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de Toledo GRA, Reissig GN, Senko LGS, Pereira DR, da Silva AF, Souza GM. Common bean under different water availability reveals classifiable stimuli-specific signatures in plant electrome. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2024; 19:2333144. [PMID: 38545860 PMCID: PMC10984121 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2024.2333144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Plant electrophysiology has unveiled the involvement of electrical signals in the physiology and behavior of plants. Spontaneously generated bioelectric activity can be altered in response to changes in environmental conditions, suggesting that a plant's electrome may possess a distinct signature associated with various stimuli. Analyzing electrical signals, particularly the electrome, in conjunction with Machine Learning (ML) techniques has emerged as a promising approach to classify characteristic electrical signals corresponding to each stimulus. This study aimed to characterize the electrome of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cv. BRS-Expedito, subjected to different water availabilities, seeking patterns linked to these stimuli. For this purpose, bean plants in the vegetative stage were subjected to the following treatments: (I) distilled water; (II) half-strength Hoagland's nutrient solution; (III) -2 MPa PEG solution; and (IV) -2 MPa NaCl solution. Electrical signals were recorded within a Faraday's cage using the MP36 electronic system for data acquisition. Concurrently, plant water status was assessed by monitoring leaf turgor variation. Leaf temperature was additionally measured. Various analyses were conducted on the electrical time series data, including arithmetic average of voltage variation, skewness, kurtosis, Probability Density Function (PDF), autocorrelation, Power Spectral Density (PSD), Approximate Entropy (ApEn), Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), and Multiscale Approximate Entropy (ApEn(s)). Statistical analyses were performed on leaf temperature, voltage variation, skewness, kurtosis, PDF µ exponent, autocorrelation, PSD β exponent, and approximate entropy data. Machine Learning analyses were applied to identify classifiable patterns in the electrical time series. Characterization of the electrome of BRS-Expedito beans revealed stimulus-dependent profiles, even when alterations in water availability stimuli were similar in terms of quality and intensity. Additionally, it was observed that the bean electrome exhibits high levels of complexity, which are altered by different stimuli, with more intense and aversive stimuli leading to drastic reductions in complexity levels. Notably, one of the significant findings was the 100% accuracy of Small Vector Machine in detecting salt stress using electrome data. Furthermore, the study highlighted alterations in the plant electrome under low water potential before observable leaf turgor changes. This work demonstrates the potential use of the electrome as a physiological indicator of the water status in bean plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel R. A. de Toledo
- Laboratory of Plant Cognition and Electrophysiology, Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Gabriela N. Reissig
- Laboratory of Plant Cognition and Electrophysiology, Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Luiz G. S. Senko
- Laboratory of Plant Cognition and Electrophysiology, Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | | | - Arlan F. da Silva
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Gustavo M. Souza
- Laboratory of Plant Cognition and Electrophysiology, Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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Yudina L, Popova A, Zolin Y, Grebneva K, Sukhova E, Sukhov V. Local Action of Moderate Heating and Illumination Induces Electrical Signals, Suppresses Photosynthetic Light Reactions, and Increases Drought Tolerance in Wheat Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1173. [PMID: 38732388 PMCID: PMC11085084 DOI: 10.3390/plants13091173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Local actions of stressors induce electrical signals (ESs), influencing photosynthetic processes and probably increasing tolerance to adverse factors in higher plants. However, the participation of well-known depolarization ESs (action potentials and variation potentials) in these responses seems to be rare under natural conditions, particularly in the case of variation potentials, which are induced by extreme stressors (e.g., burning). Earlier, we showed that the local action of moderate heating and illumination can induce low-amplitude hyperpolarization ESs influencing photosynthetic light reactions in wheat plants cultivated in a vegetation room. In the current work, we analyzed ESs and changes in photosynthetic light reactions and drought tolerance that were induced by a combination of moderate heating and illumination in wheat plants cultivated under open-ground conditions. It was shown that the local heating and illumination induced low-amplitude ESs, and the type of signal (depolarization or hyperpolarization) was dependent on distance from the irritated zone and wheat age. Induction of depolarization ESs was not accompanied by photosynthetic changes in plants under favorable conditions or under weak drought. In contrast, the changes were observed after induction of these signals under moderate drought. Increasing drought tolerance was also observed in the last case. Thus, low-amplitude ESs can participate in photosynthetic regulation and increase tolerance to drought in plants cultivated under open-ground conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Vladimir Sukhov
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (L.Y.); (A.P.); (Y.Z.); (K.G.); (E.S.)
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Sukhova EM, Yudina LM, Sukhov VS. Changes in Activity of the Plasma Membrane H+-ATPase as a Link Between Formation of Electrical Signals and Induction of Photosynthetic Responses in Higher Plants. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:1488-1503. [PMID: 38105019 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923100061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Action of numerous adverse environmental factors on higher plants is spatially-heterogenous; it means that induction of a systemic adaptive response requires generation and transmission of the stress signals. Electrical signals (ESs) induced by local action of stressors include action potential, variation potential, and system potential and they participate in formation of fast physiological changes at the level of a whole plant, including photosynthetic responses. Generation of these ESs is accompanied by the changes in activity of H+-ATPase, which is the main system of electrogenic proton transport across the plasma membrane. Literature data show that the changes in H+-ATPase activity and related changes in intra- and extracellular pH play a key role in the ES-induced inactivation of photosynthesis in non-irritated parts of plants. This inactivation is caused by both suppression of CO2 influx into mesophyll cells in leaves, which can be induced by the apoplast alkalization and, probably, cytoplasm acidification, and direct influence of acidification of stroma and lumen of chloroplasts on light and, probably, dark photosynthetic reactions. The ES-induced inactivation of photosynthesis results in the increasing tolerance of photosynthetic machinery to the action of adverse factors and probability of the plant survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina M Sukhova
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, 603022, Russia
| | - Lyubov' M Yudina
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, 603022, Russia
| | - Vladimir S Sukhov
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, 603022, Russia.
