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Garcia AR, Amorim MMB, Amaral ACF, da Cruz JD, Vermelho AB, Nico D, Rodrigues IA. Anti- Leishmania amazonensis Activity, Cytotoxic Features, and Chemical Profile of Allium sativum (Garlic) Essential Oil. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:375. [PMID: 37505671 PMCID: PMC10384145 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8070375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human tegumentary leishmaniasis (HTL) is a serious tropical disease caused by Leishmania amazonensis. Developing new leishmanicidal agents can help overcome current treatment challenges, such as drug resistance and toxicity. Essential oils are a source of lipophilic substances with diverse therapeutic properties. This study aimed to determine the anti-L. amazonensis activity, cytotoxicity, and chemical profile of Allium sativum essential oil (ASEO). The effect of ASEO on parasite and mammalian cells viability was evaluated using resazurin and MTT assays, respectively. The oil's effect against intracellular amastigotes was also determined. Transmission electron microscopy was used to assess the ultrastructural changes induced by ASEO. In addition, the chemical constituents of ASEO were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The cytotoxic potential was evaluated in vitro and in silico. The oil displayed IC50 of 1.76, 3.46, and 3.77 µg/mL against promastigotes, axenic, and intracellular amastigotes, respectively. Photomicrographs of treated parasites showed plasma membrane disruption, increased lipid bodies, and autophagic-like structures. ASEO chemical profiling revealed 1,2,4,6-tetrathiepane (24.84%) and diallyl disulfide (16.75%) as major components. Computational pharmacokinetics and toxicological analysis of ASEO's major components demonstrated good oral bioavailability and better toxicological endpoints than the reference drugs. Altogether, the results suggest that ASEO could be an alternative drug candidate against HTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreza R Garcia
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Mariana M B Amorim
- Instituto Municipal de Vigilância Sanitária, Vigilância de Zoonoses e de Inspeção Agropecuária, Rio de Janeiro 22290-240, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia F Amaral
- Departamento de Produtos Naturais, Farmanguinhos Fiocruz, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Brazil
| | - Jefferson D da Cruz
- Departamento de Produtos Naturais, Farmanguinhos Fiocruz, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, Brazil
| | - Alane B Vermelho
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Dirlei Nico
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Igor A Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Departamento de Produtos Naturais e Alimentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
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Burgos-Pino J, Gual-Orozco B, Vera-Ku M, Loría-Cervera EN, Guillermo-Cordero L, Martínez-Vega PP, Torres-Tapia LW, Castro-Valencia K, Peraza-Sánchez SR, Gamboa-León R. Acute oral toxicity in BALB/c mice of Tridax procumbens and Allium sativum extracts and (3S)-16,17-didehydrofalcarinol. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 301:115840. [PMID: 36257342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Approximately 80% of people in developing countries depend on medicinal plants for their health care. Tridax procumbens (T. procumbens) and Allium sativum (A. sativum) have beneficial effects against parasitic and bacterial diseases. On the other side, the biological activity of the oxylipin (3S)-16,17-didehydrofalcarinol isolated from T. procumbens against the parasite Leishmania mexicana has been verified. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the acute oral toxicity of the methanolic extract of T. procumbens, the aqueous extract of A. sativum, their mixture, and pure oxylipin (3S)-16,17-didehydrofalcarinol in BALB/c mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Doses of 2000 and 5000 mg/kg of the methanolic extract of T. procumbens, the aqueous extract of A. sativum, and their mixture (1:1), and doses of 300 and 500 mg/kg of pure oxylipin were administered orally to female mice of the strain BALB/c, which were observed for 72 h in search of signs of toxicity. After 14 days, the animals were euthanized, blood was extracted for the measurement of transaminases, and the livers were recovered and stained with hematoxylin/eosin for histopathological analysis. RESULTS No clinical signs of toxicity were observed in any of the animals dosed with T. procumbens and A. sativum extracts, while the majority of the animals dosed with pure oxylipin showed signs of toxicity and died. There was no difference in the weight index in most of the animals, except for the animals treated with T. procumbens at doses of 2000 mg/kg who presented an increase in the weight index, nor was there a correlation between the dose of A. sativum and the mixture and food consumption; however, a direct proportional correlation was observed between T. procumbens dose and food consumption. In none of the animals dosed with T. procumbens, A. sativum, and the mixture there was a difference in the levels of transaminases. In the histopathology study, slight lesions were observed in the hepatocytes of the mice treated with T. procumbens, A. sativum, and their mixture at doses of 2000 and 5000 mg/kg. On the other side, moderate injuries were observed in animals treated with pure oxylipin and it was considered as toxic due to almost all the animals died. CONCLUSION The extracts of T. procumbens and A. sativum evaluated and applied orally did not cause signs of acute toxicity or severe liver damage, suggesting to evaluate their chronic toxicity including other biochemical parameters in the future. However, pure oxylipin caused signs of acute toxicity and death so it is recommended to work with lower doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelly Burgos-Pino
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil Km. 15.5 Tizapán, 97100, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Brandon Gual-Orozco
