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Zhang H, Ma Y, Yuan S. Molecular Dynamics Study on Adsorption and Desorption of the Model Oligosaccharide above Polymer Antifouling Membranes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:17320-17330. [PMID: 39119623 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Polysaccharide foulants play a key role in the adhesion of many fouling organisms, which may cause severe marine biofouling. However, the detailed interaction mechanism between polysaccharides and antifouling membranes is still indistinct compared with that between the fouling protein and antifouling surfaces. In this paper, a model oligosaccharide built based on the monosaccharide composition found in diatom extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) was used as a model foulant to investigate its adsorption and desorption above three T4 antifouling membranes. It was found that the anionic poly(3-(methacryloyloxy)propane-1-sulfonate) (T4-SP) antifouling membrane had excellent antifouling ability with respect to the model oligosaccharide, while the oligosaccharide can be easily adsorbed on the poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (T4-DM) membrane with vdW attraction and on the zwitterionic poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) (T4-SB) membrane with electrostatic attraction. As little is known about the details of polysaccharides' adsorption above antifouling membranes at the molecular level, we hope this work will serve as a theoretical basis for finding more effective materials to prevent or control marine biofouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Jinan 250199, P. R. China
- Shandong Chambroad Holding Co., Ltd., Binzhou 256500, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Ying Ma
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Jinan 250199, P. R. China
| | - Shiling Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Jinan 250199, P. R. China
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Tisch C, Kortekamp A, Nick P. Searching new targets for the control of Black Rot: following the role of host factors modulating the infection process of Phyllosticta ampelicida. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2024; 26:292-304. [PMID: 38170172 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Black Rot is a grapevine disease caused by the ascomycete Phyllosticta ampelicida. Neglected so far, this is developing into a pertinent problem in organic viticulture as resistant varieties are still lacking. Here, we follow cellular details of the infection process in the susceptible vinifera variety Müller-Thurgau and screen the ancestral European wild grapevine (V. vinifera sylvestris) for resistance to Black Rot. Using a standardized infection assay, we follow fungal development using LTSEM and quantify key stages on different hosts using fluorescence microscopy. There is considerable variation in susceptibility, which is associated with more rapid leaf maturation. Hyphal growth on different carbon sources shows a preference for pectins over starch, cellulose or xylans. In the resistant sylvestris genotypes Ketsch 16 and Ketsch 18 we find that neither spore attachment nor appressorium formation, but hyphal elongation is significantly inhibited as compared to Müller-Thurgau. Moreover, defence-related oxidative burst and accumulation of phenolic compounds is stimulated in the resistant genotypes. We arrive at a model, where more rapid maturation of the cell wall in these sylvestris genotypes sequesters pectins as major food source and thus block hyphal elongation. This paves the way for introgression of genetic factors responsible for cell wall maturation into V. vinifera to develop Black Rot-resistant varieties of grapevine.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tisch
- DLR Rheinpfalz State Education and Research Center of Viticulture and Horticulture and Rural Development, Neustadt an der Weinstraße, Germany
| | - A Kortekamp
- DLR Rheinpfalz State Education and Research Center of Viticulture and Horticulture and Rural Development, Neustadt an der Weinstraße, Germany
| | - P Nick
- Molecular Cell Biology, Joseph Kölreuter Institute of Plant Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Hertig C, Rutten T, Melzer M, Schippers JHM, Thiel J. Dissection of Developmental Programs and Regulatory Modules Directing Endosperm Transfer Cell and Aleurone Identity in the Syncytial Endosperm of Barley. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1594. [PMID: 37111818 PMCID: PMC10142620 DOI: 10.3390/plants12081594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Endosperm development in barley starts with the formation of a multinucleate syncytium, followed by cellularization in the ventral part of the syncytium generating endosperm transfer cells (ETCs) as first differentiating subdomain, whereas aleurone (AL) cells will originate from the periphery of the enclosing syncytium. Positional signaling in the syncytial stage determines cell identity in the cereal endosperm. Here, we performed a morphological analysis and employed laser capture microdissection (LCM)-based RNA-seq of the ETC region and the peripheral syncytium at the onset of cellularization to dissect developmental and regulatory programs directing cell specification in the early endosperm. Transcriptome data revealed domain-specific characteristics and identified two-component signaling (TCS) and hormone activities (auxin, ABA, ethylene) with associated transcription factors (TFs) as the main regulatory links for ETC specification. On the contrary, differential hormone signaling (canonical auxin, gibberellins, cytokinin) and interacting TFs control the duration of the syncytial phase and timing of cellularization of AL initials. Domain-specific expression of candidate genes was validated by in situ hybridization and putative protein-protein interactions were confirmed by split-YFP assays. This is the first transcriptome analysis dissecting syncytial subdomains of cereal seeds and provides an essential framework for initial endosperm differentiation in barley, which is likely also valuable for comparative studies with other cereal crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hertig
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Twan Rutten
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Michael Melzer
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Jos H. M. Schippers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466 Seeland, Germany
| | - Johannes Thiel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466 Seeland, Germany
