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Bagratuni T, Aktypi F, Theologi O, Sakkou M, Verrou KM, Mavrianou‐Koutsoukou N, Patseas D, Liacos C, Skourti S, Papadimou A, Taouxi K, Theodorakakou F, Kollias G, Sfikakis P, Terpos E, Dimopoulos MA, Kastritis E. Single-cell analysis of MYD88 L265P and MYD88 WT Waldenström macroglobulinemia patients. Hemasphere 2024; 8:e27. [PMID: 38435423 PMCID: PMC10878187 DOI: 10.1002/hem3.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) is characterized by the expansion of clonal lymphoplasmacytic cells; the MYD88L265P somatic mutation is found in >90% of patients, but malignant B cells may still display intra-clonal heterogeneity. To assess clonal heterogeneity in WM, we generated and performed single-cell RNA sequencing of CD19+ sorted cells from five patients with MYD88 L265P and two patients with MYD88 WT genotype as well as two healthy donors. We identified distinct transcriptional patterns in the clonal subpopulations not only between the two genetically distinct WM subgroups but also among MYD88 L265P patients, which affected the B cell composition in the different subgroups. Comparison of clonal and normal/polyclonal B cells within each patient sample enabled the identification of patient-specific transcriptional changes. We identified gene signatures active in a subset of MYD88L265P patients, while other signatures were active in MYD88 WT patients. Finally, gene expression analysis showed common transcriptional features between patients compared to the healthy control but also differentially expressed genes between MYD88 L265P and MYD88 WT patients involved in distinct pathways, including NFκΒ, BCL2, and BTK. Overall, our data highlight the intra-tumor clonal heterogeneity in WM with potential prognostic and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Bagratuni
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of MedicineNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Foteini Aktypi
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of MedicineNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Ourania Theologi
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of MedicineNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Maria Sakkou
- School of Medicine, Center of New Biotechnologies & Precision MedicineNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
- Department of PhysiologyNational and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical SchoolAthensGreece
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center (BSRC) ‘Alexander Fleming’Institute for BioinnovationVariGreece
| | - Kleio Maria Verrou
- School of Medicine, Center of New Biotechnologies & Precision MedicineNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
- Joint Rheumatology ProgramNational and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical SchoolAthensGreece
| | - Nefeli Mavrianou‐Koutsoukou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of MedicineNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Dimitrios Patseas
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of MedicineNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Christine Liacos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of MedicineNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Stamatia Skourti
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of MedicineNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Alexandra Papadimou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of MedicineNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Kostantina Taouxi
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of MedicineNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Foteini Theodorakakou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of MedicineNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Georgios Kollias
- School of Medicine, Center of New Biotechnologies & Precision MedicineNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
- Department of PhysiologyNational and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical SchoolAthensGreece
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center (BSRC) ‘Alexander Fleming’Institute for BioinnovationVariGreece
| | - Petros Sfikakis
- School of Medicine, Center of New Biotechnologies & Precision MedicineNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
- Joint Rheumatology ProgramNational and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical SchoolAthensGreece
| | - Evangelos Terpos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of MedicineNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Meletios A. Dimopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of MedicineNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
| | - Efstathios Kastritis
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of MedicineNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensAthensGreece
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2
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Spencer J, Sollid LM. The human intestinal B-cell response. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:1113-24. [PMID: 27461177 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal immune system is chronically challenged by a huge plethora of antigens derived from the lumen. B-cell responses in organized gut-associated lymphoid tissues and regional lymph nodes that are driven chronically by gut antigens generate the largest population of antibody-producing cells in the body: the gut lamina propria plasma cells. Although animal studies have provided insights into mechanisms that underpin this dynamic process, some very fundamental differences in this system appear to exist between species. Importantly, this prevents extrapolation from mice to humans to inform translational research questions. Therefore, in this review we will describe the structures and mechanisms involved in the propagation, dissemination, and regulation of this immense plasma cell population in man. Uniquely, we will seek our evidence exclusively from studies of human cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Spencer
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - L M Sollid
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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3
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Yoo EM, Trinh KR, Lim H, Wims LA, Morrison SL. Characterization of IgA and IgM binding and internalization by surface-expressed human Fcα/μ receptor. Mol Immunol 2011; 48:1818-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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4
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Grubb AO. Quantitation of J chain in human biological fluids by a simple immunochemical procedure. ACTA MEDICA SCANDINAVICA 2009; 204:453-65. [PMID: 104551 DOI: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1978.tb08473.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The molecular form and immunochemical properties of the J chain populations released on reduction and carboxymethylation of normal human plasma, milk, saliva and of plasma containing IgA or IgM M-components were investigated. A procedure was devised to release the entire J chain population from these various sources and to produce immunochemically identical J chain populations containing only J chain monomers. An identical standard J chain population was purified and quantitated by physiochemical means. A specific rabbit anti-J chain antiserum was raised against this pure J chain population. A simple and rapid immunochemical method for J chain quantitation in complex biological fluids as well as in solutions of pure polymeric immunoglobulins was constructed on these grounds. The J chain concentration was found to be (mean +/- S.D.) 1.74 +/- 0.65 micron in normal human plasma, 1.94 +/- 1.21 micron in human milk and 0.48 +/- 0.26 micron in human saliva. The J chain/IgA molar ratio was found to be (mean +/- S.D.) 0.45 +/- 0.07 in human milk and 0.52 +/- 0.09 in human saliva when the IgA concentration was expressed as monomeric units per volume unit. The range of the J chain/IgA molar ratios in plasma samples with highly concentrated IgA M-components was 0-0.64. The J chain/IgM molar ratio in plasma samples with highly concentrated IgM M-components was between 1 and 2 when the IgM concentration was expressed as pentameric units per volume unit.
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5
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Prinsloo E, Oosthuizen V, Van de Venter M, Naudé RJ. Biological inferences from IgM binding characteristics of recombinant human secretory component mutants. Immunol Lett 2009; 122:94-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2008] [Revised: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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6
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Braathen R, Sorensen V, Brandtzaeg P, Sandlie I, Johansen FE. The carboxyl-terminal domains of IgA and IgM direct isotype-specific polymerization and interaction with the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:42755-62. [PMID: 12213814 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m205502200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are protected by polymeric immunoglobulins that are transported across the epithelium by the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR). Only polymeric IgA and IgM containing a small polypeptide called the "joining" (J) chain can bind to the pIgR. J chain-positive IgA consists of dimers, and some larger polymers, whereas only IgM pentamers incorporate the J chain. We made domain swap chimeras between human IgA1 and IgM and found that the COOH-terminal domains of the heavy chains (Calpha3 and Cmu4, respectively) dictated the size of the polymers formed and also which polymers incorporated the J chain. We also showed that chimeric IgM molecules engineered to contain Calpha3 were able to bind the rabbit pIgR. Since the rabbit pIgR normally does not bind IgM, these results suggest that the COOH-terminal domain of the polymeric immunoglobulins is primarily responsible for interaction with the pIgR. Finally, we made a novel chimeric IgA immunoglobulin, containing the terminal domain from IgM. This recombinant molecule formed J chain-containing pentamers that could, like IgA, efficiently form covalent complexes with the human pIgR ectodomain, known as secretory component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranveig Braathen
- Laboratory of Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet, N-0027 Oslo, Norway.
