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Hong M, Zhou X, Zeng C, Xu D, Xu T, Liao S, Wang K, Zhu C, Shan G, Huang X, Chen X, Feng X, Guang S. Nucleolar stress induces nucleolar stress body formation via the NOSR-1/NUMR-1 axis in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7256. [PMID: 39179648 PMCID: PMC11343841 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51693-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Environmental stimuli not only alter gene expression profiles but also induce structural changes in cells. How distinct nuclear bodies respond to cellular stress is poorly understood. Here, we identify a subnuclear organelle named the nucleolar stress body (NoSB), the formation of which is induced by the inhibition of rRNA transcription or inactivation of rRNA processing and maturation in C. elegans. NoSB does not colocalize with other previously described subnuclear organelles. We conduct forward genetic screening and identify a bZIP transcription factor, named nucleolar stress response-1 (NOSR-1), that is required for NoSB formation. The inhibition of rRNA transcription or inactivation of rRNA processing and maturation increases nosr-1 expression. By using transcriptome analysis of wild-type animals subjected to different nucleolar stress conditions and nosr-1 mutants, we identify that the SR-like protein NUMR-1 (nuclear localized metal responsive) is the target of NOSR-1. Interestingly, NUMR-1 is a component of NoSB and itself per se is required for the formation of NoSB. We conclude that the NOSR-1/NUMR-1 axis likely responds to nucleolar stress and mediates downstream stress-responsive transcription programs and subnuclear morphology alterations in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjie Hong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, The USTC RNA Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles & Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Xiaotian Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, The USTC RNA Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles & Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Chenming Zeng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, The USTC RNA Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles & Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Demin Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, The USTC RNA Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles & Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, The USTC RNA Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles & Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Shimiao Liao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, The USTC RNA Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles & Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, The USTC RNA Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles & Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Chengming Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, The USTC RNA Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles & Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Ge Shan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, The USTC RNA Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles & Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China
| | - Xinya Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, The USTC RNA Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles & Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China.
| | - Xiangyang Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, The USTC RNA Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles & Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China.
| | - Xuezhu Feng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| | - Shouhong Guang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, The USTC RNA Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles & Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China.
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Commey KL, Enaka A, Nakamura R, Yamamoto A, Tsukigawa K, Nishi K, Otagiri M, Yamasaki K. 7-Phenylheptanoic Acid-Hydroxypropyl β-Cyclodextrin Complex Slows the Progression of Renal Failure in Adenine-Induced Chronic Kidney Disease Mice. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:316. [PMID: 39057956 PMCID: PMC11281668 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16070316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The characteristic accumulation of circulating uremic toxins, such as indoxyl sulfate (IS), in chronic kidney disease (CKD) further exacerbates the disease progression. The gut microbiota, particularly gut bacterial-specific enzymes, represents a selective and attractive target for suppressing uremic toxin production and slowing the progression of renal failure. This study investigates the role of 4-phenylbutyrate (PB) and structurally related compounds, which are speculated to possess renoprotective properties in suppressing IS production and slowing or reversing renal failure in CKD. In vitro enzyme kinetic studies showed that 7-phenylheptanoic acid (PH), a PB homologue, suppresses the tryptophan indole lyase (TIL)-catalyzed decomposition of tryptophan to indole, the precursor of IS. A hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) inclusion complex formulation of PH was prepared to enhance its biopharmaceutical properties and to facilitate in vivo evaluation. Prophylactic oral administration of the PH-HPβCD complex formulation reduced circulating IS and attenuated the deterioration of renal function and tubulointerstitial fibrosis in adenine-induced CKD mice. Additionally, treatment of moderately advanced adenine-induced CKD mice with the formulation ameliorated renal failure, although tissue fibrosis was not improved. These findings suggest that PH-HPβCD can slow the progression of renal failure and may have implications for preventing or managing CKD, particularly in early-stage disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kindness Lomotey Commey
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan; (K.L.C.); (A.E.); (R.N.); (A.Y.); (K.T.); (K.N.); (M.O.)
- DDS Research Institute, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
| | - Airi Enaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan; (K.L.C.); (A.E.); (R.N.); (A.Y.); (K.T.); (K.N.); (M.O.)
| | - Ryota Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan; (K.L.C.); (A.E.); (R.N.); (A.Y.); (K.T.); (K.N.); (M.O.)
| | - Asami Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan; (K.L.C.); (A.E.); (R.N.); (A.Y.); (K.T.); (K.N.); (M.O.)
| | - Kenji Tsukigawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan; (K.L.C.); (A.E.); (R.N.); (A.Y.); (K.T.); (K.N.); (M.O.)
- DDS Research Institute, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
| | - Koji Nishi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan; (K.L.C.); (A.E.); (R.N.); (A.Y.); (K.T.); (K.N.); (M.O.)
- DDS Research Institute, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
| | - Masaki Otagiri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan; (K.L.C.); (A.E.); (R.N.); (A.Y.); (K.T.); (K.N.); (M.O.)
- DDS Research Institute, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
| | - Keishi Yamasaki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan; (K.L.C.); (A.E.); (R.N.); (A.Y.); (K.T.); (K.N.); (M.O.)
- DDS Research Institute, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan
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3
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Feng D, Qu L, Powell-Coffman JA. Transcriptome analyses describe the consequences of persistent HIF-1 over-activation in Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295093. [PMID: 38517909 PMCID: PMC10959373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Metazoan animals rely on oxygen for survival, but during normal development and homeostasis, animals are often challenged by hypoxia (low oxygen). In metazoans, many of the critical hypoxia responses are mediated by the evolutionarily conserved hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs). The stability and activity of HIF complexes are strictly regulated. In the model organism C. elegans, HIF-1 stability and activity are negatively regulated by VHL-1, EGL-9, RHY-1 and SWAN-1. Importantly, C. elegans mutants carrying strong loss-of-function mutations in these genes are viable, and this provides opportunities to interrogate the molecular consequences of persistent HIF-1 over-activation. We find that the genome-wide gene expression patterns are compellingly similar in these mutants, supporting models in which RHY-1, VHL-1 and EGL-9 function in common pathway(s) to regulate HIF-1 activity. These studies illuminate the diversified biological roles played by HIF-1, including metabolism and stress response. Genes regulated by persistent HIF-1 over-activation overlap with genes responsive to pathogens, and they overlap with genes regulated by DAF-16. As crucial stress regulators, HIF-1 and DAF-16 converge on key stress-responsive genes and function synergistically to enable hypoxia survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingxia Feng
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Long Qu
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jo Anne Powell-Coffman
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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4
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Komura T, Aoki M, Nishikawa Y. Feeding on lactic acid bacteria isolated from food extends the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans. Lett Appl Microbiol 2024; 77:ovae020. [PMID: 38389250 DOI: 10.1093/lambio/ovae020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) contribute to human health, and LAB functionality has been studied using Caenorhabditis elegans as an alternative host. However, many studies have focused on the efficacy of a single strain of LAB, and few reports have compared various LAB strains. In this study, we examined the effects of 15 strains of LAB isolated from vegetables, meat, and fermented foods on nematode longevity and healthy lifespan. To reduce the frequency of laborious survival observations, we performed a lifespan assay on agar plates containing 2'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (FUdR), which inhibits egg hatching and prevents generation mixing. Four beneficial strains showed significant lifespan extension and increased spontaneous nematode mobility, regardless of treatment with or without FUdR and the frequency of survival observation. These results suggested increased longevity and an extended healthy lifespan, confirming the reliability of our method. The four strains are expected to show anti-ageing effects besides longevity and have effects on age-related degenerative diseases. Our labor-saving method can be used as an alternative to conventional methods and enable simultaneous screening of multiple strains. Future research could explore factors contributing to lifespan regulation by comparing and verifying differential strain effects on lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Komura
- School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo 6700092, Japan
- Research Institute for Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo 6700092, Japan
| | - Motoshi Aoki
- Central Research Institute, Marudai Food, Co., Ltd, Takatsuki, Osaka 5698577, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Nishikawa
- Faculty of Food and Nutrition Sciences, Tezukayama Gakuin University, Sakai, Osaka 5900113, Japan
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5
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Feng D, Qu L. Transcriptome analyses describe the consequences of persistent HIF-1 over-activation in Caenorhabditis elegans. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.15.567311. [PMID: 38014086 PMCID: PMC10680707 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.15.567311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Metazoan animals rely on oxygen for survival, but during normal development and homeostasis, animals are often challenged by hypoxia (low oxygen). In metazoans, many of the critical hypoxia responses are mediated by the evolutionarily conserved hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs). The stability and activity of HIF complexes are strictly regulated. In the model organism C. elegans, HIF-1 stability and activity are negatively regulated by VHL-1, EGL-9, RHY-1 and SWAN-1. Importantly, C. elegans mutants carrying strong loss-of-function mutations in these genes are viable, and this provides opportunities to interrogate the molecular consequences of persistent HIF-1 over-activation. We find that the genome-wide gene expression patterns are compellingly similar in these mutants, supporting models in which RHY-1, SWAN-1 and EGL-9 function in common pathway(s) to regulate HIF-1 activity. These studies illuminate the diversified biological roles played by HIF-1, including metabolism, hypoxia and other stress responses, reproduction and development. Genes regulated by persistent HIF-1 over-activation overlap with genes responsive to pathogens, and they overlap with genes regulated by DAF-16. As crucial stress regulators, HIF-1 and DAF-16 converge on key stress-responsive genes and function synergistically to enable hypoxia survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingxia Feng
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Long Qu
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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Burkhardt W, Salzinger C, Fischer J, Malorny B, Fischer M, Szabo I. The nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans as an animal experiment replacement for assessing the virulence of different Salmonella enterica strains. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1188679. [PMID: 37362934 PMCID: PMC10285400 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1188679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Caenorhabditis (C.) elegans has become a popular toxicological and biological test organism in the last two decades. Furthermore, the role of C. elegans as an alternative for replacing or reducing animal experiments is continuously discussed and investigated. In the current study, we investigated whether C. elegans survival assays can help in determining differences in the virulence of Salmonella enterica strains and to what extent C. elegans assays could replace animal experiments for this purpose. We focused on three currently discussed examples where we compared the longevity of C. elegans when fed (i) with S. enterica serovar Enteritidis vaccination or wild-type strains, (ii) with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) deficient rough or LPS forming smooth S. enterica serovar Enteritidis, and (iii) with an S. enterica subsp. diarizonae strain in the presence or absence of the typical pSASd plasmid encoding a bundle of putative virulence factors. We found that the C. elegans survival assay could indicate differences in the longevity of C. elegans when fed with the compared strain pairs to a certain extent. Putatively higher virulent S. enterica strains reduced the lifespan of C. elegans to a greater extent than putatively less virulent strains. The C. elegans survival assay is an effective and relatively easy method for classifying the virulence of different bacterial isolates in vivo, but it has some limitations. The assay cannot replace animal experiments designed to determine differences in the virulence of Salmonella enterica strains. Instead, we recommend using the described method for pre-screening bacterial strains of interest to select the most promising candidates for further animal experiments. The C. elegans assay possesses the potential to reduce the number of animal experiments. Further development of the C. elegans assay in conjunction with omics technologies, such as transcriptomics, could refine results relating to the estimation of the virulent potential of test organisms.