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H 2S Enhanced the Tolerance of Malus hupehensis to Alkaline Salt Stress through the Expression of Genes Related to Sulfur-Containing Compounds and the Cell Wall in Roots. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314848. [PMID: 36499175 PMCID: PMC9736910 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Malus is an economically important plant that is widely cultivated worldwide, but it often encounters saline-alkali stress. The composition of saline-alkali land is a variety of salt and alkali mixed with the formation of alkaline salt. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been reported to have positive effects on plant responses to abiotic stresses. Our previous study showed that H2S pretreatment alleviated the damage caused by alkaline salt stress to Malus hupehensis Rehd. var. pingyiensis Jiang (Pingyi Tiancha, PYTC) roots by regulating Na+/K+ homeostasis and oxidative stress. In this study, transcriptome analysis was used to investigate the overall mechanism through which H2S alleviates alkaline salt stress in PYTC roots. Simultaneously, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were explored. Transcriptional profiling of the Control-H2S, Control-AS, Control-H2S + AS, and AS-H2S + AS comparison groups identified 1618, 18,652, 16,575, and 4314 DEGs, respectively. Further analysis revealed that H2S could alleviate alkaline salt stress by increasing the energy maintenance capacity and cell wall integrity of M. hupehensis roots and by enhancing the capacity for reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism because more upregulated genes involved in ROS metabolism and sulfur-containing compounds were identified in M. hupehensis roots after H2S pretreatment. qRT-PCR analysis of H2S-induced and alkaline salt-response genes showed that these genes were consistent with the RNA-seq analysis results, which indicated that H2S alleviation of alkaline salt stress involves the genes of the cell wall and sulfur-containing compounds in PYTC roots.
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Paterlini A, Sechet J, Immel F, Grison MS, Pilard S, Pelloux J, Mouille G, Bayer EM, Voxeur A. Enzymatic fingerprinting reveals specific xyloglucan and pectin signatures in the cell wall purified with primary plasmodesmata. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1020506. [PMID: 36388604 PMCID: PMC9640925 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1020506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) pores connect neighbouring plant cells and enable direct transport across the cell wall. Understanding the molecular composition of these structures is essential to address their formation and later dynamic regulation. Here we provide a biochemical characterisation of the cell wall co-purified with primary PD of Arabidopsis thaliana cell cultures. To achieve this result we combined subcellular fractionation, polysaccharide analyses and enzymatic fingerprinting approaches. Relative to the rest of the cell wall, specific patterns were observed in the PD fraction. Most xyloglucans, although possibly not abundant as a group, were fucosylated. Homogalacturonans displayed short methylated stretches while rhamnogalacturonan I species were remarkably abundant. Full rhamnogalacturonan II forms, highly methyl-acetylated, were also present. We additionally showed that these domains, compared to the broad wall, are less affected by wall modifying activities during a time interval of days. Overall, the protocol and the data presented here open new opportunities for the study of wall polysaccharides associated with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Paterlini
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité mixte de recherche (UMR5200), Université Bordeaux, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - J. Sechet
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), AgroParisTech, Versailles, France
| | - F. Immel
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité mixte de recherche (UMR5200), Université Bordeaux, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - M. S. Grison
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité mixte de recherche (UMR5200), Université Bordeaux, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - S. Pilard
- Plateforme Analytique, Université de Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - J. Pelloux
- UMRT (Unité Mixte de Recherche Transfrontaliére) INRAE (Institut National de recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'alimentation et l'Environnement) 1158 BioEcoAgro – BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - G. Mouille
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), AgroParisTech, Versailles, France
| | - E. M. Bayer
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité mixte de recherche (UMR5200), Université Bordeaux, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - A. Voxeur
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), AgroParisTech, Versailles, France
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Beck S, Choi P, Mushrif SH. Physico-chemical interactions within lignocellulosic biomass and their importance in developing solvent based deconstruction methods. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00374k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Fundamental understanding of physico-chemical interactions among the biopolymers in lignocellulosic biomass is crucial to develop atom-efficient deconstruction methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Beck
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211-116 St NW, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Phillip Choi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211-116 St NW, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada
- Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Samir H. Mushrif
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, 9211-116 St NW, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada
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Khodayari A, Thielemans W, Hirn U, Van Vuure AW, Seveno D. Cellulose-hemicellulose interactions - A nanoscale view. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 270:118364. [PMID: 34364609 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we study interactions of five different hemicellulose models, i.e. Galactoglucomannan, O-Acetyl-Galactoglucomannan, Fuco-Galacto-Xyloglucan, 4-O-Methylglucuronoxylan, and 4-O-Methylglucuronoarabinoxylan, and their respective binding strength to cellulose nanocrystals by molecular dynamics simulations. Glucuronoarabinoxylan showed the highest free energy of binding, whereas Xyloglucan had the lowest interaction energies amongst the five models. We further performed simulated shear tests and concluded that failure mostly happens at the inter-molecular interaction level within the hemicellulose fraction, rather than at the interface with cellulose. The presence of water molecules seems to have a weakening effect on the interactions of hemicellulose and cellulose, taking up the available hydroxyl groups on the surface of the cellulose for hydrogen bonding. We believe that these studies can shed light on better understanding of plant cell walls, as well as providing evidence on variability of the structures of different plant sources for extractions, purification, and operation of biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Khodayari
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Wim Thielemans
- Sustainable Materials Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, campus Kulak Kortrijk, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Ulrich Hirn
- Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, TU Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - David Seveno