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Yudina L, Popova A, Zolin Y, Sukhova E, Sukhov V. Local Action of Increased Pressure Induces Hyperpolarization Electrical Signals and Influences Photosynthetic Light Reactions in Wheat Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2570. [PMID: 37447131 DOI: 10.3390/plants12132570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Long-distance electrical signals caused by the local action of stressors influence numerous physiological processes in plants including photosynthesis and increase their tolerance to the action of adverse factors. Depolarization electrical signals were mainly investigated; however, we earlier showed that hyperpolarization electrical signals (HESs) can be caused by moderate stressors (e.g., local moderate heating) and induce photosynthetic inactivation. We hypothesized that HESs are related to stressor-induced increases in the hydrostatic pressure in the zone of action of the stressor and following the propagation of a hydraulic wave. In the current work, we tested this hypothesis through the direct investigation of electrical signals induced by the local action of artificially increased pressure and an analysis of the subsequent photosynthetic changes in the nonirritated parts of plants. The electrical signals and parameters of photosynthetic light reactions were investigated in wheat plants. The local action of the increased pressure was induced by the action of weights on the wheat leaf. Extracellular electrodes were used for electrical signal measurements. Pulse-amplitude-modulation fluorescent imaging was used for measurements of the quantum yield of photosystem II and nonphotochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence in wheat leaves. It was shown that the local action of pressure on wheat leaf induced electrical signals near the irritated zone: HESs were caused by low pressure (10 kPa) and depolarization signals were induced by high pressure (100 kPa). The local action of moderate pressure (50 kPa) induced weak electrical signals near the irritated zone; however, HESs were observed with increasing distance from this zone. It was also shown that the local action of this moderate pressure induced the photosynthetic inactivation (decreasing the quantum yield of photosystem II and increasing the nonphotochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence) in the nonirritated parts of the wheat leaves. Thus, our results show that the local action of the increased pressure and, probably, subsequent propagation of the hydraulic wave induce electrical signals (including HESs) and photosynthetic inactivation in nonirritated parts of plants that are similar to ones caused by the local action of moderate stressors (e.g., moderate heating). This means that both HESs and depolarization electrical signals can have a hydraulic mechanism of propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyubov Yudina
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alyona Popova
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Yuriy Zolin
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Sukhova
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Vladimir Sukhov
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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Yudina L, Sukhova E, Popova A, Zolin Y, Abasheva K, Grebneva K, Sukhov V. Local action of moderate heating and illumination induces propagation of hyperpolarization electrical signals in wheat plants. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.1062449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrical signals (ESs), which are generated in irritated zones of plants and propagate into their non-irritated parts, are hypothesized to be an important mechanism of a plant systemic response on the local action of adverse factors. This hypothesis is supported by influence of ESs on numerous physiological processes including expression of defense genes, production of stress phytohormones, changes in photosynthetic processes and transpiration, stimulation of respiration and others. However, there are several questions, which require solution to support the hypothesis. Particularly, the non-physiological stimuli (e.g., strong heating or burning) are often used for induction of ESs; in contrast, the ES induction under action of physiological stressors with moderate intensities requires additional investigations. Influence of long-term environmental factors on generation and propagation of ESs is also weakly investigated. In the current work, we investigated ESs induced by local action of the moderate heating and illumination in wheat plants under irrigated and drought conditions. It was shown that combination of the moderate heating (40°C) and illumination (blue light, 540 μmol m−2s−1) induced electrical signals which were mainly depolarization electrical signals near the irritation zone and hyperpolarization electrical signals (HESs) on the distance from this zone. The moderate soil drought did not influence HESs; in contrast, the strong soil drought significantly decreased amplitude of HESs. Finally, it was shown that the moderate heating could induce HESs without additional action of illumination. It was hypothesized that both hyperpolarization and depolarization ESs could be caused by the hydraulic wave.
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Integration of Electrical Signals and Phytohormones in the Control of Systemic Response. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010847. [PMID: 36614284 PMCID: PMC9821543 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants are constantly exposed to environmental stresses. Local stimuli sensed by one part of a plant are translated into long-distance signals that can influence the activities in distant tissues. Changes in levels of phytohormones in distant parts of the plant occur in response to various local stimuli. The regulation of hormone levels can be mediated by long-distance electrical signals, which are also induced by local stimulation. We consider the crosstalk between electrical signals and phytohormones and identify interaction points, as well as provide insights into the integration nodes that involve changes in pH, Ca2+ and ROS levels. This review also provides an overview of our current knowledge of how electrical signals and hormones work together to induce a systemic response.
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Fromm J, Lautner S. Electrical Signaling and Its Functions Under Conditions of Abiotic Stress: A Review of Methodological Approaches and Physiological Implications. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2642:179-193. [PMID: 36944879 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3044-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to chemical messengers, electrical signals such as action potentials and variation potentials can transmit information much faster over long distances. Electrical signals can be triggered by various abiotic stress factors and are propagated via plasmodesmata over short distances and within the phloem over long distances. Thus, in addition to assimilate transport from sources to sinks, the phloem serves as a communication highway for various types of information. Key factors for systemic signaling in the phloem are peptides, RNAs, hormones, and electrical signals. In recent years, there has been increasing evidence that rapid communication by means of electrical signals is essential for various plant physiological processes. Thus, this chapter focuses on electrical signaling and various associated physiological effects, such as regulation of leaf movements, assimilate transport, photosynthesis, and gas exchange, as well as plant water status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Fromm
- Wood Biology, Institute for Wood Science, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Silke Lautner
- Applied Wood Biology, Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development, Eberswalde, Germany
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Yudina L, Sukhova E, Popova A, Zolin Y, Abasheva K, Grebneva K, Sukhov V. Hyperpolarization electrical signals induced by local action of moderate heating influence photosynthetic light reactions in wheat plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1153731. [PMID: 37089652 PMCID: PMC10113467 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1153731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Local action of stressors induces fast changes in physiological processes in intact parts of plants including photosynthetic inactivation. This response is mediated by generation and propagation of depolarization electrical signals (action potentials and variation potentials) and participates in increasing plant tolerance to action of adverse factors. Earlier, we showed that a local action of physiological stimuli (moderate heating and blue light), which can be observed under environmental conditions, induces hyperpolarization electrical signals (system potentials) in wheat plants. It potentially means that these signals can play a key role in induction of fast physiological changes under the local action of environmental stressors. The current work was devoted to investigation of influence of hyperpolarization electrical signals induced by the local action of the moderate heating and blue light on parameters of photosynthetic light reactions. A quantum yield of photosystem II (ФPSII) and a non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence (NPQ) in wheat plants were investigated. It was shown that combination of the moderate heating (40°C) and blue light (540 µmol m-2s-1) decreased ФPSII and increased NPQ; these changes were observed in 3-5 cm from border of the irritated zone and dependent on intensity of actinic light. The moderate soil drought (7 days) increased magnitude of photosynthetic changes and shifted their localization which were observed on 5-7 cm from the irritated zone; in contrast, the strong soil drought (14 days) suppressed these changes. The local moderate heating decreased ФPSII and increased NPQ without action of the blue light; in contrast, the local blue light action without heating weakly influenced these parameters. It meant that just local heating was mechanism of induction of the photosynthetic changes. Finally, propagation of hyperpolarization electrical signals (system potentials) was necessary for decreasing ФPSII and increasing NPQ. Thus, our results show that hyperpolarization electrical signals induced by the local action of the moderate heating inactivates photosynthetic light reactions; this response is similar with photosynthetic changes induced by depolarization electrical signals. The soil drought and actinic light intensity can influence parameters of these photosynthetic changes.
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Sukhova E, Ratnitsyna D, Sukhov V. Simulated Analysis of Influence of Changes in H +-ATPase Activity and Membrane CO 2 Conductance on Parameters of Photosynthetic Assimilation in Leaves. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11243435. [PMID: 36559546 PMCID: PMC9783116 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is an important process in plants which influences their development and productivity. Many factors can control the efficiency of photosynthesis, including CO2 conductance of leaf mesophyll, which affects the CO2 availability for Rubisco. It is known that electrical stress signals can decrease this conductance, and the response is probably caused by inactivation of H+-ATPase in the plasma membrane. In the current work, we analyzed the influence of both CO2 conductance in the plasma membrane, and chloroplast envelopes and H+-ATPase activity on photosynthetic CO2 assimilation, using a two-dimensional mathematical model of photosynthesis in leaves. The model included a description of assimilation on the basis of the Farquhar-von Caemmerer-Berry model, ion transport through the plasma membrane, diffusion of CO2 in the apoplast, and transport of CO2 through the plasma membrane and chloroplast envelope. The model showed that the photosynthetic CO2 assimilation rate was mainly dependent on the plasma membrane and chloroplast envelope conductance; direct influence of the H+-ATPase activity (through changes in pH and CO2/HCO3- concentration ratio) on this rate was weak. In contrast, both changes in CO2 conductance of the plasma membrane and chloroplast envelopes and changes in the H+-ATPase activity influenced spatial heterogeneity of the CO2 assimilation on the leaf surface in the simulated two-dimensional system. These effects were also observed under simultaneous changes in the CO2 conductance of the plasma membrane and H+-ATPase activity. Qualitatively similar influence of changes in the CO2 conductance of the plasma membrane and chloroplast envelopes, and changes in the H+-ATPase activity on photosynthesis were shown for two different densities of stomata in the simulated leaf; however, lowering the density of stomata decreased the assimilation rate and increased the heterogeneity of assimilation. The results of the model analysis clarify the potential influence of H+-ATPase inactivation on photosynthesis, and can be the basis for development of new methods for remote sensing of the influence of electrical signals.
