuss the known signaling response to d-xylose in S. cerevisiae and current attempts of improving the response by signaling engineering using native targets and synthetic (non-native) regulatory circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Brink
- Applied Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; (C.B.); (V.C.P.); (K.O.O.)
| | - Celina Borgström
- Applied Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; (C.B.); (V.C.P.); (K.O.O.)
- BioZone Centre for Applied Bioscience and Bioengineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St., Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Viktor C. Persson
- Applied Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; (C.B.); (V.C.P.); (K.O.O.)
| | - Karen Ofuji Osiro
- Applied Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; (C.B.); (V.C.P.); (K.O.O.)
- Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Embrapa Agroenergy, Brasília 70770-901, DF, Brazil
| | - Marie F. Gorwa-Grauslund
- Applied Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; (C.B.); (V.C.P.); (K.O.O.)
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7
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Leydon AR, Wang W, Gala HP, Gilmour S, Juarez-Solis S, Zahler ML, Zemke JE, Zheng N, Nemhauser JL. Repression by the Arabidopsis TOPLESS corepressor requires association with the core mediator complex. eLife 2021; 10:66739. [PMID: 34075876 PMCID: PMC8203292 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant corepressor TOPLESS (TPL) is recruited to a large number of loci that are selectively induced in response to developmental or environmental cues, yet the mechanisms by which it inhibits expression in the absence of these stimuli are poorly understood. Previously, we had used the N-terminus of Arabidopsis thaliana TPL to enable repression of a synthetic auxin response circuit in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast). Here, we leveraged the yeast system to interrogate the relationship between TPL structure and function, specifically scanning for repression domains. We identified a potent repression domain in Helix 8 located within the CRA domain, which directly interacted with the Mediator middle module subunits Med21 and Med10. Interactions between TPL and Mediator were required to fully repress transcription in both yeast and plants. In contrast, we found that multimer formation, a conserved feature of many corepressors, had minimal influence on the repression strength of TPL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Seattle, United States
| | - Hardik P Gala
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Sabrina Gilmour
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | | | - Mollye L Zahler
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Joseph E Zemke
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Ning Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Seattle, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
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8
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Yang X, Meng L, Lin X, Jiang HY, Hu XP, Li CF. Role of Elm1, Tos3, and Sak1 Protein Kinases in the Maltose Metabolism of Baker's Yeast. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:665261. [PMID: 34140941 PMCID: PMC8204090 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.665261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose repression is a key regulatory system controlling the metabolism of non-glucose carbon source in yeast. Glucose represses the utilization of maltose, the most abundant fermentable sugar in lean dough and wort, thereby negatively affecting the fermentation efficiency and product quality of pasta products and beer. In this study, the focus was on the role of three kinases, Elm1, Tos3, and Sak1, in the maltose metabolism of baker’s yeast in lean dough. The results suggested that the three kinases played different roles in the regulation of the maltose metabolism of baker’s yeast with differential regulations on MAL genes. Elm1 was necessary for the maltose metabolism of baker’s yeast in maltose and maltose-glucose, and the overexpression of ELM1 could enhance the maltose metabolism and lean dough fermentation ability by upregulating the transcription of MALx1 (x is the locus) in maltose and maltose-glucose and MALx2 in maltose. The native level of TOS3 and SAK1 was essential for yeast cells to adapt glucose repression, but the overexpression of TOS3 and SAK1 alone repressed the expression of MALx1 in maltose-glucose and MALx2 in maltose. Moreover, the three kinases might regulate the maltose metabolism via the Snf1-parallel pathways with a carbon source-dependent manner. These results, for the first time, suggested that Elm1, rather than Tos3 and Sak1, might be the dominant regulator in the maltose metabolism of baker’s yeast. These findings provided knowledge about the glucose repression of maltose and gave a new perspective for breeding industrial yeasts with rapid maltose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Lu Meng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xue Lin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China.,Engineering Research Center of Utilization of Tropical Polysaccharide Resources, Ministry of Education, Haikou, China.,Hainan Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food, Haikou, China
| | - Huan-Yuan Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Hu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China.,Engineering Research Center of Utilization of Tropical Polysaccharide Resources, Ministry of Education, Haikou, China.,Hainan Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food, Haikou, China
| | - Cong-Fa Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China.,Engineering Research Center of Utilization of Tropical Polysaccharide Resources, Ministry of Education, Haikou, China.,Hainan Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food, Haikou, China
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9
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Lipid Production from Sugarcane Top Hydrolysate and Crude Glycerol with Rhodosporidiobolus fluvialis using a Two-Stage Batch-Cultivation Strategy with Separate Optimization of Each Stage. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8030453. [PMID: 32210119 PMCID: PMC7143989 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8030453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids from oleaginous microorganisms, including oleaginous yeasts, are recognized as feedstock for biodiesel production. A production process development of these organisms is necessary to bring lipid feedstock production up to the industrial scale. This study aimed to enhance lipid production of low-cost substrates, namely sugarcane top and biodiesel-derived crude glycerol, by using a two-stage cultivation process with Rhodosporidiobolus fluvialis DMKU-SP314. In the first stage, sugarcane top hydrolysate was used for cell propagation, and in the second stage, cells were suspended in a crude glycerol solution for lipid production. Optimization for high cell mass production in the first stage, and for high lipid production in the second stage, were performed separately using a one-factor-at-a-time methodology together with response surface methodology. Under optimum conditions in the first stage (sugarcane top hydrolysate broth containing; 43.18 g/L total reducing sugars, 2.58 g/L soy bean powder, 0.94 g/L (NH4)2SO4, 0.39 g/L KH2PO4 and 2.5 g/L MgSO4 7H2O, pH 6, 200 rpm, 28 °C and 48 h) and second stage (81.54 g/L crude glycerol, pH 5, 180 rpm, 27 °C and 196 h), a high lipid concentration of 15.85 g/L, a high cell mass of 21.07 g/L and a high lipid content of 73.04% dry cell mass were obtained.
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10
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Nurcholis M, Lertwattanasakul N, Rodrussamee N, Kosaka T, Murata M, Yamada M. Integration of comprehensive data and biotechnological tools for industrial applications of Kluyveromyces marxianus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 104:475-488. [PMID: 31781815 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10224-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Among the so-called non-conventional yeasts, Kluyveromyces marxianus has extremely potent traits that are suitable for industrial applications. Indeed, it has been used for the production of various enzymes, chemicals, and macromolecules in addition to utilization of cell biomass as nutritional materials, feed and probiotics. The yeast is expected to be an efficient ethanol producer with advantages over Saccharomyces cerevisiae in terms of high growth rate, thermotolerance and a wide sugar assimilation spectrum. Results of comprehensive analyses of its genome and transcriptome may accelerate studies for applications of the yeast and may further increase its potential by combination with recent biotechnological tools including the CRISPR/Cas9 system. We thus review published studies by merging with information obtained from comprehensive data including genomic and transcriptomic data, which would be useful for future applications of K. marxianus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mochamad Nurcholis
- Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, 755-8505, Japan.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Brawijaya University, Malang, 65145, Indonesia
| | - Noppon Lertwattanasakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Nadchanok Rodrussamee
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Tomoyuki Kosaka
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan.,Research Center for Thermotolerant Microbial Resources, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Masayuki Murata
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Mamoru Yamada
- Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, 755-8505, Japan. .,Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan. .,Graduate School of Science and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan. .,Research Center for Thermotolerant Microbial Resources, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan.
