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Neale HC, Jackson RW, Preston GM, Arnold DL. Supercoiling of an excised genomic island represses effector gene expression to prevent activation of host resistance. Mol Microbiol 2018; 110:444-454. [PMID: 30152900 PMCID: PMC6220960 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola, which causes halo blight disease of beans, contains a 106 kb genomic island PPHGI‐1. PPHGI‐1 carries a gene, avrPphB, which encodes an effector protein that triggers a resistance response in certain bean cultivars. Previous studies have shown that when PPHGI‐1 is excised from the bacterial chromosome, avrPphB is downregulated and therefore the pathogen avoids triggering the host’s defence mechanism. Here, we investigate whether the downregulation of avrPphB is caused by the supercoiling of PPHGI‐1. We also investigate the effect of a PPHGI‐1‐encoded type 1A topoisomerase, TopB3, on island stability and bacterial pathogenicity in the plant. Supercoiling inhibitors significantly increased the expression of avrPphB but did not affect the excision of PPHGI‐1. An insertional mutant of topB3 displayed an increase in avrPphB expression and an increase in PPHGI‐1 excision as well as reduced population growth in resistant and susceptible cultivars of bean. These results suggest an important role for topoisomerases in the maintenance and stability of a bacterial‐encoded genomic island and demonstrate that supercoiling is involved in the downregulation of an effector gene once the island has been excised, allowing the pathogen to prevent further activation of the host defence response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen C Neale
- Centre for Research in Bioscience, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, The University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Robert W Jackson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6UR, UK
| | - Gail M Preston
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Dawn L Arnold
- Centre for Research in Bioscience, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, The University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
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2
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Cultivation in Space Flight Produces Minimal Alterations in the Susceptibility of Bacillus subtilis Cells to 72 Different Antibiotics and Growth-Inhibiting Compounds. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.01584-17. [PMID: 28821547 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01584-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Past results have suggested that bacterial antibiotic susceptibility is altered during space flight. To test this notion, Bacillus subtilis cells were cultivated in matched hardware, medium, and environmental conditions either in space flight microgravity on the International Space Station, termed flight (FL) samples, or at Earth-normal gravity, termed ground control (GC) samples. The susceptibility of FL and GC samples was compared to 72 antibiotics and growth-inhibitory compounds using the Omnilog phenotype microarray (PM) system. Only 9 compounds were identified by PM screening as exhibiting significant differences (P < 0.05, Student's t test) in FL versus GC samples: 6-mercaptopurine, cesium chloride, enoxacin, lomefloxacin, manganese(II) chloride, nalidixic acid, penimepicycline, rolitetracycline, and trifluoperazine. Testing of the same compounds by standard broth dilution assay did not reveal statistically significant differences in the 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) between FL and GC samples. The results indicate that the susceptibility of B. subtilis cells to a wide range of antibiotics and growth inhibitors is not dramatically altered by space flight.IMPORTANCE This study addresses a major concern of mission planners for human space flight, that bacteria accompanying astronauts on long-duration missions might develop a higher level of resistance to antibiotics due to exposure to the space flight environment. The results of this study do not support that notion.
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Lerner CG, Saiki AYC, Mackinnon AC, Xuei X. High Throughput Screen for Inhibitors of Bacterial DNA Topoisomerase I Using the Scintillation Proximity Assay. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/108705719600100307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report the development of a rapid method to detect binding of supercoiled DNA to Escherichia coli topoisomerase I using the scintillation proximity assay (SPA). Streptavidin-SPA beads were coated with biotinylated topoisomerase I produced in vivo as a chimeric fusion protein. The hybrid biotinyl-fusion protein was overproduced in E. coli and purified in a single step by monomeric avidin affinity chromatography. The assay signal originates from both covalent and noncovalent binding of [3H]DNA to the SPA bead-immobilized enzyme. About 20-30% of the total [3H]DNA bound to the bead-immobilized enzyme remains associated with the bead in the presence of 0.5% SDS. The residual signal arises from the trapping of covalent [3H]DNA-enzyme complexes. The assay was employed in a high throughput screen that identified two general classes of topoisomerase inhibitors: agents that (1) inhibit DNA binding or (2) stabilize a covalent enzyme-DNA intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude G. Lerner
- Department of Antibacterial Discovery, Abbott Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Products Research Division, 100 Abbott Park Rd., Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-3500
| | - Anne Y. Chiang Saiki
- Department of Antibacterial Discovery, Abbott Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Products Research Division, 100 Abbott Park Rd., Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-3500
| | - A. Craig Mackinnon
- Department of Biomolecular Screening, Abbott Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Products Research Division, 100 Abbott Park Rd., Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-3500
| | - Xiaoling Xuei
- Department of Biomolecular Screening, Abbott Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Products Research Division, 100 Abbott Park Rd., Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-3500
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Wang X, Montero Llopis P, Rudner DZ. Organization and segregation of bacterial chromosomes. Nat Rev Genet 2013; 14:191-203. [PMID: 23400100 DOI: 10.1038/nrg3375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial chromosome must be compacted more than 1,000-fold to fit into the compartment in which it resides. How it is condensed, organized and ultimately segregated has been a puzzle for over half a century. Recent advances in live-cell imaging and genome-scale analyses have led to new insights into these problems. We argue that the key feature of compaction is the orderly folding of DNA along adjacent segments and that this organization provides easy and efficient access for protein-DNA transactions and has a central role in driving segregation. Similar principles and common proteins are used in eukaryotes to condense and to resolve sister chromatids at metaphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xindan Wang
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, HIM 1025, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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5
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Progress in understanding preferential detection of live cells using viability dyes in combination with DNA amplification. J Microbiol Methods 2012; 91:276-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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6
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Vanga BR, Butler RC, Toth IK, Ronson CW, Pitman AR. Inactivation of PbTopo IIIβ causes hyper-excision of the Pathogenicity Island HAI2 resulting in reduced virulence of Pectobacterium atrosepticum. Mol Microbiol 2012; 84:648-63. [PMID: 22524709 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2012.08050.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Topoisomerase III enzymes are present only in a limited set of bacteria and their physiological role remains unclear. Here, we show that PbTopo IIIβ, a homologue of topoisomerase III encoded on the chromosome of Pectobacterium atrosepticum strain SCRI1043 (Pba SCRI1043), is involved in excision of HAI2, a discrete ~100 kb region, from the Pba SCRI1043 chromosome. HAI2 is a Pathogenicity Island (PAI) that encodes coronafacic acid (Cfa), a major virulence determinant required for infection of potato. PAIs are horizontally acquired genetic elements that in some instances are able to excise from the chromosome of their host cell to form a circular episome prior to transfer to a recipient bacterium. We demonstrate excision of HAI2 from the chromosome, a process that is independent of growth phase and that results in the production of a circular intermediate. Inactivation of PbTopo IIIβ causes a 10(3) - to 10(4) -fold increase in excision, leading to reduced fitness in vitro and a decrease in the virulence of Pba SCRI1043 on potato. These results suggest that PbTopo IIIβ is required for stable maintenance of HAI2 in the chromosome of Pba SCRI1043 and may control as yet unidentified genes involved in viability and virulence of Pba SCRI1043 on potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanupratap R Vanga
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch, New Zealand
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7
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Soejima T, Schlitt-Dittrich F, Yoshida SI. Polymerase chain reaction amplification length-dependent ethidium monoazide suppression power for heat-killed cells of Enterobacteriaceae. Anal Biochem 2011; 418:37-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Falconer SB, Czarny TL, Brown ED. Antibiotics as probes of biological complexity. Nat Chem Biol 2011; 7:415-23. [PMID: 21685879 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon B Falconer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Infectivity acts as in vivo selection for maintenance of the chlamydial cryptic plasmid. Infect Immun 2010; 79:98-107. [PMID: 20974819 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01105-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis contains a conserved ∼7.5-kb plasmid. Loss of the plasmid results in reduced glycogen accumulation, failure to activate TLR2, and reduced infectivity. We hypothesized that reduced infectivity functions as a means of selection for plasmid maintenance. We directly examined the biological significance of the reduced infectivity associated with plasmid deficiency by determining the relative fitness of plasmid-deficient CM972 versus that of wild-type C. muridarum Nigg in mixed inocula in vitro and in vivo. C. muridarum Nigg rapidly out-competed its plasmid-cured derivative CM972 in vitro but was not competitive with CM3.1, a derivative of CM972 that has reverted to a normal infectivity phenotype. C. muridarum Nigg also effectively competed with CM972 during lower and upper genital tract infection in the mouse, demonstrating that strong selective pressure for plasmid maintenance occurs during infection. The severity of oviduct inflammation and dilatation resulting from these mixed infections correlated directly with the amount of C. muridarum Nigg in the initial inoculum, confirming the role of the plasmid in virulence. Genetic characterization of CM972 and CM3.1 revealed no additional mutations (other than loss of the plasmid) to account for the reduced infectivity of CM972 and detected a single base substitution in TC_0236 in CM3.1 that may be responsible for its restored infectivity. These data demonstrate that a chlamydial strain that differs genetically from its wild-type parent only with respect to the lack of the chlamydial plasmid is unable to compete in vitro and in vivo, likely explaining the rarity of plasmid-deficient isolates in nature.
