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Osiewacz HD. Impact of Mitochondrial Architecture, Function, Redox Homeostasis, and Quality Control on Organismic Aging: Lessons from a Fungal Model System. Antioxid Redox Signal 2024; 40:948-967. [PMID: 38019044 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2023.0487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Mitochondria are eukaryotic organelles with various essential functions. They are both the source and the targets of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Different branches of a mitochondrial quality control system (mQCS), such as ROS balancing, degradation of damaged proteins, or whole mitochondria, can mitigate the adverse effects of ROS stress. However, the capacity of mQCS is limited. Overwhelming this capacity leads to dysfunctions and aging. Strategies to interfere into mitochondria-dependent human aging with the aim to increase the healthy period of life, the health span, rely on the precise knowledge of mitochondrial functions. Experimental models such as Podospora anserina, a filamentous fungus with a clear mitochondrial aging etiology, proved to be instrumental to reach this goal. Recent Advances: Investigations of the P. anserina mQCS revealed that it is constituted by a complex network of different branches. Moreover, mitochondrial architecture and lipid homeostasis emerged to affect aging. Critical Issues: The regulation of the mQCS is only incompletely understood. Details about the involved signaling molecules and interacting pathways remain to be elucidated. Moreover, most of the currently generated experimental data were generated in well-controlled experiments that do not reflect the constantly changing natural life conditions and bear the danger to miss relevant aspects leading to incorrect conclusions. Future Directions: In P. anserina, the precise impact of redox signaling as well as of molecular damaging for aging remains to be defined. Moreover, natural fluctuation of environmental conditions needs to be considered to generate a realistic picture of aging mechanisms as they developed during evolution.
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2
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Wang D, An B, Luo H, He C, Wang Q. Roles of CgEde1 and CgMca in Development and Virulence of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2943. [PMID: 38474190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Anthracnose, induced by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, poses a substantial economic threat to rubber tree yields and various other tropical crops. Ede1, an endocytic scaffolding protein, plays a crucial role in endocytic site initiation and maturation in yeast. Metacaspases, sharing structural similarities with caspase family proteases, are essential for maintaining cell fitness. To enhance our understanding of the growth and virulence of C. gloeosporioides, we identified a homologue of Ede1 (CgEde1) in C. gloeosporioides. The knockout of CgEde1 led to impairments in vegetative growth, conidiation, and pathogenicity. Furthermore, we characterized a weakly interacted partner of CgEde1 and CgMca (orthologue of metacaspase). Notably, both the single mutant ΔCgMca and the double mutant ΔCgEde1/ΔCgMca exhibited severe defects in conidiation and germination. Polarity establishment and pathogenicity were also disrupted in these mutants. Moreover, a significantly insoluble protein accumulation was observed in ΔCgMca and ΔCgEde1/ΔCgMca strains. These findings elucidate the mechanism by which CgEde1 and CgMca regulates the growth and pathogenicity of C. gloeosporioides. Their regulation involves influencing conidiation, polarity establishment, and maintaining cell fitness, providing valuable insights into the intricate interplay between CgEde1 and CgMca in C. gloeosporioides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Bang An
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Hongli Luo
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Chaozu He
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Qiannan Wang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
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3
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Osiewacz HD. The impact of biomembranes and their dynamics on organismic aging: insights from a fungal aging model. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2024; 5:1356697. [PMID: 38327611 PMCID: PMC10847301 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2024.1356697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Biomembranes fulfill several essential functions. They delimitate cells and control the exchange of compounds between cells and the environment. They generate specialized cellular reaction spaces, house functional units such as the respiratory chain (RC), and are involved in content trafficking. Biomembranes are dynamic and able to adjust their properties to changing conditions and requirements. An example is the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM), which houses the RC involved in the formation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and the superoxide anion as a reactive oxygen species (ROS). The IMM forms a characteristic ultrastructure that can adapt to changing physiological situations. In the fungal aging model Podospora anserina, characteristic age-related changes of the mitochondrial ultrastructure occur. More recently, the impact of membranes on aging was extended to membranes involved in autophagy, an important pathway involved in cellular quality control (QC). Moreover, the effect of oleic acid on the lifespan was linked to basic biochemical processes and the function of membranes, providing perspectives for the elucidation of the mechanistic effects of this nutritional component, which positively affects human health and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz D. Osiewacz
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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4
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Sobri ZM, Gallois P. Characterising the Gene Expression, Enzymatic Activity and Subcellular Localisation of Arabidopsis thaliana Metacaspase 5 ( AtMCA-IIb). BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1155. [PMID: 37759555 PMCID: PMC10525968 DOI: 10.3390/biology12091155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Metacaspases are a class of proteases found in plants that have gained attention in recent years due to their involvement in programmed cell death (PCD) and other essential cellular processes. Although structurally homologous to caspases found in animals, metacaspases have distinct properties and functions. There are nine metacaspase genes in the Arabidopsis thaliana genome; these can be type I or type II, and working out the function of each member of the gene family is challenging. In this study, we report the characterisation of one Arabidopsis type II metacaspase, metacaspase-5 (AtMC5; AtMCA-IIb). We detected the expression of AtMC5 only under specific conditions with a strong upregulation by ER stress and oxidative stress at a narrow 6 h time point. Recombinant AtMC5 was successfully purified from E. coli, with the recombinant AtMC5 working optimally at pH 7, using an optimised reaction buffer containing 10 mM calcium chloride together with 15% sucrose. Like other metacaspases, AtMC5 cleaved after arginine residue and demonstrated a substrate preference towards VRPR. Additionally, AtMC5-RFP was shown to be localised in the cytosol and nucleus of transfected cells. We found no evidence of a strong link between AtMC5 and PCD, and the data provide additional insights into the function of metacaspases in plants and will aid in future research toward further understanding their mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulfazli M. Sobri
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Bioprocessing and Biomanufacturing Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Patrick Gallois
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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5
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Garcia N, Kalicharan RE, Kinch L, Fernandez J. Regulating Death and Disease: Exploring the Roles of Metacaspases in Plants and Fungi. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010312. [PMID: 36613753 PMCID: PMC9820594 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Identified over twenty years ago and distantly related to animal caspases are a group of cysteine proteases known as metacaspases. Throughout the years, much like caspase roles in metazoans, metacaspases have been shown to be involved in regulating cellular death in non-metazoan organisms. Yet, continued research on metacaspases describes these proteins as intricate and multifunctional, displaying striking diversity on distinct biological functions. In this review, we intend to describe the recent advances in our understanding of the divergence of metacaspase functionality in plants and fungi. We will dissect the duality of metacaspase activity in the context of plant-pathogen interactions, providing a unique lens from which to characterize metacaspases in the development, immunity, and stress responses of plants, and the development and virulence of fungi. Furthermore, we explore the evolutionary trajectory of fungal metacaspases to delineate their structure and function. Bridging the gap between metacaspase roles in immunity and pathogenicity of plant-pathogen interactions can enable more effective and targeted phytopathogen control efforts to increase production of globally important food crops. Therefore, the exploitation and manipulation of metacaspases in plants or fungi represent new potential avenues for developing mitigation strategies against plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalleli Garcia
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Rachel E. Kalicharan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Lisa Kinch
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jessie Fernandez
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Correspondence:
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Gebreegziabher Amare M, Westrick NM, Keller NP, Kabbage M. The conservation of IAP-like proteins in fungi, and their potential role in fungal programmed cell death. Fungal Genet Biol 2022; 162:103730. [PMID: 35998750 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2022.103730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a tightly regulated process which is required for survival and proper development of all cellular life. Despite this ubiquity, the precise molecular underpinnings of PCD have been primarily characterized in animals. Attempts to expand our understanding of this process in fungi have proven difficult as core regulators of animal PCD are apparently absent in fungal genomes, with the notable exception of a class of proteins referred to as inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs). These proteins are characterized by the conservation of a distinct Baculovirus IAP Repeat (BIR) domain and animal IAPs are known to regulate a number of processes, including cellular death, development, organogenesis, immune system maturation, host-pathogen interactions and more. IAP homologs are broadly conserved throughout the fungal kingdom, but our understanding of both their mechanism and role in fungal development/virulence is still unclear. In this review, we provide a broad and comparative overview of IAP function across taxa, with a particular focus on fungal processes regulated by IAPs. Furthermore, their putative modes of action in the absence of canonical interactors will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathaniel M Westrick
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mehdi Kabbage
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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Rico-Ramírez AM, Pedro Gonçalves A, Louise Glass N. Fungal Cell Death: The Beginning of the End. Fungal Genet Biol 2022; 159:103671. [PMID: 35150840 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2022.103671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Death is an important part of an organism's existence and also marks the end of life. On a cellular level, death involves the execution of complex processes, which can be classified into different types depending on their characteristics. Despite their "simple" lifestyle, fungi carry out highly specialized and sophisticated mechanisms to regulate the way their cells die, and the pathways underlying these mechanisms are comparable with those of plants and metazoans. This review focuses on regulated cell death in fungi and discusses the evidence for the occurrence of apoptotic-like, necroptosis-like, pyroptosis-like death, and the role of the NLR proteins in fungal cell death. We also describe recent data on meiotic drive elements involved in "spore killing" and the molecular basis of allorecognition-related cell death during cell fusion of genetically dissimilar cells. Finally, we discuss how fungal regulated cell death can be relevant in developing strategies to avoid resistance and tolerance to antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana M Rico-Ramírez
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - A Pedro Gonçalves
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, 701, Taiwan
| | - N Louise Glass
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720.