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Tu S, Li J, Zhang K, Chen J, Yang W. Characterizing Three Azides for Their Potential Use as C. elegans Anesthetics. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2023; 2023:10.17912/micropub.biology.000794. [PMID: 37082349 PMCID: PMC10111736 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Sodium azide (NaN 3 ) is widely used as an anesthetic in the C. elegans community for studying animal behavior. It is not known whether other azides can function as anesthetics. This is quite important for the C. elegans labs in which NaN 3 is not a convenient choice, such as all the labs located in China, where NaN 3 is under tight regulation, and alternative anesthetics need to be characterized. In the present study, we focused on another three azides, potassium azide (KN 3 ), trimethylsilyl azide (TMSA), and diphenyl phosphoryl azide (DPPA), which are not regulated in China. We characterized their performance in chemotactic behavioral assays and buffer-based assays. Our results suggest that KN 3 can immobilize worms as effectively as NaN 3 in the above-mentioned assays. Therefore, we recommend KN 3 as a routine anesthetic for C. elegans labs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Tu
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiangyun Li
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Kui Zhang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenxing Yang
- Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Correspondence to: Wenxing Yang (
)
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Yuasa HJ. Metazoan tryptophan indole-lyase: Are they still active? Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 263:110801. [PMID: 36228898 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2022.110801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan indole-lyase (TIL), also known as tryptophanase, is a pyridoxal-5'-phosphate dependent bacterial enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydrolytic cleavage of l-tryptophan (l-Trp) to indole and ammonium pyruvate. TIL is also found in some metazoans, and they may have been acquired by horizontal gene transfer. In this study, two metazoans, Nematostella vectensis (starlet sea anemone) and Bradysia coprophila (fungus gnat) TILs were bacterially expressed and characterized. The kcat values of metazoan TILs were low, < 1/200 of the kcat of Escherichia coli TIL. By contrast, metazoan TILs showed lower Km values than the TILs of common bacteria, indicating that their affinity for l-Trp is higher than that of bacterial TILs. Analysis of a series of chimeric enzymes based on B. coprophila and bacterial TILs revealed that the low Km value of B. coprophila TIL is not accidental due to the substitution of a single residue, but is due to the cooperative effect of multiple residues. This suggests that high affinity for l-Trp was positively selected during the molecular evolution of metazoan TIL. This is the first report that metazoan TILs have low but obvious activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Julie Yuasa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University Corporation Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan.
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9
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Feng M, Gao B, Garcia LR, Sun Q. Microbiota-derived metabolites in regulating the development and physiology of Caenorhabditis elegans. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1035582. [PMID: 36925470 PMCID: PMC10011103 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1035582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbiota consist of microorganisms that provide essential health benefits and contribute to the animal's physiological homeostasis. Microbiota-derived metabolites are crucial mediators in regulating host development, system homeostasis, and overall fitness. In this review, by focusing on the animal model Caenorhabditis elegans, we summarize key microbial metabolites and their molecular mechanisms that affect animal development. We also provide, from a bacterial perspective, an overview of host-microbiota interaction networks used for maintaining host physiological homeostasis. Moreover, we discuss applicable methodologies for profiling new bacterial metabolites that modulate host developmental signaling pathways. Microbiota-derived metabolites have the potential to be diagnostic biomarkers for diseases, as well as promising targets for engineering therapeutic interventions against animal developmental or health-related defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Feng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Baizhen Gao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - L Rene Garcia
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Qing Sun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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10
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Salim A, Madhavan A, Subhash S, Prasad M, Nair BG, Pal S. Escherichia coli ST155 as a production-host of three different polyvalent phages and their characterisation with a prospect for wastewater disinfection. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19406. [PMID: 36371482 PMCID: PMC9653416 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24134-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages are generally specific, and a cocktail of phages is needed to combat different bacterial targets. Their production usually requires pathogenic isolation hosts. We identified a novel strain, Escherichia coli ST155, that could serve as a production host for three different polyvalent phages (ϕPh_SE03, ϕPh_SD01, and ϕPh_EC01), thus superseding the use of individual isolation hosts. Upon propagation in E. coli ST155, the phages demonstrated differential intergeneric infectivity against Salmonella enterica, E. coli OP50, Shigella dysenteriae, E. coli MDR, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Phages were characterised based on morphology, latent period, burst size, the efficiency of plating, and restriction enzyme profile. Survival assay on Caenorhabditis elegans, the absence of Shiga toxin, and enterotoxigenic E. coli virulence genes indicated that E. coli ST155 could be non-pathogenic. Lack of antibiotic resistance and absence of functional prophages rendered the host suitable for environmental applications. As a proof-of-concept, phage ϕPh_SE03 was produced in ST155 by employing a unique Bacteriophage Amplification Reactor-Lytics Broadcasting System and was simultaneously disseminated into S. enterica augmented wastewater, which resulted in a 3-log reduction in 24 h. The study establishes the potential of E. coli ST155 as a phage production host thereby minimising the possibility of accidental release of pathogenic hosts into wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Salim
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, Kerala, 690525, India
| | - Ajith Madhavan
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, Kerala, 690525, India.
| | - Suja Subhash
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, Kerala, 690525, India
| | - Megha Prasad
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, Kerala, 690525, India
| | - Bipin G Nair
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, Kerala, 690525, India
| | - Sanjay Pal
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, Kerala, 690525, India.