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Luijsterburg MS, White MF, van Driel R, Dame RT. The major architects of chromatin: architectural proteins in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 43:393-418. [PMID: 19037758 DOI: 10.1080/10409230802528488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The genomic DNA of all organisms across the three kingdoms of life needs to be compacted and functionally organized. Key players in these processes are DNA supercoiling, macromolecular crowding and architectural proteins that shape DNA by binding to it. The architectural proteins in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes generally do not exhibit sequence or structural conservation especially across kingdoms. Instead, we propose that they are functionally conserved. Most of these proteins can be classified according to their architectural mode of action: bending, wrapping or bridging DNA. In order for DNA transactions to occur within a compact chromatin context, genome organization cannot be static. Indeed chromosomes are subject to a whole range of remodeling mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the role of (i) DNA supercoiling, (ii) macromolecular crowding and (iii) architectural proteins in genome organization, as well as (iv) mechanisms used to remodel chromosome structure and to modulate genomic activity. We conclude that the underlying mechanisms that shape and remodel genomes are remarkably similar among bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn S Luijsterburg
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Abboudi M, Matallana Surget S, Rontani JF, Sempéré R, Joux F. Physiological alteration of the marine bacterium Vibrio angustum S14 exposed to simulated sunlight during growth. Curr Microbiol 2008; 57:412-7. [PMID: 18769855 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-008-9214-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Growth experiments on the marine bacterium Vibrio angustum S14 were conducted under four light conditions using a solar simulator: visible light (V), V + ultraviolet A (UV-A), V + UV-A + UV-B radiation, and dark. Growth was inhibited mainly by UV-B and slightly by UV-A. UV-B radiation induced filaments containing multiple genome copies with low cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers. These cells did not show modifications in cellular fatty acid composition in comparison with dark control cultures and decreased in size by division after subsequent incubation in the dark. A large portion of the bacterial population grown under visible light showed an alteration in cellular DNA fluorescence as measured by flow cytometry after SYBR-Green I staining. This alteration was not aggravated by UV-A and was certainly due to a change in DNA topology rather than DNA deterioration because all the cells remained viable and their growth was not impaired. Ecological consequences of these observations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maher Abboudi
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Géochimie et Ecologie Marines, CNRS/INSU, UMR 6117, Centre d'Océanologie de Marseille, Université de la Méditerranée, Campus de Luminy, Case 901, F-13288, Marseille Cedex 9, France
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12
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Soejima T, Iida KI, Qin T, Taniai H, Seki M, Yoshida SI. Method To Detect Only Live Bacteria during PCR Amplification. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:2305-13. [PMID: 18448692 PMCID: PMC2446937 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02171-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Revised: 12/23/2007] [Accepted: 04/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethidium monoazide (EMA) is a DNA cross-linking agent and eukaryotic topoisomerase II poison. We previously reported that the treatment of EMA with visible light irradiation (EMA + Light) directly cleaved chromosomal DNA of Escherichia coli (T. Soejima, K. Iida, T. Qin, H. Taniai, M. Seki, A. Takade, and S. Yoshida, Microbiol. Immunol. 51:763-775, 2007). Herein, we report that EMA + Light randomly cleaved chromosomal DNA of heat-treated, but not live, Listeria monocytogenes cells within 10 min of treatment. When PCR amplified DNA that was 894 bp in size, PCR final products from 10(8) heat-treated L. monocytogenes were completely suppressed by EMA + Light. When target DNA was short (113 bp), like the hly gene of L. monocytogenes, DNA amplification was not completely suppressed by EMA + Light only. Thus, we used DNA gyrase/topoisomerase IV and mammalian topoisomerase poisons (here abbreviated as T-poisons) together with EMA + Light. T-poisons could penetrate heat-treated, but not live, L. monocytogenes cells within 30 min to cleave chromosomal DNA by poisoning activity. The PCR product of the hly gene from 10(8) heat-treated L. monocytogenes cells was inhibited by a combination of EMA + Light and T-poisons (EMA + Light + T-poisons), but those from live bacteria were not suppressed. As a model for clinical application to bacteremia, we tried to discriminate live and antibiotic-treated L. monocytogenes cells present in human blood. EMA + Light + T-poisons completely suppressed the PCR product from 10(3) to 10(7) antibiotic-treated L. monocytogenes cells but could detect 10(2) live bacteria. Considering the prevention and control of food poisoning, this method was applied to discriminate live and heat-treated L. monocytogenes cells spiked into pasteurized milk. EMA + Light + T-poisons inhibited the PCR product from 10(3) to 10(7) heat-treated cells but could detect 10(1) live L. monocytogenes cells. Our method is useful in clinical as well as food hygiene tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Soejima
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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Cheng B, Liu IF, Tse-Dinh YC. Compounds with antibacterial activity that enhance DNA cleavage by bacterial DNA topoisomerase I. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 59:640-5. [PMID: 17317696 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkl556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES DNA topoisomerases utilize a covalent complex formed after DNA cleavage as an intermediate in the interconversion of topological forms via DNA cleavage and religation. Many anticancer and antibacterial therapeutic agents are effective because they stabilize or increase the level of the covalent topoisomerase-DNA complex formed by type IIA or type IB topoisomerases. Our goal is to identify small molecules that can enhance DNA cleavage by type IA DNA topoisomerase. Compounds that act in this mechanism against type IA topoisomerase have not been identified previously and could be leads for development of a new class of antibacterial agents. METHODS High throughput screening was carried out to select small molecules that induce the SOS response of Escherichia coli, overexpressing recombinant Yersinia pestis topoisomerase I. The initial hit compounds were further tested for inhibition of bacterial growth and bacterial topoisomerase I activity. RESULTS Three compounds with antibacterial activity that enhance the cleavage activity of bacterial topoisomerase I were identified. CONCLUSIONS Small molecules that can enhance the DNA cleavage activity of type IA DNA topoisomerase can be identified and may provide leads for development of novel antibacterial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokun Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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O'Connell CM, Nicks KM. A plasmid-cured Chlamydia muridarum strain displays altered plaque morphology and reduced infectivity in cell culture. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2006; 152:1601-1607. [PMID: 16735724 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.28658-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A highly conserved cryptic plasmid is present in Chlamydia trachomatis yet naturally occurring plasmid-deficient isolates are very rare. This paper describes the isolation and characterization of a plasmid-deficient strain of C. muridarum, using novobiocin as a curing agent. Plasmid-deficient derivatives of C. muridarum strain Nigg were generated at high efficiencies (4-30%). Phenotypic characterization revealed that the cured derivative was unable to accumulate glycogen within intracytoplasmic inclusions. In addition, this strain formed small plaques at a reduced efficiency compared to the wild-type parent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M O'Connell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UAMS, 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Kristy M Nicks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UAMS, 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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Strahs D, Zhu CX, Cheng B, Chen J, Tse-Dinh YC. Experimental and computational investigations of Ser10 and Lys13 in the binding and cleavage of DNA substrates by Escherichia coli DNA topoisomerase I. Nucleic Acids Res 2006; 34:1785-97. [PMID: 16582104 PMCID: PMC1421505 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkl109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2006] [Revised: 