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7
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Sørensen V, Rasmussen IB, Sundvold V, Michaelsen TE, Sandlie I. Structural requirements for incorporation of J chain into human IgM and IgA. Int Immunol 2000; 12:19-27. [PMID: 10607746 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/12.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
J chain is associated with pentameric IgM and dimeric IgA via disulfide bonds involving the penultimate cysteine residue in the secretory tailpiece of the mu or the alpha heavy chain. We have investigated the structural basis for incorporation of J chain by analyzing several IgM mutants, IgA mutants and IgG/IgM hybrid molecules. IgM mutants with the mu secretory tailpiece replaced by the alpha secretory tailpiece and/or Cys414 replaced by serine incorporated J chain, although in reduced amounts correlating with reduced pentamer/polymer formation. In addition to pentamers, tetramers of IgMC414S contained J chain, while no J chain was associated with smaller polymers or hexamers of IgM. An IgA/IgM hybrid tailpiece abolished J chain incorporation to pentameric IgM. Analysis of IgG molecules that have added a secretory tailpiece and/or have IgM domain replacements showed that J chain incorporation depends on regions of the C(mu)4 domain in addition to the tailpiece. Features of the C(mu)3 domain other than Cys414 also play a role in efficient formation of pentamers and J chain incorporation, while the C(mu)2 domain is not specifically required. By analysis of two IgA mutants that formed larger polymers than IgAwt, we found J chain equally incorporated into dimers, trimers, tetramers and pentamers. Thus, the results show that J chain incorporation into IgA does not depend on the polymeric structure, while J chain incorporation into IgM is restricted to certain polymeric conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sørensen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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8
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Brandtzaeg P, Farstad IN, Johansen FE, Morton HC, Norderhaug IN, Yamanaka T. The B-cell system of human mucosae and exocrine glands. Immunol Rev 1999; 171:45-87. [PMID: 10582165 PMCID: PMC7159139 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1999.tb01342.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The mucosae and exocrine glands harbour the largest activated B-cell system of the body, amounting to some 80-90% of all immunoglobulin (Ig)-producing cells. The major product of these immunocytes is polymeric (p)IgA (mainly dimers) with associated J chain. Both pIgA and pentameric IgM contain a binding site for the polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR), or secretory component (SC), which is a requirement for their active external transport through secretory epithelia. The pIgR/SC binding site depends on covalent incorporation of the J chain into the quaternary structure of the polymers when they are produced by the local immunocytes. This important differentiation characteristic appears to be sufficient functional justification for the J chain to be expressed also by most B cells terminating at secretory effector sites with IgD or IgG production; they probably represent a "spin-off" from sequential downstream CH switching on its way to pIgA expression, thus apparently reflecting a maturational stage of effector B-cell clones compatible with homing to these sites. Observations in IgA-deficient individuals suggest that the magnitude of this homing is fairly well maintained even when the differentiation pathway to IgA is blocked. Certain microenvironmental elements such as specific cytokines and dendritic cells appear to be required for induction of IgA synthesis, but it remains virtually unknown why this isotype normally is such a dominating product of local immunocytes and why they have such a high level of J chain expression. Also, despite the recent identification of some important requirements in terms of adhesion molecules (e.g. integrin alpha 4 beta 7 and MAdCAM-1) that explain the "gut-seeking" properties of enterically induced B cells, the origin of regionalized homing of B cells to secretory effector sites outside the gut remains elusive. Moreover, little is known about immune regulation underlying the striking disparity of both the class (IgD, IgM) and subclass (IgA1, IgA2, IgG1, IgG2) production patterns shown by local immunocytes in various regions of the body, although the topical microbiota and other environmental stimuli might be important. Rational design of local vaccines will depend on better knowledge of both inductive and migratory properties of human mucosal B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Brandtzaeg
- Laboratory for Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology (LIIPAT), University of Oslo, National Hospital, Norway.
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9
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Vaerman JP, Langendries A, Giffroy D, Brandtzaeg P, Kobayashi K. Lack of SC/pIgR-mediated epithelial transport of a human polymeric IgA devoid of J chain: in vitro and in vivo studies. Immunol Suppl 1998; 95:90-6. [PMID: 9767462 PMCID: PMC1364381 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1998.00560.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Three human polymeric IgA (pIgA) myeloma proteins of tetrameric size were compared for their J-chain content, their in vitro secretory component (SC)-binding ability, and their capacity to be transcytosed by polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR)-expressing epithelial cells in vitro and rat hepatocytes in vivo. One of the three pIgA preparations, pIgA-L, was shown to lack J chain and was unable to combine with purified free human and rat SC, whereas pIgA-G and pIgA-C contained J chain and combined readily with SC. Furthermore, pIgA-L was not transferred into rat bile after intravenous injection, and was hardly transported apically by polarized Madin-Darbey canine kidney cell monolayers expressing the human pIgR, whereas pIgA-G and pIgA-C were efficiently transported in both test systems. Together with our recent demonstration that antibodies to human J chain block the SC/pIgR-mediated epithelial transport of pIgA, these data unanimously confirm the proposed key role of J chain in the epithelial transport of polymeric immunoglobulins into exocrine secretions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Vaerman
- Catholic University of Louvain, Christian de Duve's Institute of Cell Pathology, Unit of Experimental Medicine, Brussels, Belgium
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10
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Vaerman JP, Langendries AE, Giffroy DA, Kaetzel CS, Fiani CM, Moro I, Brandtzaeg P, Kobayashi K. Antibody against the human J chain inhibits polymeric Ig receptor-mediated biliary and epithelial transport of human polymeric IgA. Eur J Immunol 1998; 28:171-82. [PMID: 9485197 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199801)28:01<171::aid-immu171>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To emphasize the requirement for a J chain in native polymeric immunoglobulins for their selective transport into exocrine secretions, IgG, purified from two different antisera specific for the human J chain, was shown to: (i) bind in vitro to human polymeric IgA (pIgA) by density gradient ultracentrifugation; (ii) inhibit binding in vitro of rat secretory component to human pIgA; (iii) inhibit hepatic transport of human pIgA into rat bile in vivo; and (iv) inhibit apical transcytosis of pIgA in vitro by polarized human polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR)-expressing Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Inhibition of biliary transport increased with the molar ratio of anti-J chain antibodies against pIgA and their incubation time. Anti-J chain F(ab')2 and Fab fragments also inhibited biliary transport, excluding a role for phagocytic clearance or excessive size of the immune complexes. Anti-human-Fc alpha Fab, bound to human pIgA in complexes of larger size than those with anti-J chain Fab, did not inhibit biliary transport of human pIgA. Propionic acid-denatured human pIgA, although containing J chains, was very poorly transported into rat bile. Altogether, our data strongly support, now also by in vivo experiments, the crucial role of the J chain of native pIgA in its selective pIgR-mediated transport into secretions, as suggested long ago by in vitro data only. Recent data on J chain-knockout mice, with low IgA levels in bile and feces, cannot explain the role of the J chain in contributing to the secretory component/pIgR-binding site of normal pIgA, but otherwise agree with our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Vaerman
- Catholic University of Louvain, Institute of Cell Pathology, Unit of Experimental Medicine, Brussels, Belgium.