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Zhu L, Huang J, Lu X, Zhou C. Development of plant systemic resistance by beneficial rhizobacteria: Recognition, initiation, elicitation and regulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:952397. [PMID: 36017257 PMCID: PMC9396261 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.952397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A plant growing in nature is not an individual, but it holds an intricate community of plants and microbes with relatively stable partnerships. The microbial community has recently been demonstrated to be closely linked with plants since their earliest evolution, to help early land plants adapt to environmental threats. Mounting evidence has indicated that plants can release diverse kinds of signal molecules to attract beneficial bacteria for mediating the activities of their genetics and biochemistry. Several rhizobacterial strains can promote plant growth and enhance the ability of plants to withstand pathogenic attacks causing various diseases and loss in crop productivity. Beneficial rhizobacteria are generally called as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) that induce systemic resistance (ISR) against pathogen infection. These ISR-eliciting microbes can mediate the morphological, physiological and molecular responses of plants. In the last decade, the mechanisms of microbial signals, plant receptors, and hormone signaling pathways involved in the process of PGPR-induced ISR in plants have been well investigated. In this review, plant recognition, microbial elicitors, and the related pathways during plant-microbe interactions are discussed, with highlights on the roles of root hair-specific syntaxins and small RNAs in the regulation of the PGPR-induced ISR in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhu
- Key Lab of Bio-Organic Fertilizer Creation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu, China
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiameng Huang
- Key Lab of Bio-Organic Fertilizer Creation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu, China
| | - Xiaoming Lu
- Key Lab of Bio-Organic Fertilizer Creation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu, China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Key Lab of Bio-Organic Fertilizer Creation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-Saving Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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12
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Prolonged Lifespan, Improved Perception, and Enhanced Host Defense of Caenorhabditis elegans by Lactococcus cremoris subsp. cremoris. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0045421. [PMID: 35575499 PMCID: PMC9241934 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00454-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria are beneficial to Caenorhabditis elegans; however, bacteria acting as probiotics in nematodes may not necessarily have probiotic functions in humans. Lactococcus cremoris subsp. cremoris reportedly has probiotic functions in humans. Therefore, we determined whether the strain FC could exert probiotic effects in C. elegans in terms of improving host defenses and extending life span. Live FC successfully extended the life span and enhanced host defense compared to Escherichia coli OP50 (OP50), a standard food source for C. elegans. The FC-fed worms were tolerant to Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis or Staphylococcus aureus infection and had better survival than the OP50-fed control worms. Further, the chemotaxis index, an indicator of perception ability, was more stable and significantly higher in FC-fed worms than in the control worms. The increase in autofluorescence from advanced glycation end products (AGEs) with aging was also ameliorated in FC-fed worms. FC showed beneficial effects in daf-16 and pmk-1 mutants, but not in skn-1 mutants. Since SKN-1 is the C. elegans ortholog of Nrf2, we measured the transcription of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which is regulated by Nrf2, in murine macrophages and found that HO-1 mRNA expression was increased >5 times by inoculation with FC cells. Thus, FC could exert antisenescence effects via the SKN-1/Nrf2 pathway. This study showed for the first time that FC supported perceptive function and suppressed AGEs in nematodes as probiotic bacteria. Therefore, C. elegans can be an alternative model to screen for probiotic bacteria that can be used for antisenescence effects in humans. IMPORTANCE Aging is one of our greatest challenges. The World Health Organization proposed that “active aging” might encourage people to continue to work according to their capacities and preferences as they grow old and would prevent or delay disabilities and chronic diseases that are costly to both individuals and the society, considering that disease prevention is more economical than treatment. Probiotic bacteria, such as lactobacilli, are live microorganisms that exert beneficial effects on human health when ingested in sufficient amounts and can promote longevity. The significance of this study is that it revealed the antisenescence and various beneficial effects of the representative probiotic bacterium Lactococcus cremoris subsp. cremoris strain FC exerted via the SKN-1/Nrf2 pathway in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
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13
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Mucci NC, Jones KA, Cao M, Wyatt MR, Foye S, Kauffman SJ, Richards GR, Taufer M, Chikaraishi Y, Steffan SA, Campagna SR, Goodrich-Blair H. Apex Predator Nematodes and Meso-Predator Bacteria Consume Their Basal Insect Prey through Discrete Stages of Chemical Transformations. mSystems 2022; 7:e0031222. [PMID: 35543104 PMCID: PMC9241642 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00312-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial symbiosis drives physiological processes of higher-order systems, including the acquisition and consumption of nutrients that support symbiotic partner reproduction. Metabolic analytics provide new avenues to examine how chemical ecology, or the conversion of existing biomass to new forms, changes over a symbiotic life cycle. We applied these approaches to the nematode Steinernema carpocapsae, its mutualist bacterium, Xenorhabdus nematophila, and the insects they infect. The nematode-bacterium pair infects, kills, and reproduces in an insect until nutrients are depleted. To understand the conversion of insect biomass over time into either nematode or bacterium biomass, we integrated information from trophic, metabolomic, and gene regulation analyses. Trophic analysis established bacteria as meso-predators and primary insect consumers. Nematodes hold a trophic position of 4.6, indicative of an apex predator, consuming bacteria and likely other nematodes. Metabolic changes associated with Galleria mellonella insect bioconversion were assessed using multivariate statistical analyses of metabolomics data sets derived from sampling over an infection time course. Statistically significant, discrete phases were detected, indicating the insect chemical environment changes reproducibly during bioconversion. A novel hierarchical clustering method was designed to probe molecular abundance fluctuation patterns over time, revealing distinct metabolite clusters that exhibit similar abundance shifts across the time course. Composite data suggest bacterial tryptophan and nematode kynurenine pathways are coordinated for reciprocal exchange of tryptophan and NAD+ and for synthesis of intermediates that can have complex effects on bacterial phenotypes and nematode behaviors. Our analysis of pathways and metabolites reveals the chemistry underlying the recycling of organic material during carnivory. IMPORTANCE The processes by which organic life is consumed and reborn in a complex ecosystem were investigated through a multiomics approach applied to the tripartite Xenorhabdus bacterium-Steinernema nematode-Galleria insect symbiosis. Trophic analyses demonstrate the primary consumers of the insect are the bacteria, and the nematode in turn consumes the bacteria. This suggests the Steinernema-Xenorhabdus mutualism is a form of agriculture in which the nematode cultivates the bacterial food sources by inoculating them into insect hosts. Metabolomics analysis revealed a shift in biological material throughout progression of the life cycle: active infection, insect death, and conversion of cadaver tissues into bacterial biomass and nematode tissue. We show that each phase of the life cycle is metabolically distinct, with significant differences including those in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and amino acid pathways. Our findings demonstrate that symbiotic life cycles can be defined by reproducible stage-specific chemical signatures, enhancing our broad understanding of metabolic processes that underpin a three-way symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C. Mucci
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee–Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
- UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee–Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Katarina A. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee–Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mengyi Cao
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michael R. Wyatt
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee–Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Shane Foye
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sarah J. Kauffman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee–Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Gregory R. Richards
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michela Taufer
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee–Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yoshito Chikaraishi
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
- Biogeochemistry Research Center, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan
| | - Shawn A. Steffan
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Shawn R. Campagna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee–Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
- Biological and Small Molecule Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Tennessee–Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Heidi Goodrich-Blair
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee–Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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14
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de Sousa Figueiredo MB, Pradel E, George F, Mahieux S, Houcke I, Pottier M, Fradin C, Neut C, Daniel C, Bongiovanni A, Foligné B, Titécat M. Adherent-Invasive and Non-Invasive Escherichia coli Isolates Differ in Their Effects on Caenorhabditis elegans' Lifespan. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091823. [PMID: 34576719 PMCID: PMC8465672 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) pathotype has been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases in general and in Crohn’s disease (CD) in particular. AIEC strains are primarily characterized by their ability to adhere to and invade intestinal epithelial cells. However, the genetic and phenotypic features of AIEC isolates vary greatly as a function of the strain’s clonality, host factors, and the gut microenvironment. It is thus essential to identify the determinants of AIEC pathogenicity and understand their role in intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction and inflammation. We reasoned that soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (a simple but powerful model of host-bacterium interactions) could be used to study the virulence of AIEC vs. non- AIEC E. coli strains. Indeed, we found that the colonization of C. elegans (strain N2) by E. coli impacted survival in a strain-specific manner. Moreover, the AIEC strains’ ability to invade cells in vitro was linked to the median lifespan in C. elegans (strain PX627). However, neither the E. coli intrinsic invasiveness (i.e., the fact for an individual strain to be characterized as invasive or not) nor AIEC’s virulence levels (i.e., the intensity of invasion, established in % from the infectious inoculum) in intestinal epithelial cells was correlated with C. elegans’ lifespan in the killing assay. Nevertheless, AIEC longevity of C. elegans might be a relevant model for screening anti-adhesion drugs and anti-invasive probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Beatriz de Sousa Figueiredo
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France; (M.B.d.S.F.); (E.P.); (F.G.); (S.M.); (I.H.); (M.P.); (C.N.)
| | - Elizabeth Pradel
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France; (M.B.d.S.F.); (E.P.); (F.G.); (S.M.); (I.H.); (M.P.); (C.N.)
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France;
| | - Fanny George
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France; (M.B.d.S.F.); (E.P.); (F.G.); (S.M.); (I.H.); (M.P.); (C.N.)
| | - Séverine Mahieux
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France; (M.B.d.S.F.); (E.P.); (F.G.); (S.M.); (I.H.); (M.P.); (C.N.)
| | - Isabelle Houcke
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France; (M.B.d.S.F.); (E.P.); (F.G.); (S.M.); (I.H.); (M.P.); (C.N.)
| | - Muriel Pottier
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France; (M.B.d.S.F.); (E.P.); (F.G.); (S.M.); (I.H.); (M.P.); (C.N.)
| | - Chantal Fradin
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167-RID-AGE, F-59000 Lille, France;
| | - Christel Neut
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France; (M.B.d.S.F.); (E.P.); (F.G.); (S.M.); (I.H.); (M.P.); (C.N.)
| | - Catherine Daniel
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France;
| | - Antonino Bongiovanni
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41-UMS 2014-PLBS, F-59000 Lille, France;
| | - Benoît Foligné
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France; (M.B.d.S.F.); (E.P.); (F.G.); (S.M.); (I.H.); (M.P.); (C.N.)
- Correspondence: (B.F.); (M.T.)
| | - Marie Titécat
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France; (M.B.d.S.F.); (E.P.); (F.G.); (S.M.); (I.H.); (M.P.); (C.N.)
- Correspondence: (B.F.); (M.T.)