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Influence of Burning-Induced Electrical Signals on Photosynthesis in Pea Can Be Modified by Soil Water Shortage. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11040534. [PMID: 35214867 PMCID: PMC8878130 DOI: 10.3390/plants11040534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Local damage to plants can induce fast systemic physiological changes through generation and propagation of electrical signals. It is known that electrical signals influence numerous physiological processes including photosynthesis; an increased plant tolerance to actions of stressors is a result of these changes. It is probable that parameters of electrical signals and fast physiological changes induced by these signals can be modified by the long-term actions of stressors; however, this question has been little investigated. Our work was devoted to the investigation of the parameters of burning-induced electrical signals and their influence on photosynthesis under soil water shortage in pea seedlings. We showed that soil water shortage decreased the amplitudes of the burning-induced depolarization signals (variation potential) and the magnitudes of photosynthetic inactivation (decreasing photosynthetic CO2 assimilation and linear electron flow and increasing non-photochemical quenching of the chlorophyll fluorescence and cyclic electron flow around photosystem I) caused by these signals. Moreover, burning-induced hyperpolarization signals (maybe, system potentials) and increased photosynthetic CO2 assimilation could be observed under strong water shortage. It was shown that the electrical signal-induced increase of the leaf stomatal conductance was a potential mechanism for the burning-induced activation of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation under strong water shortage; this mechanism was not crucial for photosynthetic response under control conditions or weak water shortage. Thus, our results show that soil water shortage can strongly modify damage-induced electrical signals and fast physiological responses induced by these signals.
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Ehonen S, Sierla M. Gas Exchange Measurements in Systemic Signaling Studies. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2462:111-123. [PMID: 35152384 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2156-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Different parts of a plant can be simultaneously exposed to very different conditions, for example a leaf moving in and out of shadow. In addition to local responses, transmission of information between different tissues and organs is thought to affect the coordination of overall responses to changing environmental conditions. An important adaptive role is played by the stomata, which regulate the evaporation of water vapor and supply of CO2 for photosynthesis. Here, we describe a method to study the effect of distally triggered systemic signals on stomatal conductance. The experimental set up, consisting of a growth chamber and a leaf gas exchange measuring system, enables time-resolved measurements on an intact leaf while maintaining a full control over the environmental conditions of the measured leaf and the whole seedling. The method can be used as a powerful tool to study short- and long-term stomatal responses to changes in different environmental variables, such as light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Ehonen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Maija Sierla
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Electrical Signaling of Plants under Abiotic Stressors: Transmission of Stimulus-Specific Information. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910715. [PMID: 34639056 PMCID: PMC8509212 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have developed complex systems of perception and signaling to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Electrical signaling is one of the most promising candidates for the regulatory mechanisms of the systemic functional response under the local action of various stimuli. Long-distance electrical signals of plants, such as action potential (AP), variation potential (VP), and systemic potential (SP), show specificities to types of inducing stimuli. The systemic response induced by a long-distance electrical signal, representing a change in the activity of a complex of molecular-physiological processes, includes a nonspecific component and a stimulus-specific component. This review discusses possible mechanisms for transmitting information about the nature of the stimulus and the formation of a specific systemic response with the participation of electrical signals induced by various abiotic factors.
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Electrical Signals, Plant Tolerance to Actions of Stressors, and Programmed Cell Death: Is Interaction Possible? PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081704. [PMID: 34451749 PMCID: PMC8401951 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In environmental conditions, plants are affected by abiotic and biotic stressors which can be heterogenous. This means that the systemic plant adaptive responses on their actions require long-distance stress signals including electrical signals (ESs). ESs are based on transient changes in the activities of ion channels and H+-ATP-ase in the plasma membrane. They influence numerous physiological processes, including gene expression, phytohormone synthesis, photosynthesis, respiration, phloem mass flow, ATP content, and many others. It is considered that these changes increase plant tolerance to the action of stressors; the effect can be related to stimulation of damages of specific molecular structures. In this review, we hypothesize that programmed cell death (PCD) in plant cells can be interconnected with ESs. There are the following points supporting this hypothesis. (i) Propagation of ESs can be related to ROS waves; these waves are a probable mechanism of PCD initiation. (ii) ESs induce the inactivation of photosynthetic dark reactions and activation of respiration. Both responses can also produce ROS and, probably, induce PCD. (iii) ESs stimulate the synthesis of stress phytohormones (e.g., jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, and ethylene) which are known to contribute to the induction of PCD. (iv) Generation of ESs accompanies K+ efflux from the cytoplasm that is also a mechanism of induction of PCD. Our review argues for the possibility of PCD induction by electrical signals and shows some directions of future investigations in the field.
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Stochastic Spatial Heterogeneity in Activities of H +-ATP-Ases in Electrically Connected Plant Cells Decreases Threshold for Cooling-Induced Electrical Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158254. [PMID: 34361018 PMCID: PMC8348073 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
H+-ATP-ases, which support proton efflux through the plasma membrane, are key molecular transporters for electrogenesis in cells of higher plants. Initial activities of the transporters can influence the thresholds of generation of electrical responses induced by stressors and modify other parameters of these responses. Previously, it was theoretically shown that the stochastic heterogeneity of individual cell thresholds for electrical responses in a system of electrically connected neuronal cells can decrease the total threshold of the system (“diversity-induced resonance”, DIR). In the current work, we tested a hypothesis about decreasing the thresholds of generation of cooling-induced electrical responses in a system of electrically connected plant cells with increasing stochastic spatial heterogeny in the initial activities of H+-ATP-ases in these cells. A two-dimensional model of the system of electrically connected excitable cells (simple imitation of plant leaf), which was based on a model previously developed in our works, was used for the present investigation. Simulation showed that increasing dispersion in the distribution of initial activities of H+-ATP-ases between cells decreased the thresholds of generation of cooling-induced electrical responses. In addition, the increasing weakly influenced the amplitudes of electrical responses. Additional analysis showed two different mechanisms of the revealed effect. The increasing spatial heterogeneity in activities of H+-ATP-ases induced a weak positive shift of the membrane potential at rest. The shift decreased the threshold of electrical response generation. However, the decreased threshold induced by increasing the H+-ATP-ase activity heterogeneity was also observed after the elimination of the positive shift. The result showed that the “DIR-like” mechanism also participated in the revealed effect. Finally, we showed that the standard deviation of the membrane potentials before the induction of action potentials could be used for the estimation of thresholds of cooling-induced plant electrical responses. Thus, spatial heterogeneity in the initial activities of H+-ATP-ases can be a new regulatory mechanism influencing the generation of electrical responses in plants under actions of stressors.