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Han M, Liu Y, Zhang F, Sun D, Jiang J. Effect of galactose side-chain on the self-assembly of xyloglucan macromolecule. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 246:116577. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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9
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Xu P, Fang S, Chen H, Cai W. The brassinosteroid-responsive xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase 19 (XTH19) and XTH23 genes are involved in lateral root development under salt stress in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:59-75. [PMID: 32656780 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Lateral roots (LRs) are the main component of the root system architecture in Arabidopsis. The plasticity of LR development has an important role in improving plant survival in response to the external environment. Previous studies have revealed a number of genetic pathways that control plant growth in response to environmental stimuli. Here, we find that the xyloglucan endotransglucosylase 19 (XTH19) and XTH23 genes are involved in LR development under salt stress. The density of LRs was decreased in the xth23 single mutant, which was also more sensitive to salt than the wild type, and the xth19xth23 double mutant exhibited additive downregulated LR initiation and salt sensitivity compared with the single mutant. On the contrary, constitutive overexpression of XTH19 or XTH23 caused increased LR densities. Furthermore, XTH19 and XTH23 were induced by salt via the key brassinosteroid signaling pathway transcription factor BES1. In addition, we found that 35S::BES1 increased salt tolerance and the phenotype of xth19xth23 & 35S::BES1 was partially complementary to the wild-type level. In vivo and in vitro assays demonstrated that BES1 acts directly upstream of XTH19 and XTH23 to control their expression. Overall, our results revealed that XTH19 and XTH23 are involved in LR development via the BES1-dependent pathway, and contribute to LR adaptation to salt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Xu
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environment, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shan Fang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, No. 1278 BaoDe Road, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Haiying Chen
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environment, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Weiming Cai
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environment, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
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Shang X, Zhu L, Duan Y, Guo W. A cotton α1,3-/4-fucosyltransferase-encoding gene, FucT4, plays an important role in cell elongation and is significantly associated with fiber quality. Mol Genet Genomics 2020; 295:1141-1153. [PMID: 32462532 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-020-01687-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fucosylation, one of the key posttranslational modifications, plays an important role in plants. It is involved in the development, signal transduction, reproduction, and disease resistance. α1,3-/4-Fucosyltransferase is responsible for transferring L-fucose from GDP-L-fucose to the N-glycan to exert fucosylational functions. However, the roles of the fucosyltransferase gene in cotton remain unknown. This study provided a comprehensive investigation of its possible functions. A genome-wide analysis identified four, four, eight, and eight FucT genes presented in the four sequenced cotton species, diploid Gossypium raimondii, G. arboreum, tetraploid G. hirsutum acc. TM-1, and G. barbadense cv. H7124, respectively. These FucTs were classified into two groups, with FucT4 homologs alone as a group. We isolated FucT4 in TM-1 and H7124, and named it GhFucT4 and GbFucT4, respectively. Quantitative RT-PCR and transcriptome data demonstrated that GhFucT4 had the highest expression levels in fibers among all GhFucT genes. Association studies and QTL co-localization supported the possible involvement of GhFucT4 in cotton fiber development. GhFucT4 and GbFucT4 shared high sequence identities, and FucT4 had higher expression in H7124 fiber tissues compared with TM-1. Furthermore, ectopic expression of FucT4 in transgenic Arabidopsis promoted root cell elongation, upregulated expression of genes related to cell wall loosening, and led to longer primary root. These results collectively indicate that FucT4 plays an important role in promoting cell elongation and modulating fiber development, which could be utilized to improve fiber quality traits in cotton breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Hybrid Cotton R & D Engineering Research Center, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lijie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Hybrid Cotton R & D Engineering Research Center, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yujia Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Hybrid Cotton R & D Engineering Research Center, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wangzhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Hybrid Cotton R & D Engineering Research Center, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Coleman CM, Ferreira D. Oligosaccharides and Complex Carbohydrates: A New Paradigm for Cranberry Bioactivity. Molecules 2020; 25:E881. [PMID: 32079271 PMCID: PMC7070526 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cranberry is a well-known functional food, but the compounds directly responsible for many of its reported health benefits remain unidentified. Complex carbohydrates, specifically xyloglucan and pectic oligosaccharides, are the newest recognized class of biologically active compounds identified in cranberry materials. Cranberry oligosaccharides have shown similar biological properties as other dietary oligosaccharides, including effects on bacterial adhesion, biofilm formation, and microbial growth. Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activity has also been observed. Oligosaccharides may therefore be significant contributors to many of the health benefits associated with cranberry products. Soluble oligosaccharides are present at relatively high concentrations (~20% w/w or greater) in many cranberry materials, and yet their possible contributions to biological activity have remained unrecognized. This is partly due to the inherent difficulty of detecting these compounds without intentionally seeking them. Inconsistencies in product descriptions and terminology have led to additional confusion regarding cranberry product composition and the possible presence of oligosaccharides. This review will present our current understanding of cranberry oligosaccharides and will discuss their occurrence, structures, ADME, biological properties, and possible prebiotic effects for both gut and urinary tract microbiota. Our hope is that future investigators will consider these compounds as possible significant contributors to the observed biological effects of cranberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M. Coleman