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15
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Sudan S, Flick R, Nong L, Li J. Potential Probiotic Bacillus subtilis Isolated from a Novel Niche Exhibits Broad Range Antibacterial Activity and Causes Virulence and Metabolic Dysregulation in Enterotoxic E. coli. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1483. [PMID: 34361918 PMCID: PMC8307078 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial life in extreme environments, such as deserts and deep oceans, is thought to have evolved to overcome constraints of nutrient availability, temperature, and suboptimal hygiene environments. Isolation of probiotic bacteria from such niche may provide a competitive edge over traditional probiotics. Here, we tested the survival, safety, and antimicrobial effect of a recently isolated and potential novel strain of Bacillus subtilis (CP9) from desert camel in vitro. Antimicrobial assays were performed via radial diffusion, agar spot, and co-culture assays. Cytotoxic analysis was performed using pig intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). Real time-PCR was performed for studying the effect on ETEC virulence genes and metabolomic analysis was performed using LC-MS. The results showed that CP9 cells were viable in varied bile salts and in low pH environments. CP9 showed no apparent cytotoxicity in IPEC-J2 cells. CP9 displayed significant bactericidal effect against Enterotoxic E. coli (ETEC), Salmonella Typhimurium, and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a contact inhibitory fashion. CP9 reduced the expression of ETEC virulent genes during a 5 h co-culture. Additionally, a unique emergent metabolic signature in co-culture samples was observed by LC-MS analysis. Our findings indicate that CP9 exhibits a strong antibacterial property and reveals potential mechanisms behind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu Sudan
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Robert Flick
- Biozone, Mass Spectrometry and Metabolomics, Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada;
| | - Linda Nong
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Julang Li
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
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16
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McIntyre G, Wright J, Wong HT, Lamendella R, Chan J. Effects of FUdR on gene expression in the C. elegans bacterial diet OP50. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:207. [PMID: 34103088 PMCID: PMC8186096 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05624-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Many C. elegans aging studies use the compound 5-fluro-2ʹ-deoxyuridine (FUdR) to produce a synchronous population of worms. However, the effects of FUdR on the bacterial gene expression of OP50 E. coli, the primary laboratory C. elegans food source, is not fully understood. This is particularly relevant as studies suggest that intestinal microbes can affect C. elegans physiology. Therefore, it is imperative that we understand how exposure to FUdR can affect gene expression changes in OP50 E. coli. Results An RNAseq dataset comprised of expression patterns of 2900 E. coli genes in the strain OP50, which were seeded on either nematode growth media (NGM) plates or on FUdR (50 µM) supplemented NGM plates, was analyzed. Analysis showed differential gene expression in genes involved in general transport, amino acid biosynthesis, transcription, iron transport, and antibiotic resistance. We specifically highlight metabolic enzymes in the l-histidine biosynthesis pathway as differentially expressed between NGM and FUdR exposed OP50. We conclude that OP50 exposed to FUdR results in differential expression of many genes, including those in amino acid biosynthetic pathways. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13104-021-05624-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace McIntyre
- Department of Biology, Marian University, 3200 Cold Spring Rd, Indianapolis, IN, 46222, USA
| | - Justin Wright
- Department of Biology, Juniata College, 1700 Moore St, Huntingdon, PA, 16652, USA
| | - Hoi Tong Wong
- Department of Biology, Juniata College, 1700 Moore St, Huntingdon, PA, 16652, USA
| | - Regina Lamendella
- Department of Biology, Juniata College, 1700 Moore St, Huntingdon, PA, 16652, USA
| | - Jason Chan
- Department of Biology, Marian University, 3200 Cold Spring Rd, Indianapolis, IN, 46222, USA.
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17
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Fabian DK, Fuentealba M, Dönertaş HM, Partridge L, Thornton JM. Functional conservation in genes and pathways linking ageing and immunity. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2021; 18:23. [PMID: 33990202 PMCID: PMC8120713 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-021-00232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
At first glance, longevity and immunity appear to be different traits that have not much in common except the fact that the immune system promotes survival upon pathogenic infection. Substantial evidence however points to a molecularly intertwined relationship between the immune system and ageing. Although this link is well-known throughout the animal kingdom, its genetic basis is complex and still poorly understood. To address this question, we here provide a compilation of all genes concomitantly known to be involved in immunity and ageing in humans and three well-studied model organisms, the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, and the house mouse Mus musculus. By analysing human orthologs among these species, we identified 7 evolutionarily conserved signalling cascades, the insulin/TOR network, three MAPK (ERK, p38, JNK), JAK/STAT, TGF-β, and Nf-κB pathways that act pleiotropically on ageing and immunity. We review current evidence for these pathways linking immunity and lifespan, and their role in the detrimental dysregulation of the immune system with age, known as immunosenescence. We argue that the phenotypic effects of these pathways are often context-dependent and vary, for example, between tissues, sexes, and types of pathogenic infection. Future research therefore needs to explore a higher temporal, spatial and environmental resolution to fully comprehend the connection between ageing and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Fabian
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK. .,Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Matías Fuentealba
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK.,Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
| | - Handan Melike Dönertaş
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Linda Partridge
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK.,Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Janet M Thornton
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
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18
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Ayaz M, Ali Q, Farzand A, Khan AR, Ling H, Gao X. Nematicidal Volatiles from Bacillus atrophaeus GBSC56 Promote Growth and Stimulate Induced Systemic Resistance in Tomato against Meloidogyne incognita. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5049. [PMID: 34068779 PMCID: PMC8126219 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22095049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus volatiles to control plant nematodes is a topic of great interest among researchers due to its safe and environmentally friendly nature. Bacillus strain GBSC56 isolated from the Tibet region of China showed high nematicidal activity against M. incognita, with 90% mortality as compared with control in a partition plate experiment. Pure volatiles produced by GBSC56 were identified through gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Among 10 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 3 volatiles, i.e., dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), methyl isovalerate (MIV), and 2-undecanone (2-UD) showed strong nematicidal activity with a mortality rate of 87%, 83%, and 80%, respectively, against M. incognita. The VOCs induced severe oxidative stress in nematodes, which caused rapid death. Moreover, in the presence of volatiles, the activity of antioxidant enzymes, i.e., SOD, CAT, POD, and APX, was observed to be enhanced in M. incognita-infested roots, which might reduce the adverse effect of oxidative stress-induced after infection. Moreover, genes responsible for plant growth promotion SlCKX1, SlIAA1, and Exp18 showed an upsurge in expression, while AC01 was downregulated in infested plants. Furthermore, the defense-related genes (PR1, PR5, and SlLOX1) in infested tomato plants were upregulated after treatment with MIV and 2-UD. These findings suggest that GBSC56 possesses excellent biocontrol potential against M. incognita. Furthermore, the study provides new insight into the mechanism by which GBSC56 nematicidal volatiles regulate antioxidant enzymes, the key genes involved in plant growth promotion, and the defense mechanism M. incognita-infested tomato plants use to efficiently manage root-knot disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ayaz
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.A.); (Q.A.); (A.R.K.)
| | - Qurban Ali
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.A.); (Q.A.); (A.R.K.)
| | - Ayaz Farzand
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad P.O. Box 38040, Pakistan;
| | - Abdur Rashid Khan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.A.); (Q.A.); (A.R.K.)
| | - Hongli Ling
- Shandong Vland Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Binzhou 251700, China;
| | - Xuewen Gao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (M.A.); (Q.A.); (A.R.K.)
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19
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Wang ST, Kuo CJ, Huang CW, Lee TM, Chen JW, Chen CS. OmpR coordinates the expression of virulence factors of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in the alimentary tract of Caenorhabditis elegans. Mol Microbiol 2021; 116:168-183. [PMID: 33567149 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), an enteropathogen that colonizes in the intestine, causes severe diarrhea and hemorrhagic colitis in humans by the expression of the type III secretion system (T3SS) and Shiga-like toxins (Stxs). However, how EHEC can sense and respond to the changes in the alimentary tract and coordinate the expression of these virulence genes remains elusive. The T3SS-related genes are known to be regulated by the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE)-encoded regulators, such as Ler, as well as non-LEE-encoded regulators in response to different environmental cues. Herein, we report that OmpR, which participates in the adaptation of E. coli to osmolarity and pH alterations, is required for EHEC infection in Caenorhabditis elegans. OmpR protein was able to directly bind to the promoters of ler and stx1 (Shiga-like toxin 1) and regulate the expression of T3SS and Stx1, respectively, at the transcriptional level. Moreover, we demonstrated that the expression of ler in EHEC is in response to the intestinal environment and is regulated by OmpR in C. elegans. Taken together, we reveal that OmpR is an important regulator of EHEC which coordinates the expression of virulence factors during gastrointestinal infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin-Tian Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ju Kuo
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wen Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tzer-Min Lee
- Institute of Oral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jenn-Wei Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Shi Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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The carB Gene of Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) is Associated with Nematicidal Activity against the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne javanica. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020222. [PMID: 33670696 PMCID: PMC7923116 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological nematicides have been widely used to lower the losses generated by phytoparasitic nematodes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nematicidal effects of Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) against Meloidogyne javanica and to identify nematicide-related genes. Culture filtrates of BL21(DE3) caused juvenile mortality and inhibited egg hatching in a dose-dependent manner. In the greenhouse, treatment of tomato seedlings with BL21(DE3) culture filtrates at 50 and 100% concentrations not only reduced the amount of M. javanica egg masses and galls, but improved plant root and shoot fresh weight. Culture filtrate analysis indicated that the nematicidal active ingredients of strain BL21(DE3) were non-proteinaceous, heat and cold resistant, sensitive to pH and volatile. To identify the genes associated with nematicidal activity, a BL21(DE3) library of 5000 mutants was produced using Tn5 transposase insertion. The culture filtrate of the MB12 mutant showed no nematicidal activity after 72 h of treatment and thermal asymmetrical interlaced PCR demonstrated that the carB gene was disrupted. Nematicidal activity was restored when the pH of the MB12 culture filtrate was adjusted to the original pH value (4.15) or following MB12 complementation with the carB gene, confirming a role for carB in mediating pH value and nematicidal activity. The outcomes of this pilot study indicate that BL21(DE3) is a potential microorganism for the continuable biological control of root-knot nematode in tomato and that carB affects the nematicidal activity of BL21(DE3) by modulating the pH environment.