02/01/2006] [Accepted: 03/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ser10 and Lys13 found near the active site tyrosine of Escherichia coli DNA topoisomerase I are conserved among the type IA topoisomerases. Site-directed mutagenesis of these two residues to Ala reduced the relaxation and DNA cleavage activity, with a more severe effect from the Lys13 mutation. Changing Ser10 to Thr or Lys13 to Arg also resulted in loss of DNA cleavage and relaxation activity of the enzyme. In simulations of the open form of the topoisomerase-DNA complex, Lys13 interacts directly with Glu9 (proposed to be important in the catalytic mechanism). This interaction is removed in the K13A mutant, suggesting the importance of lysine as either a proton donor or a stabilizing cation during strand cleavage, while the Lys to Arg mutation significantly distorts catalytic residues. Ser10 forms a direct hydrogen bond with a phosphate group near the active site and is involved in direct binding of the DNA substrate; this interaction is disturbed in the S10A and S10T mutants. This combination of a lysine and a serine residue conserved in the active site of type IA topoisomerases may be required for correct positioning of the scissile phosphate and coordination of catalytic residues relative to each other so that DNA cleavage and subsequent strand passage can take place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Strahs
- Department of Biology and Health Sciences, Pace UniversityNew York, NY 10038, USA
| | - Chang-Xi Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College ValhallaNY 10595, USA
- Department of Biology and Health Sciences, Pace UniversityNew York, NY 10038, USA
| | - Bokun Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College ValhallaNY 10595, USA
- Department of Biology and Health Sciences, Pace UniversityNew York, NY 10038, USA
| | - Jason Chen
- Department of Biology and Health Sciences, Pace UniversityNew York, NY 10038, USA
| | - Yuk-Ching Tse-Dinh
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 914 594 4061; Fax: +1 914 594 4058;
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Luxameechanporn T, Blair C, Kirtsreesakul V, Thompson K, Naclerio RM. The effect of treatment with moxifloxacin or azithromycin on acute bacterial rhinosinusitis in mice. Int J Infect Dis 2006; 10:401-6. [PMID: 16564192 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2005.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2005] [Accepted: 07/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis, which is a major health problem, is treated with antibiotics. We developed a mouse model of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis to gain a better understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease. Our goal was to investigate the response to acute rhinosinusitis when treated with either a bactericidal or a bacteriostatic antibiotic. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were infected intranasally with Streptococcus pneumoniae. One day after inoculation, the mice were treated with either moxifloxacin (bactericidal) or azithromycin (bacteriostatic). Different groups were euthanized during the first five days post-inoculation. Bacterial counts from nasal lavage culture and the cell markers GR1, CD11b, CD3, CD4, and CD8 in sinus tissue were evaluated by flow cytometry. RESULTS Azithromycin led to rapid clearance of the bacteria and of the inflammation in contrast to placebo. Surprisingly, moxifloxacin showed a limited effect. Investigations of this limited effect of moxifloxacin suggested a high metabolic clearance, a low concentration at the site of infection, and low persistent post-antibiotic effects of moxifloxacin in mice. CONCLUSION Our animal model of acute sinusitis has great utility for studying the disease, but the difference between mice and man must always be considered in making extrapolations from animal experiments to the human experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thongchai Luxameechanporn
- Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 1035, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Jain P, Nagaraja V. An atypical type II topoisomerase from Mycobacterium smegmatis with positive supercoiling activity. Mol Microbiol 2006; 58:1392-405. [PMID: 16313624 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04908.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Topoisomerases are essential ubiquitous enzymes, falling into two distinct classes. A number of eubacteria including Escherichia coli, typically contain four topoisomerases, two type I topoisomerases and two type II topoisomerases viz. DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. In contrast several other bacterial genomes including mycobacteria, encode for one type I topoisomerase and a DNA gyrase. Here we describe a new type II topoisomerase from Mycobacterium smegmatis which is different from DNA gyrase or topoisomerase IV in its characteristics and origin. The topoisomerase is distinct with respect to domain organization, properties and drug sensitivity. The enzyme catalyses relaxation of negatively supercoiled DNA in an ATP-dependent manner and also introduces positive supercoils to both relaxed and negatively supercoiled substrates. The genes for this additional topoisomerase are not found in other sequenced mycobacterial genomes and may represent a distant lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paras Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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Abstract
The viability of the topA mutants lacking DNA topoisomerase I was thought to depend on the presence of compensatory mutations in Escherichia coli but not Salmonella typhimurium or Shigella flexneri. This apparent discrepancy in topA requirements in different bacteria prompted us to reexamine the topA requirements in E. coli. We find that E. coli strains bearing topA mutations, introduced into the strains by DNA-mediated gene replacement, are viable at 37 or 42 degrees C without any compensatory mutations. These topA(-) cells exhibit cold sensitivity in their growth, however, and this cold sensitivity phenotype appears to be caused by excessive negative supercoiling of intracellular DNA. In agreement with previous results (Zhu, Q., Pongpech, P., and DiGate, R. J. (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98, 9766-9771), E. coli cells lacking both type IA DNA topoisomerases I and III are found to be nonviable, indicating that the two type IA enzymes share a critical cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera A Stupina
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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Abstract
Because the level of DNA superhelicity varies with the cellular energy charge, it can change rapidly in response to a wide variety of altered nutritional and environmental conditions. This is a global alteration, affecting the entire chromosome and the expression levels of all operons whose promoters are sensitive to superhelicity. In this way, the global pattern of gene expression may be dynamically tuned to changing needs of the cell under a wide variety of circumstances. In this article, we propose a model in which chromosomal superhelicity serves as a global regulator of gene expression in Escherichia coli, tuning expression patterns across multiple operons, regulons, and stimulons to suit the growth state of the cell. This model is illustrated by the DNA supercoiling-dependent mechanisms that coordinate basal expression levels of operons of the ilv regulon both with one another and with cellular growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wesley Hatfield
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
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Cheung KJ, Badarinarayana V, Selinger DW, Janse D, Church GM. A microarray-based antibiotic screen identifies a regulatory role for supercoiling in the osmotic stress response of Escherichia coli. Genome Res 2003; 13:206-15. [PMID: 12566398 PMCID: PMC420364 DOI: 10.1101/gr.401003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Changes in DNA supercoiling are induced by a wide range of environmental stresses in Escherichia coli, but the physiological significance of these responses remains unclear. We now demonstrate that an increase in negative supercoiling is necessary for transcriptional activation of a large subset of osmotic stress-response genes. Using a microarray-based approach, we have characterized supercoiling-dependent gene transcription by expression profiling under conditions of high salt, in conjunction with the microbial antibiotics novobiocin, pefloxacin, and chloramphenicol. Algorithmic clustering and statistical measures for gauging cellular function show that this subset is enriched for genes critical in osmoprotectant transport/synthesis and rpoS-driven stationary phase adaptation. Transcription factor binding site analysis also supports regulation by the global stress sigma factor rpoS. In addition, these studies implicate 60 uncharacterized genes in the osmotic stress regulon, and offer evidence for a broader role for supercoiling in the control of stress-induced transcription.
