1
|
Photosynthetic Efficiency is Higher in Asymmetric Leaves than in Symmetric Leaves of the Same Plant. Symmetry (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/sym11060834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Symmetry pervades nature, but asymmetry is also rather common. Deviations from genetically programmed symmetry are usually associated with internal or external developmental disturbances and may therefore be related to imperfections in physiological processes. In this study, we test the hypotheses that the photosynthetic efficiency of individual leaves of a plant is negatively related to their asymmetry. We measured chlorophyll fluorescence in leaves of three woody species (Betula pubescens, Populus tremula and Salix caprea) in early and late summer in two localities situated ca. 1000 km apart, and we quantified the asymmetry of these leaves by a multivariate measure based on the relative positions of several landmarks. Contrary to our expectation, we found that the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II was positively correlated with leaf fluctuating asymmetry; this effect was weak but consistent across the studied plant species, localities and seasons. Our finding adds to limited evidence that within-plant variation in leaf asymmetry is associated with variation in leaf physiology. Irrespective of the underlying mechanisms, which remain unknown, the results suggest that trees may benefit even more from their asymmetric leaves, at least in terms of photosynthesis, than they do from their more symmetric leaves.
Collapse
|
2
|
Ventre-Lespiaucq A, Flanagan NS, Ospina-Calderón NH, Delgado JA, Escudero A. Midday Depression vs. Midday Peak in Diurnal Light Interception: Contrasting Patterns at Crown and Leaf Scales in a Tropical Evergreen Tree. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:727. [PMID: 29904391 PMCID: PMC5990892 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Crown architecture usually is heterogeneous as a result of foraging in spatially and temporally heterogeneous light environments. Ecologists are only beginning to identify the importance of temporal heterogeneity for light acquisition in plants, especially at the diurnal scale. Crown architectural heterogeneity often leads to a diurnal variation in light interception. However, maximizing light interception during midday may not be an optimal strategy in environments with excess light. Instead, long-lived plants are expected to show crown architectures and leaf positions that meet the contrasting needs of light interception and avoidance of excess light on a diurnal basis. We expected a midday depression in the diurnal course of light interception both at the whole-crown and leaf scales, as a strategy to avoid the interception of excessive irradiance. We tested this hypothesis in a population of guava trees (Psidium guajava L.) growing in an open tropical grassland. We quantified three crown architectural traits: intra-individual heterogeneity in foliage clumping, crown openness, and leaf position angles. We estimated the diurnal course of light interception at the crown scale using hemispheric photographs, and at the leaf scale using the cosine of solar incidence. Crowns showed a midday depression in light interception, while leaves showed a midday peak. These contrasting patterns were related to architectural traits. At the crown scale, the midday depression of light interception was linked to a greater crown openness and foliage clumping in crown tops than in the lateral parts of the crown. At the leaf scale, an average inclination angle of 45° led to the midday peak in light interception, but with a huge among-leaf variation in position angles. The mismatch in diurnal course of light interception at crown and leaf scales can indicate that different processes are being optimized at each scale. These findings suggest that the diurnal course of light interception may be an important dimension of the resource acquisition strategies of long-lived woody plants. Using a temporal approach as the one applied here may improve our understanding of the diversity of crown architectures found across and within environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Ventre-Lespiaucq
- Area of Biodiversity and Conservation, Department of Biology and Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Nicola S Flanagan
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Sede Cali, Cali, Colombia
| | - Nhora H Ospina-Calderón
- Department of Biology, Edificio 320, Ciudadela Universitaria Melendez, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Juan A Delgado
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián Escudero
- Area of Biodiversity and Conservation, Department of Biology and Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Besnard G, Terral JF, Cornille A. On the origins and domestication of the olive: a review and perspectives. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:385-403. [PMID: 29293871 PMCID: PMC5838823 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Background Unravelling domestication processes is crucial for understanding how species respond to anthropogenic pressures, forecasting crop responses to future global changes and improving breeding programmes. Domestication processes for clonally propagated perennials differ markedly from those for seed-propagated annual crops, mostly due to long generation times, clonal propagation and recurrent admixture with local forms, leading to a limited number of generations of selection from wild ancestors. However, additional case studies are required to document this process more fully. Scope The olive is an iconic species in Mediterranean cultural history. Its multiple uses and omnipresence in traditional agrosystems have made this species an economic pillar and cornerstone of Mediterranean agriculture. However, major questions about the domestication history of the olive remain unanswered. New paleobotanical, archeological, historical and molecular data have recently accumulated for olive, making it timely to carry out a critical re-evaluation of the biogeography of wild olives and the history of their cultivation. We review here the chronological history of wild olives and discuss the questions that remain unanswered, or even unasked, about their domestication history in the Mediterranean Basin. We argue that more detailed ecological genomics studies of wild and cultivated olives are crucial to improve our understanding of olive domestication. Multidisciplinary research integrating genomics, metagenomics and community ecology will make it possible to decipher the evolutionary ecology of one of the most iconic domesticated fruit trees worldwide. Conclusion The olive is a relevant model for improving our knowledge of domestication processes in clonally propagated perennial crops, particularly those of the Mediterranean Basin. Future studies on the ecological and genomic shifts linked to domestication in olive and its associated community will provide insight into the phenotypic and molecular bases of crop adaptation to human uses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Besnard