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy, and the Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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Specific Xylan Activity Revealed for AA9 Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases of the Thermophilic Fungus Malbranchea cinnamomea by Functional Characterization. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.01408-19. [PMID: 31540984 PMCID: PMC6856335 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01408-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermophilic biomass-degrader Malbranchea cinnamomea exhibits poor growth on cellulose but excellent growth on hemicelluloses as the sole carbon source. This is surprising considering that its genome encodes eight lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) from auxiliary activity family 9 (AA9), enzymes known for their high potential in accelerating cellulose depolymerization. We characterized four of the eight (M. cinnamomea AA9s) McAA9s, namely, McAA9A, McAA9B, McAA9F, and McAA9H, to gain a deeper understanding about their roles in the fungus. The characterized McAA9s were active on hemicelluloses, including xylan, glucomannan, and xyloglucan, and furthermore, in accordance with transcriptomics data, differed in substrate specificity. Of the McAA9s, McAA9H is unique, as it preferentially cleaves residual xylan in phosphoric acid-swollen cellulose (PASC). Moreover, when exposed to cellulose-xylan blends, McAA9H shows a preference for xylan and for releasing (oxidized) xylooligosaccharides. The cellulose dependence of the xylan activity suggests that a flat conformation, with rigidity similar to that of cellulose microfibrils, is a prerequisite for productive interaction between xylan and the catalytic surface of the LPMO. McAA9H showed a similar trend on xyloglucan, underpinning the suggestion that LPMO activity on hemicelluloses strongly depends on the polymers' physicochemical context and conformation. Our results support the notion that LPMO multiplicity in fungal genomes relates to the large variety of copolymeric polysaccharide arrangements occurring in the plant cell wall.IMPORTANCE The Malbranchea cinnamomea LPMOs (McAA9s) showed activity on a broad range of soluble and insoluble substrates, suggesting their involvement in various steps of biomass degradation besides cellulose decomposition. Our results indicate that the fungal AA9 family is more diverse than originally thought and able to degrade almost any kind of plant cell wall polysaccharide. The discovery of an AA9 that preferentially cleaves xylan enhances our understanding of the physiological roles of LPMOs and enables the use of xylan-specific LPMOs in future applications.
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Pradit N, Rodriguez-Saona C, Kawash J, Polashock J. Phytoplasma Infection Influences Gene Expression in American Cranberry. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Kulkarni AD, Joshi AA, Patil CL, Amale PD, Patel HM, Surana SJ, Belgamwar VS, Chaudhari KS, Pardeshi CV. Xyloglucan: A functional biomacromolecule for drug delivery applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.06.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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15
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Berglund J, Angles d'Ortoli T, Vilaplana F, Widmalm G, Bergenstråhle-Wohlert M, Lawoko M, Henriksson G, Lindström M, Wohlert J. A molecular dynamics study of the effect of glycosidic linkage type in the hemicellulose backbone on the molecular chain flexibility. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 88:56-70. [PMID: 27385537 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The macromolecular conformation of the constituent polysaccharides in lignocellulosic biomass influences their supramolecular interactions, and therefore their function in plants and their performance in technical products. The flexibility of glycosidic linkages from the backbone of hemicelluloses was studied by evaluating the conformational freedom of the φ and ψ dihedral angles using molecular dynamic simulations, additionally selected molecules were correlated with experimental data by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Three types of β-(1→4) glycosidic linkages involving the monosaccharides (Glcp, Xylp and Manp) present in the backbone of hemicelluloses were defined. Different di- and tetrasaccharides with combinations of such sugar monomers from hemicelluloses were simulated, and free energy maps of the φ - ψ space and hydrogen-bonding patterns were obtained. The glycosidic linkage between Glc-Glc or Glc-Man (C-type) was the stiffest with mainly one probable conformation; the linkage from Man-Man or Man-Glc (M-type) was similar but with an increased probability for an alternative conformation making it more flexible, and the linkage between two Xyl-units (X-type) was the most flexible with two almost equally populated conformations. Glycosidic linkages of the same type showed essentially the same conformational space in both disaccharides and in the central region of tetrasaccharides. Different probabilities of glycosidic linkage conformations in the backbone of hemicelluloses can be directly estimated from the free energy maps, which to a large degree affect the overall macromolecular conformations of these polymers. The information gained contributes to an increased understanding of the function of hemicelluloses both in the cell wall and in technical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie Berglund
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre (WWSC), Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology KTH, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thibault Angles d'Ortoli
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francisco Vilaplana
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre (WWSC), Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology KTH, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology KTH, AlbaNova University Centre, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran Widmalm
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin Bergenstråhle-Wohlert
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre (WWSC), Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology KTH, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Lawoko
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre (WWSC), Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology KTH, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Henriksson
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre (WWSC), Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology KTH, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Lindström
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre (WWSC), Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology KTH, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jakob Wohlert
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre (WWSC), Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology KTH, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden.