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11
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Hohman VS, Stewart SE, Willett CE, Steiner LA. Sequence and expression pattern of J chain in the amphibian, Xenopus laevis. Mol Immunol 1997; 34:995-1002. [PMID: 9488050 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(97)82768-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We have determined the cDNA sequence encoding J chain, a polypeptide accessory molecule associated with polymeric Ig, from the anuran amphibian, Xenopus laevis (South African clawed frog). The translated polypeptide consists of 164 amino acid residues, including the signal sequence, and is somewhat longer than the corresponding sequence in mouse and cow, the two mammalian species in which the signal sequence of J chain has been determined. J chain in several mammalian species (human, mouse, cow and rabbit) has eight Cys residues. In the human chain, two of these Cys residues, the second and third in the sequence, have been shown to form disulfide bridges to heavy chains in IgM or IgA; the remaining Cys residues form intrachain disulfide bonds. The Xenopus J chain contains only seven of these Cys residues. Ser is found at the position corresponding to the third Cys in mammalian J chains. Northern blot analysis, performed on RNA isolated from various organs of 3-month old frogs, indicated that the highest level of expression was in the intestine. Transcripts corresponding to J chain were also detected in the spleen and at very low levels in the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Hohman
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA
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12
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Schoof E, John MR, Arndt B, Gao P, Theuer D, Sieg A, Schmidt-Gayk H. Solid phase competitive luminescence immunoassay for immunoglobulin A in faeces: development and clinical validation. Clin Chim Acta 1997; 261:1-17. [PMID: 9187500 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(96)06510-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We describe a new simple solid-phase competitive luminescence immunoassay (LIA) for the determination of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in faeces. The assay utilizes an anti-alpha-chain IgA antibody which is coated to polystyrene beads and acridinium ester-labelled human IgA as tracer and, therefore, measures both monomeric and polymeric IgA. Dilution recovery of an internal standard was 96, 100 and 103%. Interassay and intra-assay coefficients of variation (C.V.) ranged from 4.5 to 12.9%. The upper limit of normal of faecal IgA in 122 healthy controls was found to be 300 mg/l IgA (mean 73 mg/l, specificity of 99.2%). Patients with inactive Crohn's disease (Crohn's disease activity index (CDAI < 150, n = 14) had faecal IgA values up to 3317 mg/l (mean 1073 mg/l; P < 0.0001). In the active group (CDAI > 150, n = 26) faecal IgA values ranged from 49 to 4094 mg/l (mean 1253 mg/l; P < 0.0001). Patients with ulcerative colitis were divided into a group with active disease (n = 18) and a remission group (n = 16) with values up to 1843 mg/l faecal IgA (man 486 mg/l; P < 0.0032) and up to 602 mg/l faecal IgA (mean 176 mg/l; P < 0.4833), respectively. We also studied patients with non-inflammatory diseases of the gut with this assay. This LIA has proved to be a reliable method for the determination of elevated faecal IgA concentrations and for the detection of pathological findings in the gastrointestinal tract, especially in Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Schoof
- Department of Endocrinology and Oncology, Laboratory Group, Heidelberg, Germany
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13
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Hendrickson BA, Conner DA, Ladd DJ, Kendall D, Casanova JE, Corthesy B, Max EE, Neutra MR, Seidman CE, Seidman JG. Altered hepatic transport of immunoglobulin A in mice lacking the J chain. J Exp Med 1995; 182:1905-11. [PMID: 7500036 PMCID: PMC2192233 DOI: 10.1084/jem.182.6.1905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We have created J chain knockout mice to define the physiologic role of the J chain in immunoglobulin synthesis and transport. The J chain is covalently associated with pentameric immunoglobulin (Ig) M and dimeric IgA and is also expressed in most IgG-secreting cells. J chain-deficient mice have normal serum IgM and IgG levels but markedly elevated serum IgA. Although polymeric IgA was present in the mutant mice, a larger proportion of their serum IgA was monomeric than was found in wild-type mouse serum. Bile and fecal IgA levels were decreased in J chain-deficient mice compared with wild-type mice, suggesting inefficient transport of J chain-deficient IgA by hepatic polymeric immunoglobulin receptors (pIgR). The pIgR-mediated transport of serum-derived IgA from wild-type and mutant mice was assessed in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells transfected with the pIgR. These studies revealed selective transport by pIgR-expressing MDCK cells of wild-type IgA but not J chain-deficient IgA. We conclude that although the J chain is not required for IgA dimerization, it does affect the efficiency of polymerization or have a role in maintaining IgA dimer stability. Furthermore, the J chain is essential for efficient hepatic pIgR transport of IgA.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Hendrickson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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14
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Chintalacharuvu KR, Lamm ME, Kaetzel CS. Unstable inter-H chain disulfide bonding and non-covalently associated J chain in rat dimeric IgA. Mol Immunol 1993; 30:19-26. [PMID: 8417371 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(93)90422-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Disulfide bonds are a major force in stabilizing the three-dimensional structure of immunoglobulins. To determine the pattern of interchain disulfide bonding between the four H chains, four L chains and single J chain of rat dimeric IgA (dIgA), we analyzed dIgA from the LO DNP-64 hybridoma by diagonal SDS-PAGE. Bands corresponding to one, two, three and four H chains, one and two L chains and the free J chain were observed under non-reducing conditions, suggesting that the interchain disulfide bonds in rat dIgA are unstable under denaturing conditions. Similar patterns of disulfide bonding were observed in three other hybridoma or myeloma dIgAs from LOU/CN rats. In contrast, when dIgA pretreated with iodoacetamide (IA) was analyzed by the same technique, only bands corresponding to four H chains, one and two L chains and the free J chain were observed, suggesting that blocking free sulfhydryl groups stabilizes the inter-H chain disulfide bonds. Reaction of dimeric LO DNP-64 dIgA with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) or with 14C-IA demonstrated that this dIgA contains an average of 4 moles of free sulfhydryl groups per mole of protein under non-denaturing conditions and 9 moles of free sulfhydryl groups under denaturing conditions. Taken together, the results suggest that interchain disulfide bonds in rat dIgA are unstable, presumably due to the influence of nearby free sulfhydryl groups, and that non-covalent forces are critical for stabilizing the dIgA complex. The results also indicate that J chain is entirely non-covalently associated with the H chains, an apparently unique feature of rat dIgA. A model for interchain disulfide bonding in rat dIgA is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Chintalacharuvu
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
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15
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Wilson T, Ganendren R. Serum concentrations of secretory IgA in pregnancies delivering at term or preterm. PROSTAGLANDINS 1992; 44:373-8. [PMID: 1438886 DOI: 10.1016/0090-6980(92)90009-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Secretory component (SC) is a phospholipase A2 inhibitor possibly associated with pregnancy maintenance and in serum is bound either to IgA (sIgA) or IgM (sIgM). To determine if serum secretory component levels a) increase during pregnancy, b) fall as term approaches, c) are low in women who will deliver prematurely, serum sIgA was measured at "booking in" and related to weeks of gestation and length of gestation at subsequent noninduced delivery. Levels of sIgA increased during pregnancy; sIgA increased from a non-pregnant value of 1.6 nM +/- 0.2 (mean +/- SEM) to 2.8 nM +/- 0.3 at the end of the second trimester, then fell significantly between 31-34 weeks. Delivery before 37 weeks was associated with significantly reduced serum sIgA levels, particularly in women who delivered before 32 weeks and in whom sIgA concentrations were similar to those of nonpregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wilson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Dundee Medical School, Ninewells Hospital, Scotland