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Atypical Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli: from Kittens to Humans and Beyond! Infect Immun 2021; 89:IAI.00752-20. [PMID: 33361199 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00752-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (aEPEC) are associated with diarrhea worldwide, yet genome-wide investigations to probe their virulome are lacking. In this issue of Infection and Immunity, V. E. Watson, T. H. Hazen, D. A. Rasko, M. E. Jacob, et al. (IAI 89:e00619-20, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00619-20) sequenced aEPEC isolates from diarrheic and asymptomatic kittens. Using phylogenomics, they demonstrated that these isolates were genetically indistinguishable from human isolates, suggesting that kittens may serve as a reservoir and, perhaps, a much-needed model to interrogate aEPEC virulence. The diarrheic isolates were hypermotile, suggesting that this phenotype may distinguish virulent strains from their innocuous counterparts.
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Huang CR, Kuo CJ, Huang CW, Chen YT, Liu BY, Lee CT, Chen PL, Chang WT, Chen YW, Lee TM, Hsieh HC, Chen CS. Host CDK-1 and formin mediate microvillar effacement induced by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Nat Commun 2021; 12:90. [PMID: 33397943 PMCID: PMC7782584 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20355-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) induces changes to the intestinal cell cytoskeleton and formation of attaching and effacing lesions, characterized by the effacement of microvilli and then formation of actin pedestals to which the bacteria are tightly attached. Here, we use a Caenorhabditis elegans model of EHEC infection to show that microvillar effacement is mediated by a signalling pathway including mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) and diaphanous-related formin 1 (CYK1). Similar observations are also made using EHEC-infected human intestinal cells in vitro. Our results support the use of C. elegans as a host model for studying attaching and effacing lesions in vivo, and reveal that the CDK1-formin signal axis is necessary for EHEC-induced microvillar effacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Rung Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ju Kuo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wen Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Bang-Yu Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ta Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Lin Chen
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Tsan Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Wen Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tzer-Min Lee
- School of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Institute of Oral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chen Hsieh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Shi Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Han JT, Li DY, Zhang MY, Yu XQ, Jia XX, Xu H, Yan X, Jia WJ, Niu S, Kempher ML, Tao X, He YX. EmhR is an indole-sensing transcriptional regulator responsible for the indole-induced antibiotic tolerance in Pseudomonas fluorescens. Environ Microbiol 2020; 23:2054-2069. [PMID: 33314494 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Indole is well known as an interspecies signalling molecule to modulate bacterial physiology; however, it is not clear how the indole signal is perceived and responded to by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in the rhizosphere. Here, we demonstrated that indole enhanced the antibiotic tolerance of Pseudomonas fluorescens 2P24, a PGPR well known for its biocontrol capacity. Proteomic analysis revealed that indole influenced the expression of multiple genes including the emhABC operon encoding a major multidrug efflux pump. The expression of emhABC was regulated by a TetR-family transcription factor EmhR, which was demonstrated to be an indole-responsive regulator. Molecular dynamics simulation showed that indole allosterically affected the distance between the two DNA-recognizing helices within the EmhR dimer, leading to diminished EmhR-DNA interaction. It was further revealed the EmhR ortholog in Pseudomonas syringae was also responsible for indole-induced antibiotic tolerance, suggesting this EmhR-dependent, indole-induced antibiotic tolerance is likely to be conserved among Pseudomonas species. Taken together, our results elucidated the molecular mechanism of indole-induced antibiotic tolerance in Pseudomonas species and had important implications on how rhizobacteria sense and respond to indole in the rhizosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ting Han
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Di-Yin Li
- Institute of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases in Gansu Province, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Lanzhou, China
| | - Meng-Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiao-Quan Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiang-Xue Jia
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Hang Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xu Yan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Wen-Juan Jia
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Shaomin Niu
- Institute of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases in Gansu Province, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Lanzhou, China
| | - Megan L Kempher
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, and School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Ok, USA
| | - Xuanyu Tao
- Institute for Environmental Genomics, Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, and School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Ok, USA
| | - Yong-Xing He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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RNase E-dependent degradation of tnaA mRNA encoding tryptophanase is prerequisite for the induction of acid resistance in Escherichia coli. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7128. [PMID: 32346014 PMCID: PMC7188888 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63981-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Acid-resistance systems are essential for pathogenic Escherichia coli to survive in the strongly acidic environment of the human stomach (pH < 2.5). Among these, the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) system is the most effective. However, the precise mechanism of GAD induction is unknown. We previously reported that a tolC mutant lacking the TolC outer membrane channel was defective in GAD induction. Here, we show that indole, a substrate of TolC-dependent efflux pumps and produced by the tryptophanase encoded by the tnaA gene, negatively regulates GAD expression. GAD expression was restored by deleting tnaA in the tolC mutant; in wild-type E. coli, it was suppressed by adding indole to the growth medium. RNA-sequencing revealed that tnaA mRNA levels drastically decreased upon exposure to moderately acidic conditions (pH 5.5). This decrease was suppressed by RNase E deficiency. Collectively, our results demonstrate that the RNase E-dependent degradation of tnaA mRNA is accelerated upon acid exposure, which decreases intracellular indole concentrations and triggers GAD induction.
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25
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Raza W, Shen Q. Volatile organic compounds mediated plant-microbe interactions in soil. MOLECULAR ASPECTS OF PLANT BENEFICIAL MICROBES IN AGRICULTURE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-818469-1.00018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
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26
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Wani KA, Goswamy D, Irazoqui JE. Nervous system control of intestinal host defense in C. elegans. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2019; 62:1-9. [PMID: 31790812 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Interplay between the nervous and immune systems is critical for homeostasis, and its dysfunction underlies pathologies such as multiple sclerosis, autism, leukemia, and inflammation. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans provides an opportunity to define evolutionarily conserved mechanisms of regulation of host innate immunity and inflammation in a genetically tractable whole-animal system. In the past few years, the C. elegans nervous system has emerged as an integral part of host defense against pathogens, acting through diverse mechanisms to repress or induce protective transcriptional responses to infection in distal tissues. In this review, we discuss current knowledge of the mechanisms through which the C. elegans nervous system controls the expression of host defense genes in the intestinal epithelium. Although still incomplete, the insights derived from such work have broad implications for neural regulation of epithelial function at mucosal barriers in higher organisms in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khursheed A Wani
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Innate Immunity, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, USA
| | - Debanjan Goswamy
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Innate Immunity, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, USA
| | - Javier E Irazoqui
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Innate Immunity, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, USA.
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Worm-Based Alternate Assessment of Probiotic Intervention against Gut Barrier Infection. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092146. [PMID: 31500368 PMCID: PMC6770392 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial barrier is the frontline defense against enteropathogenic bacteria and nutrition-linked xenobiotic stressors in the alimentary tract. In particular, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) insults the gut barrier and is increasingly implicated in chronic intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease. For the efficient development of intervention against barrier-linked distress, the present study provided a Caenorhabditis elegans-based assessment instead of extensive preclinical evaluations using mammalian models. In particular, EPEC infected the gut and shortened the lifespan of C. elegans, which was counteracted by colonization of E. coli strain Nissle 1917 (EcN). In addition to the competitive actions of EcN against EPEC, EcN improved the gut barrier integrity of worms via the Zonula occludens ortholog (Zoo-1) induction, which was verified in the murine infection and colitis model. The worm-based assessment provided a crucial methodology and important insights into the potent chronic events in the human gut barrier after the ingestion of probiotic candidates as a mucoactive dietary or therapeutic agent.