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11
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Garcia‐Gonzalez M, Plou FJ, Cervantes FV, Remacha M, Poveda A, Jiménez‐Barbero J, Fernandez‐Lobato M. Efficient production of isomelezitose by a glucosyltransferase activity in Metschnikowia reukaufii cell extracts. Microb Biotechnol 2019; 12:1274-1285. [PMID: 31576667 PMCID: PMC6801145 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metschnikowia reukaufii is a widespread yeast able to grow in the plants' floral nectaries, an environment of extreme conditions with sucrose concentrations exceeding 400 g l-1 , which led us into the search for enzymatic activities involved in this sugar use/transformation. New oligosaccharides were produced by transglucosylation processes employing M. reukaufii cell extracts in overload-sucrose reactions. These products were purified and structurally characterized by MS-ESI and NMR techniques. The reaction mixture included new sugars showing a great variety of glycosidic bonds including α-(1→1), α-(1→3) and α-(1→6) linkages. The main product synthesized was the trisaccharide isomelezitose, whose maximum concentration reached 81 g l-1 , the highest amount reported for any unmodified enzyme or microbial extract. In addition, 51 g l-1 of the disaccharide trehalulose was also produced. Both sugars show potential nutraceutical and prebiotic properties. Interestingly, the sugar mixture obtained in the biosynthetic reactions also contained oligosaccharides such as esculose, a rare trisaccharide with no previous NMR structure elucidation, as well as erlose, melezitose and theanderose. All the sugars produced are naturally found in honey. These compounds are of biotechnological interest due to their potential food, cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Garcia‐Gonzalez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo OchoaDepartamento de Biología Molecular (UAM‐CSIC)Universidad Autónoma de MadridCampus Cantoblanco28049MadridSpain
| | | | | | - Miguel Remacha
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo OchoaDepartamento de Biología Molecular (UAM‐CSIC)Universidad Autónoma de MadridCampus Cantoblanco28049MadridSpain
| | - Ana Poveda
- Centro de Investigación Cooperativa en BiocienciasParque Científico Tecnológico de Bizkaia48160DerioBiscaySpain
| | - Jesús Jiménez‐Barbero
- Centro de Investigación Cooperativa en BiocienciasParque Científico Tecnológico de Bizkaia48160DerioBiscaySpain
| | - Maria Fernandez‐Lobato
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo OchoaDepartamento de Biología Molecular (UAM‐CSIC)Universidad Autónoma de MadridCampus Cantoblanco28049MadridSpain
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12
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Turner TL, Lane S, Jayakody LN, Zhang GC, Kim H, Cho W, Jin YS. Deletion of JEN1 and ADY2 reduces lactic acid yield from an engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in xylose medium, expressing a heterologous lactate dehydrogenase. FEMS Yeast Res 2019; 19:5556531. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foz050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Microorganisms have evolved to produce specific end products for many reasons, including maintaining redox balance between NAD+ and NADH. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, for example, produces ethanol as a primary end product from glucose for the regeneration of NAD+. Engineered S. cerevisiae strains have been developed to ferment lignocellulosic sugars, such as xylose, to produce lactic acid by expression of a heterologous lactate dehydrogenase (ldhA from Rhizopus oryzae) without genetic perturbation to the native ethanol pathway. Surprisingly, the engineered yeast strains predominantly produce ethanol from glucose, but produce lactic acid as the major product from xylose. Here, we provide initial evidence that the shift in product formation from ethanol to lactic acid during xylose fermentation is at least partially dependent on the presence of functioning monocarboxylate transporter genes/proteins, including JEN1 and ADY2, which are downregulated and unstable in the presence of glucose, but upregulated/stable on xylose. Future yeast metabolic engineering studies may find the feedstock/carbon selection, such as xylose, an important step toward improving the yield of target end products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy L Turner
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, 260 Bevier Hall, 905 South Goodwin Avenue, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Stephan Lane
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, 260 Bevier Hall, 905 South Goodwin Avenue, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, 1206 West Gregory Avenue, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Lahiru N Jayakody
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, 260 Bevier Hall, 905 South Goodwin Avenue, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Guo-Chang Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, 260 Bevier Hall, 905 South Goodwin Avenue, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Heejin Kim
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, 260 Bevier Hall, 905 South Goodwin Avenue, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, 1206 West Gregory Avenue, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Whiyeon Cho
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, 260 Bevier Hall, 905 South Goodwin Avenue, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yong-Su Jin
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, 260 Bevier Hall, 905 South Goodwin Avenue, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, 1206 West Gregory Avenue, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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13
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Hageman J, Krikken AM. Single-Step Gene Knockout of the SUC2 Gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae : A Laboratory Exercise for Undergraduate Students. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY & BIOLOGY EDUCATION 2018; 19:jmbe-19-92. [PMID: 30377468 PMCID: PMC6195182 DOI: 10.1128/jmbe.v19i3.1615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This article describes a relatively straightforward procedure to knock out the gene that encodes the invertase enzyme in baker’s yeast. The SUC2 gene, which encodes for the invertase enzyme, is knocked out by a single-step PCR knock out method. The knockout is subsequently confirmed at the genetic level by PCR and agarose gel electrophoresis. The knockout is confirmed at the biochemical level by measuring the activity of the invertase enzyme using a colorimetric assay. This tips and tools article describes an easily scalable, inexpensive, yet challenging research project helping undergraduate students at the Bachelor level to conceptualize the effect of the deletion of a gene encoding an enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurre Hageman
- Expertise Centre ALIFE, Institute for Life Science & Technology, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Arjen M. Krikken
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
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14
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Huangyang P, Simon MC. Hidden features: exploring the non-canonical functions of metabolic enzymes. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:11/8/dmm033365. [PMID: 29991493 PMCID: PMC6124551 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.033365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of cellular metabolism has been rigorously revisited over the past decade, especially in the field of cancer research, revealing new insights that expand our understanding of malignancy. Among these insights is the discovery that various metabolic enzymes have surprising activities outside of their established metabolic roles, including in the regulation of gene expression, DNA damage repair, cell cycle progression and apoptosis. Many of these newly identified functions are activated in response to growth factor signaling, nutrient and oxygen availability, and external stress. As such, multifaceted enzymes directly link metabolism to gene transcription and diverse physiological and pathological processes to maintain cell homeostasis. In this Review, we summarize the current understanding of non-canonical functions of multifaceted metabolic enzymes in disease settings, especially cancer, and discuss specific circumstances in which they are employed. We also highlight the important role of subcellular localization in activating these novel functions. Understanding their non-canonical properties should enhance the development of new therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment. Summary: This Review summarizes recent findings about multifaceted metabolic enzymes with non-canonical activities outside their core biochemical functions, and how they may provide new therapeutic strategies for cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiwei Huangyang
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Departments of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - M Celeste Simon
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA .,Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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15
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Orikasa Y, Mikumo D, Ohwada T. A 2-Deoxyglucose-Resistant Mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Shows Enhanced Maltose Fermentative Ability by the Activation of MAL Genes. Foods 2018; 7:foods7040052. [PMID: 29614773 PMCID: PMC5920417 DOI: 10.3390/foods7040052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae MCD4 is a 2-deoxyglucose (2-DOG)-resistant mutant derived from the wild-type strain, AK46, wherein the 2-DOG resistance improves the maltose fermentative ability. In the MAL gene cluster, mutations were detected in MAL11 and MAL31, which encode maltose permeases, and in MAL13 and MAL33, which encode transcriptional activators. In maltose medium, the expression of MAL11 and MAL31 in MCD4 was 2.1 and 4.2 times significantly higher than that in AK46, respectively. Besides, the expression of MAL13 and MAL33 also tended to be higher than that of AK46. Although no mutations were found in MAL12 and MAL32 (which encode α-glucosidases), their expression was significantly higher (4.9 and 4.4 times, respectively) than that in AK46. Since the expression of major catabolite repression-related genes did not show significant differences between MCD4 and AK46, these results showed that the higher maltose fermentative ability of MCD4 is due to the activation of MAL genes encoding two maltose permeases and two α-glucosidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitake Orikasa
- Department of Life and Food Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan.
| | - Dai Mikumo
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan.