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8
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Guirao-Abad JP, Weichert M, Askew DS. Cell death induction in Aspergillus fumigatus: accentuating drug toxicity through inhibition of the unfolded protein response (UPR). CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2022; 3:100119. [PMID: 35909601 PMCID: PMC9325865 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2022.100119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The UPR is an adaptive stress response network that is tightly linked to the ability of Aspergillus fumigatus, and other pathogenic fungi, to sustain viability in the presence of adverse environmental conditions, including the stress of infection. In this review, we summarize the evidence that supports the concept of targeting the A. fumigatus UPR as a strategy to reduce the ability of the fungus to withstand stress.
One of the most potent opportunistic fungal pathogens of humans is Aspergillus fumigatus, an environmental mold that causes a life-threatening pneumonia with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. Despite advances in therapy, issues of drug toxicity and antifungal resistance remain an obstacle to effective therapy. This underscores the need for more information on fungal pathways that could be pharmacologically manipulated to either reduce the viability of the fungus during infection, or to unleash the fungicidal potential of current antifungal drugs. In this review, we summarize the emerging evidence that the ability of A. fumigatus to sustain viability during stress relies heavily on an adaptive signaling pathway known as the unfolded protein response (UPR), thereby exposing a vulnerability in this fungus that has strong potential for future therapeutic intervention.
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9
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Refolding of metacaspase 5 from Trypanosoma cruzi, structural characterization and the influence of c-terminal in protein recombinant production. Protein Expr Purif 2021; 191:106007. [PMID: 34728367 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2021.106007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Metacaspases are known to have a fundamental role in apoptosis-like, a programmed cellular death (PCD) in plants, fungi, and protozoans. The last includes several parasites that cause diseases of great interest to public health, mostly without adequate treatment and included in the neglected tropical diseases category. One of them is Trypanosoma cruzi which causes Chagas disease and has two metacaspases involved in its PCD: TcMCA3 and TcMCA5. Their roles seemed different in PCD, TcMCA5 appears as a proapoptotic protein negatively regulated by its C-terminal sequence, while TcMCA3 is described as a cell cycle regulator. Despite this, the precise role of TcMCA3 and TcMCA5 and their atomic structures remain elusive. Therefore, developing methodologies to allow investigations of those metacaspases is relevant. Herein, we produced full-length and truncated versions of TcMCA5 and applied different strategies for their folded recombinant production from E. coli inclusion bodies. Biophysical assays probed the efficacy of the production method in providing a high yield of folded recombinant TcMCA5. Moreover, we modeled the TcMCA5 protein structure using experimental restraints obtained by XLMS. The experimental design for novel methods and the final protocol provided here can guide studies with other metacaspases. The production of TcMCA5 allows further investigations as protein crystallography, HTS drug discovery to create potential therapeutic in the treatment of Chagas' disease and in the way to clarify how the PCD works in the parasite.
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10
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Osiewacz HD, Schürmanns L. A Network of Pathways Controlling Cellular Homeostasis Affects the Onset of Senescence in Podospora anserina. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7040263. [PMID: 33807190 PMCID: PMC8065454 DOI: 10.3390/jof7040263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on Podospora anserina unraveled a network of molecular pathways affecting biological aging. In particular, a number of pathways active in the control of mitochondria were identified on different levels. A long-known key process active during aging of P. anserina is the age-related reorganization of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Mechanisms involved in the stabilization of the mtDNA lead to lifespan extension. Another critical issue is to balance mitochondrial levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This is important because ROS are essential signaling molecules, but at increased levels cause molecular damage. At a higher level of the network, mechanisms are active in the repair of damaged compounds. However, if damage passes critical limits, the corresponding pathways are overwhelmed and impaired molecules as well as those present in excess are degraded by specific enzymes or via different forms of autophagy. Subsequently, degraded units need to be replaced by novel functional ones. The corresponding processes are dependent on the availability of intact genetic information. Although a number of different pathways involved in the control of cellular homeostasis were uncovered in the past, certainly many more exist. In addition, the signaling pathways involved in the control and coordination of the underlying pathways are only initially understood. In some cases, like the induction of autophagy, ROS are active. Additionally, sensing and signaling the energetic status of the organism plays a key role. The precise mechanisms involved are elusive and remain to be elucidated.
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11
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Warnsmann V, Marschall LM, Osiewacz HD. Impaired F 1F o-ATP-Synthase Dimerization Leads to the Induction of Cyclophilin D-Mediated Autophagy-Dependent Cell Death and Accelerated Aging. Cells 2021; 10:757. [PMID: 33808173 PMCID: PMC8066942 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial F1Fo-ATP-synthase dimers play a critical role in shaping and maintenance of mitochondrial ultrastructure. Previous studies have revealed that ablation of the F1Fo-ATP-synthase assembly factor PaATPE of the ascomycete Podospora anserina strongly affects cristae formation, increases hydrogen peroxide levels, impairs mitochondrial function and leads to premature cell death. In the present study, we investigated the underlying mechanistic basis. Compared to the wild type, we observed a slight increase in non-selective and a pronounced increase in mitophagy, the selective vacuolar degradation of mitochondria. This effect depends on the availability of functional cyclophilin D (PaCYPD), the regulator of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). Simultaneous deletion of PaAtpe and PaAtg1, encoding a key component of the autophagy machinery or of PaCypD, led to a reduction of mitophagy and a partial restoration of the wild-type specific lifespan. The same effect was observed in the PaAtpe deletion strain after inhibition of PaCYPD by its specific inhibitor, cyclosporin A. Overall, our data identify autophagy-dependent cell death (ADCD) as part of the cellular response to impaired F1Fo-ATP-synthase dimerization, and emphasize the crucial role of functional mitochondria in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Heinz D. Osiewacz
- Faculty of Biosciences, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; (V.W.); (L.-M.M.)
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12
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Role of Two Metacaspases in Development and Pathogenicity of the Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. mBio 2021; 12:mBio.03471-20. [PMID: 33563831 PMCID: PMC7885106 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03471-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnaporthe oryzae causes rice blast disease that threatens global food security by resulting in the severe loss of rice production every year. A tightly regulated life cycle allows M. oryzae to disarm the host plant immune system during its biotrophic stage before triggering plant cell death in its necrotrophic stage. Rice blast disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is a devastating disease of cultivated rice worldwide. Infections by this fungus lead to a significant reduction in rice yields and threats to food security. To gain better insight into growth and cell death in M. oryzae during infection, we characterized two predicted M. oryzae metacaspase proteins, MoMca1 and MoMca2. These proteins appear to be functionally redundant and can complement the yeast Yca1 homologue. Biochemical analysis revealed that M. oryzae metacaspases exhibited Ca2+-dependent caspase activity in vitro. Deletion of both MoMca1 and MoMca2 in M. oryzae resulted in reduced sporulation, delay in conidial germination, and attenuation of disease severity. In addition, the double ΔMomca1mca2 mutant strain showed increased radial growth in the presence of oxidative stress. Interestingly, the ΔMomca1mca2 strain showed an increased accumulation of insoluble aggregates compared to the wild-type strain during vegetative growth. Our findings suggest that MoMca1 and MoMca2 promote the clearance of insoluble aggregates in M. oryzae, demonstrating the important role these metacaspases have in fungal protein homeostasis. Furthermore, these metacaspase proteins may play additional roles, like in regulating stress responses, that would help maintain the fitness of fungal cells required for host infection.
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13
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Kumar B, Verma S, Kashif M, Sharma R, Atul, Dixit R, Singh AP, Pande V, Saxena AK, Abid M, Pandey KC. Metacaspase-3 of Plasmodium falciparum: An atypical trypsin-like serine protease. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 138:309-320. [PMID: 31301397 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Metacaspases are clan CD cysteine peptidases found in plants, fungi and protozoa that possess a conserved Peptidase_C14 domain, homologous to the human caspases and a catalytic His/Cys dyad. Earlier reports have indicated the role of metacaspases in cell death; however, metacaspases of human malaria parasite remains poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to functionally characterize a novel malarial protease, P. falciparum metacaspase-3 (PfMCA3). Unlike other clan CD peptidases, PfMCA3 has an atypical active site serine (Ser1865) residue in place of canonical cysteine and it phylogenetically forms a distinct branch across the species. To investigate whether this domain retains catalytic activity, we expressed, purified and refolded the Peptidase_C14 domain of PfMCA3 which was found to express in all asexual stages. PfMCA3 exhibited trypsin-like serine protease activity with ser1865 acting as catalytic residue to cleave trypsin oligopeptide substrate. PfMCA3 is inhibited by trypsin-like serine protease inhibitors. Our study found that PfMCA3 enzymatic activity was abrogated when catalytic serine1865 (S1865A) was mutated. Moreover, PfMCA3 was found to be inactive against caspase substrate. Overall, our study characterizes a novel metacaspase of P. falciparum, different from human caspases and not responsible for the caspase-like activity, therefore, could be considered as a potential chemotherapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhumika Kumar
- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, 110077, India; Department of Bioscience, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Sonia Verma
- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, 110077, India
| | | | - Ruby Sharma
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Atul
- Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263001, India
| | - Rajnikant Dixit
- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, 110077, India
| | - Agam P Singh
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Veena Pande
- Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263001, India
| | - Ajay K Saxena
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Mohammad Abid
- Department of Bioscience, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Kailash C Pandey
- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, 110077, India; National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, 462001, India.