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Langkamp-Henken B, Glezer JA, Kudsk KA. Immunologic structure and function of the gastrointestinal tract. Nutr Clin Pract 1992; 7:100-8. [PMID: 1289681 DOI: 10.1177/0115426592007003100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defenses within the gastrointestinal tract exclude bacteria and other intraluminal substances, which if released into the systemic circulation, would be toxic to the body. This is accomplished via complex interactions between these external pathogens and local immune responses and nonimmunologic processes. In addition to the mechanical and chemical barriers of the nonimmunologic defense system within the gastrointestinal tract, there is an effective immunologic barrier composed of aggregated and nonaggregated lymphoid cells. Gut-associated lymphoid tissue protects the intestinal mucosa from invading pathogens by intricate pathways of antigen processing. Gut-associated lymphoid tissue also transfers protection to other secretory sites within the body through the common mucosal immune system. The integrity of both the immunologic and nonimmunologic barriers may be affected by any number of pathologic insults as well as by nutritional influences. This article reviews the structural and functional characteristics of this complex and critically important host defense system. Specific nutrient requirements of the immunologic processes are discussed.
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17
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Holland S, Eldridge JH, McGhee JR, Alley CD. Immunoglobulin a Secretion. Compr Physiol 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp060421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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18
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van de Graaf EA, Out TA, Kobesen A, Jansen HM. Lactoferrin and secretory IgA in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with a stable asthma. Lung 1991; 169:275-83. [PMID: 1745058 DOI: 10.1007/bf02714163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have measured lactoferrin and secretory IgA (sIgA) in the unconcentrated bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from nonsmoking healthy volunteers (n = 10) and nonsmoking patients with stable asthma (n = 14). The median concentrations and the ranges of lactoferrin were controls, 0.13 mg/L (0.01-0.43 mg/L); asthma, 0.41 mg/L (0.07-7.51 mg/L). For sIgA the results were controls, 0.48 mg/L (0.12-1.47 mg/L); asthma, 1.29 mg/L (0.65-14.6 mg/L). The concentrations in the epithelial lining fluid (ELF) were calculated on the basis of urea in BALF and serum. SIgA and lactoferrin levels in the BALF and ELF from the patients with asthma were higher than in controls (Mann-Whitney U-test, p less than 0.03). Our results indicate that in patients with stable asthma the airway epithelial cells are activated, resulting in an enhanced secretion of lactoferrin and enhanced secretory transport of sIgA into the airway lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A van de Graaf
- Department of Pulmonology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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19
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Loomes LM, Stewart WW, Mazengera RL, Senior BW, Kerr MA. Purification and characterization of human immunoglobulin IgA1 and IgA2 isotypes from serum. J Immunol Methods 1991; 141:209-18. [PMID: 1880427 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(91)90147-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A method is described for the simultaneous purification of IgA1 and IgA2 from human serum. Ammonium sulphate precipitation, gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel yielded a partially purified IgA preparation which was separated quantitatively into IgA1 and IgA2 by affinity chromatography on jacalin-Sepharose. The IgA1 which bound to the jacalin was eluted with 0.8 M D-galactose. The IgA1 preparation was apparently homogeneous by SDS-PAGE but contained a trace of C1-inhibitor and a second protein detected by immunoelectrophoresis. The IgA2 which did not bind to the jacalin was purified to apparent homogeneity by chromatography on columns of Protein G-Sepharose, Fastflow-S Sepharose and Superose 6. Typical yields were 95% and 58% for IgA1 and IgA2 respectively or 253 mg and 24 mg per 100 ml serum. The IgA1 and IgA2 were characterised by their reactivity with isotype specific monoclonal antibodies and sensitivity to bacterial proteinases. The IgA2 preparation apparently contained both allotypes, IgA2m(1) and IgA2m(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Loomes
- Department of Pathology, University of Dundee Medical School, Ninewells Hospital, Scotland, U.K
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Kerr
- Department of Pathology, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital Medical School, U.K
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21
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Nagura H, Sumi Y, Fukuda Y, Hasegawa H, Watanabe K, Brown WR. Studies on the relationships of IgA to human liver. IgA deposition in non-alcoholic liver diseases. ACTA PATHOLOGICA JAPONICA 1989; 39:363-72. [PMID: 2609962 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.1989.tb02448.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
An investigation was conducted to clarify the relationships of IgA to the human liver. Immunocytochemical studies were performed on biopsy specimens from patients with cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis without any apparent history of alcohol abuse. The results showed that 1) a large amount of IgA is associated with the sinusoidal surface of hepatocytes, endothelial cells and Kupffer cells, 2) this IgA contains J chain and can form a complex with secretory component, and 3) this mainly belongs to the IgA1 subclass, 4) IgA in vesicles within hepatocytes and Kupffer cells is always associated with acid phosphatase activity, and 5) IgA containing vesicles within ductular epithelial cells always lack such enzyme activity. We conclude that 1) the IgA bound to the surface of hepatocytes, sinus endothelial cells and Kupffer cells is polymeric IgA1 uncomplexed with SC, and 2) this IgA occasionally enters these cells, and may be degraded in the lysosomes. 3) Polymeric IgA combines with SC in the ductular epithelium and may be secreted into bile. These findings suggest that J chain-linked polymeric IgA bound to the surface of hepatocytes and Kupffer cells has a certain pathological significance in liver diseases and might be involved in the clearance of excess IgA from the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nagura
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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22
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Bartholomeusz RC, LaBrooy JT, Ey PL, Di Matteo AC, Daniels DA, Anderson CS, Rowley D. Assays for total and antigen-specific polymeric IgA in serum based on binding to secretory component. J Immunol Methods 1989; 117:247-55. [PMID: 2921529 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(89)90147-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Binding assays with secretory component (SC) were used to detect polymeric IgA antibody to E. coli lipopolysaccharide and to estimate total polymeric IgA in sera from 14 patients with alcoholic liver disease and eight normal controls. Radioiodinated human SC was shown to bind to polymeric IgA and IgM but not to monomeric IgA, secretory IgA or IgG. Serum aliquots (0.5 ml) were totally depleted of IgM using 2 ml anti-IgM affinity columns and the effluent sera were titrated in microtitre plates coated with lipopolysaccharide, the binding of polymeric IgA being detected by adding 10 ng radiolabelled SC. Total polymeric IgA was measured via its capacity to inhibit the binding of 5 ng labelled SC to IgM coated wells, quantitation being achieved by comparison with the inhibition produced by purified polymeric IgA. Total lipopolysaccharide-specific IgA antibody was detected by ELISA in sera from both patients and controls, 1185 +/- 793 and 56 +/- 19 U/100 microliters (mean +/- SD), respectively; but polymeric IgA antibody was detected only in patients' sera (131 +/- 214 U/100 microliters). The concentration of total polymeric IgA was higher in patients' sera than in control sera (488 +/- 333 and less than 120 micrograms/ml respectively).