- CONACYT-GERMOLAB/Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Calle 43 No. 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Marina Vera-Ku
- CONACYT-GERMOLAB/Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Calle 43 No. 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Elsy Nalleli Loría-Cervera
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Av. Itzaes por 59, No. 490, Centro, 97000, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Leonardo Guillermo-Cordero
- Cuerpo Académico en Salud Animal de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil Km. 15.5 Tizapán, 97100, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Pedro Pablo Martínez-Vega
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Av. Itzaes por 59, No. 490, Centro, 97000, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Luis W Torres-Tapia
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Calle 43 No. 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Karla Castro-Valencia
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Calle 43 No. 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Sergio R Peraza-Sánchez
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Calle 43 No. 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - Rubi Gamboa-León
- Laboratorio de Ciencias Biomédicas, Coordinación Académica Región Huasteca Sur, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Km. 5 Carretera Tamazunchale-San Martin, 79960, Tamazunchale, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
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3
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Shakib P, Kalani H, Ali ASM, Zebardastpour M, Moradpour K, Ho J, Nazarabad VH, Cheraghipour K. In Vivo and In Vitro Anti-schistosomiasis Effect of Garlic: A Systematic Review. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2022; 19:e280222201511. [PMID: 35227185 DOI: 10.2174/1570163819666220228154752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Garlic (Allium sativum) is used as a natural supplement for the treatment of various diseases and disorders because it has antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antiparasitic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. This systematic review aimed to evaluate in vitro and in vivo effects of garlic against Schistosoma spp. METHODS The current study was carried out according to the PRISMA guidelines and registered in the CAMARADES-NC3Rs Preclinical Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Facility [SyRF] database. The literature search was conducted using five databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Google Scholar, from January 2008 to January 2021. The search was restricted to articles published in the English language. Syntax was performed based on each database tag. RESULTS Out of 2,600 studies, 10 met the eligibility criteria for review. The examined parasite in all studies was Schistosoma mansoni. Ten studies (90%) were performed in vivo and one study in vitro. Studies have shown that garlic compounds can activate immune system factors, thereby damaging the parasite structure or its eggs. CONCLUSION Given the increase in using plants in the treatment of many diseases and the fact that plants can be a good alternative to chemical drugs in many cases, more comprehensive research is needed to introduce effective medicinal plants to treat diseases such as schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Shakib
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Hamed Kalani
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | | | | | - Kobra Moradpour
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Jeffery Ho
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Kourosh Cheraghipour
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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Passero LFD, Brunelli EDS, Sauini T, Amorim Pavani TF, Jesus JA, Rodrigues E. The Potential of Traditional Knowledge to Develop Effective Medicines for the Treatment of Leishmaniasis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:690432. [PMID: 34220515 PMCID: PMC8248671 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.690432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease that affects people living in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. There are few therapeutic options for treating this infectious disease, and available drugs induce severe side effects in patients. Different communities have limited access to hospital facilities, as well as classical treatment of leishmaniasis; therefore, they use local natural products as alternative medicines to treat this infectious disease. The present work performed a bibliographic survey worldwide to record plants used by traditional communities to treat leishmaniasis, as well as the uses and peculiarities associated with each plant, which can guide future studies regarding the characterization of new drugs to treat leishmaniasis. A bibliographic survey performed in the PubMed and Scopus databases retrieved 294 articles related to traditional knowledge, medicinal plants and leishmaniasis; however, only 20 were selected based on the traditional use of plants to treat leishmaniasis. Considering such studies, 378 quotes referring to 292 plants (216 species and 76 genera) that have been used to treat leishmaniasis were recorded, which could be grouped into 89 different families. A broad discussion has been presented regarding the most frequent families, including Fabaceae (27 quotes), Araceae (23), Solanaceae and Asteraceae (22 each). Among the available data in the 378 quotes, it was observed that the parts of the plants most frequently used in local medicine were leaves (42.3% of recipes), applied topically (74.6%) and fresh poultices (17.2%). The contribution of Latin America to studies enrolling ethnopharmacological indications to treat leishmaniasis was evident. Of the 292 plants registered, 79 were tested against Leishmania sp. Future studies on leishmanicidal activity could be guided by the 292 plants presented in this study, mainly the five species Carica papaya L. (Caricaceae), Cedrela odorata L. (Meliaceae), Copaifera paupera (Herzog) Dwyer (Fabaceae), Musa × paradisiaca L. (Musaceae), and Nicotiana tabacum L. (Solanaceae), since they are the most frequently cited in articles and by traditional communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Felipe D Passero