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15
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Influence of Local Burning on Difference Reflectance Indices Based on 400-700 nm Wavelengths in Leaves of Pea Seedlings. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10050878. [PMID: 33925343 PMCID: PMC8146762 DOI: 10.3390/plants10050878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Local damage (e.g., burning) induces a variation potential (VP), which is an important electrical signal in higher plants. A VP propagates into undamaged parts of the plant and influences numerous physiological processes, including photosynthesis. Rapidly increasing plant tolerance to stressors is likely to be a result of the physiological changes. Thus, developing methods of revealing VP-induced physiological changes can be used for the remote sensing of plant systemic responses to local damage. Previously, we showed that burning-induced VP influenced a photochemical reflectance index in pea leaves, but the influence of the electrical signals on other reflectance indices was not investigated. In this study, we performed a complex analysis of the influence of VP induction by local burning on difference reflectance indices based on 400–700 nm wavelengths in leaves of pea seedlings. Heat maps of the significance of local burning-induced changes in the reflectance indices and their correlations with photosynthetic parameters were constructed. Large spectral regions with significant changes in these indices after VP induction were revealed. Most changes were strongly correlated to photosynthetic parameters. Some indices, which can be potentially effective for revealing local burning-induced photosynthetic changes, are separately shown. Our results show that difference reflectance indices based on 400–700 nm wavelengths can potentially be used for the remote sensing of plant systemic responses induced by local damages and subsequent propagation of VPs.
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Klejchova M, Silva-Alvim FAL, Blatt MR, Alvim JC. Membrane voltage as a dynamic platform for spatiotemporal signaling, physiological, and developmental regulation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 185:1523-1541. [PMID: 33598675 PMCID: PMC8133626 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Membrane voltage arises from the transport of ions through ion-translocating ATPases, ion-coupled transport of solutes, and ion channels, and is an integral part of the bioenergetic "currency" of the membrane. The dynamics of membrane voltage-so-called action, systemic, and variation potentials-have also led to a recognition of their contributions to signal transduction, both within cells and across tissues. Here, we review the origins of our understanding of membrane voltage and its place as a central element in regulating transport and signal transmission. We stress the importance of understanding voltage as a common intermediate that acts both as a driving force for transport-an electrical "substrate"-and as a product of charge flux across the membrane, thereby interconnecting all charge-carrying transport across the membrane. The voltage interconnection is vital to signaling via second messengers that rely on ion flux, including cytosolic free Ca2+, H+, and the synthesis of reactive oxygen species generated by integral membrane, respiratory burst oxidases. These characteristics inform on the ways in which long-distance voltage signals and voltage oscillations give rise to unique gene expression patterns and influence physiological, developmental, and adaptive responses such as systemic acquired resistance to pathogens and to insect herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Klejchova
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Fernanda A L Silva-Alvim
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Michael R Blatt
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
- Author for communication:
| | - Jonas Chaves Alvim
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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Mudrilov M, Ladeynova M, Berezina E, Grinberg M, Brilkina A, Sukhov V, Vodeneev V. Mechanisms of specific systemic response in wheat plants under different locally acting heat stimuli. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 258-259:153377. [PMID: 33621780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms of the specific systemic response of plant to different adverse factors are poorly understood. We studied the mechanisms acting in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under the action of local burn and gradual heating. Both stimuli induce a variation potential (VP) propagation and a biphasic (fast and long-term phases) photosynthetic response in non-stimulated zones of plant with stimulus-specific parameters of the latter: the fast phase or long-term phase predominance in responses induced by burn or heating, respectively. The burn-induced VP and photosynthetic response attenuate with distance, while the heating-induced VP and photosynthetic response were of more stable amplitude in distant part of the stimulated plant. VP propagation in both cases induced apoplast alkalization with dynamics well corresponding to such of VP and of the fast phase of photosynthetic response. Gradual heating induced a significant rise in jasmonate production along with a decrease in stomatal conductance with characteristic times well corresponding to the long-term phase of the photosynthetic response. We suppose that the VP-induced pH shift is responsible for in the induction of the fast phase, while jasmonate production for the long-term phase of the photosynthetic response. The revealed differences in the systemic response to stressors studied, apparently, reflect two distinct plant adaptation strategies to fast and slow-growing stimuli. The immediate response in the tissue nearest to the damage zone is the most important under a fast-growing stimulus. The fundamentally different situation is under a slowly-growing stimulus which provokes long-term changes in the plant that ensure the preparation of the whole organism for impending environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Mudrilov
- Department of Biophysics, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
| | - Maria Ladeynova
- Department of Biophysics, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Berezina
- Department of Biophysics, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
| | - Marina Grinberg
- Department of Biophysics, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
| | - Anna Brilkina
- Department of Biophysics, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
| | - Vladimir Sukhov
- Department of Biophysics, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
| | - Vladimir Vodeneev
- Department of Biophysics, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia.
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Sukhova E, Akinchits E, Gudkov SV, Pishchalnikov RY, Vodeneev V, Sukhov V. A Theoretical Analysis of Relations between Pressure Changes along Xylem Vessels and Propagation of Variation Potential in Higher Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:372. [PMID: 33671945 PMCID: PMC7919029 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Variation potential (VP) is an important long-distance electrical signal in higher plants that is induced by local damages, influences numerous physiological processes, and participates in plant adaptation to stressors. The transmission of increased hydraulic pressure through xylem vessels is the probable mechanism of VP propagation in plants; however, the rates of the pressure transmission and VP propagation can strongly vary. We analyzed this problem on the basis of a simple mathematical model of the pressure distribution along a xylem vessel, which was approximated by a tube with a pressure gradient. It is assumed that the VP is initiated if the integral over pressure is more than a threshold one, taking into account that the pressure is transiently increased in the initial point of the tube and is kept constant in the terminal point. It was shown that this simple model can well describe the parameters of VP propagation in higher plants, including the increase in time before VP initiation and the decrease in the rate of VP propagation with an increase in the distance from the zone of damage. Considering three types of the pressure dynamics, our model predicts that the velocity of VP propagation can be stimulated by an increase in the length of a plant shoot and also depends on pressure dynamics in the damaged zone. Our results theoretically support the hypothesis about the impact of pressure variations in xylem vessels on VP propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Sukhova
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (E.S.); (E.A.); (S.V.G.); (V.V.)
| | - Elena Akinchits
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (E.S.); (E.A.); (S.V.G.); (V.V.)
| | - Sergey V. Gudkov
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (E.S.); (E.A.); (S.V.G.); (V.V.)
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Roman Y. Pishchalnikov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Vladimir Vodeneev
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (E.S.); (E.A.); (S.V.G.); (V.V.)
| | - Vladimir Sukhov
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (E.S.); (E.A.); (S.V.G.); (V.V.)
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Yudina L, Sherstneva O, Sukhova E, Grinberg M, Mysyagin S, Vodeneev V, Sukhov V. Inactivation of H +-ATPase Participates in the Influence of Variation Potential on Photosynthesis and Respiration in Peas. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1585. [PMID: 33207655 PMCID: PMC7697462 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Local damage (e.g., burning, heating, or crushing) causes the generation and propagation of a variation potential (VP), which is a unique electrical signal in higher plants. A VP influences numerous physiological processes, with photosynthesis and respiration being important targets. VP generation is based on transient inactivation of H+-ATPase in plasma membrane. In this work, we investigated the participation of this inactivation in the development of VP-induced photosynthetic and respiratory responses. Two- to three-week-old pea seedlings (Pisum sativum L.) and their protoplasts were investigated. Photosynthesis and respiration in intact seedlings were measured using a GFS-3000 gas analyzer, Dual-PAM-100 Pulse-Amplitude-Modulation (PAM)-fluorometer, and a Dual-PAM gas-exchange Cuvette 3010-Dual. Electrical activity was measured using extracellular electrodes. The parameters of photosynthetic light reactions in protoplasts were measured using the Dual-PAM-100; photosynthesis- and respiration-related changes in O2 exchange rate were measured using an Oxygraph Plus System. We found that preliminary changes in the activity of H+-ATPase in the plasma membrane (its inactivation by sodium orthovanadate or activation by fusicoccin) influenced the amplitudes and magnitudes of VP-induced photosynthetic and respiratory responses in intact seedlings. Decreases in H+-ATPase activity (sodium orthovanadate treatment) induced fast decreases in photosynthetic activity and increases in respiration in protoplasts. Thus, our results support the effect of H+-ATPase inactivation on VP-induced photosynthetic and respiratory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Vladimir Sukhov
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (L.Y.); (O.S.); (E.S.); (M.G.); (S.M.); (V.V.)