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14
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Shlezinger N, Irmer H, Dhingra S, Beattie SR, Cramer RA, Braus GH, Sharon A, Hohl TM. Response to Comment on "Sterilizing immunity in the lung relies on targeting fungal apoptosis-like programmed cell death". Science 2018; 360:360/6395/eaas9457. [PMID: 29930111 DOI: 10.1126/science.aas9457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aouacheria et al question the interpretation of contemporary assays to monitor programmed cell death with apoptosis-like features (A-PCD) in Aspergillus fumigatus Although our study focuses on fungal A-PCD for host immune surveillance and infectious outcomes, the experimental approach incorporates multiple independent A-PCD markers and genetic manipulations based on fungal rather than mammalian orthologs to circumvent the limitations associated with any single approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neta Shlezinger
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10075, USA
| | - Henriette Irmer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sourabh Dhingra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Sarah R Beattie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Robert A Cramer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Gerhard H Braus
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Amir Sharon
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Tobias M Hohl
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10075, USA. .,Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10075, USA
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15
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Genome-wide identification of barley MCs (metacaspases) and their possible roles in boron-induced programmed cell death. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45:211-225. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4154-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Rampello NG, Stenger M, Westermann B, Osiewacz HD. Impact of F1Fo-ATP-synthase dimer assembly factors on mitochondrial function and organismic aging. MICROBIAL CELL 2018; 5:198-207. [PMID: 29610761 PMCID: PMC5878687 DOI: 10.15698/mic2018.04.625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In aerobic organisms, mitochondrial F1Fo-ATP-synthase is the major site of ATP production. Beside this fundamental role, the protein complex is involved in shaping and maintenance of cristae. Previous electron microscopic studies identified the dissociation of F1Fo-ATP-synthase dimers and oligomers during organismic aging correlating with a massive remodeling of the mitochondrial inner membrane. Here we report results aimed to experimentally proof this impact and to obtain further insights into the control of these processes. We focused on the role of the two dimer assembly factors PaATPE and PaATPG of the aging model Podospora anserina. Ablation of either protein strongly affects mitochondrial function and leads to an accumulation of senescence markers demonstrating that the inhibition of dimer formation negatively influences vital functions and accelerates organismic aging. Our data validate a model that links mitochondrial membrane remodeling to aging and identify specific molecular components triggering this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia G Rampello
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular Biosciences and Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt Macromolecular Complexes, J. W. Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Maria Stenger
- Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Benedikt Westermann
- Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Heinz D Osiewacz
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular Biosciences and Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt Macromolecular Complexes, J. W. Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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17
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Carmona-Gutierrez D, Bauer MA, Zimmermann A, Aguilera A, Austriaco N, Ayscough K, Balzan R, Bar-Nun S, Barrientos A, Belenky P, Blondel M, Braun RJ, Breitenbach M, Burhans WC, Büttner S, Cavalieri D, Chang M, Cooper KF, Côrte-Real M, Costa V, Cullin C, Dawes I, Dengjel J, Dickman MB, Eisenberg T, Fahrenkrog B, Fasel N, Fröhlich KU, Gargouri A, Giannattasio S, Goffrini P, Gourlay CW, Grant CM, Greenwood MT, Guaragnella N, Heger T, Heinisch J, Herker E, Herrmann JM, Hofer S, Jiménez-Ruiz A, Jungwirth H, Kainz K, Kontoyiannis DP, Ludovico P, Manon S, Martegani E, Mazzoni C, Megeney LA, Meisinger C, Nielsen J, Nyström T, Osiewacz HD, Outeiro TF, Park HO, Pendl T, Petranovic D, Picot S, Polčic P, Powers T, Ramsdale M, Rinnerthaler M, Rockenfeller P, Ruckenstuhl C, Schaffrath R, Segovia M, Severin FF, Sharon A, Sigrist SJ, Sommer-Ruck C, Sousa MJ, Thevelein JM, Thevissen K, Titorenko V, Toledano MB, Tuite M, Vögtle FN, Westermann B, Winderickx J, Wissing S, Wölfl S, Zhang ZJ, Zhao RY, Zhou B, Galluzzi L, Kroemer G, Madeo F. Guidelines and recommendations on yeast cell death nomenclature. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2018; 5:4-31. [PMID: 29354647 PMCID: PMC5772036 DOI: 10.15698/mic2018.01.607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating the biology of yeast in its full complexity has major implications for science, medicine and industry. One of the most critical processes determining yeast life and physiology is cel-lular demise. However, the investigation of yeast cell death is a relatively young field, and a widely accepted set of concepts and terms is still missing. Here, we propose unified criteria for the defi-nition of accidental, regulated, and programmed forms of cell death in yeast based on a series of morphological and biochemical criteria. Specifically, we provide consensus guidelines on the differ-ential definition of terms including apoptosis, regulated necrosis, and autophagic cell death, as we refer to additional cell death rou-tines that are relevant for the biology of (at least some species of) yeast. As this area of investigation advances rapidly, changes and extensions to this set of recommendations will be implemented in the years to come. Nonetheless, we strongly encourage the au-thors, reviewers and editors of scientific articles to adopt these collective standards in order to establish an accurate framework for yeast cell death research and, ultimately, to accelerate the pro-gress of this vibrant field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Anna Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrés Aguilera
- Centro Andaluz de Biología, Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa-CABIMER, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Kathryn Ayscough
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Rena Balzan
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Shoshana Bar-Nun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Antonio Barrientos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medi-cine, Miami, USA
| | - Peter Belenky
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, USA
| | - Marc Blondel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1078, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Etablissement Français du Sang Bretagne, CHRU Brest, Hôpital Morvan, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Brest, France
| | - Ralf J. Braun
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | - William C. Burhans
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Sabrina Büttner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Michael Chang
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Katrina F. Cooper
- Dept. Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, USA
| | - Manuela Côrte-Real
- Center of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Vítor Costa
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Ian Dawes
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jörn Dengjel
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Martin B. Dickman
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, Texas, USA
| | - Tobias Eisenberg
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Birthe Fahrenkrog
- Laboratory Biology of the Nucleus, Institute for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Fasel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kai-Uwe Fröhlich
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ali Gargouri
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Moléculaire des Eucaryotes, Center de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sergio Giannattasio
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Goffrini
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Campbell W. Gourlay
- Kent Fungal Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Chris M. Grant
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael T. Greenwood
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicoletta Guaragnella
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Jürgen Heinisch
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Eva Herker
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Hofer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Helmut Jungwirth
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Katharina Kainz
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dimitrios P. Kontoyiannis
- Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Paula Ludovico
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Minho, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Stéphen Manon
- Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaires, UMR5095, CNRS & Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Enzo Martegani
- Department of Biotechnolgy and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Mazzoni
- Instituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti - Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lynn A. Megeney
- Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Chris Meisinger
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas Nyström
- Institute for Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Heinz D. Osiewacz
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tiago F. Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Hay-Oak Park
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tobias Pendl
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dina Petranovic
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stephane Picot
- Malaria Research Unit, SMITh, ICBMS, UMR 5246 CNRS-INSA-CPE-University Lyon, Lyon, France
- Institut of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Peter Polčic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ted Powers
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Sciences, UC Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Mark Ramsdale
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Rinnerthaler
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Division of Genetics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Patrick Rockenfeller
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Kent Fungal Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | | | - Raffael Schaffrath
- Institute of Biology, Division of Microbiology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Maria Segovia
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Fedor F. Severin
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of physico-chemical biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Amir Sharon
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Stephan J. Sigrist
- Institute for Biology/Genetics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelia Sommer-Ruck
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Maria João Sousa
- Center of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Johan M. Thevelein
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Microbiology, VIB, Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Karin Thevissen
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Michel B. Toledano
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), SBIGEM, CEA-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Mick Tuite
- Kent Fungal Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - F.-Nora Vögtle
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Joris Winderickx
- Department of Biology, Functional Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium
| | | | - Stefan Wölfl
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecu-lar Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zhaojie J. Zhang
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, USA
| | - Richard Y. Zhao
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Bing Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Cell Biology and Metabolomics Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Center, Villejuif, France
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
- Institute, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
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18
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Mukherjee D, Gupta S, Saran N, Datta R, Ghosh A. Induction of apoptosis-like cell death and clearance of stress-induced intracellular protein aggregates: dual roles for Ustilago maydis metacaspase Mca1. Mol Microbiol 2017; 106:815-831. [PMID: 28941233 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Metacaspases primarily associate with induction and execution of programmed cell death in protozoa, fungi and plants. In the recent past, several studies have also demonstrated cellular functions of metacaspases other than cell death in different organisms including yeast and protozoa. This study shows similar dual function for the only metacaspase of a biotrophic phytopathogen, Ustilago maydis. In addition to a conventional role in the induction of cell death, Mca1 has been demonstrated to play a key role in maintaining the quality of the cellular proteome. On one hand, Mca1 could be shown to bring about apoptosis-like phenotypic changes in U. maydis on exposure to oxidative stress, on the other hand, the protein was found to regulate cellular protein quality control. U. maydis metacaspase has been found to remain closely associated with the insoluble intracellular protein aggregates, generated during an event of stress exposure to the fungus. The study, therefore, provides direct evidence for a role of U. maydis metacaspase in the clearance of the stress-induced intracellular insoluble protein aggregates. Furthermore, host infection assays with mca1 deletion strain also revealed a role of the protein in the virulence of the fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibya Mukherjee
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, P1/12 C.I.T. Road, Scheme VIIM, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Sayandeep Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, P1/12 C.I.T. Road, Scheme VIIM, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - N Saran
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, P1/12 C.I.T. Road, Scheme VIIM, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Rahul Datta