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Underdown
- Department of Pathology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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24
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Okada T, Konishi H, Ito M, Nagura H, Asai J. Identification of secretory immunoglobulin A in human sweat and sweat glands. J Invest Dermatol 1988; 90:648-51. [PMID: 3283249 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12560807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) plays an important role in local immune defense mechanisms. Although skin is always exposed to external antigens, the role of local immune defenses involving sIgA in the skin has not been adequately studied. In order to evaluate the presence of sIgA in sweat, we have measured the concentration of sIgA in human sweat by enzyme immunoassay and have localized the components of sIgA in the sweat glands of human axillary skin. The concentration of sIgA in sweat was found to be 10 times higher in men than in women (13.0 +/- 0.9 micrograms/ml versus 1.6 +/- 0.9 micrograms/ml). Secretory component (SC) was localized immunohistochemically in protein synthetic organelles, such as the perinuclear spaces and Golgi complex, in cytoplasmic vesicles, and along the external surface membranes of mucous cells on the terminal segment of eccrine sweat glands. IgA and J chain were present in plasma cells in the protein synthetic organelles. The luminal aspects of eccrine sweat ducts also strongly express SC, as well as IgA and J chain. Neither SC, IgA, or J chain were identified in epithelial cells of apocrine sweat glands. These findings are consistent with the theory that J chain complexed with dimeric IgA is synthesized in plasma cells and is transported by SC-mediated endocytosis transfer across mucous cells of eccrine sweat glands and thus into sweat.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Okada
- Biochemical Research Institute, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd., Ogaki, Japan
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25
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Jaton JC, Frutiger S, Hughes GJ. Recent studies of the interaction of rabbit dimeric IgA with its polymeric immunoglobulin receptor. ANNALES DE L'INSTITUT PASTEUR. IMMUNOLOGY 1988; 139:21-40. [PMID: 3358866 DOI: 10.1016/0769-2625(88)90129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Rabbit secretory components (SC) constitute a highly heterogeneous population of glycoprotein molecules that are present in secretions as free or bound forms to polymeric immunoglobulins (Ig). Two SC families are known, one of high molecular weight (approximately equal to 80 Kd) composed of five (perhaps six) domains related to Ig variable domains, and one of low molecular weight (approximately equal to 55 Kd). An account of our most recent experimental data is reviewed in this article. We have shown: 1) that both the high and low Mr SC families possess the same relative avidity for binding to dimeric IgA of the g-subclass; 2) that the first NH2-terminal domain of SC derived from the high and low Mr polypeptides is necessary and sufficient for efficient non-covalent binding to dimeric IgA of the g-subclass; 3) that the low Mr SC polypeptide derives from the high Mr SC by the internal deletion of the entire second and third domains, suggesting that these domains are not involved in the binding reaction with polymeric Ig; 4) that the heterogeneity of rabbit secretory components is, in large part, due to the expression of several polymorphic forms (allotypes) susceptible to be recognized by specific alloantisera; the biochemical characterization of the three known SC allotypes (t61, t62 and t63) reveals that t62 and t63 are structurally very similar to each other and markedly divergent from the t61 homologue; 5) that by using non-cross-reactive alloantisera, the major immunodominant allotopes are confined within the COOH-terminal domains 3, 4 and 5 of SC; 6) that the location of the residues involved in the attachment of the carbohydrate unit within domain 1 varies according to the allotype: t61 is N-linked glycosylated at position 70, whereas about 75% of t62 molecules are devoid of sugars; the remaining 25% of t62 molecules are glycosylated at residue position 90; these oligosaccharide chain units are linked to asparagine residues in the acceptor site consensus sequence, Asn-X-Thr/Ser; 7) that the presence of the carbohydrate unit in domain 1 is not required for efficient binding of this domain to polymeric Ig: indeed, after enzymatic deglycosylation, domain 1 exhibits a relative binding avidity which is indistinguishable from that of the native glycosylated domain 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Jaton
- Département de Biochimie Médicale, Faculté de Médecine, Centre Médical Universitaire, Genève
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26
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Brandtzaeg P, Kvale D, Sollid LM, Thrane PS. The poly-Ig receptor--functional aspects of secretory component expression. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1988; 237:9-20. [PMID: 3151046 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5535-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Brandtzaeg
- Laboratory for Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology, University of Oslo, Rikshopitalet, Norway
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27
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Kanoh T, Nishida O, Uchino H, Miyake T, Hishitani Y. Transport defect of IgM into luminal space in selective IgA deficiency. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1987; 44:272-82. [PMID: 3113785 DOI: 10.1016/0090-1229(87)90071-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the pathogenesis of a transport defect of IgM into the lumen in a patient with selective IgA deficiency. In addition to the absence of IgM in the saliva, no IgM was localized on the luminal surface of colonic mucosa from the patient despite the presence of J chain-positive IgM cells. On tissue sections, IgM cells did not bind secretory component. The serum IgM also showed a negligible capacity to bind secretory component in vitro. Such abnormalities of IgM molecules as stated above seem to be clinicopathologically linked with IgA deficiency or its associated Sjögren's syndrome.