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Sun H, Zheng M, Song J, Huang S, Pan Y, Gong R, Lin Z. Multiple-species hormetic phenomena induced by indole: A case study on the toxicity of indole to bacteria, algae and human cells. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 657:46-55. [PMID: 30530218 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hormesis is a dose-response relationship phenomenon characterized by low-dose stimulation and high-dose inhibition. Although hormetic phenomena have been reported in broadly ranging biological areas, there is still no unified mechanism of hormesis. Investigating multiple-species hormesis of one compound and then exploring the possible mechanism may be an effective approach to clarify the reason for the occurrence of hormetic phenomena in a broad range of organisms. In this study, indole was selected as the test chemical due to the broad biological and hormetic effects of indole compounds. The results show that indole induces multiple-species hormetic phenomena in bacteria (Aliivibrio fischeri (A. fischeri), Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis), algae (Microcystis aeruginosa and Selenastrum capricornutum), and human cells (human skin fibroblasts and human cervical cancer cells). Through in-depth investigation of the time-dependent hormetic effects of indole, indole derivatives and indole's structural analogs on the bioluminescence of A. fischeri, indole ring has been identified as the potential key structure that causes indole to act on quorum sensing of A. fischeri to induce hormetic effects on the bioluminescence at lag, logarithmic, and stationary phases. Therefore, the occurrence of multiple-species hormetic phenomena is speculated to be derived from the action of indole on the cell-to-cell communication of organism cells. This paper can not only further confirm the generalizability of hormesis but also provide a reasonable explanation for hormesis, which will benefit the development of hormesis and the risk assessment of environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Min Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jinyuan Song
- China Solid Waste and Chemical Management Technology Center, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shengyou Huang
- Shanghai International Studies University Bilingual School, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yongzheng Pan
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Ruochong Gong
- Shanghai Foreign Language Primary School Affiliated to Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhifen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
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Probiotic mediated colonization resistance against E.coli infection in experimentally challenged Caenorhabditis elegans. Microb Pathog 2019; 127:39-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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31
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Schifano E, Marazzato M, Ammendolia MG, Zanni E, Ricci M, Comanducci A, Goldoni P, Conte MP, Uccelletti D, Longhi C. Virulence behavior of uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains in the host model Caenorhabditis elegans. Microbiologyopen 2018; 8:e00756. [PMID: 30381890 PMCID: PMC6562141 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections in humans. Although a number of bacteria can cause UTIs, most cases are due to infection by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). UPEC are a genetically heterogeneous group that exhibit several virulence factors associated with colonization and persistence of bacteria in the urinary tract. Caenorhabditis elegans is a tiny, free-living nematode found worldwide. Because many biological pathways are conserved in C. elegans and humans, the nematode has been increasingly used as a model organism to study virulence mechanisms of microbial infections and innate immunity. The virulence of UPEC strains, characterized for antimicrobial resistance, pathogenicity-related genes associated with virulence and phylogenetic group belonging was evaluated by measuring the survival of C. elegans exposed to pure cultures of these strains. Our results showed that urinary strains can kill the nematode and that the clinical isolate ECP110 was able to efficiently colonize the gut and to inhibit the host oxidative response to infection. Our data support that C. elegans, a free-living nematode found worldwide, could serve as an in vivo model to distinguish, among uropathogenic E. coli, different virulence behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Schifano
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Marazzato
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Microbiology Section, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Ammendolia
- National Center of Innovative Technologies in Public Health, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Zanni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Ricci
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Microbiology Section, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Comanducci
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Microbiology Section, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Goldoni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Microbiology Section, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Conte
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Microbiology Section, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Uccelletti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Catia Longhi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Microbiology Section, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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Sharifi R, Ryu CM. Revisiting bacterial volatile-mediated plant growth promotion: lessons from the past and objectives for the future. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:349-358. [PMID: 29982345 PMCID: PMC6110341 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial volatile compounds (BVCs) are important mediators of beneficial plant-bacteria interactions. BVCs promote above-ground plant growth by stimulating photosynthesis and sugar accumulation and by modulating phytohormone signalling. These compounds also improve below-ground mineral uptake and modify root system architecture. SCOPE We review advances in our understanding of the mode of action and practical applications of BVCs since the discovery of BVC-mediated plant growth promotion in 2003. We also discuss unanswered questions about the identity of plant receptors, the effectiveness of combination of two or more BVCs on plant growth, and the potential side effects of these compounds for human and animal health. CONCLUSION BVCs have good potential for use as biostimulants and protectants to improve plant health. Further advances in the development of suitable technologies and preparing standards and guidelines will help in the application of BVCs in crop protection and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouhallah Sharifi
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Choong-Min Ryu
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Infectious Disease Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, South Korea
- Biosystem and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
- For correspondence. E-mail
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Nuonming P, Khemthong S, Dokpikul T, Sukchawalit R, Mongkolsuk S. Characterization and regulation of AcrABR, a RND-type multidrug efflux system, in Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58. Microbiol Res 2018; 214:146-155. [PMID: 30031477 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens AcrR is the transcriptional repressor of the acrABR operon. The AcrAB efflux pump confers resistance to various toxic compounds, including antibiotics [ciprofloxacin (CIP), nalidixic acid (NAL), novobiocin (NOV) and tetracycline (TET)], a detergent [sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)] and a biocide [triclosan (TRI)]. The sequence to which AcrR specifically binds in the acrA promoter region was determined by EMSA and DNase I footprinting. The AcrR-DNA interaction was abolished by adding NAL, SDS and TRI. Quantitative real time-PCR analysis showed that induction of the acrA transcript occurred when wild-type cells were exposed to NAL, SDS and TRI. Indole is a signaling molecule that increases the antibiotic resistance of bacteria, at least in part, through activation of efflux pumps. Expression of the A. tumefaciens acrA transcript was also inducible by indole in a dose-dependent manner. Indole induced protection against CIP, NAL and SDS but enhanced susceptibility to NOV and TRI. Additionally, the TET resistance of A. tumefaciens was not apparently modulated by indole. A. tumefaciens AcrAB played a dominant role and was required for tolerance to high levels of the toxic compounds. Understanding the regulation of multidrug efflux pumps and bacterial adaptive responses to intracellular and extracellular signaling molecules for antibiotic resistance is essential. This information will be useful for the rational design of effective treatments for bacterial infection to overcome possible multidrug-resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puttamas Nuonming
- Applied Biological Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Lak Si, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Sasimaporn Khemthong
- Applied Biological Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Lak Si, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Thanittra Dokpikul
- Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Lak Si, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Rojana Sukchawalit
- Applied Biological Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Lak Si, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Lak Si, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Ministry of Education, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Skorn Mongkolsuk
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Lak Si, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Ministry of Education, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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34
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Kang E, Crouse A, Chevallier L, Pontier SM, Alzahrani A, Silué N, Campbell-Valois FX, Montagutelli X, Gruenheid S, Malo D. Enterobacteria and host resistance to infection. Mamm Genome 2018; 29:558-576. [PMID: 29785663 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-018-9749-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Enterobacteriaceae are a large family of Gram-negative, non-spore-forming bacteria. Although many species exist as part of the natural flora of animals including humans, some members are associated with both intestinal and extraintestinal diseases. In this review, we focus on members of this family that have important roles in human disease: Salmonella, Escherichia, Shigella, and Yersinia, providing a brief overview of the disease caused by these bacteria, highlighting the contribution of animal models to our understanding of their pathogenesis and of host genetic determinants involved in susceptibility or resistance to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill Research Center on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alanna Crouse
- McGill Research Center on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lucie Chevallier
- U955 - IMRB, Team 10 - Biology of the neuromuscular system, Inserm, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UPEC, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Mouse Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie M Pontier
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Chemical and Synthetic Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ashwag Alzahrani
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Chemical and Synthetic Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Navoun Silué
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Chemical and Synthetic Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - François-Xavier Campbell-Valois
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Chemical and Synthetic Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Xavier Montagutelli
- U955 - IMRB, Team 10 - Biology of the neuromuscular system, Inserm, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UPEC, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Samantha Gruenheid
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill Research Center on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Danielle Malo
- McGill Research Center on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Kuo CJ, Wang ST, Lin CM, Chiu HC, Huang CR, Lee DY, Chang GD, Chou TC, Chen JW, Chen CS. A multi-omic analysis reveals the role of fumarate in regulating the virulence of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Cell Death Dis 2018. [PMID: 29515100 PMCID: PMC5841434 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0423-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The enteric pathogen enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is responsible for outbreaks of bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) worldwide. Several molecular mechanisms have been described for the pathogenicity of EHEC; however, the role of bacterial metabolism in the virulence of EHEC during infection in vivo remains unclear. Here we show that aerobic metabolism plays an important role in the regulation of EHEC virulence in Caenorhabditis elegans. Our functional genomic analyses showed that disruption of the genes encoding the succinate dehydrogenase complex (Sdh) of EHEC, including the sdhA gene, attenuated its toxicity toward C. elegans animals. Sdh converts succinate to fumarate and links the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and the electron transport chain (ETC) simultaneously. Succinate accumulation and fumarate depletion in the EHEC sdhA mutant cells were also demonstrated to be concomitant by metabolomic analyses. Moreover, fumarate replenishment to the sdhA mutant significantly increased its virulence toward C. elegans. These results suggest that the TCA cycle, ETC, and alteration in metabolome all account for the attenuated toxicity of the sdhA mutant, and Sdh catabolite fumarate in particular plays a critical role in the regulation of EHEC virulence. In addition, we identified the tryptophanase (TnaA) as a downstream virulence determinant of SdhA using a label-free proteomic method. We demonstrated that expression of tnaA is regulated by fumarate in EHEC. Taken together, our multi-omic analyses demonstrate that sdhA is required for the virulence of EHEC, and aerobic metabolism plays important roles in the pathogenicity of EHEC infection in C. elegans. Moreover, our study highlights the potential targeting of SdhA, if druggable, as alternative preventive or therapeutic strategies by which to combat EHEC infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Ju Kuo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Tian Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Mei Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Chieh Chiu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Rung Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Der-Yen Lee
- The Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biochemical Sciences, Technology Commons, Center for Systems Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Geen-Dong Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biochemical Sciences, Technology Commons, Center for Systems Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Chen Chou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jenn-Wei Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Chang-Shi Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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In vivo screening platform for shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193277. [PMID: 29489863 PMCID: PMC5831388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains are the main cause of bacillary dysentery, although STEC strains generally induce milder disease symptoms compared to Shigella species. This study aimed to determine the virulence of STEC using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a model host. Worm killing, fertility and bacterial colonisation assays were performed to examine the potential difference in the virulence of STEC strains compared to that of the control E. coli OP50 strains on which worms were fed. A statistically significant difference in the survival rates of C. elegans was observed in that the STEC strains caused death in 8–10 days and the E. coli OP50 strains caused death in 15 days. STEC strains severely reduced the fertility of the worms. The intestinal load of bacteria in the adult stage nematodes harbouring the E. coli OP50 strains was found to be 3.5 log CFU mL-1. In contrast, the STEC strains E15, E18 and E22 harboured 4.1, 4.2 and 4.7 log CFU ml−1 per nematode, respectively. The heat-killed STEC strains significantly increased the longevity of the worms compared to the non-heated STEC strains. In addition, PCR-based genomic profiling of shiga toxin genes, viz., stx1 and stx2, identified in selected STEC strains revealed that these toxins may be associated with the virulence of the STEC strains. This study demonstrated that C. elegans is an effective model to examine and compare the pathogenicity and virulence variation of STEC strains to that of E. coli OP50 strains.