- Research Center, Nippon Beet Sugar Manufacturing Co., Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-0831, Japan.
| | - Takuji Ohwada
- Department of Life and Food Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan.
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16
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Ho PW, Klein M, Futschik M, Nevoigt E. Glycerol positive promoters for tailored metabolic engineering of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res 2018; 18:4898018. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foy019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Wei Ho
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Mathias Klein
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Matthias Futschik
- School of Biomedical and Healthcare Sciences, Plymouth University Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, 8005-139, Portugal
| | - Elke Nevoigt
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
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17
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Kodama Y, Fukui N, Ashikari T, Shibano Y, Morioka-Fujimoto K, Hiraki Y, Nakatani K. Improvement of Maltose Fermentation Efficiency: Constitutive Expression ofMALGenes in Brewing Yeasts. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-53-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Kodama
- Suntory Ltd., 1-1-1, Wakayamadai, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Fukui
- Suntory Ltd., 1-1-1, Wakayamadai, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Ashikari
- Suntory Ltd., 1-1-1, Wakayamadai, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618, Japan
| | - Yuji Shibano
- Suntory Ltd., 1-1-1, Wakayamadai, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618, Japan
| | | | - Yuji Hiraki
- Osaka University, 1–8, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565, Japan
| | - Kazuo Nakatani
- Suntory Ltd., 1-1-1, Wakayamadai, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618, Japan
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18
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Suhm T, Habernig L, Rzepka M, Kaimal JM, Andréasson C, Büttner S, Ott M. A novel system to monitor mitochondrial translation in yeast. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2018; 5:158-164. [PMID: 29487862 PMCID: PMC5826703 DOI: 10.15698/mic2018.03.621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial genome is responsible for the production of a handful of polypeptides that are core subunits of the membrane-bound oxidative phosphorylation system. Until now the mechanistic studies of mitochondrial protein synthesis inside cells have been conducted with inhibition of cytoplasmic protein synthesis to reduce the background of nuclear gene expression with the undesired consequence of major disturbances of cellular signaling cascades. Here we have generated a system that allows direct monitoring of mitochondrial translation in unperturbed cells. A recoded gene for superfolder GFP was inserted into the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) mitochondrial genome and enabled the detection of translation through fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry in functional mitochondria. This novel tool allows the investigation of the function and regulation of mitochondrial translation during stress signaling, aging and mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Suhm
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lukas Habernig
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Magdalena Rzepka
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Claes Andréasson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sabrina Büttner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Ott
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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Adamczyk M, Szatkowska R. Low RNA Polymerase III activity results in up regulation of HXT2 glucose transporter independently of glucose signaling and despite changing environment. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185516. [PMID: 28961268 PMCID: PMC5621690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Saccharomyces cerevisiae responds to glucose availability in the environment, inducing the expression of the low-affinity transporters and high-affinity transporters in a concentration dependent manner. This cellular decision making is controlled through finely tuned communication between multiple glucose sensing pathways including the Snf1-Mig1, Snf3/Rgt2-Rgt1 (SRR) and cAMP-PKA pathways. Results We demonstrate the first evidence that RNA Polymerase III (RNAP III) activity affects the expression of the glucose transporter HXT2 (RNA Polymerase II dependent—RNAP II) at the level of transcription. Down-regulation of RNAP III activity in an rpc128-1007 mutant results in a significant increase in HXT2 mRNA, which is considered to respond only to low extracellular glucose concentrations. HXT2 expression is induced in the mutant regardless of the growth conditions either at high glucose concentration or in the presence of a non-fermentable carbon source such as glycerol. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), we found an increased association of Rgt1 and Tup1 transcription factors with the highly activated HXT2 promoter in the rpc128-1007 strain. Furthermore, by measuring cellular abundance of Mth1 corepressor, we found that in rpc128-1007, HXT2 gene expression was independent from Snf3/Rgt2-Rgt1 (SRR) signaling. The Snf1 protein kinase complex, which needs to be active for the release from glucose repression, also did not appear perturbed in the mutated strain. Conclusions/Significance These findings suggest that the general activity of RNAP III can indirectly affect the RNAP II transcriptional machinery on the HXT2 promoter when cellular perception transduced via the major signaling pathways, broadly recognized as on/off switch essential to either positive or negative HXT gene regulation, remain entirely intact. Further, Rgt1/Ssn6-Tup1 complex, which has a dual function in gene transcription as a repressor-activator complex, contributes to HXT2 transcriptional activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Adamczyk
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Roza Szatkowska
- Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
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20
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Church M, Smith KC, Alhussain MM, Pennings S, Fleming AB. Sas3 and Ada2(Gcn5)-dependent histone H3 acetylation is required for transcription elongation at the de-repressed FLO1 gene. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:4413-4430. [PMID: 28115623 PMCID: PMC5416777 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae FLO1 gene encodes a cell wall protein that imparts cell-cell adhesion. FLO1 transcription is regulated via the antagonistic activities of the Tup1-Cyc8 co-repressor and Swi-Snf co-activator complexes. Tup1-Cyc8 represses transcription through the organization of strongly positioned, hypoacetylated nucleosomes across gene promoters. Swi-Snf catalyzes remodeling of these nucleosomes in a mechanism involving histone acetylation that is poorly understood. Here, we show that FLO1 de-repression is accompanied by Swi-Snf recruitment, promoter histone eviction and Sas3 and Ada2(Gcn5)-dependent histone H3K14 acetylation. In the absence of H3K14 acetylation, Swi-Snf recruitment and histone eviction proceed, but transcription is reduced, suggesting these processes, while essential, are not sufficient for de-repression. Further analysis in the absence of H3K14 acetylation reveals RNAP II recruitment at the FLO1 promoter still occurs, but RNAP II is absent from the gene-coding region, demonstrating Sas3 and Ada2-dependent histone H3 acetylation is required for transcription elongation. Analysis of the transcription kinetics at other genes reveals shared mechanisms coupled to a distinct role for histone H3 acetylation, essential at FLO1, downstream of initiation. We propose histone H3 acetylation in the coding region provides rate-limiting control during the transition from initiation to elongation which dictates whether the gene is permissive for transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Church
- School of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Kim C Smith
- School of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mohamed M Alhussain
- School of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sari Pennings
- Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Alastair B Fleming
- School of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
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21
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Struyf N, Van der Maelen E, Hemdane S, Verspreet J, Verstrepen KJ, Courtin CM. Bread Dough and Baker's Yeast: An Uplifting Synergy. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2017; 16:850-867. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nore Struyf
- Lab. of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry & Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe); KU Leuven; Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 B-3001 Leuven Belgium
- VIB Lab. for Systems Biology & CMPG Laboratory for Genetics and Genomics; KU Leuven; Bio-Incubator, Gaston Geenslaan 1 B-3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Eva Van der Maelen
- Lab. of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry & Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe); KU Leuven; Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 B-3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Sami Hemdane
- Lab. of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry & Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe); KU Leuven; Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 B-3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Joran Verspreet
- Lab. of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry & Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe); KU Leuven; Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 B-3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Kevin J. Verstrepen
- VIB Lab. for Systems Biology & CMPG Laboratory for Genetics and Genomics; KU Leuven; Bio-Incubator, Gaston Geenslaan 1 B-3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Christophe M. Courtin
- Lab. of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry & Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe); KU Leuven; Kasteelpark Arenberg 20 B-3001 Leuven Belgium
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22
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A two-step bioprocessing strategy in pentonic acids production from lignocellulosic pre-hydrolysate. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2017; 40:1581-1587. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-017-1814-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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23