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28
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Kanoh T, Nishida O, Uchino H, Miyake T. Immunoglobulin-producing cells in secretory immune system in patients with selective IgA deficiency. GASTROENTEROLOGIA JAPONICA 1987; 22:435-9. [PMID: 3117612 DOI: 10.1007/bf02773810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the class distribution and J chain-positivity of immunoglobulin-producing cells (Ig-PCs) in gastrointestinal mucosa and salivary glands of Japanese patients with selective IgA deficiency. The proportional patterns of gland-associated Ig-PCs showed an increase in not only IgM cells but also IgG cells, most of which were J chain-positive. This may represent a maturation arrest at B cell differentiation, rather than a compensatory phenomenon. No patients showed an increase of IgD cells in salivary glands. This behavior of IgD cells in Japanese patients may reflect associated diseases or ethnic difference in B cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kanoh
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
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29
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Abstract
The subclass distribution of IgA producing cells was determined by paired immunofluorescence staining in colonic specimens from 10 patients with ulcerative colitis and eight with Crohn's disease. Compared with normal colonic mucosa, the percentage of IgA1 immunocytes showed a striking increase in both disorders. The proportion of mucosal IgA1 cells was significantly higher (p less than 0.05) in ulcerative colitis (median, 71.2%) than in Crohn colitis (median, 56.9%). Within each category of specimens no significant differences were noted between luminal and basal mucosal zones. The submucosal proportion of IgA1 cells was, however, significantly higher than the mucosal one in both ulcerative colitis (median, 89.1%; p less than 0.002) and Crohn colitis (median, 91.8%; p less than 0.005). The mucosal shift towards IgA1 production paralleled the magnitude of the submucosal IgA1 cell proportion in individual tissue samples. Taken together with the previously reported dramatic increase of local IgG production (particularly observed in the submucosa and basal parts of the mucosa), our findings indicated that there is an influx and/or proliferation of B cells representing systemic secondary immunity in the lesions of both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kett
- Laboratory for Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology (LIIPAT), University of Oslo, National Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Norway
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30
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Mestecky J, McGhee JR. Immunoglobulin A (IgA): molecular and cellular interactions involved in IgA biosynthesis and immune response. Adv Immunol 1987; 40:153-245. [PMID: 3296685 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60240-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 649] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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31
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The amino-terminal domain of rabbit secretory component is responsible for noncovalent binding to immunoglobulin A dimers. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)66618-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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32
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Schranner I, Lösch U. Immunological identification of avian monomeric and polymeric immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin A after fractionation on sodium dodecylsulfate pore gradient polyacrylamide gels. Poult Sci 1986; 65:360-8. [PMID: 3703781 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0650360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Naturally existing variants of Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and Immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the serum of immunologically competent, as well as immunologically defective UM-B19 chickens can be detected without time consuming purification. The different molecular forms of IgM and IgA were separated by gel filtration. Pentameric IgM and dimeric IgA were well separated from the 7S-peak that contained monomeric IgM and IgA. A method for immunological identification of the protein components is described. Pore gradient gel electrophoresis was combined with antigen-antibody crossed electrophoresis in horizontal agarose slabs. The principle of the method is that IgM and IgA in their different molecular forms in the mixtures to be assayed after gel filtration are first separated with high resolution by sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using a pore gradient of 3 to 15%. In the second step, a slab of polyacrylamide gel with the separated proteins in transferred onto agarose layers containing appropriate anti- mu- and anti-alpha antiserum and SDS in a concentration of .01%. The technique is easy to perform and gives reproducible results. In chicken serum, the monomeric state of IgM (184,000 d), along with the pentameric state (920,000 d) were identified. Serum IgA exists in dimeric (340,000 d) and in monomeric (170,000 d) states. No differences between the commercial Leghorn and dysgammaglobulinemic and normogammaglobulinemic lines were found.
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33
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Wells PA, Hazlett LD. Quantitation of immunoglobulins in mouse tears using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Curr Eye Res 1985; 4:1097-105. [PMID: 4075816 DOI: 10.3109/02713688509003356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous tears were collected by glass capillary tubes at weekly intervals from 6-9 week old, Swiss-Webster mice. Mouse IgA, IgG1, IgG2a and IgM were quantitated in the tears using sandwich type enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). IgE was quantitated using an indirect two-step ELISA. The results established IgA as the predominant antibody in mouse tears at a level of 110 micrograms/ml. This was determined using a mouse IgA standard which contained both polymeric and monomeric IgA. IgG1, IgG2a and IgM were detected in the tears at low levels, 13 ng/ml, 21 ng/ml and 442 ng/ml, respectively. IgE was not detectable in mouse tears with a lower limit of detection equal to 10 ng/ml. These studies establish the relative levels of IgA, IgG1, IgG2a and IgM in the tears of normal adult mice.
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34
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Delacroix DL, Malburny GN, Vaerman JP. Hepatobiliary transport of plasma IgA in the mouse: contribution to clearance of intravascular IgA. Eur J Immunol 1985; 15:893-9. [PMID: 4043204 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830150906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Labeled monomeric and polymeric (pIgA) mouse monoclonal IgA were injected intravenously into mice which were either sequentially bled for plasma turnover studies of IgA, or cannulated at their common bile duct, with excluded gallbladder, for quantitation of plasma-to-bile transport of pIgA. Our data show that mice do display a relatively high rate of biliary transport of plasma pIgA (22-28% of the injected 125I-labeled pIgA over 3 h), which accounts for approximately 90% of the total amount of pIgA (8.8 mg/kg/day) daily delivered by hepatic bile into the duodenal fluid of this species. However, in mice the absolute biliary output of pIgA does not exceed that of IgG (9.5 mg/kg/day) and the kinetics of the hepatobiliary transport of plasma pIgA appear to be slower than in the rat. Furthermore, as plasma survival studies of 125I-labeled pIgA yielded a plasma turnover of pIgA averaging 20.6 mg/kg/day, it can be approximated that the hepatobiliary pathway contributes for only 38% to the elimination of intravascular pIgA from mouse plasma, a figure to be compared to 89.8% in the rat and approximately 8.9% in man. We conclude that internal catabolism plays a dominant role in the clearance of intravascular pIgA in the mouse which appears as a model intermediate between rats and humans. Supporting this conclusion, serum pIgA two days after common bile duct ligation in 6 mice was increased by 2.5-fold vs. greater than 14-fold in ligated rats and 1.1-fold in humans with complete biliary obstruction.