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Electrophysiological assessment of plant status outside a Faraday cage using supervised machine learning. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17073. [PMID: 31745185 PMCID: PMC6864072 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53675-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Living organisms have evolved complex signaling networks to drive appropriate physiological processes in response to changing environmental conditions. Amongst them, electric signals are a universal method to rapidly transmit information. In animals, bioelectrical activity measurements in the heart or the brain provide information about health status. In plants, practical measurements of bioelectrical activity are in their infancy and transposition of technology used in human medicine could therefore, by analogy provide insight about the physiological status of plants. This paper reports on the development and testing of an innovative electrophysiological sensor that can be used in greenhouse production conditions, without a Faraday cage, enabling real-time electric signal measurements. The bioelectrical activity is modified in response to water stress conditions or to nycthemeral rhythm. Furthermore, the automatic classification of plant status using supervised machine learning allows detection of these physiological modifications. This sensor represents an efficient alternative agronomic tool at the service of producers for decision support or for taking preventive measures before initial visual symptoms of plant stress appear.
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Wang G, Hu C, Zhou J, Liu Y, Cai J, Pan C, Wang Y, Wu X, Shi K, Xia X, Zhou Y, Foyer CH, Yu J. Systemic Root-Shoot Signaling Drives Jasmonate-Based Root Defense against Nematodes. Curr Biol 2019; 29:3430-3438.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Long-distance electrical signals as a link between the local action of stressors and the systemic physiological responses in higher plants. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 146:63-84. [PMID: 30508537 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Our review is devoted to the analysis of the role of long-distance electrical signals in the development of the fast systemic physiological responses in higher plants. The characteristics and mechanisms of basic electrical signals (variation potential, action potential and system potential) are analyzed, and a potential schema of the generation and propagation of the system potential is proposed. The review summarizes the physiological changes induced by the variation potential, action potential and system potential in higher plants, including changes in gene expressions, the production of phytohormones, photosynthesis, phloem mass-flow, respiration, ATP content, transpiration and plant growth. Potential mechanisms of the changes are analyzed. Finally, a hypothetical schema, which describes a hierarchy of the variation potential, action potential and system potential, in the development of the fast systemic non-specific adaptation of plants to stressors, is proposed.
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Sukhova EM, Sukhov VS. Dependence of the CO2 Uptake in a Plant Cell on the Plasma Membrane H+-ATPase Activity: Theoretical Analysis. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW SUPPLEMENT SERIES A-MEMBRANE AND CELL BIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990747818020149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sukhova E, Mudrilov M, Vodeneev V, Sukhov V. Influence of the variation potential on photosynthetic flows of light energy and electrons in pea. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2018; 136:215-228. [PMID: 29086893 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-017-0460-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Local damage (mainly burning, heating, and mechanical wounding) induces propagation of electrical signals, namely, variation potentials, which are important signals during the life of plants that regulate different physiological processes, including photosynthesis. It is known that the variation potential decreases the rate of CO2 assimilation by the Calvin-Benson cycle; however, its influence on light reactions has been poorly investigated. The aim of our work was to investigate the influence of the variation potential on the light energy flow that is absorbed, trapped and dissipated per active reaction centre in photosystem II and on the flow of electrons through the chloroplast electron transport chain. We analysed chlorophyll fluorescence in pea leaves using JIP-test and PAM-fluorometry; we also investigated delayed fluorescence. The electrical signals were registered using extracellular electrodes. We showed that the burning-induced variation potential stimulated a nonphotochemical loss of energy in photosystem II under dark conditions. It was also shown that the variation potential gradually increased the flow of light energy absorbed, trapped and dissipated by photosystem II. These changes were likely caused by an increase in the fraction of absorbed light distributed to photosystem II. In addition, the variation potential induced a transient increase in electron flow through the photosynthetic electron transport chain. Some probable mechanisms for the influence of the variation potential on the light reactions of photosynthesis (including the potential role of intracellular pH decrease) are discussed in the work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Sukhova
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarin Avenue, 23, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia, 603950
| | - Maxim Mudrilov
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarin Avenue, 23, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia, 603950
| | - Vladimir Vodeneev
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarin Avenue, 23, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia, 603950
| | - Vladimir Sukhov
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarin Avenue, 23, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia, 603950.
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Vuralhan-Eckert J, Lautner S, Fromm J. Effect of simultaneously induced environmental stimuli on electrical signalling and gas exchange in maize plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 223:32-36. [PMID: 29471273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Electrical signalling in response to environmental stimuli is a well-known phenomenon in higher plants. For example, in maize, different stimuli, such as wounding or re-irrigation after drought, incite characteristic electrical signals which have quite particular effects on gas exchange. What is less well understood is how plants (specifically maize) respond when two different environmental stimuli are applied simultaneously. To explore this, a three-stage experiment was designed. In the first stage, drought conditions were simulated by decreasing the soil water content to 30-40 % of field capacity. In these conditions, and in contrast to well-watered plants, the maize exhibited only 60-70% of the original level of stomatal conductance and 50-60 % of the original photosynthesis rate. In the second stage of the experiment the plants were re-irrigated and heat stimulated separately. Re-irrigation led to specific electrical signals followed by a gradual increase of gas exchange. In contrast, after heat stimulation of a leaf an electrical signal was evoked that reduced the net CO2-uptake rate as well as stomatal conductance. In the third stage, to elucidate how plants process simultaneous re-irrigation and heat stimulation, the drought-stressed maize plants were re-watered and heat-stimulated at the same time. Results showed a two phase response. In the first phase there was a rapid decrease in both the CO2 uptake rate and the stomatal conductance, while in the second phase each of these parameters increased gradually. Thus, the results strongly support the view that the responses from both stimuli were combined, indicating that maize plants can process simultaneously applied stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silke Lautner
- Institute for Wood Biology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Applied Wood Biology, Faculty of Wood Science and Technology, Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development, Schicklerstraße 5, 16225 Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Jörg Fromm
- Institute for Wood Biology, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
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Szechyńska-Hebda M, Lewandowska M, Karpiński S. Electrical Signaling, Photosynthesis and Systemic Acquired Acclimation. Front Physiol 2017; 8:684. [PMID: 28959209 PMCID: PMC5603676 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical signaling in higher plants is required for the appropriate intracellular and intercellular communication, stress responses, growth and development. In this review, we have focus on recent findings regarding the electrical signaling, as a major regulator of the systemic acquired acclimation (SAA) and the systemic acquired resistance (SAR). The electric signaling on its own cannot confer the required specificity of information to trigger SAA and SAR, therefore, we have also discussed a number of other mechanisms and signaling systems that can operate in combination with electric signaling. We have emphasized the interrelation between ionic mechanism of electrical activity and regulation of photosynthesis, which is intrinsic to a proper induction of SAA and SAR. In a special way, we have summarized the role of non-photochemical quenching and its regulator PsbS. Further, redox status of the cell, calcium and hydraulic waves, hormonal circuits and stomatal aperture regulation have been considered as components of the signaling. Finally, a model of light-dependent mechanisms of electrical signaling propagation has been presented together with the systemic regulation of light-responsive genes encoding both, ion channels and proteins involved in regulation of their activity. Due to space limitations, we have not addressed many other important aspects of hormonal and ROS signaling, which were presented in a number of recent excellent reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Szechyńska-Hebda
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life SciencesWarsaw, Poland