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Struyf N, Verspreet J, Verstrepen KJ, Courtin CM. Investigating the impact of α-amylase, α-glucosidase and glucoamylase action on yeast-mediated bread dough fermentation and bread sugar levels. J Cereal Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Struyf N, Laurent J, Verspreet J, Verstrepen KJ, Courtin CM. Substrate-Limited Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yeast Strains Allow Control of Fermentation during Bread Making. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:3368-3377. [PMID: 28367622 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Identification and use of yeast strains that are unable to consume one or more otherwise fermentable substrate types could allow a more controlled fermentation process with more flexibility regarding fermentation times. In this study, Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains with different capacities to consume substrates present in wheat were selected to investigate the impact of substrate limitation on dough fermentation and final bread volume. Results show that fermentation of dough with maltose-negative strains relies on the presence of fructan and sucrose as fermentable substrates and can be used for regular bread making. Levels of fructan and sucrose, endogenously present or added, hence determine the extent of fermentation and timing at the proofing stage. Whole meal is inherently more suitable for substrate-limited fermentation than white flour due to the presence of higher native levels of these substrates. Bread making protocols with long fermentation times are accommodated by addition of substrates such as sucrose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nore Struyf
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven , Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- VIB Laboratory for Systems Biology, CMPG Laboratory for Genetics and Genomics, KU Leuven , Bio-Incubator, Gaston Geenslaan 1, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jitka Laurent
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven , Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joran Verspreet
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven , Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kevin J Verstrepen
- VIB Laboratory for Systems Biology, CMPG Laboratory for Genetics and Genomics, KU Leuven , Bio-Incubator, Gaston Geenslaan 1, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe M Courtin
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven , Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Wang B, Li J, Gao J, Cai P, Han X, Tian C. Identification and characterization of the glucose dual-affinity transport system in Neurospora crassa: pleiotropic roles in nutrient transport, signaling, and carbon catabolite repression. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:17. [PMID: 28115989 PMCID: PMC5244594 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0705-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glucose dual-affinity transport system (low- and high-affinity) is a conserved strategy used by microorganisms to cope with natural fluctuations in nutrient availability in the environment. The glucose-sensing and uptake processes are believed to be tightly associated with cellulase expression regulation in cellulolytic fungi. However, both the identities and functions of the major molecular components of this evolutionarily conserved system in filamentous fungi remain elusive. Here, we systematically identified and characterized the components of the glucose dual-affinity transport system in the model fungus Neurospora crassa. RESULTS Using RNA sequencing coupled with functional transport analyses, we assigned GLT-1 (Km = 18.42 ± 3.38 mM) and HGT-1/-2 (Km = 16.13 ± 0.95 and 98.97 ± 22.02 µM) to the low- and high-affinity glucose transport systems, respectively. The high-affinity transporters hgt-1/-2 complemented a moderate growth defect under high glucose when glt-1 was deleted. Simultaneous deletion of hgt-1/-2 led to extensive derepression of genes for plant cell wall deconstruction in cells grown on cellulose. The suppression by HGT-1/-2 was connected to both carbon catabolite repression (CCR) and the cyclic adenosine monophosphate-protein kinase A pathway. Alteration of a residue conserved across taxa in hexose transporters resulted in a loss of glucose-transporting function, whereas CCR signal transduction was retained, indicating dual functions for HGT-1/-2 as "transceptors." CONCLUSIONS In this study, GLT-1 and HGT-1/-2 were identified as the key components of the glucose dual-affinity transport system, which plays diverse roles in glucose transport and carbon metabolism. Given the wide conservation of the glucose dual-affinity transport system across fungal species, the identification of its components and their pleiotropic roles in this study shed important new light on the molecular basis of nutrient transport, signaling, and plant cell wall degradation in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027 China
| | - Jingen Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China
| | - Jingfang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China
- School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080 Heilongjiang China
| | - Pengli Cai
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China
| | - Xiaoyun Han
- School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080 Heilongjiang China
| | - Chaoguang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308 China
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Córdova P, Alcaíno J, Bravo N, Barahona S, Sepúlveda D, Fernández-Lobato M, Baeza M, Cifuentes V. Regulation of carotenogenesis in the red yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous: the role of the transcriptional co-repressor complex Cyc8-Tup1 involved in catabolic repression. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:193. [PMID: 27842591 PMCID: PMC5109733 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0597-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous produces carotenoids of commercial interest, including astaxanthin and β-carotene. Although carotenogenesis in this yeast and the expression profiles of the genes controlling this pathway are known, the mechanisms regulating this process remain poorly understood. Several studies have demonstrated that glucose represses carotenogenesis in X. dendrorhous, suggesting that this pathway could be regulated by catabolic repression. Catabolic repression is a highly conserved regulatory mechanism in eukaryotes and has been widely studied in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Glucose-dependent repression is mainly observed at the transcriptional level and depends on the DNA-binding regulator Mig1, which recruits the co-repressor complex Cyc8-Tup1, which then represses the expression of target genes. In this work, we studied the regulation of carotenogenesis by catabolic repression in X. dendrorhous, focusing on the role of the co-repressor complex Cyc8-Tup1. RESULTS The X. dendrorhous CYC8 and TUP1 genes were identified, and their functions were demonstrated by heterologous complementation in S. cerevisiae. In addition, cyc8 - and tup1 - mutant strains of X. dendrorhous were obtained, and both mutations were shown to prevent the glucose-dependent repression of carotenogenesis in X. dendrorhous, increasing the carotenoid production in both mutant strains. Furthermore, the effects of glucose on the transcript levels of genes involved in carotenogenesis differed between the mutant strains and wild-type X. dendrorhous, particularly for genes involved in the synthesis of carotenoid precursors, such as HMGR, idi and FPS. Additionally, transcriptomic analyses showed that cyc8 - and tup1 - mutations affected the expression of over 250 genes in X. dendrorhous. CONCLUSIONS The CYC8 and TUP1 genes are functional in X. dendrorhous, and their gene products are involved in catabolic repression and carotenogenesis regulation. This study presents the first report involving the participation of Cyc8 and Tup1 in carotenogenesis regulation in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Córdova
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jennifer Alcaíno
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia Bravo
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Salvador Barahona
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dionisia Sepúlveda
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Fernández-Lobato
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Departamento de Biología Molecular (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, calle Nicolás Cabrera No 1, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcelo Baeza
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Víctor Cifuentes
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Casilla 653, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
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Nakajima Y, Maeda K, Jin Q, Takahashi-Ando N, Kanamaru K, Kobayashi T, Kimura M. Oligosaccharides containing an α-(1→2) (glucosyl/xylosyl)-fructosyl linkage as inducer molecules of trichothecene biosynthesis for Fusarium graminearum. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 238:215-221. [PMID: 27664790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fructo-oligosaccharides containing a sucrose unit are reported as carbon sources necessary for trichothecene production by Fusarium graminearum. Here we demonstrate that trichothecene production is induced when at least 100μM sucrose is added to a culture medium containing 333mM glucose in a 24-well plate. When glucose, the main carbon source of the medium, was replaced with galactose, maltose, or sorbitol, the addition of 100μM sucrose could no longer induce trichothecene production. However, replacing half the amount of each carbon source with glucose restored the trichothecene production-inducing activity of sucrose. Detailed investigations with media containing various concentrations of galactose and glucose as carbon sources suggested that operation of the galactose catabolic pathway for energy conservation affected trichothecene biosynthesis induction by sucrose. Trichothecene production was also induced by 100μM of either raffinose or xylosucrose in axenic liquid culture medium containing glucose as the major carbon source. These results demonstrate that sucrose derivatives are not necessary as a carbon source for inducing trichothecene biosynthesis, and that the minimum structural requirement for sugars to function as trichothecene production-inducer molecules is to contain an α-(1→2) (glucosyl/xylosyl)-fructosyl linkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Nakajima
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Maeda
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Qi Jin
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Naoko Takahashi-Ando
- Graduate School of Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-8585, Japan
| | - Kyoko Kanamaru
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kobayashi
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Makoto Kimura
- Department of Biological Mechanisms and Functions, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan.