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute for Advanced Studies of Ocean, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erika Dos Santos Brunelli
- Center for Ethnobotanical and Ethnopharmacological Studies (CEE), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thamara Sauini
- Center for Ethnobotanical and Ethnopharmacological Studies (CEE), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thais Fernanda Amorim Pavani
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research Group (GPQFfesp), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Adriana Jesus
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas (LIM50), Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliana Rodrigues
- Center for Ethnobotanical and Ethnopharmacological Studies (CEE), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Khan M, Saddique MAB, Tahir H, Amjad MD, Ahmad A, Masood U, Khan D. A short review on key role of plants and their extracts in boosting up immune response to combat COVID-19. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2021; 22:e270521193625. [PMID: 34047261 DOI: 10.2174/1871526521666210527091939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the wake of the recent global pandemic of COVID-19, there has been an increasing concern among the general public to improve their immune system. The causative agent of COVID-19 is SARS CoV-2, similar to its relative viruses SARS Cov-1 and MERS. Up till now, no vaccine has been developed against this disease and the only way one can stay safe is via prevention and developing one's immune system. Plants have been used since ancient times in herbal medicines and many chemicals and extracts in them are found to boost the immune system. Therefore, a consciously maintained diet consisting of plant-based immunity boosters is the need of the hour. Plants are known to provide many chemicals, natural therapeutics and vitamins which naturally enhance our immune system. Recently, vaccination research is also being carried out in transgenic plants. In this review, we have focused on highlighting some of the main players within the Kingdom Plantae which, when taken up in regular diet, can significantly boost our immune system capacity and thus provide the best possible measure to combat this pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudassir Khan
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Abu Bakar Saddique
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Pakistan
| | - Huzaifa Tahir
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Dawood Amjad
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Pakistan
| | - Abdullah Ahmad
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Pakistan
| | - Usama Masood
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Pakistan
| | - Dilawar Khan
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Pakistan
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Mehmood A, Khan S, Khan S, Ahmed S, Ali A, xue M, ali L, Hamza M, munir A, ur Rehman S, Mehmood Khan A, Hussain Shah A, Bai Q. In silico analysis of quranic and prophetic medicinals plants for the treatment of infectious viral diseases including corona virus. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:3137-3151. [PMID: 33642896 PMCID: PMC7899931 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infection of the respiratory system caused by single standard RNA viruses named as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The disease appeared as a serious problem and the leading cause of death in human beings throughout the world. The main source of different phytochemicals are plants, which helps in the development of new drugs against various ailments. Islam is comprehensive religion and a complete code of life for Muslims. The teaching of Islam, according to the Holy Quran and Hadith are universal for the benefit of humanity. Islam believes that every ailment is from God and who made the disease definitely made its medication. There is a complete guideline with regard to taking measures against infectious diseases such as quarantine and seeking medicinal treatment. The research objective is to gather the knowledge of medicinal plants described in the Holy Quran or utilized by the Prophet (SAW) for the treatment of different ailments or advised to use them to boost immunity and strengthen the body. Scientists across the globe have found these plants beneficial for many diseases and have antiviral potential. In present study, the six plant species including Olea europaea, Nigella sativa, Allium Sativum, Allium cepa, Zingiber officinale and Cassia senna were selected which contain phytochemicals like Calcium Elenolate, Thymoquinone, S-Allylcysteine, Dipropyl Disulfide, Sesquiterpene, Monoterpene, Pelargonidin 3-Galactoside ion and Kaempferol. The phytochemicals monoterpene (from Zingiber officinale) shows best interaction with target proteins RdRP, 3CLPro, ACE2. Calcium Elonate (from olive) bonds with 3CLPro, ACE2 and Kemoferol and Pelargomidine (from Senna Makki) bonds with RdRP, ACE2. The ligands show a unique set of intersections i.e. hydrogen bonding, and alkyl interaction. These medicinal plants can be utilized immediately for the treatment of COVID-19 as their safety is already established. This treatment can enhance recovery when combined with other treatments. Furthermore, the screening of bioactive compounds or phytochemicals found in these plants can be utilized to design new therapeutic drug to treat COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azhar Mehmood
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Bioinformatics/Botany, Govt. Postgraduate College Mandian Abbottabad, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Suliman Khan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Sajid Khan
- Department of Bioinformatics/Botany, Govt. Postgraduate College Mandian Abbottabad, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Saeed Ahmed