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MESH Headings
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Cytoprotection/drug effects
- Cytoprotection/genetics
- DNA Gyrase/drug effects
- DNA Gyrase/genetics
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type I/genetics
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type I/metabolism
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Superhelical/genetics
- DNA, Superhelical/physiology
- Escherichia coli/drug effects
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Escherichia coli/growth & development
- Escherichia coli/physiology
- Escherichia coli Proteins/genetics
- Escherichia coli Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial/physiology
- Genome, Bacterial
- Multigene Family/drug effects
- Multigene Family/genetics
- Novobiocin/pharmacology
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis/methods
- Osmotic Pressure
- Pefloxacin/pharmacology
- Potassium/metabolism
- Sigma Factor/genetics
- Sodium Chloride/pharmacology
- Stress, Mechanical
- Temperature
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Transcription, Genetic/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Cheung
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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21
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Cooper R, Segal H, Lastovica AJ, Elisha BG. Genetic basis of quinolone resistance and epidemiology of resistant and susceptible isolates of porcine Campylobacter coli strains. J Appl Microbiol 2002; 93:241-9. [PMID: 12147072 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01650.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aims of this study were to investigate the epidemiology of quinolone-resistant and -susceptible porcine isolates of Campylobacter coli and to characterize the genetic basis of quinolone resistance. METHODS AND RESULTS Penner serotyping and flagellin gene sequence polymorphisms were used to investigate the epidemiology of the C. coli isolates. A total of 55 isolates were included, of which 30 were paired resistant and susceptible isolates from 15 pigs. Amplification of gyrA, gyrB and parC, followed by direct sequencing of amplicons was used to identify mutations in the targets of quinolones. Overall, 31 of the isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin (minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), 2- >or = 32 microg x ml(-1)). Thirteen DdeI-flaA profiles were observed and resistant and susceptible strains were identified for nine profiles. The majority of resistant strains exhibited either profile 1 or 6. While profile 1 comprised susceptible and resistant strains, all of the strains with profile 6 were resistant to ciprofloxacin. The serogroup (O:24) of the profile 6 strains was identical. The only other serogroup to be uniformly associated with quinolone resistance was O:5. Strains with this phenotype comprised a number of genotypes, including profile 1. Only four of the paired isolates from individual pigs had the same profile. The genetic basis of quinolone resistance was investigated in two strains with ciprofloxacin MICs of 2 and > or = 32 miccrog x ml(-1), respectively. The amino acid substitution of isoleucine for threonine at position 86 was identified in the GyrA proteins from both strains. No mutations were identified in the GyrB proteins. CONCLUSIONS There was an association between two of the genotypes, serotypes 5 and 24, and quinolone resistance. The association between genotype, serotype and resistance in C. coli isolates has not been reported previously. Only the mutation in GyrA associated with quinolone resistance was identified. No mutations in GyrB were identified. Amplification products of parC were not obtained and it may be that this gene is not present in some Campylobacter spp. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study provides data on the distribution of ciprofloxacin resistance between subtypes of C. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cooper
- Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Cape Town, South Africa, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
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22
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Ruiz J, Simarro E, Gómez J. [Resistance and therapy of Streptococcus pneumoniae]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2001; 19:191-5. [PMID: 11333616 DOI: 10.1016/s0213-005x(01)72610-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Ruiz
- Servicios de Microbiología, Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia.
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23
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Talan DA. Clinical perspectives on new antimicrobials: focus on fluoroquinolones. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32 Suppl 1:S64-71. [PMID: 11249831 DOI: 10.1086/319378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections are the most common infectious presentation in the community and hospital settings and are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recently, newer fluoroquinolones have been recommended for the treatment of these infections. Among them, moxifloxacin shows improved activity against gram-positive pathogens, has maintained potency against gram-negative organisms, and shows activity against atypical pathogens and anaerobes. Moxifloxacin also has excellent in vitro activity against strains resistant to penicillin, erythromycin, and other fluoroquinolones, such as levofloxacin. Moxifloxacin has demonstrated clinical efficacy rates of 90%-95% in clinical trials in community-acquired pneumonia, acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, and acute sinusitis. In these trials, moxifloxacin demonstrated no serious or unexpected adverse effects. Development of resistance appears to be slower for moxifloxacin than for several other fluoroquinolones, making moxifloxacin a good treatment choice. The pharmacodynamics of moxifloxacin support once-daily oral therapy of short duration, providing convenience, compliance, and safety advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Talan
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Emergency Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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24
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Abstract
Recent years have witnessed a resurgence of interest in how the bacterial chromosome is organized and how newly replicated chromosomes are faithfully segregated into daughter cells on cell division. In the past, the problem with studying bacterial chromosomes was their lack of any obvious morphology, combined with the lack of ability to readily separate DNA replication and segregation functions into distinct stages like those observed in eukaryotic cells. This was due to the overlapping nature of these events in most bacterial systems used in the laboratory. The situation has now changed as new tools have become available that enable chromosomes and specific chromosomal sites to be labelled and monitored throughout the cell cycle, and this has led to rapid progress and the discovery of many unexpected results. Historically, chromosome segregation was thought to be achieved through passive processes where chromosomes were separated through some kind of membrane/cell wall attachment and were moved apart as the cell grew (Jacob et al., 1963). We now know that this is not the case and that there are specific mechanisms to actively partition chromosomes. This review will focus principally on the Gram-positive sporulating bacterium Bacillus subtilis, but will also cover work carried out on Escherichia coli, in which valuable information has been obtained, and will cover the events that occur on termination of chromosome replication, chromosome decatenation and chromosome separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Lewis
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia1
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25
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Abstract
The therapeutic use of DNA gyrase inhibitors, mainly quinolone antibacterials, has proven to be a tremendous success story in the treatment of bacterial infections. The rapid changes in quinolone research and development in recent years have produced several new quinolones: moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin and des-6-fluoroquinolone antibacterials. These newly developed compounds are equal or superior to existing ones in their potency, spectrum of activity, pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics and safety profiles. The recent discovery of non-fluoroquinolones and 2-pyridone antibacterials represents yet additional progress in the search for novel DNA gyrase inhibitors. Although these two classes of compounds are either in the discovery or early development phase, they extend the possibilities of establishing new structure-activity relationships and new chemotypes for DNA gyrase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- O K Kim
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
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26
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Gmuender H, Kuratli K, Gray CP, Keck W, Evers S. Gene expression changes triggered by exposure of Haemophilus influenzae to novobiocin or ciprofloxacin: combined transcription and translation analysis. Genome Res 2001; 11:28-42. [PMID: 11156613 PMCID: PMC311036 DOI: 10.1101/gr.157701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The responses of Haemophilus influenzae to DNA gyrase inhibitors were analyzed at the transcriptional and the translational level. High-density microarrays based on the genomic sequence were used to monitor the expression levels of >80% of the genes in this bacterium. In parallel the proteins were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis. DNA gyrase inhibitors of two different functional classes were used. Novobiocin, as a representative of one class, inhibits the ATPase activity of the enzyme, thereby indirectly changing the degree of DNA supercoiling. Ciprofloxacin, a representative of the second class, obstructs supercoiling by inhibiting the DNA cleavage-resealing reaction. Our results clearly show that different responses can be observed. Treatment with the ATPase inhibitor Novobiocin changed the expression rates of many genes, reflecting the fact that the initiation of transcription for many genes is sensitive to DNA supercoiling. Ciprofloxacin mainly stimulated the expression of DNA repair systems as a response to the DNA damage caused by the stable ternary complexes. In addition, changed expression levels were also observed for some genes coding for proteins either annotated as "unknown function" or "hypothetical" or for proteins not directly involved in DNA topology or repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Gmuender
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Pharmaceuticals Division, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
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27