- CNRS-UPS-ENSFEA-IRD, EDB, UMR 5174, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse Cedex , France
| | - Jean-Frédéric Terral
- ISEM, UMR 5554, CNRS-Université de Montpellier-IRD-EPHE, Equipe Dynamique de la Biodiversité, Anthropo-écologie, Montpellier Cedex, France
- International Associated Laboratory (LIA, CNRS) EVOLea, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Amandine Cornille
- Center for Adaptation to a Changing Environment, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- GQE - Le Moulon, INRA, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
|
5
|
Ventre-Lespiaucq AB, Delgado JA, Ospina-Calderón NH, Otero JT, Escudero A, Sánchez MA, Balaguer L, Flanagan NS. A tropical epiphytic orchid uses a low-light interception strategy in a spatially heterogeneous light environment. Biotropica 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan A. Delgado
- Department of Ecology; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; C/ José Antonio Nováis 2 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Nhora H. Ospina-Calderón
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics; Pontificia Universidad Javeriana-Cali; Calle 18 No. 118-250 Cali Colombia
| | - Joel T. Otero
- Department of Biological Sciences; Universidad Nacional de Colombia; Palmira Campus Carrera 32 No. 12 - 00 Palmira Colombia
| | - Adrián Escudero
- Department of Biology and Geology; Universidad Rey Juan Carlos; Calle Tulipán, s/n 28933 Móstoles Spain
| | - María A. Sánchez
- Faculty of Ecology; Fundación Universitaria de Popayán; Vereda Los Robles Km 8 Vía Panamericana al Sur Popayán Colombia
| | - Luis Balaguer
- Department of Plant Biology I; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; C/ José Antonio Nováis 2 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Nicola S. Flanagan
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics; Pontificia Universidad Javeriana-Cali; Calle 18 No. 118-250 Cali Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Escribano-Rocafort AG, Ventre-Lespiaucq AB, Granado-Yela C, Rubio de Casas R, Delgado JA, Balaguer L. The expression of light-related leaf functional traits depends on the location of individual leaves within the crown of isolated Olea europaea trees. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 117:643-51. [PMID: 26944783 PMCID: PMC4817431 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spatial arrangement and expression of foliar syndromes within tree crowns can reflect the coupling between crown form and function in a given environment. Isolated trees subjected to high irradiance and concomitant stress may adjust leaf phenotypes to cope with environmental gradients that are heterogeneous in space and time within the tree crown. The distinct expression of leaf phenotypes among crown positions could lead to complementary patterns in light interception at the crown scale. METHODS We quantified eight light-related leaf traits across 12 crown positions of ten isolated Olea europaea trees in the field. Specifically, we investigated whether the phenotypic expression of foliar traits differed among crown sectors and layers and five periods of the day from sunrise to sunset. We investigated the consequences in terms of the exposed area of the leaves at the tree scale during a single day. KEY RESULTS All traits differed among crown positions except the length-to-width ratio of the leaves. We found a strong complementarity in the patterns of the potential exposed area of the leaves among day periods as a result of a non-random distribution of leaf angles across the crown. Leaf exposure at the outer layer was below 60 % of the displayed surface, reaching maximum interception during morning periods. Daily interception increased towards the inner layer, achieving consecutive maximization from east to west positions within the crown, matching the sun's trajectory. CONCLUSIONS The expression of leaf traits within isolated trees of O. europaea varies continuously through the crown in a gradient of leaf morphotypes and leaf angles depending on the exposure and location of individual leaves. The distribution of light-related traits within the crown and the complementarity in the potential exposure patterns of the leaves during the day challenges the assumption of low trait variability within individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrián G Escribano-Rocafort
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais St., 28040 Madrid, Spain,
| | - Agustina B Ventre-Lespiaucq
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais St., 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Granado-Yela
- Department of Plant Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais St., 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Rubio de Casas
- Department of Ecology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Avda. de la Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, EEZA-CSIC, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, Almería, Spain and UMR 5175 CEFE - Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CNRS), 1919 Route de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier cedex 05, France
| | - Juan A Delgado
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais St., 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Balaguer