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, P1/12 C.I.T. Road, Scheme VIIM, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Anupama Ghosh
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, P1/12 C.I.T. Road, Scheme VIIM, Kolkata 700054, India
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19
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Gonçalves AP, Heller J, Daskalov A, Videira A, Glass NL. Regulated Forms of Cell Death in Fungi. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1837. [PMID: 28983298 PMCID: PMC5613156 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death occurs in all domains of life. While some cells die in an uncontrolled way due to exposure to external cues, other cells die in a regulated manner as part of a genetically encoded developmental program. Like other eukaryotic species, fungi undergo programmed cell death (PCD) in response to various triggers. For example, exposure to external stress conditions can activate PCD pathways in fungi. Calcium redistribution between the extracellular space, the cytoplasm and intracellular storage organelles appears to be pivotal for this kind of cell death. PCD is also part of the fungal life cycle, in which it occurs during sexual and asexual reproduction, aging, and as part of development associated with infection in phytopathogenic fungi. Additionally, a fungal non-self-recognition mechanism termed heterokaryon incompatibility (HI) also involves PCD. Some of the molecular players mediating PCD during HI show remarkable similarities to major constituents involved in innate immunity in metazoans and plants. In this review we discuss recent research on fungal PCD mechanisms in comparison to more characterized mechanisms in metazoans. We highlight the role of PCD in fungi in response to exogenic compounds, fungal development and non-self-recognition processes and discuss identified intracellular signaling pathways and molecules that regulate fungal PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pedro Gonçalves
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jens Heller
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, United States
| | - Asen Daskalov
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, United States
| | - Arnaldo Videira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal.,I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em SaúdePorto, Portugal
| | - N Louise Glass
- Plant and Microbial Biology Department, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, United States
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20
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Warnsmann V, Meyer N, Hamann A, Kögel D, Osiewacz HD. A novel role of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore in (-)-gossypol-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Mech Ageing Dev 2017; 170:45-58. [PMID: 28684269 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Gossypol, a natural polyphenolic compound from cotton seeds, is known to trigger different forms of cell death in various types of cancer. Gossypol acts as a Bcl-2 inhibitor that induces apoptosis in apoptosis-competent cells. In apoptosis-resistant cancers such as glioblastoma, it triggers a non-apoptotic type of cell death associated with increased oxidative stress, mitochondrial depolarisation and fragmentation. In order to investigate the impact of gossypol on mitochondrial function, the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and on oxidative stress in more detail, we used the aging model Podospora anserina that lacks endogenous Bcl-2 proteins. We found that treatment with gossypol selectively increases hydrogen peroxide levels and impairs mitochondrial respiration in P. anserina, apoptosis-deficient Bax/Bak double knockout mouse embryonal fibroblasts and glioblastoma cells. Significantly, we provide evidence that CYPD-mediated opening of the mPTP is required for gossypol-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy and cell death during organismic aging of P. anserina and in glioblastoma cells. Overall, these data provide new insights into the role of the mPTP and autophagy in the antitumor effects of gossypol, a natural compound that is clinically developed for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Warnsmann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences and Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt 'Macromolecular Complexes', Department of Biosciences, J. W. Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nina Meyer
- Experimental Neurosurgery, Goethe University Hospital, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Str. 7, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andrea Hamann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences and Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt 'Macromolecular Complexes', Department of Biosciences, J. W. Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Donat Kögel
- Experimental Neurosurgery, Goethe University Hospital, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Str. 7, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Heinz D Osiewacz
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences and Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt 'Macromolecular Complexes', Department of Biosciences, J. W. Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
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21
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Evolution of caspase-mediated cell death and differentiation: twins separated at birth. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:1359-1368. [PMID: 28338655 PMCID: PMC5520454 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenotypic and biochemical similarities between caspase-mediated apoptosis and cellular differentiation are striking. They include such diverse phenomenon as mitochondrial membrane perturbations, cytoskeletal rearrangements and DNA fragmentation. The parallels between the two disparate processes suggest some common ancestry and highlight the paradoxical nature of the death-centric view of caspases. That is, what is the driving selective pressure that sustains death-inducing proteins throughout eukaryotic evolution? Plausibly, caspase function may be rooted in a primordial non-death function, such as cell differentiation, and was co-opted for its role in programmed cell death. This review will delve into the links between caspase-mediated apoptosis and cell differentiation and examine the distinguishing features of these events. More critically, we chronicle the evolutionary origins of caspases and propose that caspases may have held an ancient role in mediating the fidelity of cell division/differentiation through its effects on proteostasis and protein quality control.
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22
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Minina EA, Coll NS, Tuominen H, Bozhkov PV. Metacaspases versus caspases in development and cell fate regulation. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:1314-1325. [PMID: 28234356 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Initially found to be critically involved in inflammation and apoptosis, caspases have since then been implicated in the regulation of various signaling pathways in animals. How caspases and caspase-mediated processes evolved is a topic of great interest and hot debate. In fact, caspases are just the tip of the iceberg, representing a relatively small group of mostly animal-specific enzymes within a broad family of structurally related cysteine proteases (family C14 of CD clan) found in all kingdoms of life. Apart from caspases, this family encompasses para- and metacaspases, and all three groups of proteases exhibit significant variation in biochemistry and function in vivo. Notably, metacaspases are present in all eukaryotic lineages with a remarkable absence in animals. Thus, metacaspases and caspases must have adapted to operate under distinct cellular and physiological settings. Here we discuss biochemical properties and biological functions of metacaspases in comparison to caspases, with a major focus on the regulation of developmental aspects in plants versus animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Minina
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - N S Coll
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - H Tuominen
- Umeaå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeaå University, Umeaå, Sweden
| | - P V Bozhkov
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
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23
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Kramer P, Jung AT, Hamann A, Osiewacz HD. Cyclophilin D Is Involved in the Regulation of Autophagy and Affects the Lifespan of P. anserina in Response to Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress. Front Genet 2016; 7:165. [PMID: 27683587 PMCID: PMC5021683 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial permeability transition pore plays a key role in programmed cell death and the induction of autophagy. Opening of the pore is regulated by the mitochondrial peptidyl prolyl-cis, trans-isomerase cyclophilin D (CYPD). Previously it was shown in the aging model organism Podospora anserina that PaCYPD abundance increases during aging and that PaCypD overexpressors are characterized by accelerated aging. Here, we describe a role of PaCYPD in the regulation of autophagy. We found that the accelerated aging phenotype observed in a strain overexpressing PaCypD is not metacaspase-dependent but is accompanied by an increase of general autophagy and mitophagy, the selective autophagic degradation of mitochondria. It thus is linked to what has been defined as "autophagic cell death" or "type II" programmed cell death. Moreover, we found that the previously demonstrated age-related induction of autophagy in wild-type aging depends on the presence of PaCYPD. Deletion of PaCypD leads to a decrease in autophagy in later stages of age and under paraquat-mediated oxidative stress. Finally, we report that PaCYPD is also required for mitohormesis, the beneficial effect of mild mitochondrial stress. Thus, PaCYPD plays a key role in the context-dependent regulation of pathways leading to pro-survival and pro-death effects of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piet Kramer
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular Biosciences and Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt Macromolecular Complexes, J. W. Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alexander T Jung
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular Biosciences and Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt Macromolecular Complexes, J. W. Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andrea Hamann
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular Biosciences and Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt Macromolecular Complexes, J. W. Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Heinz D Osiewacz
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular Biosciences and Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt Macromolecular Complexes, J. W. Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
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Tang C, Wei J, Han Q, Liu R, Duan X, Fu Y, Huang X, Wang X, Kang Z. PsANT, the adenine nucleotide translocase of Puccinia striiformis, promotes cell death and fungal growth. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11241. [PMID: 26058921 PMCID: PMC4462048 DOI: 10.1038/srep11241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) is a constitutive mitochondrial component that is involved in ADP/ATP exchange and mitochondrion-mediated apoptosis in yeast and mammals. However, little is known about the function of ANT in pathogenic fungi. In this study, we identified an ANT gene of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), designated PsANT. The PsANT protein contains three typical conserved mitochondrion-carrier-protein (mito-carr) domains and shares more than 70% identity with its orthologs from other fungi, suggesting that ANT is conserved in fungi. Immuno-cytochemical localization confirmed the mitochondrial localization of PsANT in normal Pst hyphal cells or collapsed cells. Over-expression of PsANT indicated that PsANT promotes cell death in tobacco, wheat and fission yeast cells. Further study showed that the three mito-carr domains are all needed to induce cell death. qRT-PCR analyses revealed an in-planta induced expression of PsANT during infection. Knockdown of PsANT using a host-induced gene silencing system (HIGS) attenuated the growth and development of virulent Pst at the early infection stage but not enough to alter its pathogenicity. These results provide new insight into the function of PsANT in fungal cell death and growth and might be useful in the search for and design of novel disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jinping Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qingmei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yanping Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xueling Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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25
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McLuskey K, Mottram J. Comparative structural analysis of the caspase family with other clan CD cysteine peptidases. Biochem J 2015; 466:219-32. [PMID: 25697094 PMCID: PMC4357240 DOI: 10.1042/bj20141324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Clan CD forms a structural group of cysteine peptidases, containing seven individual families and two subfamilies of structurally related enzymes. Historically, it is most notable for containing the mammalian caspases, on which the structures of the clan were founded. Interestingly, the caspase family is split into two subfamilies: the caspases, and a second subfamily containing both the paracaspases and the metacaspases. Structural data are now available for both the paracaspases and the metacaspases, allowing a comprehensive structural analysis of the entire caspase family. In addition, a relative plethora of structural data has recently become available for many of the other families in the clan, allowing both the structures and the structure-function relationships of clan CD to be fully explored. The present review compares the enzymes in the caspase subfamilies with each other, together with a comprehensive comparison of all the structural families in clan CD. This reveals a diverse group of structures with highly conserved structural elements that provide the peptidases with a variety of substrate specificities and activation mechanisms. It also reveals conserved structural elements involved in substrate binding, and potential autoinhibitory functions, throughout the clan, and confirms that the metacaspases are structurally diverse from the caspases (and paracaspases), suggesting that they should form a distinct family of clan CD peptidases.