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Ferrándiz MJ, Fenoll A, Liñares J, De La Campa AG. Horizontal transfer of parC and gyrA in fluoroquinolone-resistant clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44:840-7. [PMID: 10722479 PMCID: PMC89780 DOI: 10.1128/aac.44.4.840-847.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have analyzed genetically three clinical isolates (3180, 3870, and 1244) of Streptococcus pneumoniae with high-level ciprofloxacin resistance. Isolates 3180 and 3870 were atypical because of their insolubility in deoxycholate. However, they hybridized specifically with pneumococcal autolysin and pneumolysin gene probes and have typical pneumococcal atpC and atpA gene sequences. Analysis of the complete sequences of the parC and gyrA genes revealed total variations of 8 and 8.7% (isolate 3180) and 7.4 and 3.6% (isolate 3870), respectively, compared to the wild-type strain R6 sequence. The variations observed between the sequences of R6 and isolate 1244 were less than 0.9%. The structure of the gyrA and parC genes from isolates 3180 and 3870 was organized in sequence blocks that show different levels of divergence, suggesting a pattern of recombination. These results are evidence for recombination at the fluoroquinolone target genes in clinical isolates of S. pneumoniae. The genetically related viridans group streptococci could act as a reservoir for fluoroquinolone resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Ferrándiz
- Unidad de Genética Bacteriana (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Centro Nacional de Biología Fundamental, Spain
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28
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Fortune JM, Osheroff N. Topoisomerase II as a target for anticancer drugs: when enzymes stop being nice. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2000; 64:221-53. [PMID: 10697411 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(00)64006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Topoisomerase II is an essential enzyme that plays a role in virtually every cellular DNA process. This enzyme interconverts different topological forms of DNA by passing one nucleic acid segment through a transient double-stranded break generated in a second segment. By virtue of its double-stranded DNA passage reaction, topoisomerase II is able to regulate DNA over- and underwinding, and can resolve knots and tangles in the genetic material. Beyond the critical physiological functions of the eukaryotic enzyme, topoisomerase II is the target for some of the most successful anticancer drugs used to treat human malignancies. These agents are referred to as topoisomerase II poisons, because they transform the enzyme into a potent cellular toxin. Topoisomerase II poisons act by increasing the concentration of covalent enzyme-cleaved DNA complexes that normally are fleeting intermediates in the catalytic cycle of topoisomerase II. As a result of their action, these drugs generate high levels of enzyme-mediated breaks in the genetic material of treated cells and ultimately trigger cell death pathways. Topoisomerase II is also the target for a second category of drugs referred to as catalytic inhibitors. Compounds in this category prevent topoisomerase II from carrying out its required physiological functions. Drugs from both categories vary widely in their mechanisms of actions. This review focuses on topoisomerase II function and how drugs alter the catalytic cycle of this important enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Fortune
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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29
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Vashisht Gopal YN, Jayaraju D, Kondapi AK. Topoisomerase II poisoning and antineoplastic action by DNA-nonbinding diacetyl and dicarboxaldoxime derivatives of ferrocene. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000; 376:229-35. [PMID: 10729210 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Topoisomerase II is a major molecular target for a number of DNA-binding anticancer drugs. In the present study, we report topoisomerase II inhibition and anticancer activity by four substituted ferrocene derivatives which do not bind to DNA. The first derivative, acetyl-substituted ferrocene (monoacetylferrocene), showed a minor inhibition of topoisomerase II activity along with a consequent inhibition of cancer cell proliferation. The second derivative (diacetylferrocene) showed a higher potency of action compared to the monosubstituted derivative. The third and fourth derivatives, with mono- and disubstituted carboxaldoxime groups (ferrocenecarboxaldoxime and ferrocenedicarboxaldoxime), showed a higher anticancer action and stronger topoisomerase II inhibition. To understand their molecular mechanism of action, cleavage assays were carried out to monitor the drug-induced, topoisomerase II mediated DNA cleavage. The results show that diacetylferrocene and ferrocenedicarboxaldoxime could form an enzyme-drug-DNA ternary complex, called a "cleavage complex," resulting in DNA cleavage. These results along with those of an immunoprecipitation assay indicate that the two compounds interact with topoisomerase II alone and poison its activity by trapping the enzyme and enzyme-cleaved DNA in the covalently closed cleavage complex. The formation of such a complex has numerous genetic implications, which ultimately results in neoplastic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y N Vashisht Gopal
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500 046, India
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30
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de la Campa AG, García E, Fenoll A, Muñoz R. Molecular bases of three characteristic phenotypes of pneumococcus: optochin-sensitivity, coumarin-sensitivity, and quinolone-resistance. Microb Drug Resist 2000; 3:177-93. [PMID: 9185146 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.1997.3.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is uniquely sensitive to amino alcohol antimalarials in the erythro configuration, such as optochin, quinine, and quinidine. The protein responsible for the optochin (quinine)-sensitive (Opts, Qins) phenotype of pneumococcus is the proteolipid c subunit of the FzeroF1 H(+)-ATPase. OptR/QinR isolates arose by point mutations in the atpC gene and produce different amino acid changes in one of the two transmembrane alpha-helices of the c subunit. In addition, comparison of the sequence of the atpCAB genes of S. pneumoniae R6 (Opts) and M222 (an OptR strain produced by interspecies recombination between pneumococcus and S. oralis), and S. oralis (OptR) revealed that, in M222, an interchange of atpC and atpA had occurred. We also demonstrate that optochin, quinine, and related compounds specifically inhibited the membrane-bound ATPase activity. Equivalent differences between Opts/Qins and OptR/QinR strains, both in growth inhibition and in membrane ATPase resistance, were found. Pneumococci also show a characteristic sensitivity to coumarin drugs, and a relatively high level of resistance to most quinolones. We have cloned and sequenced the gyrB gene, and characterized novobiocin resistant mutants. The same amino acid substitution (Ser-127 to Leu) confers novobiocin resistance on four isolates. This residue position is equivalent to Val-120 of Escherichia coli ryGB, a residue that lies inside the ATP-binding domain but is not involved in novobiocin binding in E. coli, as revealed by crystallographic data. In addition, the genes encoding the ParC and ParE subunits of topoisomerase IV, together with the region encoding amino acids 46 to 172 (residue numbers as in E. coli) of the pneumococcal ryGA subunit, were characterized in respect to fluoroquinolone resistance. The gyrA gene maps to a physical location distant from the gyrB and parEC loci on the chromosome. Ciprofloxacin-resistant (CpR) clinical isolates had mutations affecting amino acid residues of the quinolone resistance-determining region of ParC (low-level CpR), or in both resistance-determining regions of ParC and GyrA (high-level CpR). Mutations were found in residue positions equivalent to Ser-83 and Asp-87 of the E. coli GyrA subunit. Transformation experiments demonstrated that topoisomerase IV is the primary target of ciprofloxacin, DNA gyrase being a secondary one.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G de la Campa
- Centro Nacional de Biología Fundamental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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31
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Weinstein-Fischer D, Elgrably-Weiss M, Altuvia S. Escherichia coli response to hydrogen peroxide: a role for DNA supercoiling, topoisomerase I and Fis. Mol Microbiol 2000; 35:1413-20. [PMID: 10760142 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.01805.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cells respond to the deleterious effects of reactive oxygen species by inducing the expression of antioxidant defence genes. Here we show that treatment with hydrogen peroxide leads to a transient decrease in DNA negative supercoiling. We also report that hydrogen peroxide activates topA P1 promoter expression. The peroxide-dependent topA P1 activation is independent of oxyR, but is mediated by Fis. This nucleoid-associated protein binds to the promoter region of topA. We also show that a fis deficient mutant strain is extremely sensitive to hydrogen peroxide. Our results suggest that topA activation by Fis is an important component of the Escherichia coli response to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Weinstein-Fischer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
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32
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Anderson VE, Zaniewski RP, Kaczmarek FS, Gootz TD, Osheroff N. Quinolones inhibit DNA religation mediated by Staphylococcus aureus topoisomerase IV. Changes in drug mechanism across evolutionary boundaries. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:35927-32. [PMID: 10585479 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.50.35927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinolones are the most active oral antibacterials in clinical use and act by increasing DNA cleavage mediated by prokaryotic type II topoisomerases. Although topoisomerase IV appears to be the primary cytotoxic target for most quinolones in Gram-positive bacteria, interactions between the enzyme and these drugs are poorly understood. Therefore, the effects of ciprofloxacin on the DNA cleavage and religation reactions of Staphylococcus aureus topoisomerase IV were characterized. Ciprofloxacin doubled DNA scission at 150 nM drug and increased cleavage approximately 9-fold at 5 microM. Furthermore, it dramatically inhibited rates of DNA religation mediated by S. aureus topoisomerase IV. This inhibition of religation is in marked contrast to the effects of antineoplastic quinolones on eukaryotic topoisomerase II, and suggests that the mechanistic basis for quinolone action against type II topoisomerases has not been maintained across evolutionary boundaries. The apparent change in quinolone mechanism was not caused by an overt difference in the drug interaction domain on topoisomerase IV. Therefore, we propose that the mechanistic basis for quinolone action is regulated by subtle changes in drug orientation within the enzyme.drug.DNA ternary complex rather than gross differences in the site of drug binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- V E Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