- Department of Plant Biology I, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais St., 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Larbi A, Vázquez S, El-Jendoubi H, Msallem M, Abadía J, Abadía A, Morales F. Canopy light heterogeneity drives leaf anatomical, eco-physiological, and photosynthetic changes in olive trees grown in a high-density plantation. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2015; 123:141-55. [PMID: 25344757 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-014-0052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In the field, leaves may face very different light intensities within the tree canopy. Leaves usually respond with light-induced morphological and photosynthetic changes, in a phenomenon known as phenotypic plasticity. Canopy light distribution, leaf anatomy, gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, and pigment composition were investigated in an olive (Olea europaea, cvs. Arbequina and Arbosana) orchard planted with a high-density system (1,250 trees ha(-1)). Sampling was made from three canopy zones: a lower canopy (<1 m), a central one (1-2 m), and an upper one (>2 m). Light interception decreased significantly in the lower canopy when compared to the central and top ones. Leaf angle increased and photosynthetic rates and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) decreased significantly and progressively from the upper canopy to the central and the lower canopies. The largest leaf areas were found in the lower canopy, especially in the cultivar Arbequina. The palisade and spongy parenchyma were reduced in thickness in the lower canopy when compared to the upper one, in the former due to a decrease in the number of cell layers from three to two (clearly distinguishable in the light and fluorescence microscopy images). In both cultivars, the concentration of violaxanthin-cycle pigments and β-carotene was higher in the upper than in the lower canopy. Furthermore, the de-epoxidized forms zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin increased significantly in those leaves from the upper canopy, in parallel to the NPQ increases. In conclusion, olive leaves react with morphological and photosynthetic changes to within-crown light gradients. These results strengthen the idea of olive trees as "modular organisms" that adjust the modules morphology and physiology in response to light intensity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajmi Larbi
- Institut de l'Olivier, BP 208, Cité Mahrajène, 1082, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Escribano‐Rocafort AG, Ventre‐Lespiaucq AB, Granado‐Yela C, López‐Pintor A, Delgado JA, Muñoz V, Dorado GA, Balaguer L. Simplifying data acquisition in plant canopies‐ Measurements of leaf angles with a cell phone. Methods Ecol Evol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrián G. Escribano‐Rocafort
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal I Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Agustina B. Ventre‐Lespiaucq
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal I Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Carlos Granado‐Yela
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal I Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Antonio López‐Pintor
- Departamento de Ecología Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Juan A. Delgado
- Departamento de Ecología Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Vicente Muñoz
- Departamento de Geometría y Topología Facultad de Matemáticas Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Gabriel A. Dorado
- Departamento de Proyectos y Planificación Rural Escuela Universitaria de Ingeniería Técnica Forestal Universidad Politécnica de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Luis Balaguer
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal I Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lázaro-Nogal A, Forner A, Traveset A, Valladares F. Contrasting water strategies of two Mediterranean shrubs of limited distribution: uncertain future under a drier climate. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 33:1284-1295. [PMID: 24319030 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpt103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved different strategies to cope with drought, involving alternative ecophysiologies and different levels of plasticity. These strategies are critical for species of limited distribution, which are especially vulnerable to the current rates of rapid environmental change. The aim of this study was to assess the water strategy of two species with limited distribution, Cneorum tricoccon L. and Rhamnus ludovici-salvatoris Chodat., and evaluate their interpopulation variability along an aridity gradient to estimate their vulnerability to a drier climate. We measured different ecophysiological traits influenced by drought--stomatal conductance, maximum photochemical efficiency of photosynthesis II, carbon isotope ratio and chlorophyll concentration--in two climatically contrasting years, before and during summer drought. Both species were vulnerable to drought at the aridity limit of the gradient, but showed contrasting water strategies: while C. tricoccon was consistent in its water conservation strategy across the aridity gradient, R. ludovici-salvatoris was not, displaying higher and more variable stomatal conductances and being able to increase water-use efficiency at the most xeric sites. Changes in length and intensity of drought events may favor one species' strategy to the detriment of the other: C. tricoccon is more vulnerable to chronic and prolonged droughts, whereas short but acute droughts might have a stronger effect on R. ludovici-salvatoris. In those communities where these two species coexist, such different strategies might lead to changes in community structure under climate change scenarios, with unknown cascade effects on ecosystem functioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lázaro-Nogal
- LINCGlobal, Departamento de Biogeografía y Cambio Global, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, MNCN-CSIC, Serrano 115 dpdo, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Granado-Yela C, Balaguer L, García-Verdugo C, Carrillo K, Méndez M. Thriving at the limit: Differential reproductive performance in range-edge populations of a Mediterranean sclerophyll (Olea europaea). ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|