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, 46000 Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Ashaq Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology Chinese Academy of Science, 430070 Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mengzhou xue
- Department of Cerebrovascular diseases, The second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liaqat ali
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, 46000 Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hamza
- Department of Bioinformatics/Botany, Govt. Postgraduate College Mandian Abbottabad, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Anum munir
- Department of Bioinformatics/Botany, Govt. Postgraduate College Mandian Abbottabad, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Saad ur Rehman
- Department of Bioinformatics/Botany, Govt. Postgraduate College Mandian Abbottabad, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Arshad Mehmood Khan
- Department of Bioinformatics/Botany, Govt. Postgraduate College Mandian Abbottabad, KPK, Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry, Government postgraduate college Mandian, Abbottabad, Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Abbas Hussain Shah
- Department of Botany, Government Post Graduate College Mansehra, Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Qian Bai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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8
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Treatment with synthetic lipophilic tyrosyl ester controls Leishmania major infection by reducing parasite load in BALB/c mice. Parasitology 2016; 143:1615-21. [PMID: 27312247 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016001086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Synthesized lipophilic tyrosyl ester derivatives with increasing lipophilicity were effective against Leishmania (L.) major and Leishmania infantum species in vitro. These findings prompted us to test in vivo leishmanicidal properties of these molecules and their potential effect on the modulation of immune responses. The experimental BALB/c model of cutaneous leishmaniasis was used in this study. Mice were infected with L. major parasites and treated with three in vitro active tyrosyl esters derivatives. Among these tested tyrosylcaprate (TyC) compounds, only TyC10 exhibited an in vivo anti-leishmanial activity, when injected sub-cutaneously (s.c.). TyC10 treatment of L. major-infected BALB/c mice resulted in a decrease of lesion development and parasite load. TyC10 s.c. treatment of non-infected mice induced an imbalance in interferon γ/interleukin 4 (IFN-γ/IL-4) ratio cytokines towards a Th1 response. Our results indicate that TyC10 s.c. treatment improves lesions' healing and parasite clearance and may act on the cytokine balance towards a Th1 protective response by decreasing IL-4 and increasing IFN-γ transcripts. TyC10 is worthy of further investigation to uncover its mechanism of action that could lead to consider this molecule as a potential drug candidate.
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Kermani EK, Sajjadi SE, Hejazi SH, Arjmand R, Saberi S, Eskandarian AA. Anti-Leishmania Activity of Osthole. Pharmacognosy Res 2016; 8:S1-4. [PMID: 27114685 PMCID: PMC4821100 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.178650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is occasionally highly resistant to pentavalent antimonials, the gold standard in pharmacotherapy of CL. Since there is no effective vaccine, the discovery of natural antileishmanial products as complementary therapeutic agents could be used to improve the current regimens. OBJECTIVE In this study in vitro and in vivo antileishmanial activities of osthole, a natural coumarin known to possess antibacterial and parasiticidal activities are evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Leishmania major infected J774.A1 macrophages were treated with increasing concentrations of osthole. CL lesions of BALB/c mice were treated topically with 0.2% osthole. RESULTS Osthole exhibited dose-dependent leishmanicidal activity against intracellular amastigotes with IC50 value of 14.95 μg/ml. Treatment of CL lesions in BALB/c mice with osthole significantly declined lesion progression compared to untreated mice (P < 0.05), however did not result in recovery. CONCLUSION Osthole demonstrated remarkable leishmanicidal activity in vitro. Higher concentrations of osthole may demonstrate the therapeutic property in vivo. SUMMARY In vitro and in vivo antileishmanial activities of osthole, a pernylated coumarin extracted from Prangos asperula Boiss., are studied against Leishmania major.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Kordzadeh Kermani
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seyed Ebrahim Sajjadi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Hejazi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reza Arjmand
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Saberi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Eskandarian
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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10
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Foroutan-Rad M, Tappeh KH, Khademvatan S. Antileishmanial and Immunomodulatory Activity of Allium sativum (Garlic): A Review. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2015; 22:141-155. [PMID: 26721553 DOI: 10.1177/2156587215623126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is caused by an obligate intracellular protozoa belonging to Leishmania genus. The current drugs for treatment of leishmaniasis possess many disadvantages; therefore, researchers are continuously looking for the more effective and safer drugs. The aim of this study is to review the effectiveness, toxicities, and possible mechanisms of pharmaceutical actions of different garlic extracts and organosulfur compounds isolated from garlic against Leishmania spp. in a variety of in vitro, in vivo and clinical trials reports. All relevant databases were searched using the terms "Allium sativum," "Garlic," "Allicin," "Ajoene," "Leishmania," "in vitro," "in vivo," and "clinical trial," alone or in combination from 5 English databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar) and 3 Persian databases (Scientific Information Database, Iran Medex, and Magiran) from 1990 to 2014. In summary, garlic with immunomodulatory effects and apoptosis induction contributes to the treatment of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Foroutan-Rad