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Key Words
- caspase
- clan cd
- crystallography
- metacaspase
- peptidase
- protein structure
- ap, activation peptide
- card, caspase recruitment domain
- chf, caspase/haemoglobinase fold
- cpd, cysteine peptidase domain
- csd, c-terminal subdomain
- dd, death domain
- ded, death effector domain
- insp6, myo-inositol hexakisphosphate
- lsam, legumain stabilization and activity modulation
- lsd1, lesion-simulating disease 1
- malt1, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue translocation protein 1
- martx, multi-functional, autoprocessing repeat in toxin
- rmsd, root-mean-square deviation
- sse, secondary structural element
- xiap, x-linked inhibitor of apoptosis
- z-vrpr-fmk, benzoxycarbonyl-val-arg-pro-arg-fluoromethylketone
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen McLuskey
- *Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Jeremy C. Mottram
- *Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
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26
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Grimm C, Böhl L, Osiewacz HD. Overexpression of Pa_1_10620 encoding a mitochondrial Podospora anserina protein with homology to superoxide dismutases and ribosomal proteins leads to lifespan extension. Curr Genet 2014; 61:73-86. [PMID: 25151510 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-014-0446-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In biological systems, reactive oxygen species (ROS) represent 'double edged swords': as signaling molecules they are essential for proper development, as reactive agents they cause molecular damage and adverse effects like degeneration and aging. A well-coordinated control of ROS is therefore of key importance. Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are enzymes active in the detoxification of superoxide. The number of isoforms of these proteins varies among species. Here we report the characterization of the putative protein encoded by Pa_1_10620 that has been previously annotated to code for a mitochondrial ribosomal protein but shares also sequence domains with SODs. We report that the gene is transcribed in P. anserina cultures of all ages and that the encoded protein localizes to mitochondria. In strains overexpressing Pa_1_10620 in a genetic background in which PaSod3, the mitochondrial MnSOD of P. anserina, is deleted, no SOD activity could be identified in isolated mitochondria. However, overexpression of the gene leads to lifespan extension suggesting a pro-survival function of the protein in P. anserina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Grimm
- Faculty for Biosciences and Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt 'Macromolecular Complexes', Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
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27
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Wiemer M, Osiewacz HD. Effect of paraquat-induced oxidative stress on gene expression and aging of the filamentous ascomycete Podospora anserina. MICROBIAL CELL 2014; 1:225-240. [PMID: 28357247 PMCID: PMC5349155 DOI: 10.15698/mic2014.07.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Aging of biological systems is influenced by various factors, conditions and
processes. Among others, processes allowing organisms to deal with various types
of stress are of key importance. In particular, oxidative stress as the result
of the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the mitochondrial
respiratory chain and the accumulation of ROS-induced molecular damage has been
strongly linked to aging. Here we view the impact of ROS from a different angle:
their role in the control of gene expression. We report a genome-wide
transcriptome analysis of the fungal aging model Podospora anserina
grown on medium containing paraquat (PQ). This treatment leads to an
increased cellular generation and release of H2O2, a
reduced growth rate, and a decrease in lifespan. The combined challenge by PQ
and copper has a synergistic negative effect on growth and lifespan. The data
from the transcriptome analysis of the wild type cultivated under PQ-stress and
their comparison to those of a longitudinal aging study as well as of a
copper-uptake longevity mutant of P. anserina revealed that
PQ-stress leads to the up-regulation of transcripts coding for components
involved in mitochondrial remodeling. PQ also affects the expression of
copper-regulated genes suggesting an increase of cytoplasmic copper levels as it
has been demonstrated earlier to occur during aging of P.
anserina and during senescence of human fibroblasts. This effect
may result from the induction of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore
via PQ-induced ROS, leading to programmed cell death as part of an evolutionary
conserved mechanism involved in biological aging and lifespan control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Wiemer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences and Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt Macromolecular Complexes; Department of Biosciences; J W Goethe University; Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Heinz D Osiewacz
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences and Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt Macromolecular Complexes; Department of Biosciences; J W Goethe University; Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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28
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Knuppertz L, Hamann A, Pampaloni F, Stelzer E, Osiewacz HD. Identification of autophagy as a longevity-assurance mechanism in the aging model Podospora anserina. Autophagy 2014; 10:822-34. [PMID: 24584154 PMCID: PMC5119060 DOI: 10.4161/auto.28148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The filamentous ascomycete Podospora anserina is a well-established aging model in which a variety of different pathways, including those involved in the control of respiration, ROS generation and scavenging, DNA maintenance, proteostasis, mitochondrial dynamics, and programmed cell death have previously been demonstrated to affect aging and life span. Here we address a potential role of autophagy. We provide data demonstrating high basal autophagy levels even in strains cultivated under noninduced conditions. By monitoring an N-terminal fusion of EGFP to the fungal LC3 homolog PaATG8 over the lifetime of the fungus on medium with and without nitrogen supplementation, respectively, we identified a significant increase of GFP puncta in older and in nitrogen-starved cultures suggesting an induction of autophagy during aging. This conclusion is supported by the demonstration of an age-related and autophagy-dependent degradation of a PaSOD1-GFP reporter protein. The deletion of Paatg1, which leads to the lack of the PaATG1 serine/threonine kinase active in early stages of autophagy induction, impairs ascospore germination and development and shortens life span. Under nitrogen-depleted conditions, life span of the wild type is increased almost 4-fold. In contrast, this effect is annihilated in the Paatg1 deletion strain, suggesting that the ability to induce autophagy is beneficial for this fungus. Collectively, our data identify autophagy as a longevity-assurance mechanism in P. anserina and as another surveillance pathway in the complex network of pathways affecting aging and development. These findings provide perspectives for the elucidation of the mechanisms involved in the regulation of individual pathways and their interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Knuppertz
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences and Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt Macromolecular Complexes; Department of Biosciences; J W Goethe University; Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andrea Hamann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences and Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt Macromolecular Complexes; Department of Biosciences; J W Goethe University; Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Francesco Pampaloni
- Physical Biology Group; Buchmann Institute of Molecular Life Sciences; Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt Macromolecular Complexes; Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ernst Stelzer
- Physical Biology Group; Buchmann Institute of Molecular Life Sciences; Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt Macromolecular Complexes; Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Heinz D Osiewacz
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences and Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt Macromolecular Complexes; Department of Biosciences; J W Goethe University; Frankfurt, Germany
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29
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Daum B, Walter A, Horst A, Osiewacz HD, Kühlbrandt W. Age-dependent dissociation of ATP synthase dimers and loss of inner-membrane cristae in mitochondria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:15301-6. [PMID: 24006361 PMCID: PMC3780843 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1305462110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is one of the most fundamental, yet least understood biological processes that affect all forms of eukaryotic life. Mitochondria are intimately involved in aging, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. Electron cryotomography of whole mitochondria from the aging model organism Podospora anserina revealed profound age-dependent changes in membrane architecture. With increasing age, the typical cristae disappear and the inner membrane vesiculates. The ATP synthase dimers that form rows at the cristae tips dissociate into monomers in inner-membrane vesicles, and the membrane curvature at the ATP synthase inverts. Dissociation of the ATP synthase dimer may involve the peptidyl prolyl isomerase cyclophilin D. Finally, the outer membrane ruptures near large contact-site complexes, releasing apoptogens into the cytoplasm. Inner-membrane vesiculation and dissociation of ATP synthase dimers would impair the ability of mitochondria to supply the cell with sufficient ATP to maintain essential cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertram Daum
- Department of Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Walter
- Department of Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Angelika Horst