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Bhatt S, Jenkins V, Mason E, Muche S. The Small Regulatory RNA Spot42 Inhibits Indole Biosynthesis to Negatively Regulate the Locus of Enterocyte Effacement of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Microorganisms 2017; 5:microorganisms5040078. [PMID: 29194362 PMCID: PMC5748587 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms5040078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The locus of enterocyte effacement is necessary for enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) to form attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions. A/E lesions are characterized by intimate bacterial adherence to intestinal cells and destruction of microvilli, which leads to diarrhea. Therefore, studies interrogating the regulation of the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) are critical for understanding the molecular epidemiology of EPEC infections and developing interventional strategies. Hitherto, most studies have centered on protein-based regulators, whereas the role of small regulatory RNAs remains underappreciated. Previously, we identified the first sRNAs—MgrR, RyhB, and McaS—that regulate the LEE of EPEC. This study was undertaken to identify additional sRNAs that impact the LEE. Our results suggest that the catabolite-responsive sRNA, Spot42, indirectly controls the LEE by inhibiting synthesis of its inducer, indole. Spot42 base-pairs with the tnaCAB mRNA and presumably destabilizes the transcript, thereby preventing expression of the regulatory and structural proteins that are involved in the import and hydrolysis of tryptophan into indole. The absence of intracellular indole leads to reduced transcription of the LEE1-encoded master transcriptional activator Ler, thereby maintaining the LEE in its silenced state and delaying A/E lesion morphogenesis. Our results highlight the importance of riboregulators that synchronize metabolic and virulence pathways in bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Bhatt
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA 19131, USA.
| | - Valerie Jenkins
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA 19131, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA 19131, USA.
| | - Elisabeth Mason
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA 19131, USA.
| | - Sarah Muche
- Department of Biology, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA 19131, USA.
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Kaur H, Das C, Mande SS. In Silico Analysis of Putrefaction Pathways in Bacteria and Its Implication in Colorectal Cancer. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2166. [PMID: 29163445 PMCID: PMC5682003 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermentation of undigested proteins in human gastrointestinal tract (gut) by the resident microbiota, a process called bacterial putrefaction, can sometimes disrupt the gut homeostasis. In this process, essential amino acids (e.g., histidine, tryptophan, etc.) that are required by the host may be utilized by the gut microbes. In addition, some of the products of putrefaction, like ammonia, putrescine, cresol, indole, phenol, etc., have been implicated in the disease pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). We have investigated bacterial putrefaction pathways that are known to be associated with such metabolites. Results of the comprehensive in silico analysis of the selected putrefaction pathways across bacterial genomes revealed presence of these pathways in limited bacterial groups. Majority of these bacteria are commonly found in human gut. These include Bacillus, Clostridium, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Fusobacterium, Salmonella, etc. Interestingly, while pathogens utilize almost all the analyzed pathways, commensals prefer putrescine and H2S production pathways for metabolizing the undigested proteins. Further, comparison of the putrefaction pathways in the gut microbiomes of healthy, carcinoma and adenoma datasets indicate higher abundances of putrefying bacteria in the carcinoma stage of CRC. The insights obtained from the present study indicate utilization of possible microbiome-based therapies to minimize the adverse effects of gut microbiome in enteric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrisham Kaur
- Bio-Sciences R&D Division, TCS Research, Tata Consultancy Services Ltd., Pune, India
| | - Chandrani Das
- Bio-Sciences R&D Division, TCS Research, Tata Consultancy Services Ltd., Pune, India
| | - Sharmila S Mande
- Bio-Sciences R&D Division, TCS Research, Tata Consultancy Services Ltd., Pune, India
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Abstract
Multiple studies have identified conserved genetic pathways and small molecules associated with extension of lifespan in diverse organisms. However, extending lifespan does not result in concomitant extension in healthspan, defined as the proportion of time that an animal remains healthy and free of age-related infirmities. Rather, mutations that extend lifespan often reduce healthspan and increase frailty. The question arises as to whether factors or mechanisms exist that uncouple these processes and extend healthspan and reduce frailty independent of lifespan. We show that indoles from commensal microbiota extend healthspan of diverse organisms, including Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, and mice, but have a negligible effect on maximal lifespan. Effects of indoles on healthspan in worms and flies depend upon the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a conserved detector of xenobiotic small molecules. In C. elegans, indole induces a gene expression profile in aged animals reminiscent of that seen in the young, but which is distinct from that associated with normal aging. Moreover, in older animals, indole induces genes associated with oogenesis and, accordingly, extends fecundity and reproductive span. Together, these data suggest that small molecules related to indole and derived from commensal microbiota act in diverse phyla via conserved molecular pathways to promote healthy aging. These data raise the possibility of developing therapeutics based on microbiota-derived indole or its derivatives to extend healthspan and reduce frailty in humans.