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of SciencesKrakow, Poland
| | - Maria Lewandowska
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life SciencesWarsaw, Poland
| | - Stanisław Karpiński
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life SciencesWarsaw, Poland
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Sukhov VS, Gaspirovich VV, Gromova EN, Ladeynova MM, Sinitsyna YV, Berezina EV, Akinchits EK, Vodeneev VA. Decrease of mesophyll conductance to CO2 is a possible mechanism of abscisic acid influence on photosynthesis in seedlings of pea and wheat. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW SUPPLEMENT SERIES A-MEMBRANE AND CELL BIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990747817030096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sherstneva ON, Vodeneev VA, Surova LM, Novikova EM, Sukhov VS. Application of a mathematical model of variation potential for analysis of its influence on photosynthesis in higher plants. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW SUPPLEMENT SERIES A-MEMBRANE AND CELL BIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990747816030089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sukhov V. Electrical signals as mechanism of photosynthesis regulation in plants. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2016; 130:373-387. [PMID: 27154573 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-016-0270-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes current works concerning the effects of electrical signals (ESs) on photosynthesis, the mechanisms of the effects, and its physiological role in plants. Local irritations of plants induce various photosynthetic responses in intact leaves, including fast and long-term inactivation of photosynthesis, and its activation. Irritation-induced ESs, including action potential, variation potential, and system potential, probably causes the photosynthetic responses in intact leaves. Probable mechanisms of induction of fast inactivation of photosynthesis are associated with Ca2+- and (or) H+-influxes during ESs generation; long-term inactivation of photosynthesis might be caused by Ca2+- and (or) H+-influxes, production of abscisic and jasmonic acids, and inactivation of phloem H+-sucrose symporters. It is probable that subsequent development of inactivation of photosynthesis is mainly associated with decreased CO2 influx and inactivation of the photosynthetic dark reactions, which induces decreased photochemical quantum yields of photosystems I and II and increased non-photochemical quenching of photosystem II fluorescence and cyclic electron flow around photosystem I. However, other pathways of the ESs influence on the photosynthetic light reactions are also possible. One of them might be associated with ES-connected acidification of chloroplast stroma inducing ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase accumulation at the thylakoids in Tic62 and TROL complexes. Mechanisms of ES-induced activation of photosynthesis require further investigation. The probable ultimate effect of ES-induced photosynthetic responses in plant life is the increased photosynthetic machinery resistance to stressors, including high and low temperatures, and enhanced whole-plant resistance to environmental factors at least during 1 h after irritation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Sukhov
- Department of Biophysics, N. I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarin Avenue 23, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia, 603950.
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Sukhov V, Surova L, Morozova E, Sherstneva O, Vodeneev V. Changes in H(+)-ATP Synthase Activity, Proton Electrochemical Gradient, and pH in Pea Chloroplast Can Be Connected with Variation Potential. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1092. [PMID: 27499760 PMCID: PMC4956672 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Local stimulation induces generation and propagation of electrical signals, including the variation potential (VP) and action potential, in plants. Burning-induced VP changes the physiological state of plants; specifically, it inactivates photosynthesis. However, the mechanisms that decrease photosynthesis are poorly understood. We investigated these mechanisms by measuring VP-connected systemic changes in CO2 assimilation, parameters of light reactions of photosynthesis, electrochromic pigment absorbance shifts, and light scattering. We reveal that inactivation of photosynthesis in the pea, including inactivation of dark and light reactions, was connected with the VP. Inactivation of dark reactions decreased the rate constant of the fast relaxation of the electrochromic pigment absorbance shift, which reflected a decrease in the H(+)-ATP synthase activity. This decrease likely contributed to the acidification of the chloroplast lumen, which developed after VP induction. However, VP-connected decrease of the proton motive force across the thylakoid membrane, possibly, reflected a decreased pH in the stroma. This decrease may be another mechanism of chloroplast lumen acidification. Overall, stroma acidification can decrease electron flow through photosystem I, and lumen acidification induces growth of fluorescence non-photochemical quenching and decreases electron flow through photosystem II, i.e., pH decreases in the stroma and lumen, possibly, contribute to the VP-induced inactivation of light reactions of photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Sukhov
- Department of Biophysics, N. I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny NovgorodNizhny Novgorod, Russia
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Sherstneva ON, Surova LM, Vodeneev VA, Plotnikova YI, Bushueva AV, Sukhov VS. The role of the intra- and extracellular protons in the photosynthetic response induced by the variation potential in pea seedlings. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW SUPPLEMENT SERIES A-MEMBRANE AND CELL BIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990747815050116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Surova L, Sherstneva O, Vodeneev V, Sukhov V. Variation potential propagation decreases heat-related damage of pea photosystem I by 2 different pathways. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1145334. [PMID: 26853242 PMCID: PMC4883963 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1145334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Local burning is known to generate and propagate variation potential (VP) in plants. VP affects different physiological processes, including reducing heat-related damage to photosystem I (PSI). We investigated mechanisms of the process. Photosynthesis parameters were measured with Dual-PAM-100 and GFS-3000. VP was induced by burning the first mature leaf and then waiting 5, 10, 15, or 20 min to initiate heating of the second mature leaf. Photosystems activities in the second leaf were investigated at 15 and 135 min after heating. In the absence of VP induction, when incubation in hot water (5 min) was used for heating the intact second leaf, PSI and PSII activities decreased after incubation at both exposure temperatures (45°C and 50°C). When local burning of the first leaf induced VP propagation into the second leaf, reduced photosynthesis (PSI) was observed. Arrival of VP in the second leaf prior to hot water incubation at 50°C decreased heating-induced suppression of PSI activity when measured 15 and 135 min later. Dependence of PSI activity on the time interval (5, 10, 15, or 20 min) between VP induction and heating of the second leaf was dissimilar at 15 and 135 min. Heat-induced suppression of PSII activity in the second leaf was stimulated after VP induction. In contrast, the effect of VP on PSI and PSII damage was weak when leaf 2 was heated at 45°C. VP-induced decrease of PSI activity suppression at 15 min after heating was correlated with stimulation of PSII activity suppression, but increase of PSI activity at 135 min after heating was not related to PSII activity. Thus, our results suggest the possibility of 2 different pathways of VP-induced decrease of heat-related PSI damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyubov Surova
- Department of Biophysics, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Nizhni Novgorod, Russia
| | - Oksana Sherstneva
- Department of Biophysics, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Nizhni Novgorod, Russia
| | - Vladimir Vodeneev
- Department of Biophysics, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Nizhni Novgorod, Russia
| | - Vladimir Sukhov
- Department of Biophysics, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Nizhni Novgorod, Russia
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Portillo-Estrada M, Kazantsev T, Talts E, Tosens T, Niinemets Ü. Emission Timetable and Quantitative Patterns of Wound-Induced Volatiles Across Different Leaf Damage Treatments in Aspen (Populus Tremula). J Chem Ecol 2015; 41:1105-17. [PMID: 26546474 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-015-0646-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Plant-feeding herbivores can generate complex patterns of foliar wounding, but it is unclear how wounding-elicited volatile emissions scale with the severity of different wounding types, and there is no common protocol for wounding experiments. We investigated the rapid initial response to wounding damage generated by different numbers of straight cuts and punctures through leaf lamina as well as varying area of lamina squeezing in the temperate deciduous tree Populus tremula. Wounding-induced volatile emission time-courses were continuously recorded by a proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass-spectrometer. After the mechanical wounding, an emission cascade was rapidly elicited resulting in sequential emissions of key stress volatiles methanol, acetaldehyde, and volatiles of the lipoxygenase pathway, collectively constituting more than 97% of the total emission. The maximum emission rates, reached after one to three minutes after wounding, and integrated emissions during the burst were strongly correlated with the severity in all damage treatments. For straight cuts and punch hole treatments, the emissions per cut edge length were constant, indicating a direct proportionality. Our results are useful for screening wounding-dependent emission capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Portillo-Estrada
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014, Tartu, Estonia.