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16
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Polysaccharide structures and interactions in a lithium chloride/urea/water solvent. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 149:231-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Tavares EQP, Buckeridge MS. Do plant cell walls have a code? PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 241:286-94. [PMID: 26706079 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A code is a set of rules that establish correspondence between two worlds, signs (consisting of encrypted information) and meaning (of the decrypted message). A third element, the adaptor, connects both worlds, assigning meaning to a code. We propose that a Glycomic Code exists in plant cell walls where signs are represented by monosaccharides and phenylpropanoids and meaning is cell wall architecture with its highly complex association of polymers. Cell wall biosynthetic mechanisms, structure, architecture and properties are addressed according to Code Biology perspective, focusing on how they oppose to cell wall deconstruction. Cell wall hydrolysis is mainly focused as a mechanism of decryption of the Glycomic Code. Evidence for encoded information in cell wall polymers fine structure is highlighted and the implications of the existence of the Glycomic Code are discussed. Aspects related to fine structure are responsible for polysaccharide packing and polymer-polymer interactions, affecting the final cell wall architecture. The question whether polymers assembly within a wall display similar properties as other biological macromolecules (i.e. proteins, DNA, histones) is addressed, i.e. do they display a code?
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Q P Tavares
- Institute of Biosciences, Department of Botany, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos S Buckeridge
- Institute of Biosciences, Department of Botany, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
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18
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Kozioł A, Cybulska J, Pieczywek PM, Zdunek A. Evaluation of Structure and Assembly of Xyloglucan from Tamarind Seed ( Tamarindus indica L.) with Atomic Force Microscopy. FOOD BIOPHYS 2015; 10:396-402. [PMID: 26523128 PMCID: PMC4623076 DOI: 10.1007/s11483-015-9395-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The role of xyloglucan (XG) in the cell wall of plants and its technological usability depends on several factors, pertaining to molecular structure. Therefore, the goal of this study was to evaluate the nano-structure and self-assembly of XG by atomic force microscopy (AFM). As the model, a non-modified xyloglucan from a tamarind seed (Tamarindus indica L.) was used. Samples were minimally processed, i.e., treated with low-power ultrasound and studied on the surface of mica in ambient butanol. AFM topographic images revealed rod-like nanomolecules of xyloglucan with a mean height of 2.3 ± 0.5 nm and mean length of 640 ± 360 nm. The AFM study also showed that XG chains possessed a helical structure with a period of 115.8 ± 29.2 nm. This study showed possible-bending of molecules with a mean angle of 127.8 ± 25.6°. The xyloglucan molecules were able to aggregate as cross-like and a parallel like assemblies, and possibly as rope-like structures. The self-assembled bundles of xyloglucan chains were often complexed at an angle of 114.2 ± 36.3°.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Kozioł
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doswiadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Justyna Cybulska
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doswiadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr M. Pieczywek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doswiadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Artur Zdunek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doswiadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
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19
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Dammak A, Quémener B, Bonnin E, Alvarado C, Bouchet B, Villares A, Moreau C, Cathala B. Exploring Architecture of Xyloglucan Cellulose Nanocrystal Complexes through Enzyme Susceptibility at Different Adsorption Regimes. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:589-96. [DOI: 10.1021/bm5016317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abir Dammak
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères
Interactions
Assemblages, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Bernard Quémener
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères
Interactions
Assemblages, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Estelle Bonnin
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères
Interactions
Assemblages, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Camille Alvarado
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères
Interactions
Assemblages, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Brigitte Bouchet
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères
Interactions
Assemblages, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Ana Villares
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères
Interactions
Assemblages, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Céline Moreau
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères
Interactions
Assemblages, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Bernard Cathala
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères
Interactions
Assemblages, 44316 Nantes, France
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20
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Park YB, Cosgrove DJ. Xyloglucan and its Interactions with Other Components of the Growing Cell Wall. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 56:180-94. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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21
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Cao H, Walton JD, Brumm P, Phillips GN. Structure and substrate specificity of a eukaryotic fucosidase from Fusarium graminearum. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:25624-38. [PMID: 25086049 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.583286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The secreted glycoside hydrolase family 29 (GH29) α-L-fucosidase from plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum (FgFCO1) actively releases fucose from the xyloglucan fragment. We solved crystal structures of two active-site conformations, i.e. open and closed, of apoFgFCO1 and an open complex with product fucose at atomic resolution. The closed conformation supports catalysis by orienting the conserved general acid/base Glu-288 nearest the predicted glycosidic position, whereas the open conformation possibly represents an unreactive state with Glu-288 positioned away from the catalytic center. A flexible loop near the substrate binding site containing a non-conserved GGSFT sequence is ordered in the closed but not the open form. We also identified a novel C-terminal βγ-crystallin domain in FgFCO1 devoid of calcium binding motif whose homologous sequences are present in various glycoside hydrolase families. N-Glycosylated FgFCO1 adopts a monomeric state as verified by solution small angle x-ray scattering in contrast to reported multimeric fucosidases. Steady-state kinetics shows that FgFCO1 prefers α1,2 over α1,3/4 linkages and displays minimal activity with p-nitrophenyl fucoside with an acidic pH optimum of 4.6. Despite a retaining GH29 family fold, the overall specificity of FgFCO1 most closely resembles inverting GH95 α-fucosidase, which displays the highest specificity with two natural substrates harboring the Fucα1-2Gal glycosidic linkage, a xyloglucan-derived nonasaccharide, and 2'-fucosyllactose. Furthermore, FgFCO1 hydrolyzes H-disaccharide (lacking a +2 subsite sugar) at a rate 10(3)-fold slower than 2'-fucosyllactose. We demonstrated the structurally dynamic active site of FgFCO1 with flexible general acid/base Glu, a common feature shared by several bacterial GH29 fucosidases to various extents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongnan Cao