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33
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Akimkina T, Ivanov P, Kostrov S, Sokolova T, Bonch-Osmolovskaya E, Firman K, Dutta CF, McClellan JA. A highly conserved plasmid from the extreme thermophile Thermotoga maritima MC24 is a member of a family of plasmids distributed worldwide. Plasmid 1999; 42:236-40. [PMID: 10545265 DOI: 10.1006/plas.1999.1429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have screened Thermotoga strains, isolated from hydrothermal vents near the Kuril Islands, for the presence of plasmid DNA. The miniplasmid pMC24 was isolated from the extreme thermophilic eubacteria Thermotoga maritima and sequenced, showing it to be a plasmid of 846 bp. It was found, from a search of the databases, to be closely related to the previously described Thermotoga miniplasmid pRQ7, isolated from a strain found on the Azore Islands, and was distinguished by only two point mutations. These changes resulted in two consecutive frameshifts altering a region encoding 9 amino acids in the Rep-coding region. We have also shown that pMC24, as with pRQ7, is negatively supercoiled. It seems that negatively supercoiled miniplasmids related to pRQ7 are spread worldwide and strongly maintained among Thermotoga strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Akimkina
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kurchatov Square 46, Moscow, Russia
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34
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Ward DV, Newton A. Cell cycle expression and transcriptional regulation of DNA topoisomerase IV genes in caulobacter. J Bacteriol 1999; 181:3321-9. [PMID: 10348842 PMCID: PMC93797 DOI: 10.1128/jb.181.11.3321-3329.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA replication and differentiation are closely coupled during the Caulobacter crescentus cell cycle. We have previously shown that DNA topoisomerase IV (topo IV), which is encoded by the parE and parC genes, is required for chromosomal partitioning, cell division, and differentiation in this bacterium (D. Ward and A. Newton, Mol. Microbiol. 26:897-910, 1997). We have examined the cell cycle regulation of parE and parC and report here that transcription of these topo IV genes is induced during the swarmer-to-stalked-cell transition when cells prepare for initiation of DNA synthesis. The regulation of parE and parC expression is not strictly coordinated, however. The rate of parE transcription increases ca. 20-fold during the G1-to-S-phase transition and in this respect, its pattern of regulation is similar to those of several other genes required for chromosome duplication. Transcription from the parC promoter, by contrast, is induced only two- to threefold during this cell cycle period. Steady-state ParE levels are also regulated, increasing ca. twofold from low levels in swarmer cells to a maximum immediately prior to cell division, while differences in ParC levels during the cell cycle could not be detected. These results suggest that topo IV activity may be regulated primarily through parE expression. The presumptive promoters of the topo IV genes display striking similarities to, as well as differences from, the consensus promoter recognized by the major Caulobacter sigma factor sigma73. We also present evidence that a conserved 8-mer sequence motif located in the spacers between the -10 and -35 elements of the parE and parC promoters is required for maximum levels of parE transcription, which raises the possibility that it may function as a positive regulatory element. The pattern of parE transcription and the parE and parC promoter architecture suggest that the topo IV genes belong to a specialized subset of cell cycle-regulated genes required for chromosome replication.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Caulobacter crescentus/cytology
- Caulobacter crescentus/enzymology
- Caulobacter crescentus/genetics
- Caulobacter crescentus/physiology
- Cell Cycle
- Cell Division
- Consensus Sequence/genetics
- Conserved Sequence/genetics
- DNA Replication/genetics
- DNA Topoisomerase IV
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type II/genetics
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type II/metabolism
- Enzyme Induction/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
- Genes, Bacterial/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- RNA, Bacterial/analysis
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Bacterial/metabolism
- Sequence Deletion
- Sigma Factor/physiology
- Transcription, Genetic/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Ward
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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35
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Akasaka T, Onodera Y, Tanaka M, Sato K. Cloning, expression, and enzymatic characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa topoisomerase IV. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43:530-6. [PMID: 10049263 PMCID: PMC89156 DOI: 10.1128/aac.43.3.530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The topoisomerase IV subunit A gene, parC homolog, has been cloned and sequenced from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, with cDNA encoding the N-terminal region of Escherichia coli parC used as a probe. The homolog and its upstream gene were presumed to be parC and parE through sequence homology with the parC and parE genes of other organisms. The deduced amino acid sequence of ParC and ParE showed 33 and 32% identity with that of the P. aeruginosa DNA gyrase subunits, GyrA and GyrB, respectively, and 69 and 75% identity with that of E. coli ParC and ParE, respectively. The putative ParC and ParE proteins were overexpressed and separately purified by use of a fusion system with a maltose-binding protein, and their enzymatic properties were examined. The reconstituted enzyme had ATP-dependent decatenation activity, which is the main catalytic activity of bacterial topoisomerase IV, and relaxing activities but had no supercoiling activity. So, the cloned genes were identified as P. aeruginosa topoisomerase IV genes. The inhibitory effects of quinolones on the activities of topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase were compared. The 50% inhibitory concentrations of quinolones for the decatenation activity of topoisomerase IV were from five to eight times higher than those for the supercoiling activities of P. aeruginosa DNA gyrase. These results confirmed that topoisomerase IV is less sensitive to fluoroquinolones than is DNA gyrase and may be a secondary target of new quinolones in wild-type P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Akasaka
- New Product Research Laboratories I, Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.
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36
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Varon E, Janoir C, Kitzis MD, Gutmann L. ParC and GyrA may be interchangeable initial targets of some fluoroquinolones in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43:302-6. [PMID: 9925523 PMCID: PMC89068 DOI: 10.1128/aac.43.2.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the role of known topoisomerase IV and gyrase mutations in the fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae, we transformed susceptible strain R6 with PCR-generated fragments encompassing the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of parC or gyrA from different recently characterized FQ-resistant mutants. Considering the MICs of FQs and the GyrA and/or ParC mutations of the individual transformants, we found three levels of resistance. The first level was obtained when a single target, ParC or GyrA, depending on the FQ, was modified. An additional mutation(s) in a second target, GyrA or ParC, led to the second level. The highest increases in resistance levels were seen for Bay y3118 and moxifloxacin with the transformant harboring a double mutation in both ParC and GyrA. When a single modified target was considered, only the ParC mutation(s) led to an increase in the MICs of pefloxacin and trovafloxacin. In contrast, the GyrA or ParC mutation(s) could lead to increases in the MICs of ciprofloxacin, sparfloxacin, grepafloxacin, Bay y3118, and moxifloxacin. These results suggest that the preferential target of trovafloxacin and pefloxacin is ParC, whereas either ParC or GyrA may both be initial targets for the remaining FQs tested. The contribution of the ParC and GyrA mutations to efflux-mediated FQ resistance was also examined. Active efflux was responsible for two- to fourfold increases in the MICs of ciprofloxacin for the transformants, regardless of the initial FQ resistance levels of the recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Varon
- L.R.M.A., Université Paris VI, France
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37
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González I, Georgiou M, Alcaide F, Balas D, Liñares J, de la Campa AG. Fluoroquinolone resistance mutations in the parC, parE, and gyrA genes of clinical isolates of viridans group streptococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42:2792-8. [PMID: 9797205 PMCID: PMC105945 DOI: 10.1128/aac.42.11.2792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/1998] [Accepted: 08/08/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide sequences of the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of the parC and gyrA genes from seven ciprofloxacin-resistant (Cpr) isolates of viridans group streptococci (two high-level Cpr Streptococcus oralis and five low-level Cpr Streptococcus mitis isolates) were determined and compared with those obtained from susceptible isolates. The nucleotide sequences of the QRDRs of the parE and gyrB genes from the five low-level Cpr S. mitis isolates and from the NCTC 12261 type strain were also analyzed. Four of these low-level Cpr isolates had changes affecting the subunits of DNA topoisomerase IV: three in Ser-79 (to Phe or Ile) of ParC and one in ParE at a position not previously described to be involved in quinolone resistance (Pro-424). One isolate did not show any mutation. The two high-level Cpr S. oralis isolates showed mutations affecting equivalent residue positions of ParC and GyrA, namely, Ser-79 to Phe and Ser-81 to Phe or Tyr, respectively. The parC mutations were able to transform Streptococcus pneumoniae to ciprofloxacin resistance, while the gyrA mutations transformed S. pneumoniae only when mutations in parC were present. These results suggest that DNA topoisomerase IV is a primary target of ciprofloxacin in viridans group streptococci, DNA gyrase being a secondary target.