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Cope EK, Goldberg AN, Pletcher SD, Lynch SV. Compositionally and functionally distinct sinus microbiota in chronic rhinosinusitis patients have immunological and clinically divergent consequences. MICROBIOME 2017; 5:53. [PMID: 28494786 PMCID: PMC5427582 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-017-0266-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by persistent sinonasal inflammation and sinus microbiome dysbiosis. The basis of this heterogeneity is poorly understood. We sought to address the hypothesis that a limited number of compositionally distinct pathogenic bacterial microbiota exist in CRS patients and invoke discrete immune responses and clinical phenotypes in CRS patients. RESULTS Sinus brushings from patients with CRS (n = 59) and healthy individuals (n = 10) collected during endoscopic sinus surgery were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, predicted metagenomics, and RNA profiling of the mucosal immune response. We show that CRS patients cluster into distinct sub-groups (DSI-III), each defined by specific pattern of bacterial co-colonization (permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA); p = 0.001, r 2 = 0.318). Each sub-group was typically dominated by a pathogenic family: Streptococcaceae (DSI), Pseudomonadaceae (DSII), Corynebacteriaceae [DSIII(a)], or Staphylococcaceae [DSIII(b)]. Each pathogenic microbiota was predicted to be functionally distinct (PERMANOVA; p = 0.005, r 2 = 0.217) and encode uniquely enriched gene pathways including ansamycin biosynthesis (DSI), tryptophan metabolism (DSII), two-component response [DSIII(b)], and the PPAR-γ signaling pathway [DSIII(a)]. Each is also associated with significantly distinct host immune responses; DSI, II, and III(b) invoked a variety of pro-inflammatory, TH1 responses, while DSIII(a), which exhibited significantly increased incidence of nasal polyps (Fisher's exact; p = 0.034, relative risk = 2.16), primarily induced IL-5 expression (Kruskal Wallis; q = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS A large proportion of CRS patient heterogeneity may be explained by the composition of their sinus bacterial microbiota and related host immune response-features which may inform strategies for tailored therapy in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K. Cope
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
- Present Address: Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA
| | - Andrew N. Goldberg
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Steven D. Pletcher
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Susan V. Lynch
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
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Lee JH, Kim YG, Kim M, Kim E, Choi H, Kim Y, Lee J. Indole-associated predator-prey interactions between the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and bacteria. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:1776-1790. [PMID: 28028877 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Indole is an intercellular and interkingdom signalling molecule found in diverse ecological niches. Caenorhabditis elegans is a bacterivorous nematode that lives in soil and compost environments and a useful model host for studies of host-microbe interactions. Although various bacteria and some plants produce large quantities of extracellular indole, little is known about the effects of indole, its derivatives, or of indole-producing bacteria on the behaviours of C. elegans or other animals. Here, they show that C. elegans senses and moves toward indole and several indole-producing bacteria, but avoids non-indole producing pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, it was found indole-producing and non-indole-producing bacteria exert divergent effects on the egg-laying behaviour of C. elegans, and that various indole derivatives also modulate chemotaxis, egg-laying behaviour and the survival of C. elegans. In contrast, indole at high concentration can kill C. elegans, which in turn, has the ability to detoxify indole by oxidation and glucosylation. Transcriptional analysis showed indole markedly up-regulated the gene expressions of cytochrome P450s, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases and glutathione S-transferase, which well explained the modification of indole by C. elegans while indole down-regulated the expressions of collagen and F-box genes. Their findings suggest that indole and its derivatives are important signalling molecules during bacteria-nematode interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hyung Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Guy Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsu Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Eonmi Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyukjae Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jintae Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
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Lin L, Zhang J. Role of intestinal microbiota and metabolites on gut homeostasis and human diseases. BMC Immunol 2017; 18:2. [PMID: 28061847 PMCID: PMC5219689 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-016-0187-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A vast diversity of microbes colonizes in the human gastrointestinal tract, referred to intestinal microbiota. Microbiota and products thereof are indispensable for shaping the development and function of host innate immune system, thereby exerting multifaceted impacts in gut health. Methods This paper reviews the effects on immunity of gut microbe-derived nucleic acids, and gut microbial metabolites, as well as the involvement of commensals in the gut homeostasis. We focus on the recent findings with an intention to illuminate the mechanisms by which the microbiota and products thereof are interacting with host immunity, as well as to scrutinize imbalanced gut microbiota (dysbiosis) which lead to autoimmune disorders including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and systemic immune syndromes such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Results In addition to their well-recognized benefits in the gut such as occupation of ecological niches and competition with pathogens, commensal bacteria have been shown to strengthen the gut barrier and to exert immunomodulatory actions within the gut and beyond. It has been realized that impaired intestinal microbiota not only contribute to gut diseases but also are inextricably linked to metabolic disorders and even brain dysfunction. Conclusions A better understanding of the mutual interactions of the microbiota and host immune system, would shed light on our endeavors of disease prevention and broaden the path to our discovery of immune intervention targets for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianqiong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
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Probiotic Enterococcus faecalis Symbioflor® down regulates virulence genes of EHEC in vitro and decrease pathogenicity in a Caenorhabditis elegans model. Arch Microbiol 2016; 199:203-213. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-016-1291-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Animal Models for Salmonellosis: Applications in Vaccine Research. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2016; 23:746-56. [PMID: 27413068 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00258-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Salmonellosis remains an important cause of human disease worldwide. While there are several licensed vaccines for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, these vaccines are generally ineffective against other Salmonella serovars. Vaccines that target paratyphoid and nontyphoidal Salmonella serovars are very much in need. Preclinical evaluation of candidate vaccines is highly dependent on the availability of appropriate scientific tools, particularly animal models. Many different animal models exist for various Salmonella serovars, from whole-animal models to smaller models, such as those recently established in insects. Here, we discuss various mouse, rat, rabbit, calf, primate, and insect models for Salmonella infection, all of which have their place in research. However, choosing the right model is imperative in selecting the best vaccine candidates for further clinical testing. In this minireview, we summarize the various animal models that are used to assess salmonellosis, highlight some of the advantages and disadvantages of each, and discuss their value in vaccine development.
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Nuidate T, Tansila N, Saengkerdsub S, Kongreung J, Bakkiyaraj D, Vuddhakul V. Role of Indole Production on Virulence of Vibrio cholerae Using Galleria mellonella Larvae Model. Indian J Microbiol 2016; 56:368-74. [PMID: 27407302 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-016-0592-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell to cell communication facilitated by chemical signals plays crucial roles in regulating various cellular functions in bacteria. Indole, one such signaling molecule has been demonstrated to control various bacterial phenotypes such as biofilm formation and virulence in diverse bacteria including Vibrio cholerae. The present study explores some key factors involved in indole production and the subsequent pathogenesis of V. cholerae. Indole production was higher at 37 °C than at 30 °C, although the growth at 37 °C was slightly higher. A positive correlation was observed between indole production and biofilm formation in V. cholerae. Maximum indole production was detected at pH 7. There was no significant difference in indole production between clinical and environmental V. cholerae isolates, although indole production in one environmental isolate was significantly different. Both growth and indole production showed relevant changes with differences in salinity. An indole negative mutant strain was constructed using transposon mutagenesis and the direct effect of indole on the virulence of V. cholerae was evaluated using Galleria mellonella larvae model. Comparison to the wild type strain, the mutant significantly reduced the mortality of G. mellonella larvae which regained its virulence after complementation with exogenous indole. A gene involved in indole production and the virulence of V. cholerae was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiyeebah Nuidate
- Food Safety and Health Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90110 Thailand
| | - Natta Tansila
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90110 Thailand
| | - Suwat Saengkerdsub
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Agroindustry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90110 Thailand
| | - Jetnaphang Kongreung
- Food Safety and Health Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90110 Thailand
| | - Dhamodharan Bakkiyaraj
- Food Safety and Health Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90110 Thailand
| | - Varaporn Vuddhakul
- Food Safety and Health Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90110 Thailand
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Abstract
The first major outbreaks caused by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) raised public and medical awareness of the risks associated with acquiring this potentially deadly infection. The widespread presence of these organisms in the environment, the severity of the clinical sequelae, and the lack of treatment options and effective preventive measures demand that we obtain a better understanding of how this group of organisms cause disease. Animal models allow study of the processes and factors that contribute to disease and, as such, form a valuable tool in the repertoire of infectious disease researchers. Yet despite more than 30 years of research, it seems that no single model host reproduces the full spectrum of clinical disease induced by EHEC in humans. In the first part of this review, a synopsis of what is known about EHEC infections is garnered from human outbreaks and biopsy specimens. The main features and limitations of EHEC infection models that are based on the three most commonly used species (pigs, rabbits, and mice) are described within a historical context. Recent advances are highlighted, and a brief overview of models based on other species is given. Finally, the impact of the host on moderating EHEC infection is considered in light of growing evidence for the need to consider the biology and virulence strategies of EHEC in the context of its niche within the intestine.
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Lee JH, Wood TK, Lee J. Roles of Indole as an Interspecies and Interkingdom Signaling Molecule. Trends Microbiol 2015; 23:707-718. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Berstad A, Raa J, Valeur J. Indole - the scent of a healthy 'inner soil'. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2015; 26:27997. [PMID: 26282698 PMCID: PMC4539392 DOI: 10.3402/mehd.v26.27997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan is an essential amino acid with an indole nucleus. Humans cannot produce this amino acid themselves, but must obtain it through their diet. Much attention is currently paid to the wide physiological and clinical implications of the tryptophan-derived substances, serotonin and kynurenines, generated by human enzymes following the intestinal absorption of tryptophan. However, even before being absorbed, several microbial metabolites of tryptophan are formed, mainly from ‘malabsorbed’ (incompletely digested) proteins within the colon. The normal smell of human faeces is largely due to indole, one of the major metabolites. Recent studies indicate that this foul-smelling substance is also of utmost importance for our health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Berstad
- Unger-Vetlesen Institute, Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital, Oslo, Norway;
| | - Jan Raa
- Unger-Vetlesen Institute, Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørgen Valeur
- Unger-Vetlesen Institute, Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Ioannidis A, Magana M, Bologa CG, Oprea TI, Paulsen IT, Tegos GP. Defining the microbial effluxome in the content of the host-microbiome interaction. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:31. [PMID: 25745401 PMCID: PMC4333769 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Ioannidis
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese Sparta, Greece ; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Athens Medical School, Aeginition Hospital Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Magana
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese Sparta, Greece
| | - Cristian G Bologa
- Translational Informatics Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Tudor I Oprea
- Translational Informatics Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center Albuquerque, NM, USA ; Department of Systems Biology, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Technical University of Denmark Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ian T Paulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University NSW, Australia
| | - George P Tegos
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie FL, USA ; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA ; Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA, USA
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Bailly A, Groenhagen U, Schulz S, Geisler M, Eberl L, Weisskopf L. The inter-kingdom volatile signal indole promotes root development by interfering with auxin signalling. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 80:758-71. [PMID: 25227998 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently, emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has emerged as a mode of communication between bacteria and plants. Although some bacterial VOCs that promote plant growth have been identified, their underlying mechanism of action is unknown. Here we demonstrate that indole, which was identified using a screen for Arabidopsis growth promotion by VOCs from soil-borne bacteria, is a potent plant-growth modulator. Its prominent role in increasing the plant secondary root network is mediated by interfering with the auxin-signalling machinery. Using auxin reporter lines and classic auxin physiological and transport assays we show that the indole signal invades the plant body, reaches zones of auxin activity and acts in a polar auxin transport-dependent bimodal mechanism to trigger differential cellular auxin responses. Our results suggest that indole, beyond its importance as a bacterial signal molecule, can serve as a remote messenger to manipulate plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Bailly
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Institute for Sustainability Sciences, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland
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