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Ahnen DJ, Brown WR, Kloppel TM. Secretory component: the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor. What's in it for the gastroenterologist and hepatologist? Gastroenterology 1985; 89:667-82. [PMID: 3926595 DOI: 10.1016/0016-5085(85)90467-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The primary function of the SC-pIg system is to secrete pIgs into various external secretions. The cellular mechanism responsible for this transport is schematically depicted in Figure 5. Polymeric immunoglobulin A, which is synthesized by plasma cells that are part of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, gains access to the SC on the abluminal surface of epithelial cells by diffusion from sites of synthesis in mucosae or enters the blood circulation and is cleared, largely by hepatic transport, into bile. The pIgA binds to SC on the abluminal surface of the epithelial cells (and probably hepatocytes) initially by noncovalent interactions that are saturable, reversible, and specific for pIgA and IgM. Subsequently, covalent interaction between SC and its ligand occurs to a variable degree in different species. The SC-IgA complex is endocytosed by the epithelial cell or hepatocyte and is transported across the cell into the external secretions by a microtubule-dependent vesicular transport mechanism. At some point during the transport, the complex is rendered soluble by proteolytic cleavage of the membrane-associated SC molecule to release the soluble sIgA into the gland lumen or the canaliculus. In the intestinal lumen, SC helps protect the sIgA molecule from proteolytic degradation. The sIgA may play a major role in the mucosal defense against pathogenic organisms or harmful antigens. The SC-pIg system differs from many of the other known receptor-ligand interactions in several important ways. First, the synthesis or expression of the receptor (SC), or both, are not regulated by the concentration of the ligand. Second, SC probably is not dissociated from its ligand or recycled to the cell surface as it is secreted in complex with its ligand (pIg) into the external secretions. Third, the interaction of pIgs with their receptor does not function to regulate an intracellular process, but results in transcellular transport of the ligand, which acts in the external environment. Fourth, after initial noncovalent, reversible binding between the receptor and its ligand, the interaction becomes covalent by the formation of disulfide linkages between SC and the pIg. Finally, SC is initially inserted into the abluminal domain of epithelial cells as an integral membrane protein and subsequently is proteolytically cleaved to a soluble molecule which is secreted by the cell. Thus, in contrast to many cell-surface receptor-ligand interactions in which the ligand is ultimately degraded and the receptor is conserved, the SC-pIgA interaction results in partial proteolytic degradation of the receptor and conservation of the ligand.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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37
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Brandtzaeg P. Role of J chain and secretory component in receptor-mediated glandular and hepatic transport of immunoglobulins in man. Scand J Immunol 1985; 22:111-46. [PMID: 3929375 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1985.tb01866.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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38
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IgA Dimers (D), Trimers (T) and Tetramers (Q): Transfer Into Rat Bile and Reaction with Secretory Component (SC). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-031739-7.50018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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39
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40
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Abstract
The ontogeny of lymphocytes expressing J chain in the cytoplasm (J+) was studied in pig foetuses by the immunofluorescent technique. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were the first J+ cells in prenatal life. The spleen and lymph nodes contained J+ cells in the last days of gestation. J+ cells were found in the lamina propria of the gut and some glands of conventional but not of germ-free piglets. J chain was not detected on or in cell membranes at any developmental stage.
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41
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Saito H, Kasajima T, Nagura H. An immunocytochemical study on secretory mechanism of IgA in human pancreas. ACTA PATHOLOGICA JAPONICA 1985; 35:87-101. [PMID: 3923780 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.1985.tb02208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To analyze the secretory mechanism of immunoglobulins into pancreatic secretion, pancreatic juice IgA was measured by single radial immunodiffusion and characterized immunochemically, and immunoglobulins, J chain and secretory component (SC) were localized immunocytochemically in pancreatic tissues by the peroxidase-labeled antibody method. The concentration of IgA was 0.0225 mg/ml with a range of 0.010 to 0.049. IgA associated with SC was demonstrated immunochemically in three cases. IgA, SC and J chain were demonstrated immunocytochemically in the pancreatic duct epithelium with the features characteristic of endocytic, SC-mediated transfer of IgA. The results of the present study suggested that transfer of IgA linked by J chain and SC across ductal epithelial cells, but not acinar cells occurred in human pancreas.
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42
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Brandtzaeg P, Prydz H. Direct evidence for an integrated function of J chain and secretory component in epithelial transport of immunoglobulins. Nature 1984; 311:71-3. [PMID: 6433206 DOI: 10.1038/311071a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
J chain is a polypeptide of molecular weight (Mr) approximately 15,000 common to human dimeric IgA and pentameric IgM. These immunoglobulin polymers show a high affinity for secretory component (SC) in vitro, a feature that, in some studies, has been claimed to be a function of the J chain. SC is a glycoprotein of Mr approximately 80,000 which is expressed on the basolateral surfaces of secretory epithelial cells where, according to a current hypothesis, it may act as a receptor for dimeric IgA and pentameric IgM which are selectively transported through secretory epithelial cells into exocrine fluids. Previous studies, however, have not excluded the possibility that secretory cells express isotype-specific Fc receptors for IgA and IgM which may be involved in epithelial transport. We now report that the adsorption of immunoglobulin polymers to SC-expressing epithelial cells depends solely on a J chain-determined binding site. This finding lends biological significance to the striking J-chain expression shown by immunoglobulin-producing immunocytes in secretory tissues.
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43
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44
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Geneste C, Mangalo R, Iscaki S. Differences between the in vitro combinations of secretory component (SC) and immunoglobulin polymers (Ig) by enumeration of SC epitopes. Immunol Lett 1984; 7:195-201. [PMID: 6200431 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2478(84)90043-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The enumeration of the SC epitopes has been established on 125I-labelled free and combined SC, by binding to anti-SC coated beads, then by addition of 3H-labelled anti-SC Fab' fragments of various specificities. The number of moles of Fab' fragments found on the beads increases in relation to the introduced amount. The extrapolation to an infinite concentration of added Fab' fragments gives the maximal theoretical accessible number of SC epitopes. The number of hidden epitopes (cryptotopes) is established by subtracting the total number found on sIgA, IgA-SC and IgM-SC from those found for free SC. These values are confirmed with Fab' fragments specific for the inaccessible determinant of SC. There are 4 cryptotopes in the case of sIgA, 3 for IgA1-SC, 2 for dimer IgA-SC and only 1 for IgM-SC (polyclonal or monoclonal). Thus the in vitro combinations of SC with polyclonal IgA dimers are different from the in vitro combinations with polyclonal or monoclonal IgM. The structural implications of these differences are discussed.