- From Rice University, Houston Texas 77005, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Jonathan D Walton
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 and
| | - Phil Brumm
- C5-6 Technologies Corp., Middleton, Wisconsin 53562
| | - George N Phillips
- From Rice University, Houston Texas 77005, Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706,
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22
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Gorshkova TA, Kozlova LV, Mikshina PV. Spatial structure of plant cell wall polysaccharides and its functional significance. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2014; 78:836-53. [PMID: 24010845 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297913070146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant polysaccharides comprise the major portion of organic matter in the biosphere. The cell wall built on the basis of polysaccharides is the key feature of a plant organism largely determining its biology. All together, around 10 types of polysaccharide backbones, which can be decorated by different substituents giving rise to endless diversity of carbohydrate structures, are present in cell walls of higher plants. Each of the numerous cell types present in plants has cell wall with specific parameters, the features of which mostly arise from the structure of polymeric components. The structure of polysaccharides is not directly encoded by the genome and has variability in many parameters (molecular weight, length, and location of side chains, presence of modifying groups, etc.). The extent of such variability is limited by the "functional fitting" of the polymer, which is largely based on spatial organization of the polysaccharide and its ability to form supramolecular complexes of an appropriate type. Consequently, the carrier of the functional specificity is not the certain molecular structure but the certain type of the molecules having a certain degree of heterogeneity. This review summarizes the data on structural features of plant cell wall polysaccharides, considers formation of supramolecular complexes, gives examples of tissue- and stage-specific polysaccharides and functionally significant carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions in plant cell wall, and presents approaches to analyze the spatial structure of polysaccharides and their complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Gorshkova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia.
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23
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MacMillan CP, O Donnell PJ, Smit AM, Evans R, Stachurski ZH, Torr K, West M, Baltunis J, Strabala TJ. A survey of the natural variation in biomechanical and cell wall properties in inflorescence stems reveals new insights into the utility of Arabidopsis as a wood model. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2013; 40:662-676. [PMID: 32481139 DOI: 10.1071/fp12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The natural trait variation in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. accessions is an important resource for understanding many biological processes but it is underexploited for wood-related properties. Twelve A. thaliana accessions from diverse geographical locations were examined for variation in secondary growth, biomechanical properties, cell wall glycan content, cellulose microfibril angle (MFA) and flowering time. The effect of daylength was also examined. Secondary growth in rosette and inflorescence stems was observed in all accessions. Organised cellulose microfibrils in inflorescence stems were found in plants grown under long and short days. A substantial range of phenotypic variation was found in biochemical and wood-related biophysical characteristics, particularly for tensile strength, tensile stiffness, MFA and some cell wall components. The four monosaccharides galactose, arabinose, rhamnose and fucose strongly correlated with each other as well as with tensile strength and MFA, consistent with mutations in arabinogalactan protein and fucosyl- and xyloglucan galactosyl-transferase genes that result in decreases in strength. Conversely, these variables showed negative correlations with lignin content. Our data support the notion that large-scale natural variation studies of wood-related biomechanical and biochemical properties of inflorescence stems will be useful for the identification of novel genes important for wood formation and quality, and therefore biomaterial and renewable biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rob Evans
- CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Melbourne, Vic. 3168, Australia
| | - Zbigniew H Stachurski
- College of Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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24
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Shen H, Poovaiah CR, Ziebell A, Tschaplinski TJ, Pattathil S, Gjersing E, Engle NL, Katahira R, Pu Y, Sykes R, Chen F, Ragauskas AJ, Mielenz JR, Hahn MG, Davis M, Stewart CN, Dixon RA. Enhanced characteristics of genetically modified switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) for high biofuel production. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2013; 6:71. [PMID: 23651942 PMCID: PMC3652750 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-6-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lignocellulosic biomass is one of the most promising renewable and clean energy resources to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on fossil fuels. However, the resistance to accessibility of sugars embedded in plant cell walls (so-called recalcitrance) is a major barrier to economically viable cellulosic ethanol production. A recent report from the US National Academy of Sciences indicated that, "absent technological breakthroughs", it was unlikely that the US would meet the congressionally mandated renewable fuel standard of 35 billion gallons of ethanol-equivalent biofuels plus 1 billion gallons of biodiesel by 2022. We here describe the properties of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) biomass that has been genetically engineered to increase the cellulosic ethanol yield by more than 2-fold. RESULTS We have increased the cellulosic ethanol yield from switchgrass by 2.6-fold through overexpression of the transcription factor PvMYB4. This strategy reduces carbon deposition into lignin and phenolic fermentation inhibitors while maintaining the availability of potentially fermentable soluble sugars and pectic polysaccharides. Detailed biomass characterization analyses revealed that the levels and nature of phenolic acids embedded in the cell-wall, the lignin content and polymer size, lignin internal linkage levels, linkages between lignin and xylans/pectins, and levels of wall-bound fucose are all altered in PvMYB4-OX lines. Genetically engineered PvMYB4-OX switchgrass therefore provides a novel system for further understanding cell wall recalcitrance. CONCLUSIONS Our results have demonstrated that overexpression of PvMYB4, a general transcriptional repressor of the phenylpropanoid/lignin biosynthesis pathway, can lead to very high yield ethanol production through dramatic reduction of recalcitrance. MYB4-OX switchgrass is an excellent model system for understanding recalcitrance, and provides new germplasm for developing switchgrass cultivars as biomass feedstocks for biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shen