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Khosrow Hazrati Tappeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center and Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Shahram Khademvatan
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center and Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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Ghonime M, Emara M, Shawky R, Soliman H, El-Domany R, Abdelaziz A. Immunomodulation of RAW 264.7 murine macrophage functions and antioxidant activities of 11 plant extracts. Immunol Invest 2015; 44:237-52. [PMID: 25564700 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2014.988720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A group of 11 medicinal plants, including Lavandula pubescens, Trigonella foenugricium, Salsola schweinforthi, Calligonum comosum, Silene succulenta, Silene villosa, Bogonvillea glabra, Cakile maritime, Gomphrene celesoids, Mirabilis jalaba, and Silene nocturna growing in Egypt, were extracted and examined for their immunomodulatory and antioxidant activities. RAW 264.7 cells were recruited to investigate the immunomodulatory effect through multiple parameters analysis. First, the proliferation index of macrophages cells was evaluated revealing that Trigonella foenugricium, Silene succulenta and Silene villosa have a significant cytotoxic effect on RAW cells. Interestingly, we observed enhancement of macrophages phagocytic function of by all extracts except Cakile maritime, Gomphrena celosioides and Silene nocturna. Afterwards, macrophages were challenged by incubation with LPS and the effect of various extracts on inflammatory responses was investigated; the generation of NO from activated macrophage was substantially suppressed by 7 extracts namely, Trigonella foenugricium, Calligonum comosum, Silene succulenta, Bougainvillea glabra, Mirabilis jalaba, Gomphrena celosioides and Silene nocturna. TNF-α was decreased by percentage range from 3.8 to 85.8% and Trigonella foenugricium extract showed the highest inhibition of TNF-α release. All extracts except Trigonella foenugricium, Salsola schweinforthi, Silene succulenta and Mirabilis jalaba significantly inhibited COX-2 production from stimulated macrophage. Moreover, evaluating the potential antioxidant activity of these extracts showed that Trigonella foenugricium, Salsola schweinforthi, Calligonum comosum, Bogonvillea glabra and Mirabilis jalaba exhibited some antioxidant activities. Taken together, our results suggest that some of these extracts may have a considerable antinflammatory and antioxidant effects and may be a potential therapeutic choice in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ghonime
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Helwan University, Ein Helwan, Helwan, South Cairo , Egypt
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12
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Sung J, Harfouche Y, De La Cruz M, Zamora MP, Liu Y, Rego JA, Buckley NE. Garlic (Allium sativum) stimulates lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha production from J774A.1 murine macrophages. Phytother Res 2014; 29:288-94. [PMID: 25366263 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Garlic (Allium sativum) is known to have many beneficial attributes such as antimicrobial, antiatherosclerotic, antitumorigenetic, and immunomodulatory properties. In the present study, we investigated the effects of an aqueous garlic extract on macrophage cytokine production by challenging the macrophage J774A.1 cell line with the garlic extract in the absence or presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) under different conditions. The effect of allicin, the major component of crushed garlic, was also investigated. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, it was found that garlic and synthetic allicin greatly stimulated tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) production in macrophages treated with LPS. The TNF-α secretion levels peaked earlier and were sustained for a longer time in cells treated with garlic and LPS compared with cells treated with LPS alone. Garlic acted in a time-dependent manner. We suggest that garlic, at least partially via its allicin component, acts downstream from LPS to stimulate macrophage TNF-α secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Sung
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University, 3801 W. Temple Ave., Pomona, CA, 91768, USA
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Chouhan G, Islamuddin M, Sahal D, Afrin F. Exploring the role of medicinal plant-based immunomodulators for effective therapy of leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2014; 5:193. [PMID: 24829566 PMCID: PMC4017133 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a pestilent affliction that importunately needs better therapeutics necessitated by the absence of effective vaccine, emergence as HIV co-infection, and the dread of debilitating chemotherapy. The Leishmania parasites incapacitate host macrophages by preventing the formation of phagolysosomes, impeding antigen presentation to T cells, leading to suppression of cell-mediated immunity. An ideal approach to cure leishmaniasis includes administration of antileishmanial compounds that can concomitantly establish an effective Th1 response via restoration of requisite signaling between macrophages and T cells, for subsequent activation of macrophages to eliminate intracellular amastigotes. Plants have provided an opulent treasure of biomolecules that have fueled the discovery of antileishmanial drugs. Modulation of immune functions using medicinal plants and their products has emerged as an effective therapeutic strategy. Herein, we review the plant extracts and natural products that have resulted in therapeutic polarization of host immunity to cure leishmaniasis. These immunostimulatory phytochemicals as source of potential antileishmanials may provide new strategies to combat leishmaniasis, alone or as adjunct modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Chouhan