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Affiliation(s)
- I González
- Unidad de Genética Bacteriana (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Centro Nacional de Biología Fundamental, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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38
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Ahumada A, Tse-Dinh YC. The Zn(II) binding motifs of E. coli DNA topoisomerase I is part of a high-affinity DNA binding domain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 251:509-14. [PMID: 9792804 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli DNA topoisomerase I binds three Zn(II) with three tetracysteine motifs. Three subclones containing these tetracysteine motifs were expressed and purified. Subclone ZD1 contained the minimal tetracysteine motifs sequence. A larger subclone ZD2 corresponded to a region bordered by two protease sensitive sites. Subclone ZD3 also included the 14-kDa C-terminal domain that has been shown to bind DNA. Subclones ZD1 and ZD2 were found to bind one and two Zn(II), respectively, and neither had detectable DNA binding activity. ZD3 could bind three Zn(II) and had higher DNA binding affinity than the 14-kDa C-terminal domain. The complex formed between ZD3 and a single-stranded 31mer could be detected by the gel shift assay while the complex formed by the 14-kDa C-terminal domain was not stable under gel electrophoresis conditions. The three Zn(II) binding motifs appeared to be part of a high-affinity DNA binding domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ahumada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, 10595, USA
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39
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Takei M, Fukuda H, Yasue T, Hosaka M, Oomori Y. Inhibitory activities of gatifloxacin (AM-1155), a newly developed fluoroquinolone, against bacterial and mammalian type II topoisomerases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42:2678-81. [PMID: 9756776 PMCID: PMC105918 DOI: 10.1128/aac.42.10.2678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined the inhibitory activities of gatifloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus topoisomerase IV, Escherichia coli DNA gyrase, and HeLa cell topoisomerase II and compared them with those of several quinolones. The inhibitory activities of quinolones against these type II topoisomerases significantly correlated with their antibacterial activities or cytotoxicities (correlation coefficient [r] = 0.926 for S. aureus, r = 0.972 for E. coli, and r = 0.648 for HeLa cells). Gatifloxacin possessed potent inhibitory activities against bacterial type II topoisomerases (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50] = 13.8 microg/ml for S. aureus topoisomerase IV; IC50 = 0.109 microg/ml for E. coli DNA gyrase) but the lowest activity against HeLa cell topoisomerase II (IC50 = 265 microg/ml) among the quinolones tested. There was also a significant correlation between the inhibitory activities of quinolones against S. aureus topoisomerase IV and those against E. coli DNA gyrase (r = 0.969). However, the inhibitory activity against HeLa cell topoisomerase II did not correlate with that against either bacterial enzyme. The IC50 of gatifloxacin for HeLa cell topoisomerase II was 19 and was more than 2,400 times higher than that for S. aureus topoisomerase IV and that for E. coli DNA gyrase. These ratios were higher than those for other quinolones, indicating that gatifloxacin possesses a higher selectivity for bacterial type II topoisomerases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Takei
- Central Research Laboratories, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nogi, Tochigi 329-0114, Japan.
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40
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Abstract
Bacterial and archeal type I topoisomerases, including topoisomerase I, topoisomerase III and reverse gyrase, have different potential roles in the control of DNA topology including regulation of supercoiling and maintenance of genetic stability. Analysis of their coding sequences in different organisms shows that they belong to the type IA family of DNA topoisomerases, but there is variability in organization of various enzymatic domains necessary for topoisomerase activity. The torus-like structure of the conserved transesterification domain with the active site tyrosine for DNA cleavage/rejoining suggests steps of enzyme conformational change driven by DNA substrate and Mg(II) cofactor binding, that are required for catalysis of change in DNA linking number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Tse-Dinh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
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41
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Li S, Waters R. Escherichia coli strains lacking protein HU are UV sensitive due to a role for HU in homologous recombination. J Bacteriol 1998; 180:3750-6. [PMID: 9683467 PMCID: PMC107354 DOI: 10.1128/jb.180.15.3750-3756.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
hupA and hupB encode the alpha and beta subunits of the Escherichia coli histone-like protein HU. Here we show that E. coli hup mutants are sensitive to UV in the rec+ sbc+, recBC sbcA, recBC sbcBC, umuDC, recF, and recD backgrounds. However, hupAB mutations do not enhance the UV sensitivity of resolvase-deficient recG ruvA strains. hupAB uvrA and hupAB recG strains are supersensitive to UV. hup mutations enhance the UV sensitivity of ruvA strains to a much lesser extent but enhance that of rus-1 ruvA strains to the same extent as for rus+ ruv+ strains. Our results suggest that HU plays a role in recombinational DNA repair that is not specifically limited to double-strand break repair or daughter strand gap repair; the lack of HU affects the RecG RusA and RuvABC pathways for Holliday junction processing equally if the two pathways are equally active in recombinational repair; the function of HU is not in the substrate processing step or in the RecFOR-directed synapsis action during recombinational repair. Furthermore, the UV sensitivity of hup mutants cannot be suppressed by overexpression of wild-type or mutant gyrB, which confers novobiocin resistance, or by different concentrations of a gyrase inhibitor that can increase or decrease the supercoiling of chromosomal DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Li
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales Swansea, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
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42
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Akasaka T, Kurosaka S, Uchida Y, Tanaka M, Sato K, Hayakawa I. Antibacterial activities and inhibitory effects of sitafloxacin (DU-6859a) and its optical isomers against type II topoisomerases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42:1284-7. [PMID: 9593169 PMCID: PMC105807 DOI: 10.1128/aac.42.5.1284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The in vitro inhibitory effects of sitafloxacin (DU-6859a) and its three stereoisomers on bacterial DNA gyrase from Escherichia coli, topoisomerase IV from Staphylococcus aureus, and topoisomerase II from human placenta were compared. No correlation was observed between the inhibitory activities of quinolones against bacterial type II topoisomerases and those against human topoisomerase II. Sitafloxacin showed the most potent inhibitory activities against bacterial type II topoisomerases and the lowest activity against human type II topoisomerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Akasaka
- New Product Research Laboratories I, Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.
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43
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Zhu CX, Roche CJ, Papanicolaou N, DiPietrantonio A, Tse-Dinh YC. Site-directed mutagenesis of conserved aspartates, glutamates and arginines in the active site region of Escherichia coli DNA topoisomerase I. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:8783-9. [PMID: 9535856 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.15.8783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To catalyze relaxation of supercoiled DNA, DNA topoisomerases form a covalent enzyme-DNA intermediate via nucleophilic attack of a tyrosine hydroxyl group on the DNA phosphodiester backbone bond during the step of DNA cleavage. Strand passage then takes place to change the linking number. This is followed by DNA religation during which the displaced DNA hydroxyl group attacks the phosphotyrosine linkage to reform the DNA phosphodiester bond. Mg(II) is required for the relaxation activity of type IA and type II DNA topoisomerases. A number of conserved amino acids with acidic and basic side chains are present near Tyr-319 in the active site of the crystal structure of the 67-kDa N-terminal fragment of Escherichia coli DNA topoisomerase I. Their roles in enzyme catalysis were investigated by site-directed mutation to alanine. Mutation of Arg-136 abolished all the enzyme relaxation activity even though DNA cleavage activity was retained. The Glu-9, Asp-111, Asp-113, Glu-115, and Arg-321 mutants had partial loss of relaxation activity in vitro. All the mutants failed to complement chromosomal topA mutation in E. coli AS17 at 42 degreesC, possibly accounting for the conservation of these residues in evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- C X Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595, USA
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44
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Zechiedrich EL, Khodursky AB, Cozzarelli NR. Topoisomerase IV, not gyrase, decatenates products of site-specific recombination in Escherichia coli. Genes Dev 1997; 11:2580-92. [PMID: 9334322 PMCID: PMC316566 DOI: 10.1101/gad.11.19.2580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/1997] [Accepted: 08/05/1997] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
DNA replication and recombination generate intertwined DNA intermediates that must be decatenated for chromosome segregation to occur. We showed recently that topoisomerase IV (topo IV) is the only important decatenase of DNA replication intermediates in bacteria. Earlier results, however, indicated that DNA gyrase has the primary role in unlinking the catenated products of site-specific recombination. To address this discordance, we constructed a set of isogenic strains that enabled us to inhibit selectively with the quinolone norfloxacin topo IV, gyrase, both enzymes, or neither enzyme in vivo. We obtained identical results for the decatenation of the products of two different site-specific recombination enzymes, phage lambda integrase and transposon Tn3 resolvase. Norfloxacin blocked decatenation in wild-type strains, but had no effect in strains with drug-resistance mutations in both gyrase and topo IV. When topo IV alone was inhibited, decatenation was almost completely blocked. If gyrase alone were inhibited, most of the catenanes were unlinked. We showed that topo IV is the primary decatenase in vivo and that this function is dependent on the level of DNA supercoiling. We conclude that the role of gyrase in decatenation is to introduce negative supercoils into DNA, which makes better substrates for topo IV. We also discovered that topo IV has an unexpectedly strong DNA relaxation activity that, together with gyrase and topo I, is able to set the supercoiling levels in Escherichia coli.