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plant and Vegetation Ecology), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Taras Kazantsev
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Eero Talts
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Tiina Tosens
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014, Tartu, Estonia.
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, 10130, Tallinn, Estonia.
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Hou F, Jin LQ, Zhang ZS, Gao HY. Systemic signalling in photosynthetic induction of Rumex K-1 (Rumex patientia × Rumex tianschaious) leaves. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:685-92. [PMID: 25124181 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The rapid induction of photosynthesis is critical for plants under light-fleck environment. Most previous studies about photosynthetic induction focused upon single leaf, but they did not consider the systemic integrity of plant. Here, we verified whether systemic signalling is involved in photosynthetic induction. Rumex K-1 (Rumex patientia × Rumex tianschaious) plants were grown under light-fleck condition. After whole night dark adaptation, different numbers of leaves (system leaf or SL) were pre-illuminated with light, and then the photosynthetic induction of other leaves (target leaf or TL) was investigated. This study showed that the pre-illumination of SL promoted photosynthetic induction in TL. This promotion was independent of the number of SL, the light intensity on SL and the distance between SL and TL, indicating that this systemic signalling is non-dose-dependent. More interestingly, the photosynthetic induction was promoted by only the pre-illumination of morphological upper leaf rather than the pre-illumination of morphological lower leaf, indicating that the transfer of this signal is directional. The results showed that the transfer of this systemic signalling depends upon the phloem. This systemic signalling helps plants to use light energy more efficiently under light flecks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
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Sukhov V, Surova L, Sherstneva O, Katicheva L, Vodeneev V. Variation potential influence on photosynthetic cyclic electron flow in pea. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 5:766. [PMID: 25610447 PMCID: PMC4285888 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic electron flow is an important component of the total photosynthetic electron flow and participates in adaptation to the action of stressors. Local leaf stimulation induces electrical signals, including variation potential (VP), which inactivate photosynthesis; however, their influence on cyclic electron flow has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate VP's influence on cyclic electron flow in pea (Pisum sativum L.). VP was induced in pea seedling leaves by local heating and measured in an adjacent, undamaged leaf by extracellular electrodes. CO2 assimilation was measured using a portable gas exchange measuring system. Photosystem I and II parameters were investigated using a measuring system for simultaneous assessment of P700 oxidation and chlorophyll fluorescence. Heating-induced VP reduced CO2 assimilation and electron flow through photosystem II. In response, cyclic electron flow rapidly decreased and subsequently slowly increased. Slow increases in cyclic flow were caused by decreased electron flow through photosystem II, which was mainly connected with VP-induced photosynthetic dark stage inactivation. However, direct influence by VP on photosystem I also participated in activation of cyclic electron flow. Thus, VP, induced by local leaf-heating, activated cyclic electron flow in undamaged leaves. This response was similar to photosynthetic changes observed under the direct action of stressors. Possible mechanisms of VP's influence on cyclic flow were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Sukhov
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny NovgorodNizhny Novgorod, Russia
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Vodeneev V, Akinchits E, Sukhov V. Variation potential in higher plants: Mechanisms of generation and propagation. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e1057365. [PMID: 26313506 PMCID: PMC4883923 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1057365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Long-distance intercellular electrical signals, including variation potential (VP) in higher plants, are a potential mechanism of coordinate functional responses in different plant cells under action of stressors. VP, which is caused by damaging factors (e.g., heating, crushing), is transient depolarization with an irregular shape. It can include a long-term depolarization and fast impulse depolarization ('AP-like' spikes). Mechanisms of VP generation and propagation are still under investigation. It is probable that VP is a local electrical response induced by propagation of hydraulic wave and (or) chemical agent. Both hypotheses are based on numerous experimental results but they predict VP velocities which are not in a good accordance with speed of variation potential propagation. Thus combination of hydraulic and chemical signals is the probable mechanism of VP propagation. VP generation is traditionally connected with transient H(+)-ATPase inactivation, but AP-like spikes are also connected with passive ions fluxes. Ca(2+) influx is a probable mechanism which triggers H(+)-ATPase inactivation and ions channels activation at VP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Vodeneev
- Department of Biophysics Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod; Nizhni Novgorod, Russia
| | - Elena Akinchits
- Department of Biophysics Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod; Nizhni Novgorod, Russia
| | - Vladimir Sukhov
- Department of Biophysics Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod; Nizhni Novgorod, Russia
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Singh J, Pandey P, James D, Chandrasekhar K, Achary VMM, Kaul T, Tripathy BC, Reddy MK. Enhancing C3 photosynthesis: an outlook on feasible interventions for crop improvement. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2014; 12:1217-30. [PMID: 25196090 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite the declarations and collective measures taken to eradicate hunger at World Food Summits, food security remains one of the biggest issues that we are faced with. The current scenario could worsen due to the alarming increase in world population, further compounded by adverse climatic conditions, such as increase in atmospheric temperature, unforeseen droughts and decreasing soil moisture, which will decrease crop yield even further. Furthermore, the projected increase in yields of C3 crops as a result of increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations is much less than anticipated. Thus, there is an urgent need to increase crop productivity beyond existing yield potentials to address the challenge of food security. One of the domains of plant biology that promises hope in overcoming this problem is study of C3 photosynthesis. In this review, we have examined the potential bottlenecks of C3 photosynthesis and the strategies undertaken to overcome them. The targets considered for possible intervention include RuBisCO, RuBisCO activase, Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle enzymes, CO2 and carbohydrate transport, and light reactions among many others. In addition, other areas which promise scope for improvement of C3 photosynthesis, such as mining natural genetic variations, mathematical modelling for identifying new targets, installing efficient carbon fixation and carbon concentrating mechanisms have been touched upon. Briefly, this review intends to shed light on the recent advances in enhancing C3 photosynthesis for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitender Singh
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India; School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Sukhov V, Sherstneva O, Surova L, Katicheva L, Vodeneev V. Proton cellular influx as a probable mechanism of variation potential influence on photosynthesis in pea. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:2532-41. [PMID: 24635649 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Electrical signals (action potential and variation potential, VP) caused by environmental stimuli are known to induce various physiological responses in plants, including changes in photosynthesis; however, their functional mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, the influence of VP on photosynthesis in pea (Pisum sativum L.) was investigated and the proton participation in this process analysed. VP, induced by local heating, inactivated photosynthesis and activated respiration, with the initiation of the photosynthetic response connected with inactivation of the photosynthetic dark stage; however, direct VP influence on the light stage was also probable. VP generation was accompanied with pH increases in apoplasts (0.17-0.30 pH unit) and decreases in cytoplasm (0.18-0.60 pH unit), which probably reflected H(+) -ATPase inactivation and H(+) influx during this electrical event. Imitation of H(+) influx using the protonophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) induced a photosynthetic response that was similar with a VP-induced response. Experiments on chloroplast suspensions showed that decreased external pH also induced an analogous response and that its magnitude depended on the magnitude of pH change. Thus, the present results showed that proton cellular influx was the probable mechanism of VP's influence on photosynthesis in pea. Potential means of action for this influence are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Sukhov
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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Chaumont F, Tyerman SD. Aquaporins: highly regulated channels controlling plant water relations. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:1600-18. [PMID: 24449709 PMCID: PMC3982727 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.233791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and development are dependent on tight regulation of water movement. Water diffusion across cell membranes is facilitated by aquaporins that provide plants with the means to rapidly and reversibly modify water permeability. This is done by changing aquaporin density and activity in the membrane, including posttranslational modifications and protein interaction that act on their trafficking and gating. At the whole organ level aquaporins modify water conductance and gradients at key "gatekeeper" cell layers that impact on whole plant water flow and plant water potential. In this way they may act in concert with stomatal regulation to determine the degree of isohydry/anisohydry. Molecular, physiological, and biophysical approaches have demonstrated that variations in root and leaf hydraulic conductivity can be accounted for by aquaporins but this must be integrated with anatomical considerations. This Update integrates these data and emphasizes the central role played by aquaporins in regulating plant water relations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen D. Tyerman
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4–L7.07.14, B–1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium (F.C.); and
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Waite Research Institute, School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus PMB 1, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia (S.D.T.)