- Parasite Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , New Delhi , India
| | - Mohammad Islamuddin
- Parasite Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , New Delhi , India
| | - Dinkar Sahal
- Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , New Delhi , India
| | - Farhat Afrin
- Parasite Immunology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , New Delhi , India
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Gamboa-Leon R, Vera-Ku M, Peraza-Sanchez SR, Ku-Chulim C, Horta-Baas A, Rosado-Vallado M. Antileishmanial activity of a mixture of Tridax procumbens and Allium sativum in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:15. [PMID: 24717526 PMCID: PMC3980668 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2014016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We tested a mixture of Tridax procumbens, known for its direct action against Leishmania mexicana, and Allium sativum, known for its immunomodulatory effect, as an alternative to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis. Acute oral toxicity was tested with the Up-and-Down Procedure (UDP) using a group of healthy mice administered with either T. procumbens or A. sativum extracts and compared with a control group. Liver injury and other parameters of toxicity were determined in mice at day 14. The in vivo assay was performed with mice infected with L. mexicana promastigotes and treated with either a mixture of T. procumbens and A. sativum or each extract separately. The thickness of the mice’s footpads was measured weekly. After the 12-week period of infection, blood samples were obtained by cardiac puncture to determine the total IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a immunoglobulins by a noncommercial indirect ELISA. We showed that the mixture of T. procumbens and A. sativum extracts was better at controlling L. mexicana infection while not being toxic when tested in the acute oral toxicity assay in mice. An increase in the ratio of IgG2a/IgG1 indicated a tendency to raise a Th1-type immune response in mice treated with the mixture. The mixture of T. procumbens and A. sativum extracts is a promising natural treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis and its healing effects make it a good candidate for a possible new phytomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubi Gamboa-Leon
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán (CIR-UADY), Avenida Itzáes # 490 × Calle 59 Colonia Centro, 97000 Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Marina Vera-Ku
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán (CIR-UADY), Avenida Itzáes # 490 × Calle 59 Colonia Centro, 97000 Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Sergio R Peraza-Sanchez
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Calle 43 No. 130, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97200 Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Carlos Ku-Chulim
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán (CIR-UADY), Avenida Itzáes # 490 × Calle 59 Colonia Centro, 97000 Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Aurelio Horta-Baas
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán (CIR-UADY), Avenida Itzáes # 490 × Calle 59 Colonia Centro, 97000 Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Miguel Rosado-Vallado
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán (CIR-UADY), Avenida Itzáes # 490 × Calle 59 Colonia Centro, 97000 Mérida, Yucatán, México
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Abstract
In the domain of nutrition, exploring the diet-health linkages is major area of research. The outcomes of such interventions led to widespread acceptance of functional and nutraceutical foods; however, augmenting immunity is a major concern of dietary regimens. Indeed, the immune system is incredible arrangement of specific organs and cells that enabled humans to carry out defense against undesired responses. Its proper functionality is essential to maintain the body homeostasis. Array of plants and their components hold immunomodulating properties. Their possible inclusion in diets could explore new therapeutic avenues to enhanced immunity against diseases. The review intended to highlight the importance of garlic (Allium sativum), green tea (Camellia sinensis), ginger (Zingiber officinale), purple coneflower (Echinacea), black cumin (Nigella sativa), licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), Astragalus and St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) as natural immune boosters. These plants are bestowed with functional ingredients that may provide protection against various menaces. Modes of their actions include boosting and functioning of immune system, activation and suppression of immune specialized cells, interfering in several pathways that eventually led to improvement in immune responses and defense system. In addition, some of these plants carry free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory activities that are helpful against cancer insurgence. Nevertheless, interaction between drugs and herbs/botanicals should be well investigated before recommended for their safe use, and such information must be disseminated to the allied stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tauseef Sultan
- a Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology , Bahauddin Zakariya University , Multan , Pakistan
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16