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Alcaíno J, Bravo N, Córdova P, Marcoleta AE, Contreras G, Barahona S, Sepúlveda D, Fernández-Lobato M, Baeza M, Cifuentes V. The Involvement of Mig1 from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous in Catabolic Repression: An Active Mechanism Contributing to the Regulation of Carotenoid Production. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162838. [PMID: 27622474 PMCID: PMC5021340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The red yeast X. dendrorhous is one of the few natural sources of astaxanthin, a carotenoid used in aquaculture for salmonid fish pigmentation and in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries for its antioxidant properties. Genetic control of carotenogenesis is well characterized in this yeast; however, little is known about the regulation of the carotenogenesis process. Several lines of evidence have suggested that carotenogenesis is regulated by catabolic repression, and the aim of this work was to identify and functionally characterize the X. dendrorhous MIG1 gene encoding the catabolic repressor Mig1, which mediates transcriptional glucose-dependent repression in other yeasts and fungi. The identified gene encodes a protein of 863 amino acids that demonstrates the characteristic conserved features of Mig1 proteins, and binds in vitro to DNA fragments containing Mig1 boxes. Gene functionality was demonstrated by heterologous complementation in a S. cerevisiae mig1- strain; several aspects of catabolic repression were restored by the X. dendrorhous MIG1 gene. Additionally, a X. dendrorhous mig1- mutant was constructed and demonstrated a higher carotenoid content than the wild-type strain. Most important, the mig1- mutation alleviated the glucose-mediated repression of carotenogenesis in X. dendrorhous: the addition of glucose to mig1- and wild-type cultures promoted the growth of both strains, but carotenoid synthesis was observed only in the mutant strain. Transcriptomic and RT-qPCR analyses revealed that several genes were differentially expressed between X. dendrorhous mig1- and the wild-type strain when cultured with glucose as the sole carbon source. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that catabolic repression in X. dendrorhous is an active process in which the identified MIG1 gene product plays a central role in the regulation of several biological processes, including carotenogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Alcaíno
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia Bravo
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pamela Córdova
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés E. Marcoleta
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriela Contreras
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Salvador Barahona
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dionisia Sepúlveda
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Fernández-Lobato
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Departamento de Biología Molecular (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Cantoblanco, España
| | - Marcelo Baeza
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Víctor Cifuentes
- Laboratorio de Genética, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
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Struyf N, Laurent J, Lefevere B, Verspreet J, Verstrepen KJ, Courtin CM. Establishing the relative importance of damaged starch and fructan as sources of fermentable sugars in wheat flour and whole meal bread dough fermentations. Food Chem 2016; 218:89-98. [PMID: 27719961 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
It is generally believed that maltose drives yeast-mediated bread dough fermentation. The relative importance of fructose and glucose, released from wheat fructan and sucrose by invertase, compared to maltose is, however, not documented. This is surprising given the preference of yeast for glucose and fructose over maltose. This study revealed that, after 2h fermentation of wheat flour dough, about 44% of the sugars consumed were generated by invertase-mediated degradation of fructan, raffinose and sucrose. The other 56% were generated by amylases. In whole meal dough, 70% of the sugars consumed were released by invertase activity. Invertase-mediated sugar release seems to be crucial during the first hour of fermentation, while amylase-mediated sugar release was predominant in the later stages of fermentation, which explains why higher amylolytic activity prolonged the productive fermentation time only. These results illustrate the importance of wheat fructan and sucrose content and their degradation for dough fermentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nore Struyf
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; VIB Laboratory for Systems Biology & CMPG Laboratory for Genetics and Genomics, KU Leuven, Bio-Incubator, Gaston Geenslaan 1, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jitka Laurent
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bianca Lefevere
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joran Verspreet
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kevin J Verstrepen
- VIB Laboratory for Systems Biology & CMPG Laboratory for Genetics and Genomics, KU Leuven, Bio-Incubator, Gaston Geenslaan 1, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe M Courtin
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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Gene Amplification on Demand Accelerates Cellobiose Utilization in Engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:3631-3639. [PMID: 27084006 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00410-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Efficient microbial utilization of cellulosic sugars is essential for the economic production of biofuels and chemicals. Although the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a robust microbial platform widely used in ethanol plants using sugar cane and corn starch in large-scale operations, glucose repression is one of the significant barriers to the efficient fermentation of cellulosic sugar mixtures. A recent study demonstrated that intracellular utilization of cellobiose by engineered yeast expressing a cellobiose transporter (encoded by cdt-1) and an intracellular β-glucosidase (encoded by gh1-1) can alleviate glucose repression, resulting in the simultaneous cofermentation of cellobiose and nonglucose sugars. Here we report enhanced cellobiose fermentation by engineered yeast expressing cdt-1 and gh1-1 through laboratory evolution. When cdt-1 and gh1-1 were integrated into the genome of yeast, the single copy integrant showed a low cellobiose consumption rate. However, cellobiose fermentation rates by engineered yeast increased gradually during serial subcultures on cellobiose. Finally, an evolved strain exhibited a 15-fold-higher cellobiose fermentation rate. To identify the responsible mutations in the evolved strain, genome sequencing was performed. Interestingly, no mutations affecting cellobiose fermentation were identified, but the evolved strain contained 9 copies of cdt-1 and 23 copies of gh1-1 We also traced the copy numbers of cdt-1 and gh1-1 of mixed populations during the serial subcultures. The copy numbers of cdt-1 and gh1-1 in the cultures increased gradually with similar ratios as cellobiose fermentation rates of the cultures increased. These results suggest that the cellobiose assimilation pathway (transport and hydrolysis) might be a rate-limiting step in engineered yeast and copies of genes coding for metabolic enzymes might be amplified in yeast if there is a growth advantage. This study indicates that on-demand gene amplification might be an efficient strategy for yeast metabolic engineering. IMPORTANCE In order to enable rapid and efficient fermentation of cellulosic hydrolysates by engineered yeast, we delve into the limiting factors of cellobiose fermentation by engineered yeast expressing a cellobiose transporter (encoded by cdt-1) and an intracellular β-glucosidase (encoded by gh1-1). Through laboratory evolution, we isolated mutant strains capable of fermenting cellobiose much faster than a parental strain. Genome sequencing of the fast cellobiose-fermenting mutant reveals that there are massive amplifications of cdt-1 and gh1-1 in the yeast genome. We also found positive and quantitative relationships between the rates of cellobiose consumption and the copy numbers of cdt-1 and gh1-1 in the evolved strains. Our results suggest that the cellobiose assimilation pathway (transport and hydrolysis) might be a rate-limiting step for efficient cellobiose fermentation. We demonstrate the feasibility of optimizing not only heterologous metabolic pathways in yeast through laboratory evolution but also on-demand gene amplification in yeast, which can be broadly applicable for metabolic engineering.