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MESH Headings
- Bacteriophage lambda/enzymology
- Blotting, Southern
- DNA Replication/drug effects
- DNA Topoisomerase IV
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type I/genetics
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type I/metabolism
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type II/metabolism
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Bacterial/metabolism
- DNA, Superhelical/chemistry
- DNA, Superhelical/genetics
- DNA, Superhelical/metabolism
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Escherichia coli/enzymology
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Integrases/metabolism
- Kinetics
- Mutation/genetics
- Norfloxacin/pharmacology
- Nucleic Acid Conformation
- Plasmids
- Recombinases
- Recombination, Genetic
- Topoisomerase I Inhibitors
- Topoisomerase II Inhibitors
- Transposases/metabolism
- Transposon Resolvases
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Zechiedrich
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720-3204, USA
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45
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Qi H, Menzel R, Tse-Dinh YC. Regulation of Escherichia coli topA gene transcription: involvement of a sigmaS-dependent promoter. J Mol Biol 1997; 267:481-9. [PMID: 9126832 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1997.0901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the regulation of Escherichia coli topA gene transcription, primer extension was employed to determine the transcription initiation sites from the chromosomal topA gene. When cells were grown in LB medium to log phase, four transcription initiation sites could be identified. Three of these sites corresponded to promoters P1, P2 and P4 previously characterized using topA-galK fusion plasmids. The P3 promoter that is active on the plasmid was not utilized at the chromosomal topA gene under the conditions employed. There was a new transcription initiation site corresponding to a new promoter Px1. When cells started to enter stationary phase, promoter Px1 gradually became the major transcription initiation site for topA, while transcription from promoters P2 and P4 decreased. In an E. coli mutant lacking sigmaS (the rpoS gene product), the stationary phase specific sigma factor, the induction of transcription from promoter Px1 was abolished. In another mutant lacking H-NS activity, resulting in increased sigmaS level in log-phase, the transcription from promoter Px1 during log phase was increased. Thus Px1 appeared to be regulated by sigmaS. The activity of promoter P1 on the chromosome increased during heat shock, consistent with the previous result obtained using the topA-galK fusion plasmid showing that P1 is a sigma32-dependent heat shock promoter. Promoters P2 and P4 were most likely to be recognized by sigma70. The total level of topoisomerase I protein in the rpoS mutant was not reduced significantly in stationary phase due to increased transcription initiation from the other topA promoters. The utilization of multiple sigma factors for transcription initiation of topA could be important for adaptation of E. coli to change in growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Qi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla 10595, USA
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46
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Roberts RC, Shapiro L. Transcription of genes encoding DNA replication proteins is coincident with cell cycle control of DNA replication in Caulobacter crescentus. J Bacteriol 1997; 179:2319-30. [PMID: 9079919 PMCID: PMC178970 DOI: 10.1128/jb.179.7.2319-2330.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA replication in the dimorphic bacterium Caulobacter crescentus is tightly linked to its developmental cell cycle. The initiation of chromosomal replication occurs concomitantly with the transition of the motile swarmer cell to the sessile stalked cell. To identify the signals responsible for the cell cycle control of DNA replication initiation, we have characterized a region of the C. crescentus chromosome containing genes that are all involved in DNA replication or recombination, including dnaN, recF, and gyrB. The essential dnaN gene encodes a homolog of the Escherichia coli beta subunit of DNA polymerase III. It is transcribed from three promoters; one is heat inducible, and the other two are induced at the transition from swarmer to stalked cell, coincident with the initiation of DNA replication. The single gyrB promoter is induced at the same time point in the cell cycle. These promoters, as well as those for several other genes encoding DNA replication proteins that are induced at the same time in the cell cycle, share two sequence motifs, suggesting that they represent a family whose transcription is coordinately regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Roberts
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305-5427, USA
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47
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Tankovic J, Aubry-Damon H, Leclercq R. Résistance aux antibiotiques autres que les bêta-lactamines chez Staphylococcus aureus. Med Mal Infect 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0399-077x(97)80022-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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48
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Gmünder H, Kuratli K, Keck W. In the presence of subunit A inhibitors DNA gyrase cleaves DNA fragments as short as 20 bp at specific sites. Nucleic Acids Res 1997; 25:604-11. [PMID: 9016602 PMCID: PMC146451 DOI: 10.1093/nar/25.3.604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A key step in the supercoiling reaction is the DNA gyrase-mediated cleavage and religation step of double-stranded DNA. Footprinting studies suggest that the DNA gyrase binding site is 100-150 bp long and that the DNA is wrapped around the enzyme with the cleavage site located near the center of the fragment. Subunit A inhibitors interrupt this cleavage and resealing cycle and result in cleavage occurring at preferred sites. We have been able to show that even a 30 bp DNA fragment containing a 20 bp preferred cleavage sequence from the pBR322 plasmid was a substrate for the DNA gyrase-mediated cleavage reaction in the presence of inhibitors. This DNA fragment was cleaved, although with reduced efficiency, at the same sites as a 122 bp DNA fragment. A 20 bp DNA fragment was cleaved with low efficiency at one of these sites and a 10 bp DNA fragment was no longer a substrate. We therefore propose that subunit A inhibitors interact with DNA at inhibitor-specific positions, thus determining cleavage sites by forming ternary complexes between DNA, inhibitors and DNA gyrase.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Gmünder
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Pharmaceutical Research Preclinical Infectious Diseases, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland.
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49
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Yang F, Lu G, Rubin H. Cloning, expression, purification and characterization of DNA topoisomerase I of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Gene X 1996; 178:63-9. [PMID: 8921893 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(96)00335-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The complete gene encoding Topoisomerase 1 (Topo I) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTb), Erdman strain, has been isolated and sequenced. The coding region of this gene is 2700 nt encoding a polypeptide of 900 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 99353 Da. The amino-acid sequence identity compared to E. coli and Synechococcus Topo I is 22 and 30%, respectively. The gene was expressed in E. coli BL21(DE3) and purified to near homogeneity. Recombinant MTb Topo I is enzymatically active, relaxing negatively supercoiled DNA in a magnesium-dependent, ATP-independent reaction. Spermidine, a typical inhibitor of prokaryotic type I DNA topoisomerase, inhibits the activity. Unlike the more well-characterized E. coli Topo I, MTb Topo I does not contain a zinc-finger DNA-binding motif in the C-terminal domain of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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50
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Muñoz R, De La Campa AG. ParC subunit of DNA topoisomerase IV of Streptococcus pneumoniae is a primary target of fluoroquinolones and cooperates with DNA gyrase A subunit in forming resistance phenotype. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40:2252-7. [PMID: 8891124 PMCID: PMC163513 DOI: 10.1128/aac.40.10.2252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The genes encoding the ParC and ParE subunits of topoisomerase IV of Streptococcus pneumoniae, together with the region encoding amino acids 46 to 172 (residue numbers are as in Escherichia coli) of the pneumococcal GyrA subunit, were partially characterized. The gyrA gene maps to a physical location distant from the gyrB and parC loci on the chromosome, whereas parC is closely linked to parE. Ciprofloxacin-resistant (Cpr) clinical isolates of S. pneumoniae had mutations affecting amino acid residues of the quinolone resistance-determining region of ParC (low-level Cpr) or in both quinolone resistance-determining regions of ParC and GyrA (high-level Cpr). Mutations were found in residue positions equivalent to the serine at position 83 and the aspartic acid at position 87 of the E. coli GyrA subunit. Transformation experiments suggest that ParC is the primary target of ciprofloxacin. Mutation in parC appears to be a prerequisite before mutations in gyrA can influence resistance levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Muñoz
- (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas), Centro Nacional de Biologia Celular y Retrovirus, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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