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Rishi P, Singh AP, Arora S, Garg N, Kaur IP. Revisiting eukaryotic anti-infective biotherapeutics. Crit Rev Microbiol 2013; 40:281-92. [PMID: 23317462 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2012.749210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Emerging drug resistance has forced the scientific community to revisit the observational data documented in the folklore and come up with novel and effective alternatives. Candidates from eukaryotic origin including herbal products and antimicrobial peptides are finding a strategic place in the therapeutic armamentarium against infectious diseases. These agents have recently gained interest owing to their versatile applications. Present review encompasses the use of these alternative strategies in their native or designer form, alone or in conjunction with antibiotics, as possible remedial measures. Further to this, the limitations or the possible concerns associated with these options are also discussed at length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Rishi
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University , Chandigarh, Chandigarh , India and
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17
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Feng Y, Zhu X, Wang Q, Jiang Y, Shang H, Cui L, Cao Y. Allicin enhances host pro-inflammatory immune responses and protects against acute murine malaria infection. Malar J 2012; 11:268. [PMID: 22873687 PMCID: PMC3472178 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During malaria infection, multiple pro-inflammatory mediators including IFN-γ, TNF and nitric oxide (NO) play a crucial role in the protection against the parasites. Modulation of host immunity is an important strategy to improve the outcome of malaria infection. Allicin is the major biologically active component of garlic and shows anti-microbial activity. Allicin is also active against protozoan parasites including Plasmodium, which is thought to be mediated by inhibiting cysteine proteases. In this study, the immunomodulatory activities of allicin were assessed during acute malaria infection using a rodent malaria model Plasmodium yoelii 17XL. Methods To determine whether allicin modulates host immune responses against malaria infection, mice were treated with allicin after infection with P. yoelii 17XL. Mortality was checked daily and parasitaemia was determined every other day. Pro-inflammatory mediators and IL-4 were quantified by ELISA, while NO level was determined by the Griess method. The populations of dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, CD4+ T and regulatory T cells (Treg) were assessed by FACS. Results Allicin reduced parasitaemia and prolonged survival of the host in a dose-dependent manner. This effect is at least partially due to improved host immune responses. Results showed that allicin treatment enhanced the production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as IFN-γ, TNF, IL-12p70 and NO. The absolute numbers of CD4+ T cells, DCs and macrophages were significantly higher in allicin-treated mice. In addition, allicin promoted the maturation of CD11c+ DCs, whereas it did not cause major changes in IL-4 and the level of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Conclusions Allicin could partially protect host against P. yoelii 17XL through enhancement of the host innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Feng
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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18
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Abstract
Garlic (Allium sativum L. fam. Alliaceae) is one of the best-researched, best-selling herbal remedies and is also commonly used for treating various health problems. Garlic is widely known for its biological properties and plays an important role as an antioxidant. The purpose of this review is to gather and summarize all dermatologic-oriented in vitro and in-vivo experiments and clinical trials on garlic preparations. Extensive literatures search was carried out and twenty three studies were included. The results suggest that oral administration of garlic is effective on immunologic properties, cutaneous microcirculation, protection against UVB and cancer treatment. Additionally, topical application of garlic extract can potentially be effective on psoriasis, alopecia areata, keloid scar, wound healing, cutaneous corn, viral and fungal infection, leishmaniasis, skin aging and rejuvenation. Clinical effectiveness of oral and topical garlic extract is not sufficiently and meticulously explored as so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Pazyar
- Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Department of Dermatology, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Amir Feily
- Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Department of Dermatology, Ahvaz, Iran
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19
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Canlas J, Hudson JB, Sharma M, Nandan D. Echinacea and trypanasomatid parasite interactions: growth-inhibitory and anti-inflammatory effects of Echinacea. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2010; 48:1047-1052. [PMID: 20731557 DOI: 10.3109/13880200903483468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT/OBJECTIVE Herbal preparations derived from various species and parts of Echinacea (Asteraceae) have been advocated for various medical applications, as a result of the many antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities attributed to them. MATERIALS AND METHODS In order to investigate their effects on parasites, four preparations of Echinacea, with distinct chemical compositions, were evaluated for growth inhibition of three species of trypanosomatids: Leishmania donovani, Leishmania major, and Trypanosoma brucei. In addition one Echinacea preparation was tested for anti-inflammatory activity in cell culture models designed to measure pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by L. donovani. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION All Echinacea preparations inhibited growth of the organisms, though with different relative potencies, and in some cases morphological changes were observed. However, there was no obvious correlation with the composition of the marker compounds, alkylamides, caffeic acid derivatives, and polysaccharides. L. donovani stimulated the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 in human bronchial epithelial cells and in human skin fibroblasts, but in both cases the standardized ethanol extract of E. purpurea (L.) Moench (Echinaforce) abolished the stimulation, indicating anti-inflammatory activity of this extract. CONCLUSIONS Thus various Echinacea extracts can inhibit the proliferation of these parasites and at least one can reverse the pro-inflammatory activity of Leishmania donovani.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Canlas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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20