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Sokolov SS, Balakireva AV, Markova OV, Severin FF. Negative Feedback of Glycolysis and Oxidative Phosphorylation: Mechanisms of and Reasons for It. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 80:559-64. [PMID: 26071773 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915050065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
There are two main pathways of ATP biosynthesis: glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. As a rule, the two pathways are not fully active in a single cell. In this review, we discuss mechanisms of glycolytic inhibition of respiration (Warburg and Crabtree effects). What are the reasons for the existence of this negative feedback? It is known that maximal activation of both processes can cause generation of reactive oxygen species. Oxidative phosphorylation is more efficient from the energy point of view, while glycolysis is safer and favors biomass synthesis. This might be the reason why quiescent cells are mainly using oxidative phosphorylation, while the quickly proliferating ones - glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Sokolov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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Tan SZ, Manchester S, Prather KLJ. Controlling Central Carbon Metabolism for Improved Pathway Yields in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ACS Synth Biol 2016; 5:116-24. [PMID: 26544022 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.5b00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Engineering control of metabolic pathways is important to improving product titers and yields. Traditional methods such as overexpressing pathway enzymes and deleting competing ones are restricted by the interdependence of metabolic reactions and the finite nature of cellular resources. Here, we developed a metabolite valve that controls glycolytic flux through central carbon metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In a Hexokinase 2 and Glucokinase 1 deleted strain (hxk2Δglk1Δ), glucose flux was diverted away from glycolysis and into a model pathway, gluconate, by controlling the transcription of Hexokinase 1 with the tetracycline transactivator protein (tTA). A maximum 10-fold decrease in hexokinase activity resulted in a 50-fold increase in gluconate yields, from 0.7% to 36% mol/mol of glucose. The reduction in glucose flux resulted in a significant decrease in ethanol byproduction that extended to semianaerobic conditions, as shown in the production of isobutanol. This proof-of-concept is one of the first demonstrations in S. cerevisiae of dynamic redirection of glucose from glycolysis and into a heterologous pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Zanne Tan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡MIT Center for Integrative Synthetic
Biology, §Synthetic Biology Engineering Research Center (SynBERC), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shawn Manchester
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡MIT Center for Integrative Synthetic
Biology, §Synthetic Biology Engineering Research Center (SynBERC), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kristala L. J. Prather
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡MIT Center for Integrative Synthetic
Biology, §Synthetic Biology Engineering Research Center (SynBERC), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Wang M, Yu C, Zhao H. Identification of an important motif that controls the activity and specificity of sugar transporters. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 113:1460-7. [PMID: 26724683 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Efficient glucose-xylose co-utilization is critical for economical biofuel production from lignocellulosic biomass. To enable glucose-xylose co-utilization, a highly active xylose specific transporter without glucose inhibition is desirable. However, our understanding of the structure-activity/specificity relationship of sugar transporters in general is limited, which hinders our ability to engineer xylose-specific transporters. In this study, via homology modeling and analysis of hexose sugar transporter HXT14 mutants, we identified a highly conserved YYX(T/P) motif that plays an important role in controlling the activity and specificity of sugar transporters. We demonstrated that mutating the two tyrosine residues of the motif to phenylalanine, respectively, improved glucose transport capacity across several different sugar transporters. Furthermore, we illustrated that by engineering the fourth position in the YYX(T/P) motif, the sugar specificity of transporters was significantly altered or even reversed towards xylose. Finally, using the engineered sugar transporter, genuine glucose-xylose co-fermentation was achieved. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1460-1467. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Chenzhao Yu
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois. .,Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois. .,Departments of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana 61801, Illinois.
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Marques WL, Raghavendran V, Stambuk BU, Gombert AK. Sucrose and Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a relationship most sweet. FEMS Yeast Res 2015; 16:fov107. [PMID: 26658003 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fov107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sucrose is an abundant, readily available and inexpensive substrate for industrial biotechnology processes and its use is demonstrated with much success in the production of fuel ethanol in Brazil. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which naturally evolved to efficiently consume sugars such as sucrose, is one of the most important cell factories due to its robustness, stress tolerance, genetic accessibility, simple nutrient requirements and long history as an industrial workhorse. This minireview is focused on sucrose metabolism in S. cerevisiae, a rather unexplored subject in the scientific literature. An analysis of sucrose availability in nature and yeast sugar metabolism was performed, in order to understand the molecular background that makes S. cerevisiae consume this sugar efficiently. A historical overview on the use of sucrose and S. cerevisiae by humans is also presented considering sugarcane and sugarbeet as the main sources of this carbohydrate. Physiological aspects of sucrose consumption are compared with those concerning other economically relevant sugars. Also, metabolic engineering efforts to alter sucrose catabolism are presented in a chronological manner. In spite of its extensive use in yeast-based industries, a lot of basic and applied research on sucrose metabolism is imperative, mainly in fields such as genetics, physiology and metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Leoricy Marques
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, 05424-970, Brazil School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas-SP, 13083-862, Brazil
| | | | - Boris Ugarte Stambuk
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis-SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Andreas Karoly Gombert
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP, 05424-970, Brazil School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas-SP, 13083-862, Brazil
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Combining C6 and C5 sugar metabolism for enhancing microbial bioconversion. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2015; 29:49-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Paulo JA, O'Connell JD, Gaun A, Gygi SP. Proteome-wide quantitative multiplexed profiling of protein expression: carbon-source dependency in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:4063-74. [PMID: 26399295 PMCID: PMC4710237 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-07-0499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A mass spectrometry–based tandem mass tag 9-plex strategy was used to determine alterations in relative protein abundance due to three carbon sources—glucose, galactose, and raffinose. More than 4700 proteins were quantified across all nine samples; 1003 demonstrated statistically significant differences in abundance in at least one condition. The global proteomic alterations in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae due to differences in carbon sources can be comprehensively examined using mass spectrometry–based multiplexing strategies. In this study, we investigate changes in the S. cerevisiae proteome resulting from cultures grown in minimal media using galactose, glucose, or raffinose as the carbon source. We used a tandem mass tag 9-plex strategy to determine alterations in relative protein abundance due to a particular carbon source, in triplicate, thereby permitting subsequent statistical analyses. We quantified more than 4700 proteins across all nine samples; 1003 proteins demonstrated statistically significant differences in abundance in at least one condition. The majority of altered proteins were classified as functioning in metabolic processes and as having cellular origins of plasma membrane and mitochondria. In contrast, proteins remaining relatively unchanged in abundance included those having nucleic acid–related processes, such as transcription and RNA processing. In addition, the comprehensiveness of the data set enabled the analysis of subsets of functionally related proteins, such as phosphatases, kinases, and transcription factors. As a resource, these data can be mined further in efforts to understand better the roles of carbon source fermentation in yeast metabolic pathways and the alterations observed therein, potentially for industrial applications, such as biofuel feedstock production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Aleksandr Gaun
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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Wang M, Yu C, Zhao H. Directed evolution of xylose specific transporters to facilitate glucose-xylose co-utilization. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 113:484-91. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana Illinois 61801
| | - Chenzhao Yu
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana Illinois 61801
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana Illinois 61801
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana Illinois 61801
- Departments of Chemistry, Bioengineering, and Institute for Genomic Biology; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana Illinois 61801
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Nadeem H, Rashid MH, Siddique MH, Azeem F, Muzammil S, Javed MR, Ali MA, Rasul I, Riaz M. Microbial invertases: A review on kinetics, thermodynamics, physiochemical properties. Process Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Wang M, Li S, Zhao H. Design and engineering of intracellular-metabolite-sensing/regulation gene circuits inSaccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 113:206-15. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana Illinois 61801