- Department of Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Heinz D. Osiewacz
- Molecular Developmental Biology, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; and
- Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt “Macromolecular Complexes,” Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Werner Kühlbrandt
- Department of Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt “Macromolecular Complexes,” Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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30
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Tsiatsiani L, Timmerman E, De Bock PJ, Vercammen D, Stael S, van de Cotte B, Staes A, Goethals M, Beunens T, Van Damme P, Gevaert K, Van Breusegem F. The Arabidopsis metacaspase9 degradome. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:2831-47. [PMID: 23964026 PMCID: PMC3784583 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.115287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Metacaspases are distant relatives of the metazoan caspases, found in plants, fungi, and protists. However, in contrast with caspases, information about the physiological substrates of metacaspases is still scarce. By means of N-terminal combined fractional diagonal chromatography, the physiological substrates of metacaspase9 (MC9; AT5G04200) were identified in young seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana on the proteome-wide level, providing additional insight into MC9 cleavage specificity and revealing a previously unknown preference for acidic residues at the substrate prime site position P1'. The functionalities of the identified MC9 substrates hinted at metacaspase functions other than those related to cell death. These results allowed us to resolve the substrate specificity of MC9 in more detail and indicated that the activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (AT4G37870), a key enzyme in gluconeogenesis, is enhanced upon MC9-dependent proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Tsiatsiani
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evy Timmerman
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter-Jan De Bock
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dominique Vercammen
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Simon Stael
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Brigitte van de Cotte
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - An Staes
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marc Goethals
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tine Beunens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Petra Van Damme
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Address correspondence to
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31
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Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase is a substrate recognized by two metacaspases of Podospora anserina. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2013; 12:900-12. [PMID: 23584991 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00337-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The two metacaspases MCA1 and MCA2 of the fungal aging model organism Podospora anserina (PaMCA1 and PaMCA2, respectively) have previously been demonstrated to be involved in the control of programmed cell death (PCD) and life span. In order to identify specific pathways and components which are controlled by the activity of these enzymes, we set out to characterize them further. Heterologous overexpression in Escherichia coli of the two metacaspase genes resulted in the production of proteins which aggregate and form inclusion bodies from which the active protein has been recovered via refolding in appropriate buffers. The renaturated proteins are characterized by an arginine-specific activity and are active in caspase-like self-maturation leading to the generation of characteristic small protein fragments. Both activities are dependent on the presence of calcium. Incubation of the two metacaspases with recombinant poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), a known substrate of mammalian caspases, led to the identification of PARP as a substrate of the two P. anserina proteases. Using double mutants in which P. anserina Parp (PaParp) is overexpressed and PaMca1 is either overexpressed or deleted, we provide evidence for in vivo degradation of PaPARP by PaMCA1. These results support the idea that the substrate profiles of caspases and metacaspases are at least partially overlapping. Moreover, they link PCD and DNA maintenance in the complex network of molecular pathways involved in aging and life span control.
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Shlezinger N, Goldfinger N, Sharon A. Apoptotic-like programed cell death in fungi: the benefits in filamentous species. Front Oncol 2012; 2:97. [PMID: 22891165 PMCID: PMC3412994 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies conducted in the early 1990s showed for the first time that Saccharomyces cerevisiae can undergo cell death with hallmarks of animal apoptosis. These findings came as a surprise, since suicide machinery was unexpected in unicellular organisms. Today, apoptosis in yeast is well-documented. Apoptotic death of yeast cells has been described under various conditions and S. cerevisiae homologs of human apoptotic genes have been identified and characterized. These studies also revealed fundamental differences between yeast and animal apoptosis; in S. cerevisiae apoptosis is mainly associated with aging and stress adaptation, unlike animal apoptosis, which is essential for proper development. Further, many apoptosis regulatory genes are either missing, or highly divergent in S. cerevisiae. Therefore, in this review we will use the term apoptosis-like programed cell death (PCD) instead of apoptosis. Despite these significant differences, S. cerevisiae has been instrumental in promoting the study of heterologous apoptotic proteins, particularly from human. Work in fungi other than S. cerevisiae revealed differences in the manifestation of PCD in single cell (yeasts) and multicellular (filamentous) species. Such differences may reflect the higher complexity level of filamentous species, and hence the involvement of PCD in a wider range of processes and life styles. It is also expected that differences might be found in the apoptosis apparatus of yeast and filamentous species. In this review we focus on aspects of PCD that are unique or can be better studied in filamentous species. We will highlight the similarities and differences of the PCD machinery between yeast and filamentous species and show the value of using S. cerevisiae along with filamentous species to study apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neta Shlezinger
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University,Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nir Goldfinger
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University,Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amir Sharon
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University,Tel Aviv, Israel
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Sikhakolli UR, López-Giráldez F, Li N, Common R, Townsend JP, Trail F. Transcriptome analyses during fruiting body formation in Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium verticillioides reflect species life history and ecology. Fungal Genet Biol 2012; 49:663-73. [PMID: 22705880 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum and F. verticillioides are devastating cereal pathogens with very different life history and ecological characteristics. F. graminearum is homothallic, and sexual spores are an important component of its life cycle, responsible for disease initiation. F. verticilloides is heterothallic, and produces only modest numbers of fruiting bodies, which are not a significant source of inoculum. To identify corresponding differences in the transcriptional program underlying fruiting body development in the two species, comparative expression was performed, analyzing six developmental stages. To accompany the transcriptional analysis, detailed morphological characterization of F. verticillioides development was performed and compared to a previous morphological analysis of F. graminearum. Morphological development was similar between the two species, except for the observation of possible trichogynes in F. verticillioides ascogonia, which have not been previously reported for any Fusarium species. Expression of over 9000 orthologous genes were measured for the two species. Functional assignments of highly expressed orthologous genes at each time-point revealed the majority of highly expressed genes fell into the "unclassified proteins" category, reflecting the lack of characterization of genes for sexual development in both species. Simultaneous examination of morphological development and stage-specific gene expression suggests that degeneration of the paraphyses during sexual development is an apoptotic process. Expression of mating type genes in the two species differed, possibly reflecting the divergent roles they play in sexual development. Overall, the differences in gene expression reflect the greater role of fruiting bodies in the life cycle and ecology of F. graminearum versus F. verticillioides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usha Rani Sikhakolli
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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34
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Mitochondrial quality control in aging and lifespan control of the fungal aging model Podospora anserina. Biochem Soc Trans 2012; 39:1488-92. [PMID: 21936839 DOI: 10.1042/bst0391488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aging of biological systems is a fundamental process controlled by a complex network of molecular pathways. In the filamentous fungus Podospora anserina, a model in which organismal aging can conveniently be analysed, mitochondria play a central role. A wide range of relevant pathways were identified that contribute to the maintenance of a population of functional mitochondria. These pathways act in a hierarchical manner, but all the pathways are limited in capacity. At the end of the life cycle, when the various surveillance pathways are overwhelmed and damage has passed certain thresholds, programmed cell death brings the life of individual P. anserina to an end.