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Charleson R Poovaiah
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, 2431 Joe Johnson Dr., Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Angela Ziebell
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Blvd., Golden, CO, 80401, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Timothy J Tschaplinski
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Erica Gjersing
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Blvd., Golden, CO, 80401, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Nancy L Engle
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Rui Katahira
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Blvd., Golden, CO, 80401, USA
- Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Yunqiao Pu
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Blvd., Golden, CO, 80401, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Robert Sykes
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Blvd., Golden, CO, 80401, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Fang Chen
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Arthur J Ragauskas
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, 30332, Atlanta, GA, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Jonathan R Mielenz
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Michael G Hahn
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Mark Davis
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1617 Cole Blvd., Golden, CO, 80401, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - C Neal Stewart
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, 2431 Joe Johnson Dr., Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Richard A Dixon
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, Denton, TX 76203, USA
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25
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Barnette AL, Lee C, Bradley LC, Schreiner EP, Park YB, Shin H, Cosgrove DJ, Park S, Kim SH. Quantification of crystalline cellulose in lignocellulosic biomass using sum frequency generation (SFG) vibration spectroscopy and comparison with other analytical methods. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 89:802-9. [PMID: 24750865 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The non-centrosymmetry requirement of sum frequency generation (SFG) vibration spectroscopy allows the detection and quantification of crystalline cellulose in lignocellulose biomass without spectral interferences from hemicelluloses and lignin. This paper shows a correlation between the amount of crystalline cellulose in biomass and the SFG signal intensity. Model biomass samples were prepared by mixing commercially available cellulose, xylan, and lignin to defined concentrations. The SFG signal intensity was found sensitive to a wide range of crystallinity, but varied non-linearly with the mass fraction of cellulose in the samples. This might be due to the matrix effects such as light scattering and absorption by xylan and lignin, as well as the non-linear density dependence of the SFG process itself. Comparison with other techniques such as XRD, FT-Raman, FT-IR and NMR demonstrate that SFG can be a complementary and sensitive tool to assess crystalline cellulose in biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Barnette
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Christopher Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Laura C Bradley
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Edward P Schreiner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Yong Bum Park
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Heenae Shin
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States; Department of Forest Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Sunkyu Park
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States; Department of Forest Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong H Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States; Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
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26
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Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of xylogluco-oligosaccharides and their interactions with cellulose. Carbohydr Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.11.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Zhang Q, Brumer H, Ågren H, Tu Y. The adsorption of xyloglucan on cellulose: effects of explicit water and side chain variation. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:2595-602. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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28
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Wu Y, Williams M, Bernard S, Driouich A, Showalter AM, Faik A. Functional identification of two nonredundant Arabidopsis alpha(1,2)fucosyltransferases specific to arabinogalactan proteins. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:13638-45. [PMID: 20194500 PMCID: PMC2859526 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.102715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Virtually nothing is known about the mechanisms and enzymes responsible for the glycosylation of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs). The glycosyltransferase 37 family contains plant-specific enzymes, which suggests involvement in plant-specific organs such as the cell wall. Our working hypothesis is that AtFUT4 and AtFUT6 genes encode alpha(1,2)fucosyltransferases (FUTs) for AGPs. Multiple lines of evidence support this hypothesis. First, overexpression of the two genes in tobacco BY2 cells, known to contain nonfucosylated AGPs, resulted in a staining of transgenic cells with eel lectin, which specifically binds to terminal alpha-linked fucose. Second, monosaccharide analysis by high pH anion exchange chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry indicated the presence of fucose in AGPs from transgenic cell lines but not in AGPs from wild type cells. Third, detergent extracts from microsomal membranes prepared from transgenic lines were able to fucosylate, in vitro, purified AGPs from BY2 wild type cells. Susceptibility of [(14)C]fucosylated AGPs to alpha(1,2)fucosidase, and not to alpha(1,3/4)fucosidase, indicated that an alpha(1,2) linkage is formed. Furthermore, dearabinosylated AGPs were not substrate acceptors for these enzymes, indicating that arabinosyl residues represent the fucosylation sites on these molecules. Testing of several polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, and glycoproteins as potential substrate acceptors in the fucosyl transfer reactions indicated that the two enzymes are specific for AGPs but are not functionally redundant because they differentially fucosylate certain AGPs. AtFUT4 and AtFUT6 are the first enzymes to be characterized for AGP glycosylation and further our understanding of cell wall biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wu