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Soares DC, Andrade AL, Delorenzi JC, Silva JR, Freire-de-Lima L, Falcão CA, Pinto AC, Rossi-Bergmann B, Saraiva EM. Leishmanicidal activity of Himatanthus sucuuba latex against Leishmania amazonensis. Parasitol Int 2010; 59:173-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Revised: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Clement F, Pramod SN, Venkatesh YP. Identity of the immunomodulatory proteins from garlic (Allium sativum) with the major garlic lectins or agglutinins. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 10:316-24. [PMID: 20004743 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Garlic (Allium sativum), an important medicinal spice, displays a plethora of biological effects including immunomodulation. Although some immunomodulatory proteins from garlic have been described, their identities are still unknown. The present study was envisaged to isolate immunomodulatory proteins from raw garlic, and examine their effects on certain cells of the immune system (lymphocytes, mast cells, and basophils) in relation to mitogenicity and hypersensitivity. Three protein components of approximately 13 kD (QR-1, QR-2, and QR-3 in the ratio 7:28:1) were separated by Q-Sepharose chromatography of 30 kD ultrafiltrate of raw garlic extract. All the 3 proteins exhibited mitogenic activity towards human peripheral blood lymphocytes, murine splenocytes and thymocytes. The mitogenicity of QR-2 was the highest among the three immunomodulatory proteins. QR-1 and QR-2 displayed hemagglutination and mannose-binding activities; QR-3 showed only mannose-binding activity. Immunoreactivity of rabbit anti-QR-1 and anti-QR-2 polyclonal antisera showed specificity for their respective antigens as well as mutual cross-reactivity; QR-3 was better recognized by anti-QR-2 (82%) than by anti-QR-1 (55%). QR-2 induced a 2-fold higher histamine release in vitro from leukocytes of atopic subjects compared to that of non-atopic subjects. In all functional studies, QR-2 was more potent compared to QR-1. Taken together, all these results indicate that the two major proteins QR-2 and QR-1 present in a ratio of 4:1 in raw garlic contribute to garlic's immunomodulatory activity, and their characteristics are markedly similar to the abundant Allium sativum agglutinins (ASA) I and II, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Clement
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR Laboratory), Mysore, Karnataka State, India
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22
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Butt MS, Sultan MT, Butt MS, Iqbal J. Garlic: nature's protection against physiological threats. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2009; 49:538-51. [PMID: 19484634 DOI: 10.1080/10408390802145344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Currently reliance on natural products is gaining popularity to combat various physiological threats including oxidative stress, cardiovascular complexities, cancer insurgence, and immune dysfunction. The use of traditional remedies may encounter more frequently due to an array of scientific evidence in their favor. Garlic (Allium sativum) holds a unique position in history and was recognized for its therapeutic potential. Recent advancements in the field of immunonutrition, physiology, and pharmacology further explored its importance as a functional food against various pathologies. Extensive research work has been carried out on the health promoting properties of garlic, often referred to its sulfur containing metabolites i.e. allicin and its derivatives. Garlic in its preparations are effective against health risks and even used as dietary supplements such as age garlic extract (AGE) and garlic oil etc. Its components/formulations can scavenge free radicals and protect membranes from damage and maintains cell integrity. It also provides cardiovascular protection mediated by lowering of cholesterol, blood pressure, anti-platelet activities, and thromboxane formation thus providing protection against atherosclerosis and associated disorders. Besides this, it possesses antimutagenic and antiproliferative properties that are interesting in chemopreventive interventions. Several mechanisms have been reviewed in this context like activation of detoxification phase-I and II enzymes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and reducing DNA damage etc. Garlic could be useful in preventing the suppression of immune response associated with increased risk of malignancy as it stimulates the proliferation of lymphocytes, macrophage phagocytosis, stimulates the release of interleukin-2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma, and enhances natural killer cells. In this paper much emphasis has been placed on garlic's ability to ameliorate oxidative stress, core role in cardiovascular cure, chemopreventive strategies, and indeed its prospective as immune booster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masood Sadiq Butt
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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23
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Le Pape P. Development of new antileishmanial drugs – current knowledge and future prospects. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 23:708-18. [DOI: 10.1080/14756360802208137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patrice Le Pape
- Département de Parasitologie et de Mycologie Médicale, Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, IICiMed UPRES EA 1155, UFR de Sciences Pharmaceutiques, 1 rue Gaston VeilNantes cedex 01F-44035, France
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