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35
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Scheckhuber CQ, Hamann A, Brust D, Osiewacz HD. Cellular homeostasis in fungi: impact on the aging process. Subcell Biochem 2012; 57:233-250. [PMID: 22094425 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-2561-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cellular quality control pathways are needed for maintaining the biological function of organisms. If these pathways become compromised, the results are usually highly detrimental. Functional impairments of cell components can lead to diseases and in extreme cases to organismal death. Dysfunction of cells can be induced by a number of toxic by-products that are formed during metabolic activity, like reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, for example. A key source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the organelles of oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondria. Therefore mitochondrial function is also directly affected by ROS, especially if there is a compromised ROS-scavenging capacity. Biological systems therefore depend on several lines of defence to counteract the toxic effects of ROS and other damaging agents. The first level is active at the molecular level and consists of various proteases that bind and degrade abnormally modified and / or aggregated mitochondrial proteins. The second level is concerned with maintaining the quality of whole mitochondria. Among the pathways of this level are mitochondrial dynamics and autophagy (mitophagy). Mitochondrial dynamics describes the time-dependent fusion and fission of mitochondria. It is argued that this kind of organellar dynamics has the power to restore the function of impaired organelles by content mixing with intact organelles. If the first and second lines of defence against damage fail and mitochondria become damaged too severely, there is the option to remove affected cells before they can elicit more damage to their surrounding environment by apoptosis. This form of programmed cell death is strictly regulated by a complex network of interacting components and can be divided into mitochondria-dependent and mitochondria-independent modes of action. In this review we give an overview on various biological quality control systems in fungi (yeasts and filamentous fungi) with an emphasis on autophagy (mitophagy) and apoptosis and how these pathways allow fungal organisms to maintain a balanced cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Q Scheckhuber
- Faculty of Biosciences, Institute of Molecular Biosciences and Cluster of Excellence Macromolecular Complexes, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt/Main, Germany,
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Weil A, Luce K, Dröse S, Wittig I, Brandt U, Osiewacz HD. Unmasking a temperature-dependent effect of the P. anserina i-AAA protease on aging and development. Cell Cycle 2011; 10:4280-90. [PMID: 22134244 PMCID: PMC3272260 DOI: 10.4161/cc.10.24.18560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Different molecular pathways involved in maintaining mitochondrial function are of fundamental importance to control cellular homeostasis. Mitochondrial i-AAA protease is part of such a surveillance system and PaIAP is the putative ortholog in the fungal aging model Podospora anserina. Here we investigated the role of PaIAP in aging and development. Deletion of the gene encoding PaIAP resulted in a specific phenotype. When incubated at 27°C, spore germination and fruiting body formation are not different from that of the corresponding wild-type strain. Unexpectedly, the lifespan of the deletion strain is strongly increased. In contrast, cultivation at an elevated temperature of 37°C leads to impairments in spore germination and fruiting body formation, and to a reduced lifespan. The higher PaIAP abundance in wild-type strains of the fungus grown at elevated temperature and the phenotype of the deletion strain unmasks a temperature-related role of the protein. The protease appears to be part of a molecular system that has evolved to allow survival under changing temperatures as they characteristically occur in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Weil
- Goethe University, Faculty for Biosciences & Cluster of Excellence Macromolecular Complexes Frankfurt, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Frankfurt, Germany
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Semighini CP, Averette AF, Perfect JR, Heitman J. Deletion of Cryptococcus neoformans AIF ortholog promotes chromosome aneuploidy and fluconazole-resistance in a metacaspase-independent manner. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002364. [PMID: 22114551 PMCID: PMC3219705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death critical for development and homeostasis in multicellular organisms. Apoptosis-like cell death (ALCD) has been described in several fungi, including the opportunistic human pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. In addition, capsular polysaccharides of C. neoformans are known to induce apoptosis in host immune cells, thereby contributing to its virulence. Our goals were to characterize the apoptotic signaling cascade in C. neoformans as well as its unique features compared to the host machinery to exploit the endogenous fungal apoptotic pathways as a novel antifungal strategy in the future. The dissection of apoptotic pathways revealed that apoptosis-inducing factor (Aif1) and metacaspases (Mca1 and Mca2) are independently required for ALCD in C. neoformans. We show that the apoptotic pathways are required for cell fusion and sporulation during mating, indicating that apoptosis may occur during sexual development. Previous studies showed that antifungal drugs induce ALCD in fungi and that C. neoformans adapts to high concentrations of the antifungal fluconazole (FLC) by acquisition of aneuploidy, especially duplication of chromosome 1 (Chr1). Disruption of aif1, but not the metacaspases, stimulates the emergence of aneuploid subpopulations with Chr1 disomy that are resistant to fluconazole (FLCR) in vitro and in vivo. FLCR isolates in the aif1 background are stable in the absence of the drug, while those in the wild-type background readily revert to FLC sensitivity. We propose that apoptosis orchestrated by Aif1 might eliminate aneuploid cells from the population and defects in this pathway contribute to the selection of aneuploid FLCR subpopulations during treatment. Aneuploid clinical isolates with disomies for chromosomes other than Chr1 exhibit reduced AIF1 expression, suggesting that inactivation of Aif1 might be a novel aneuploidy-tolerating mechanism in fungi that facilitates the selection of antifungal drug resistance. Fungal pathogens can cause life-threatening diseases, and the infections that they cause are notoriously difficult to treat. Despite the availability of antifungal drugs, most inhibit fungal growth but do not consistently or efficiently eliminate the pathogen. In addition, fungal cells are very similar to human cells, and therefore, many of the available antifungal agents have toxic side effects. Thus, more efficient drugs with less adverse effects are clearly needed. We investigated apoptosis, a process in which cells become programmed to commit suicide, in the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. We studied genes that regulate apoptosis in C. neoformans and, after inactivating three genes involved in this pathway, we observed defects in sexual reproduction. Such mating defects decrease the production of spores, which are inhaled and cause cryptococcal disease. We also showed that the absence of one investigated apoptotic gene, aif1, resulted in the selection of antifungal-resistant pathogens (when the fungal cells no longer respond to the drug), which makes treatment of the disease more difficult. The discovery of drugs that kill fungal cells specifically without affecting the cells of the patient being treated holds great potential. Therefore, triggering apoptosis should be further investigated as a new approach to treat fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camile P. Semighini
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Anna F. Averette
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - John R. Perfect
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Joseph Heitman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Osiewacz HD. Regulation of the mitochondrial transition pore: impact on mammalian aging. Aging (Albany NY) 2011; 3:10-1. [PMID: 21248375 PMCID: PMC3047130 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heinz D Osiewacz
- Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Faculty for Biosciences and Cluster of Excellence Molecular Complexes, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Frankfurt, Germany. ‐frankfurt.de
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Abstract
Metacaspases are cysteine-dependent proteases found in protozoa, fungi and plants and are distantly related to metazoan caspases. Although metacaspases share structural properties with those of caspases, they lack Asp specificity and cleave their targets after Arg or Lys residues. Studies performed over the past 10 years have demonstrated that metacaspases are multifunctional proteases essential for normal physiology of non-metazoan organisms. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the metacaspase function and molecular regulation during programmed cell death, stress and cell proliferation, as well as an analysis of the first metacaspase-mediated proteolytic pathway. To prevent further misapplication of caspase-specific molecular probes for measuring and inhibiting metacaspase activity, we provide a list of probes suitable for metacaspases.
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Scheckhuber CQ, Mack SJ, Strobel I, Ricciardi F, Gispert S, Osiewacz HD. Modulation of the glyoxalase system in the aging model Podospora anserina: effects on growth and lifespan. Aging (Albany NY) 2011; 2:969-80. [PMID: 21212464 PMCID: PMC3034185 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The eukaryotic glyoxalase system consists of two enzymatic components, glyoxalase I (lactoylglutathione lyase) and glyoxalase II (hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase). These enzymes are dedicated to the removal of toxic α-oxoaldehydes like methylglyoxal (MG). MG is formed as a by-product of glycolysis and MG toxicity results from its damaging capability leading to modifications of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. An efficient removal of MG appears to be essential to ensure cellular functionality and viability. Here we study the effects of the genetic modulation of genes encoding the components of the glyoxalase system in the filamentous ascomycete and aging model Podospora anserina. Overexpression of PaGlo1 leads to a lifespan reduction on glucose rich medium, probably due to depletion of reduced glutathione. Deletion of PaGlo1 leads to hypersensitivity against MG added to the growth medium. A beneficial effect on lifespan is observed when both PaGlo1 and PaGlo2 are overexpressed and the corresponding strains are grown on media containing increased glucose concentrations. Notably, the double mutant has a ‘healthy’ phenotype without physiological impairments. Moreover, PaGlo1/PaGlo2_OEx strains are not long-lived on media containing standard glucose concentrations suggesting a tight correlation between the efficiency and capacity to remove MG within the cell, the level of available glucose and lifespan. Overall, our results identify the up-regulation of both components of the glyoxalase system as an effective intervention to increase lifespan in P. anserina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Q Scheckhuber
- Faculty for Biosciences and Cluster of Excellence Macromolecular Complexes, Molecular Developmental Biology, Goethe University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Abstract
Organismal lifespan can be extended by genetic manipulation of cellular processes such as histone acetylation, the insulin/IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1) pathway or the p53 system. Longevity-promoting regimens, including caloric restriction and inhibition of TOR with rapamycin, resveratrol or the natural polyamine spermidine, have been associated with autophagy (a cytoprotective self-digestive process) and in some cases were reported to require autophagy for their effects. We summarize recent developments that outline these links and hypothesize that clearing cellular damage by autophagy is a common denominator of many lifespan-extending manipulations.