- Energy Biosciences Institute, Institute for Genomic Biology; Urbana Illinois 61801
| | - Sijin Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana Illinois 61801
- Energy Biosciences Institute, Institute for Genomic Biology; Urbana Illinois 61801
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana Illinois 61801
- Energy Biosciences Institute, Institute for Genomic Biology; Urbana Illinois 61801
- Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Bioengineering; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana Illinois 61801
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The repressor Rgt1 and the cAMP-dependent protein kinases control the expression of the SUC2 gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:1362-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Sasaki K, Tsuge Y, Sasaki D, Kawaguchi H, Sazuka T, Ogino C, Kondo A. Repeated ethanol production from sweet sorghum juice concentrated by membrane separation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 186:351-355. [PMID: 25857769 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.03.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Sequential batch fermentation from sweet sorghum juice concentrated by membrane separation (ultrafiltration permeation and nanofiltration concentration) to increase sugar contents, was investigated. Ethanol production at 5th batch fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4741 attained 113.7±3.1 g L(-1) (89.1±2.2% of the theoretical ethanol yield) from 270.0±22.6 g L(-1) sugars, corresponding to 98.7% of ethanol titer attained at the 1st batch fermentation. This titer was comparable to ethanol production of 115.8±0.6 g L(-1) (87.1±2.7% of the theoretical ethanol yield) obtained at 5th batch fermentation with 3 g L(-1) yeast extract and 6 g L(-1) polypeptone. Increase of cell density in the concentrated sweet sorghum juice was observed during sequential batch fermentation, as indicated by increased OD600. Utilization of sweet sorghum juice as the sole source, membrane separation, and S. cerevisiae was a cost-effective process for high ethanol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Sasaki
- Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 675-8501, Japan
| | - Yota Tsuge
- Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 675-8501, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sasaki
- Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 675-8501, Japan
| | - Hideo Kawaguchi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Sazuka
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Chiaki Ogino
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan; Biomass Engineering Program, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
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Lane S, Zhang S, Wei N, Rao C, Jin YS. Development and physiological characterization of cellobiose-consuming Yarrowia lipolytica. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:1012-22. [PMID: 25421388 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Yarrowia lipolytica is a promising production host for a wide range of molecules, but limited sugar consumption abilities prevent utilization of an abundant source of renewable feedstocks. In this study we created a Y. lipolytica strain capable of utilizing cellobiose as a sole carbon source by using endogenous promoters to express the cellodextrin transporter cdt-1 and intracellular β-glucosidase gh1-1 from Neurospora crassa. The engineered strain was also capable of simultaneous co-consumption of glucose and cellobiose. Although cellobiose was consumed slower than glucose when engineered strains were cultured with excess nitrogen, culturing with limited nitrogen led to cellobiose consumption rates comparable to those of glucose. Under limited nitrogen conditions, the engineered strain produced citric acid as a major product and we observed greater citric acid yields from cellobiose (0.37 g/g) than glucose (0.28 g/g). Culturing with a sole carbon source of either glucose or cellobiose induced additional differences on cell physiology and metabolism and a link is suggested to evasion of glucose-sensing mechanisms through intracellular creation and consumption of glucose. We ultimately applied this cellobiose-utilization system to produce citric acid from bioconversion of crystalline cellulose through simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Lane
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801; Energy Biosciences Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinios, 61801; Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801
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Overexpression of Q-rich prion-like proteins suppresses polyQ cytotoxicity and alters the polyQ interactome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:18219-24. [PMID: 25489109 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1421313111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Expansion of a poly-glutamine (polyQ) repeat in a group of functionally unrelated proteins is the cause of several inherited neurodegenerative disorders, including Huntington's disease. The polyQ length-dependent aggregation and toxicity of these disease proteins can be reproduced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This system allowed us to screen for genes that when overexpressed reduce the toxic effects of an N-terminal fragment of mutant huntingtin with 103 Q. Surprisingly, among the identified suppressors were three proteins with Q-rich, prion-like domains (PrDs): glycine threonine serine repeat protein (Gts1p), nuclear polyadenylated RNA-binding protein 3, and minichromosome maintenance protein 1. Overexpression of the PrD of Gts1p, containing an imperfect 28 residue glutamine-alanine repeat, was sufficient for suppression of toxicity. Association with this discontinuous polyQ domain did not prevent 103Q aggregation, but altered the physical properties of the aggregates, most likely early in the assembly pathway, as reflected in their increased SDS solubility. Molecular simulations suggested that Gts1p arrests the aggregation of polyQ molecules at the level of nonfibrillar species, acting as a cap that destabilizes intermediates on path to form large fibrils. Quantitative proteomic analysis of polyQ interactors showed that expression of Gts1p reduced the interaction between polyQ and other prion-like proteins, and enhanced the association of molecular chaperones with the aggregates. These findings demonstrate that short, Q-rich peptides are able to shield the interactive surfaces of toxic forms of polyQ proteins and direct them into nontoxic aggregates.
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Conrad M, Schothorst J, Kankipati HN, Van Zeebroeck G, Rubio-Texeira M, Thevelein JM. Nutrient sensing and signaling in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2014; 38:254-99. [PMID: 24483210 PMCID: PMC4238866 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6976.12065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been a favorite organism for pioneering studies on nutrient-sensing and signaling mechanisms. Many specific nutrient responses have been elucidated in great detail. This has led to important new concepts and insight into nutrient-controlled cellular regulation. Major highlights include the central role of the Snf1 protein kinase in the glucose repression pathway, galactose induction, the discovery of a G-protein-coupled receptor system, and role of Ras in glucose-induced cAMP signaling, the role of the protein synthesis initiation machinery in general control of nitrogen metabolism, the cyclin-controlled protein kinase Pho85 in phosphate regulation, nitrogen catabolite repression and the nitrogen-sensing target of rapamycin pathway, and the discovery of transporter-like proteins acting as nutrient sensors. In addition, a number of cellular targets, like carbohydrate stores, stress tolerance, and ribosomal gene expression, are controlled by the presence of multiple nutrients. The protein kinase A signaling pathway plays a major role in this general nutrient response. It has led to the discovery of nutrient transceptors (transporter receptors) as nutrient sensors. Major shortcomings in our knowledge are the relationship between rapid and steady-state nutrient signaling, the role of metabolic intermediates in intracellular nutrient sensing, and the identity of the nutrient sensors controlling cellular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Conrad
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU LeuvenLeuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, VIBLeuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Joep Schothorst
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU LeuvenLeuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, VIBLeuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Harish Nag Kankipati
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU LeuvenLeuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, VIBLeuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Griet Van Zeebroeck
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU LeuvenLeuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, VIBLeuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Marta Rubio-Texeira
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU LeuvenLeuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, VIBLeuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
| | - Johan M Thevelein
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU LeuvenLeuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, VIBLeuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
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45