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Haimoto H, Nagura H, Imaizumi M, Watanabe K, Iijima S. Immunoelectronmicroscopic study on the transport of secretory IgA in the lower respiratory tract and alveoli. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. A, PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY AND HISTOPATHOLOGY 1984; 404:369-80. [PMID: 6437070 DOI: 10.1007/bf00695221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
To define the immunocytochemical localization of secretory component (SC), IgA and J chain in human bronchioles and alveoli, a direct peroxidase-labeled antibody method was used. SC was found in non-ciliated cells of the bronchioles including respiratory bronchioles and type II alveolar epithelial cells, whereas SC was rarely present in ciliated cells and type I alveolar epithelial cells and was absent from goblet cells. In the positively reacting cells, SC was found in secretory protein synthetic organelles such as perinuclear spaces and endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complexes, and on the external surfaces of the apical and basolateral plasma membranes. IgA and J chain were localized in the epithelial cells where SC was found. Ultrastructually IgA was present on the apical and basolateral plasma membranes, in pinocytic invaginations of the membranes, and in vesicles distributed through the cytoplasm, especially in the apical cytoplasm of the epithelial cells where SC was found. In addition, IgA and J chain were found to be associated with the endothelial cells of the capillaries, plasma cells and the surrounding interstitium. These observations suggest that SC is synthesized and secreted by epithelial cells, especially non-ciliated cells of the bronchioles including respiratory bronchioles and type II alveolar epithelial cells. They also suggest that secretory IgA (sIgA) is transported into alveolar spaces and the bronchiolar lumen through these cells by SC-mediated transport mechanism. This sIgA may play an important role in defense mechanisms of the lower respiratory tract and alveoli.
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Brandtzaeg P. Immunohistochemical characterization of intracellular J-chain and binding site for secretory component (SC) in human immunoglobulin (Ig)-producing cells. Mol Immunol 1983; 20:941-66. [PMID: 6417474 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(83)90036-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
J-chain staining of IgA- and IgM-producing immunocytes was significantly enhanced when tissue sections were pretreated with acid urea, apparently because molecular unfolding exposed concealed J-chains. This indicated substantial completion of the Ig polymers at the cytoplasmic level, which was verified by diffuse binding of SC in vitro to the cytoplasm of most J-chain-positive IgA and IgM cells. This process involved specific non-covalent forces which showed the same interrelation as that noted for isolated dimeric IgA and 19S IgM--the latter as well as IgM cells exhibiting stronger binding of SC than the IgA counterparts. Conversely, J-chain staining of IgD and IgG immunocytes was not enhanced by acid urea and these cells did not generally express affinity for SC; rare exceptions could apparently be ascribed to artifacts or dual isotype production including IgA or IgM polymers. Parallel demonstration of J-chain and SC binding seems to be the best available method for studies of polymer-producing immunocyte populations and offers the advantage of in situ evaluation of cell distribution in relation to morphology. The reliability of this approach was attested to by the fact that IgA immunocytes in all secretory tissues investigated (salivary, mammary and lacrimal glands; nasal and intestinal mucosae) expressed J-chain (87-97%) and SC affinity (84-87%) in comparable proportions, indicating that almost 90% of the cells were engaged mainly in dimer production. The observation that most IgD and 50-70% of the IgG immunocytes in secretory tissues expressed J-chain, has implications for the differentiation of B-cell clones homing to such sites. Conversely, IgG cells in extra-glandular tissues showed strikingly reduced J-chain production and such sites contained IgA immunocytes with heterogeneous expression of J-chain and SC affinity. Thus, in the extra-follicular area of palatine tonsils 70-80% of the IgA cells seemed to be pure monomer producers and the remainders apparently generated a mixed product. Most immunocytes in extra-glandular tissues may therefore belong to mature clones with completely or partially repressed J-chain synthesis.
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Delacroix DL, Hodgson HJ, McPherson A, Dive C, Vaerman JP. Selective transport of polymeric immunoglobulin A in bile. Quantitative relationships of monomeric and polymeric immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin M, and other proteins in serum, bile, and saliva. J Clin Invest 1982; 70:230-41. [PMID: 7096566 PMCID: PMC371229 DOI: 10.1172/jci110610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In 17 adults, serum, hepatic bile, and saliva samples were analyzed for their sedimentation profile of IgA and secretory component (SC), and for their concentrations of albumin, orosomucoid, transferrin, IgG, IgA, alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M), IgM, and SC. Polymeric IgA(p-IgA) averaged 13% (50-700 micrograms/ml) of total IgA in serum, 70% (43-88%) in bile, and 93% (74-98%) in saliva. Most of the p-IgA in bile sedimented with SC, which also occurred free (8-44%), and with IgM. In bile, albumin (155-1,485 micrograms/ml) was the predominant protein, followed by IgG (32-480 micrograms/ml), and total IgA (37-209 micrograms/ml). In saliva, p-IgA (72-902 micrograms/ml) predominated, followed by albumin (16-385 micrograms/ml) and IgG (9-178 micrograms/ml). Secretion-to-serum albumin-relative concentration ratios (S/S-ARCR = 1 for albumin) in bile averaged 22 for p-IgA, 1.91 for IgM, 1.28 for monomeric IgA (m-IgA), 0.70 for IgG, and 0.57 for alpha 2M, indicating for p-IgA, IgM, and to a lesser extent for m-IgA, a selective excretion into bile. In saliva, a 16-fold greater selective excretion of p-IgA (mean S/S-ARCR = 354) was found. Labeled m- and p-IgA were injected intravenously into five patients. Specific activities indicated that for p-IgA 50% was serum derived in bile, as compared with 2% in saliva, and to 85% for m-IgA in bile. In the patient with the highest excretion of 125I-p-IgA in bile, only 2.8% of the injected dose was recovered in bile within 24 h after injection. Compared with rats and rabbits, the serum-to-bile transport of p-IgA in humans is much smaller.
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Mizoguchi A, Mizuochi T, Kobata A. Structures of the carbohydrate moieties of secretory component purified from human milk. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)34116-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Garcia-Pardo A, Lamm M, Plaut A, Frangione B. J chain is covalently bound to both monomer subunits in human secretory IgA. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)68467-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Brandtzaeg P, Guy-Grand D, Griscelli C. Intestinal salivary, and tonsillar IgA and J-chain production in a patient with severe deficiency of serum IgA. Scand J Immunol 1981; 13:313-25. [PMID: 6795716 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1981.tb00140.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
An 18-year-old man with tendency to respiratory infections had a serum IgA level of only 2% of normal whereas his salivary IgA amounted to 50% of the lower normal concentration range. Moreover, both the rectal and jejunal IgA-producing cell populations were of normal size. Nevertheless, a relative increase of salivary IgM and a distinctly raised number of IgM-producing cells in jejunal mucosa indicated an imbalance in his secretory immune system. This possibility was supported by the presence of an excess of J 3 chains in most of his intestinal IgA immunocytes, probably reflecting a reduced synthetic rate of IgA. The number of tonsillar IgA-producing cells was only slightly below the normal range; most of them lacked J chain, as normal, and could thus be a source of his serum IgA, which was mainly monomeric. A marked deficiency of IgA-producing cells in his bone marrow supported the notion that this tissue site normally is the major source of monomeric IgA. This study suggests that a generally defective IgA system may be topically activated owing to the persistent antigenic and mitogenic load on mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues. Our findings are not consistent with a general regulative compartmentalization of monomer- and dimer-producing IgA immunocyte populations.
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