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Brust D, Daum B, Breunig C, Hamann A, Kühlbrandt W, Osiewacz HD. Cyclophilin D links programmed cell death and organismal aging in Podospora anserina. Aging Cell 2010; 9:761-75. [PMID: 20626725 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2010.00609.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclophilin D (CYPD) is a mitochondrial peptidyl prolyl-cis,trans-isomerase involved in opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). CYPD abundance increases during aging in mammalian tissues and in the aging model organism Podospora anserina. Here, we show that treatment of the P. anserina wild-type with low concentrations of the cyclophilin inhibitor cyclosporin A (CSA) extends lifespan. Transgenic strains overexpressing PaCypD are characterized by reduced stress tolerance, suffer from pronounced mitochondrial dysfunction and are characterized by accelerated aging and induction of cell death. Treatment with CSA leads to correction of mitochondrial function and lifespan to that of the wild-type. In contrast, PaCypD deletion strains are not affected by CSA within the investigated concentration range and show increased resistance against inducers of oxidative stress and cell death. Our data provide a mechanistic link between programmed cell death (PCD) and organismal aging and bear implications for the potential use of CSA to intervene into biologic aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Brust
- Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Frankfurt, Germany
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Osiewacz HD, Brust D, Hamann A, Kunstmann B, Luce K, Müller-Ohldach M, Scheckhuber CQ, Servos J, Strobel I. Mitochondrial pathways governing stress resistance, life, and death in the fungal aging model Podospora anserina. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1197:54-66. [PMID: 20536834 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05190.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Work from more than 50 years of research has unraveled a number of molecular pathways that are involved in controlling aging of the fungal model system Podospora anserina. Early research revealed that wild-type strain aging is linked to gross reorganization of the mitochondrial DNA. Later it was shown that aging of P. anserina does also take place, although at a slower pace, when the wild-type specific mitochondrial DNA rearrangements do not occur. Now it is clear that a network of different pathways is involved in the control of aging. Branches of these pathways appear to be connected and constitute a hierarchical system of responses. Although cross talk between the individual pathways seems to be fundamental in the coordination of the overall system, the precise underlying interactions remain to be unraveled. Such a systematic approach aims at a holistic understanding of the process of biological aging, the ultimate goal of modern systems biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz D Osiewacz
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty for Biosciences and Cluster of Excellence Macromolecular Complexes, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.
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Abstract
The human brain is a highly complex organ with remarkable energy demands. Although it represents only 2% of the total body weight, it accounts for 20% of all oxygen consumption, reflecting its high rate of metabolic activity. Mitochondria have a crucial role in the supply of energy to the brain. Consequently, their deterioration can have important detrimental consequences on the function and plasticity of neurons, and is thought to have a pivotal role in ageing and in the pathogenesis of several neurological disorders. Owing to their inherent physiological functions, mitochondria are subjected to particularly high levels of stress and have evolved specific molecular quality-control mechanisms to maintain the mitochondrial components. Here, we review some of the most recent advances in the understanding of mitochondrial stress-control pathways, with a particular focus on how defects in such pathways might contribute to neurodegenerative disease.
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Signaling mechanisms of apoptosis-like programmed cell death in unicellular eukaryotes. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 155:341-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2010.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Revised: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Brust D, Hamann A, Osiewacz HD. Deletion of PaAif2 and PaAmid2, two genes encoding mitochondrial AIF-like oxidoreductases of Podospora anserina, leads to increased stress tolerance and lifespan extension. Curr Genet 2010; 56:225-35. [PMID: 20306265 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-010-0295-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Wild-type strains of the ascomycete Podospora anserina are characterized by a limited lifespan. Mitochondria play a central role in this ageing process raising the question of whether apoptosis-like processes, which are also connected to mitochondrial function, are involved in the control of the final stage in the fungal life cycle. While a role of two metacaspases in apoptosis and lifespan control was recently demonstrated in P. anserina, virtually nothing is known about the function of the protein family of apoptosis-inducing factors (AIFs). Here we report data about proteins belonging to this family. We demonstrate that the cytosolic members PaAIF1 and PaAMID1 do not affect lifespan. In contrast, loss of PaAIF2 and PaAMID2, which both were localized to mitochondria, are characterized by a significantly increased ROS tolerance and a prolonged lifespan. In addition, deletion of PaAmid2 severely affects sporogenesis. These data identify components of a caspase-independent molecular pathway to be involved in developmental processes and in the induction of programmed cell death in the senescent stage of P. anserina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Brust
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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Zintel S, Schwitalla D, Luce K, Hamann A, Osiewacz HD. Increasing mitochondrial superoxide dismutase abundance leads to impairments in protein quality control and ROS scavenging systems and to lifespan shortening. Exp Gerontol 2010; 45:525-32. [PMID: 20080171 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2010.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The fungal aging model Podospora anserina contains three superoxide dismutases (SODs) in different cellular compartments. While PaSOD1 represents the Cu/Zn isoform located in the cytoplasm and in the mitochondrial inter-membrane space, PaSOD2 localizes to the perinuclear ER. PaSOD3, a protein with a manganese binding domain and a mitochondrial targeting sequence (MTS) is the mitochondrial SOD. Over-expression of PaSod3 leads to lifespan reduction and increased sensitivity against paraquat and hydrogen peroxide. The negative effects of PaSod3 over-expression correlate with a strong reduction in the abundance of mitochondrial peroxiredoxin, PaPRX1, and the matrix protease PaCLPP disclosing impairments of mitochondrial quality control and ROS scavenging pathways in PaSod3 over-expressors. Deletion of PaSod3 leads to increased paraquat sensitivity while hydrogen peroxide sensitivity and lifespan are not significantly changed when compared to the wild-type strain. These latter characteristics are unexpected and challenge the 'mitochondrial free radical theory of aging'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Zintel
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences and Cluster of Excellence Macromolecular Complexes, Department of Biosciences, J.W. Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Scheckhuber CQ, Mitterbauer R, Osiewacz HD. Molecular basis of and interference into degenerative processes in fungi: potential relevance for improving biotechnological performance of microorganisms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 85:27-35. [PMID: 19714326 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-2205-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Biological systems, from simple microorganisms to humans, are characterized by time-dependent degenerative processes which lead to reduced fitness, disabilities, severe diseases, and, finally, death. These processes are under genetic control but also influenced by environmental conditions and by stochastic processes. Studying the mechanistic basis of degenerative processes in the filamentous ascomycete Podospora anserina and in other systems demonstrated that mitochondria play a key role in the expression of degenerative phenotypes and unraveled a number of underlying molecular pathways. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are mainly, but not exclusively, formed at the mitochondrial respiratory chain are crucial players in this network. While being essential for signaling processes and development, ROS are, at the same time, a potential danger because they lead to molecular damage and degeneration. Fortunately, a number of interacting pathways including ROS scavenging, DNA and protein repair, protein degradation, and mitochondrial fission and fusion are involved in keeping cellular damage low. If these pathways are overwhelmed by extensive damage, programmed cell death is induced. The current knowledge of this hierarchical system of mitochondrial quality control, although still incomplete, appears now to be ready for the development of strategies effective in interventions into those pathways leading to degeneration and loss of performance also in microorganisms used in biotechnology. Very promising interdisciplinary interactions and collaborations involving academic and industrial research teams can be envisioned to arise which bear a great potential, in particular, when system biology approaches are used to understand relevant networks of pathways in a holistic way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Q Scheckhuber
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty for Biosciences and Cluster of Excellence Macromolecular Complexes, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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Luce K, Osiewacz HD. Increasing organismal healthspan by enhancing mitochondrial protein quality control. Nat Cell Biol 2009; 11:852-8. [PMID: 19543272 DOI: 10.1038/ncb1893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of damaged proteins by members of the protein quality control system is of fundamental importance in maintaining cellular homeostasis. In mitochondria, organelles which both generate and are targets of reactive oxygen species (ROS), a number of membrane bound and soluble proteases are essential components of this system. Here we describe the regulation of Podospora anserina LON (PaLON) levels, an AAA(+) family serine protease localized in the matrix fraction of mitochondria. Constitutive overexpression of PaLon results in transgenic strains of the fungal ageing model P. anserina showing increased ATP-dependent serine protease activity. These strains display lower levels of carbonylated (aconitase) and carboxymethylated proteins, reduced secretion of hydrogen peroxide and a higher resistance against exogenous oxidative stress. Moreover, they are characterized by an extended lifespan without impairment of vital functions such as respiration, growth and fertility. The reported genetic manipulation proved to be a successful intervention in organismal ageing and it led to an increase in the healthy lifespan, the healthspan, of P. anserina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Luce
- Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Frankfurt, Germany
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Soerensen M, Gredilla R, Müller-Ohldach M, Werner A, Bohr VA, Osiewacz HD, Stevnsner T. A potential impact of DNA repair on ageing and lifespan in the ageing model organism Podospora anserina: decrease in mitochondrial DNA repair activity during ageing. Mech Ageing Dev 2009; 130:487-96. [PMID: 19486911 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The free radical theory of ageing states that ROS play a key role in age-related decrease in mitochondrial function via the damage of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), proteins and lipids. In the sexually reproducing ascomycete Podospora anserina ageing is, as in other eukaryotes, associated with mtDNA instability and mitochondrial dysfunction. Part of the mtDNA instabilities may arise due to accumulation of ROS induced mtDNA lesions, which, as previously suggested for mammals, may be caused by an age-related decrease in base excision repair (BER). Alignments of known BER protein sequences with the P. anserina genome revealed high homology. We report for the first time the presence of BER activities in P. anserina mitochondrial extracts. DNA glycosylase activities decrease with age, suggesting that the increased mtDNA instability with age may be caused by decreased ability to repair mtDNA damage and hence contribute to ageing and lifespan control in this ageing model. Additionally, we find low DNA glycosylase activities in the long-lived mutants grisea and DeltaPaCox17::ble, which are characterized by low mitochondrial ROS generation. Overall, our data identify a potential role of mtDNA repair in controlling ageing and life span in P. anserina, a mechanism possibly regulated in response to ROS levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Soerensen
- Danish Centre for Molecular Gerontology and Danish Aging Research Center, Aarhus University, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus C, Denmark
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