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Cloutier SC, Wang S, Ma WK, Petell CJ, Tran EJ. Long noncoding RNAs promote transcriptional poising of inducible genes. PLoS Biol 2013; 11:e1001715. [PMID: 24260025 PMCID: PMC3833879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The GAL cluster-associated long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) promote rapid induction of GAL genes in budding yeast, thereby promoting a faster switch in transcriptional programs when needed. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a class of molecules that impinge on the expression of protein-coding genes. Previous studies have suggested that the GAL cluster-associated lncRNAs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae repress expression of the protein-coding GAL genes. Herein, we demonstrate a previously unrecognized role for the GAL lncRNAs in activating gene expression. In yeast strains lacking the RNA helicase, DBP2, or the RNA decay enzyme, XRN1, we find that the GAL lncRNAs specifically accelerate gene expression from a prior repressive state. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the previously suggested repressive role is a result of specific mutant phenotypes, rather than a reflection of the normal, wild-type function of these noncoding RNAs. To shed light on the mechanism for lncRNA-dependent gene activation, we show that rapid induction of the protein-coding GAL genes is associated with faster recruitment of RNA polymerase II and reduced association of transcriptional repressors with GAL gene promoters. This suggests that the GAL lncRNAs enhance expression by derepressing the GAL genes. Consistently, the GAL lncRNAs enhance the kinetics of transcriptional induction, promoting faster expression of the protein-coding GAL genes upon the switch in carbon source. We suggest that the GAL lncRNAs poise inducible genes for rapid activation, enabling cells to more effectively trigger new transcriptional programs in response to cellular cues. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a recently identified class of molecules that regulate the expression of protein-coding genes through a number of mechanisms, some of them poorly characterized. The GAL gene cluster of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes a series of three inducible genes that are turned on or off by the presence or absence of specific carbon sources in the environment. Previous studies have documented the presence of two lncRNAs—GAL10 and GAL10s—encoded by genes that overlap the GAL cluster. We have now uncovered a role for both these lncRNAs in promoting the activation of the GAL genes when they are released from repressive conditions. This activation occurs at the kinetic level, through more rapid recruitment of RNA polymerase II and decreased association of the co-repressor, Cyc8. Under normal conditions, but also especially when they are stabilized and their levels are up-regulated, these GAL lncRNAs promote faster GAL gene activation. We suggest that these lncRNA molecules poise inducible genes for quick response to extracellular cues, triggering a faster switch in transcriptional programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara C. Cloutier
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Siwen Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Wai Kit Ma
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Petell
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth J. Tran
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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46
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Harcus D, Dignard D, Lépine G, Askew C, Raymond M, Whiteway M, Wu C. Comparative xylose metabolism among the Ascomycetes C. albicans, S. stipitis and S. cerevisiae. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80733. [PMID: 24236198 PMCID: PMC3827475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ascomycetes Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Scheffersomyces stipitis metabolize the pentose sugar xylose very differently. S. cerevisiae fails to grow on xylose, while C. albicans can grow, and S. stipitis can both grow and ferment xylose to ethanol. However, all three species contain highly similar genes that encode potential xylose reductases and xylitol dehydrogenases required to convert xylose to xylulose, and xylulose supports the growth of all three fungi. We have created C. albicans strains deleted for the xylose reductase gene GRE3, the xylitol dehydrogenase gene XYL2, as well as the gre3 xyl2 double mutant. As expected, all the mutant strains cannot grow on xylose, while the single gre3 mutant can grow on xylitol. The gre3 and xyl2 mutants are efficiently complemented by the XYL1 and XYL2 from S. stipitis. Intriguingly, the S. cerevisiae GRE3 gene can complement the Cagre3 mutant, while the ScSOR1 gene can complement the Caxyl2 mutant, showing that S. cerevisiae contains the enzymatic capacity for converting xylose to xylulose. In addition, the gre3 xyl2 double mutant of C. albicans is effectively rescued by the xylose isomerase (XI) gene of either Piromyces or Orpinomyces, suggesting that the XI provides an alternative to the missing oxido-reductase functions in the mutant required for the xylose-xylulose conversion. Overall this work suggests that C. albicans strains engineered to lack essential steps for xylose metabolism can provide a platform for the analysis of xylose metabolism enzymes from a variety of species, and confirms that S. cerevisiae has the genetic potential to convert xylose to xylulose, although non-engineered strains cannot proliferate on xylose as the sole carbon source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen Harcus
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daniel Dignard
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Chris Askew
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Martine Raymond
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et en Cancérologie (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Malcolm Whiteway
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail: (MW); (CW)
| | - Cunle Wu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail: (MW); (CW)
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Mitochondrial metabolism and stress response of yeast: Applications in fermentation technologies. J Biosci Bioeng 2013; 117:383-93. [PMID: 24210052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are sites of oxidative respiration. During sake brewing, sake yeasts are exposed to long periods of hypoxia; the structure, role, and metabolism of mitochondria of sake yeasts have not been studied in detail. It was first elucidated that the mitochondrial structure of sake yeast transforms from filamentous to dotted structure during sake brewing, which affects malate metabolism. Based on the information of yeast mitochondria during sake brewing, practical technologies have been developed; (i) breeding pyruvate-underproducing sake yeast by the isolation of a mutant resistant to an inhibitor of mitochondrial pyruvate transport; and (ii) modifying malate and succinate production by manipulating mitochondrial activity. During the bread-making process, baker's yeast cells are exposed to a variety of baking-associated stresses, such as freeze-thaw, air-drying, and high sucrose concentrations. These treatments induce oxidative stress generating reactive oxygen species due to mitochondrial damage. A novel metabolism of proline and arginine catalyzed by N-acetyltransferase Mpr1 in the mitochondria eventually leads to synthesis of nitric oxide, which confers oxidative stress tolerance on yeast cells. The enhancement of proline and arginine metabolism could be promising for breeding novel baker's yeast strains that are tolerant to multiple baking-associated stresses. These new and practical methods provide approaches to improve the processes in the field of industrial fermentation technologies.
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Lee SB, Kang HS, Kim T. Nrg1 functions as a global transcriptional repressor of glucose-repressed genes through its direct binding to the specific promoter regions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 439:501-5. [PMID: 24025681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Nrg1 is a zinc finger protein involved in the glucose repression of several glucose-repressed genes such as STA1, SUC2, and GAL1. Although the molecular details of the Nrg1-mediated repression of STA1 have been partly characterized, it still remains largely unknown how Nrg1 regulates these multiple target genes. In this study, we show that Nrg1 mediates the glucose repression of SUC2 and HXT2 through its direct binding to the specific promoter regions; it binds to the -404 to -360 region of the SUC2 promoter and the -957 to -810 region of the HXT2 promoter. Nrg1 also interacts with the -380 to -250 region of the PCK1 promoter, suggesting that it might also contribute to the PCK1 repression. In addition, ChIP assays confirmed that Nrg1 associated with specific promoter regions of these glucose-repressed genes in vivo. Analysis of the DNA fragments to which it binds indicates that Nrg1 may recognize T/ACCCC sequence within the promoters of these glucose-repressed genes as well as in its own promoter. Collectively, our findings indicate that Nrg1 mediates the glucose repression of multiple genes through its direct binding to the specific promoter regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Bae Lee
- Department of Brain Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 711-873, Republic of Korea
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Zha J, Li BZ, Shen MH, Hu ML, Song H, Yuan YJ. Optimization of CDT-1 and XYL1 expression for balanced co-production of ethanol and xylitol from cellobiose and xylose by engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68317. [PMID: 23844185 PMCID: PMC3699558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Production of ethanol and xylitol from lignocellulosic hydrolysates is an alternative to the traditional production of ethanol in utilizing biomass. However, the conversion efficiency of xylose to xylitol is restricted by glucose repression, causing a low xylitol titer. To this end, we cloned genes CDT-1 (encoding a cellodextrin transporter) and gh1-1 (encoding an intracellular β-glucosidase) from Neurospora crassa and XYL1 (encoding a xylose reductase that converts xylose into xylitol) from Scheffersomyces stipitis into Saccharomyces cerevisiae, enabling simultaneous production of ethanol and xylitol from a mixture of cellobiose and xylose (main components of lignocellulosic hydrolysates). We further optimized the expression levels of CDT-1 and XYL1 by manipulating their promoters and copy-numbers, and constructed an engineered S. cerevisiae strain (carrying one copy of PGK1p-CDT1 and two copies of TDH3p-XYL1), which showed an 85.7% increase in xylitol production from the mixture of cellobiose and xylose than that from the mixture of glucose and xylose. Thus, we achieved a balanced co-fermentation of cellobiose (0.165 g/L/h) and xylose (0.162 g/L/h) at similar rates to co-produce ethanol (0.36 g/g) and xylitol (1.00 g/g).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zha
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Bing-Zhi Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Hua Shen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Meng-Long Hu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Hao Song
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ying-Jin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Candida albicans ENO1 null mutants exhibit altered drug susceptibility, hyphal formation, and virulence. J Microbiol 2013; 51:345-51. [PMID: 23812815 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-013-2577-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that the expression of ENO1 (enolase) in the fungal pathogen Candida albicans is critical for cell growth. In this study, we investigate the contribution of the ENO1 gene to virulence. We conducted our functional study of ENO1 in C. albicans by constructing an eno1/eno1 null mutant strain in which both ENO1 alleles in the genome were knockouted with the SAT1 flipper cassette that contains the nourseothricin-resistance marker. Although the null mutant failed to grow on synthetic media containing glucose, it was capable of growth on media containing yeast extract, peptone, and non-fermentable carbon sources. The null mutant was more susceptible to certain antifungal drugs. It also exhibited defective hyphal formation, and was avirulent in BALB/c mice.
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