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Easlon HM, Nemali KS, Richards JH, Hanson DT, Juenger TE, McKay JK. The physiological basis for genetic variation in water use efficiency and carbon isotope composition in Arabidopsis thaliana. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2014; 119:119-29. [PMID: 23893317 PMCID: PMC3889294 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-013-9891-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ecologists and physiologists have documented extensive variation in water use efficiency (WUE) in Arabidopsis thaliana, as well as association of WUE with climatic variation. Here, we demonstrate correlations of whole-plant transpiration efficiency and carbon isotope composition (δ(13)C) among life history classes of A. thaliana. We also use a whole-plant cuvette to examine patterns of co-variation in component traits of WUE and δ(13)C. We find that stomatal conductance (g s) explains more variation in WUE than does A. Overall, there was a strong genetic correlation between A and g s, consistent with selection acting on the ratio of these traits. At a more detailed level, genetic variation in A was due to underlying variation in both maximal rate of carboxylation (V cmax) and maximum electron transport rate (Jmax). We also found strong effects of leaf anatomy, where lines with lower WUE had higher leaf water content (LWC) and specific leaf area (SLA), suggesting a role for mesophyll conductance (g m) in variation of WUE. We hypothesize that this is due to an effect through g m, and test this hypothesis using the abi4 mutant. We show that mutants of ABI4 have higher SLA, LWC, and g m than wild-type, consistent with variation in leaf anatomy causing variation in g m and δ(13)C. These functional data also add further support to the central, integrative role of ABI4 in simultaneously altering ABA sensitivity, sugar signaling, and CO2 assimilation. Together our results highlight the need for a more holistic approach in functional studies, both for more accurate annotation of gene function and to understand co-limitations to plant growth and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien Ming Easlon
- Department of Land, Air & Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- Present Address: Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Krishna S. Nemali
- Department of Land, Air & Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- Present Address: Monsanto Company, Jerseyville, IL 62052 USA
| | - James H. Richards
- Department of Land, Air & Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - David T. Hanson
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA
| | - Thomas E. Juenger
- Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712 USA
| | - John K. McKay
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences & Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
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Lautner S, Stummer M, Matyssek R, Fromm J, Grams TEE. Involvement of respiratory processes in the transient knockout of net CO2 uptake in Mimosa pudica upon heat stimulation. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:254-260. [PMID: 23763645 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Leaf photosynthesis of the sensitive plant Mimosa pudica displays a transient knockout in response to electrical signals induced by heat stimulation. This study aims at clarifying the underlying mechanisms, in particular, the involvement of respiration. To this end, leaf gas exchange and light reactions of photosynthesis were assessed under atmospheric conditions largely eliminating photorespiration by either elevated atmospheric CO2 or lowered O2 concentration (i.e. 2000 μmol mol(-1) or 1%, respectively). In addition, leaf gas exchange was studied in the absence of light. Under darkness, heat stimulation caused a transient increase of respiratory CO2 release simultaneously with stomatal opening, hence reflecting direct involvement of respiratory stimulation in the drop of the net CO2 uptake rate. However, persistence of the transient decline in net CO2 uptake rate under illumination and elevated CO2 or 1% O2 makes it unlikely that photorespiration is the metabolic origin of the respiratory CO2 release. In conclusion, the transient knockout of net CO2 uptake is at least partially attributed to an increased CO2 release through mitochondrial respiration as stimulated by electrical signals. Putative CO2 limitation of Rubisco due to decreased activity of carbonic anhydrase was ruled out as the photosynthesis effect was not prevented by elevated CO2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Lautner
- Institute for Wood Biology, Center of Wood Sciences, Universität Hamburg, Leuschnerstrasse 91d, 21031, Hamburg, Germany
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Hanson DT, Green LE, Pockman WT. Spatio-temporal decoupling of stomatal and mesophyll conductance induced by vein cutting in leaves of Helianthus annuus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:365. [PMID: 24065972 PMCID: PMC3779832 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Reduction of hydraulic conductance to the canopy has been shown to result in stomatal responses to limit transpiration. To test for similar responses to perturbations of the hydraulic network in leaves, we simultaneously measured leaf gas exchange with spatially explicit chlorophyll-a fluorescence and leaf temperature to examine the effects of cutting a primary leaf vein in Helianthus annuus. We repeated the leaf treatment at each of three different vapor pressure deficits and monitored the short-term dynamics of gas exchange following the treatment. Immediately after treatment, photosynthesis and stomatal conductance (g s) showed a transient "wrong way" response in which photosynthesis declined despite increased g s. Comparisons of fluorescence and temperature across the leaf showed that both photosynthesis and g s were transiently patchy across the measured leaf area, but that the patchiness of the two processes did not correspond in space or time. This suggests that photosynthesis and g s respond to vein cutting-induced cavitation via different mechanisms. Because the stomatal response varied by vapor pressure difference condition but photosynthesis did not, it is likely that g s, but not photosynthesis, responded to a hydraulic signal. In contrast, we hypothesize that photosynthesis declined due to a wound-induced electrical signal that has recently been shown to transiently decrease mesophyll conductance to CO2. The interaction of epidermal hydraulics and the electrical signal across the leaf likely created a patchy pattern of chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf temperature that cannot be explained through the action of a single signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T. Hanson
- Department of Biology, University of New MexicoAlbuquerque, NM, USA
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Sharkey TD. Virtual special issue on [corrected] mesophyll conductance: constraint on carbon acquisition by C3 plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2012; 35:1881-1883. [PMID: 23043351 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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