- From the Department of Environmental and Plant Biology and
| | | | - Sophie Bernard
- the Laboratoire “Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale,” Université de Rouen, UPRES-EA 4358, IFRMP 23, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, F-76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Azeddine Driouich
- the Laboratoire “Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale,” Université de Rouen, UPRES-EA 4358, IFRMP 23, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, F-76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Allan M. Showalter
- From the Department of Environmental and Plant Biology and
- the Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701 and
| | - Ahmed Faik
- From the Department of Environmental and Plant Biology and
- the Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701 and
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29
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Lopez M, Bizot H, Chambat G, Marais MF, Zykwinska A, Ralet MC, Driguez H, Buléon A. Enthalpic Studies of Xyloglucan−Cellulose Interactions. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:1417-28. [DOI: 10.1021/bm1002762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Lopez
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, rue de la Géraudière, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France, and Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales UPR-CNRS 5301, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Hervé Bizot
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, rue de la Géraudière, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France, and Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales UPR-CNRS 5301, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Gérard Chambat
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, rue de la Géraudière, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France, and Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales UPR-CNRS 5301, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Marie-France Marais
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, rue de la Géraudière, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France, and Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales UPR-CNRS 5301, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Agata Zykwinska
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, rue de la Géraudière, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France, and Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales UPR-CNRS 5301, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Marie-Christine Ralet
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, rue de la Géraudière, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France, and Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales UPR-CNRS 5301, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Hugues Driguez
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, rue de la Géraudière, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France, and Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales UPR-CNRS 5301, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Alain Buléon
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, rue de la Géraudière, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France, and Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales UPR-CNRS 5301, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble, France
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30
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Gorshkova TA, Mikshina PV, Gurjanov OP, Chemikosova SB. Formation of plant cell wall supramolecular structure. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2010; 75:159-72. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297910020069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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31
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Abstract
Hemicelluloses are polysaccharides in plant cell walls that have beta-(1-->4)-linked backbones with an equatorial configuration. Hemicelluloses include xyloglucans, xylans, mannans and glucomannans, and beta-(1-->3,1-->4)-glucans. These types of hemicelluloses are present in the cell walls of all terrestrial plants, except for beta-(1-->3,1-->4)-glucans, which are restricted to Poales and a few other groups. The detailed structure of the hemicelluloses and their abundance vary widely between different species and cell types. The most important biological role of hemicelluloses is their contribution to strengthening the cell wall by interaction with cellulose and, in some walls, with lignin. These features are discussed in relation to widely accepted models of the primary wall. Hemicelluloses are synthesized by glycosyltransferases located in the Golgi membranes. Many glycosyltransferases needed for biosynthesis of xyloglucans and mannans are known. In contrast, the biosynthesis of xylans and beta-(1-->3,1-->4)-glucans remains very elusive, and recent studies have led to more questions than answers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Vibe Scheller
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, California 94608, USA.
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32
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Zhou Q, Baumann MJ, Piispanen PS, Teeri TT, Brumer H. Xyloglucan and xyloglucan endo-transglycosylases (XET): Tools forex vivocellulose surface modification. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420500538217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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33
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Caffall KH, Mohnen D. The structure, function, and biosynthesis of plant cell wall pectic polysaccharides. Carbohydr Res 2009; 344:1879-900. [PMID: 19616198 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 947] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Revised: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Plant cell walls consist of carbohydrate, protein, and aromatic compounds and are essential to the proper growth and development of plants. The carbohydrate components make up approximately 90% of the primary wall, and are critical to wall function. There is a diversity of polysaccharides that make up the wall and that are classified as one of three types: cellulose, hemicellulose, or pectin. The pectins, which are most abundant in the plant primary cell walls and the middle lamellae, are a class of molecules defined by the presence of galacturonic acid. The pectic polysaccharides include the galacturonans (homogalacturonan, substituted galacturonans, and RG-II) and rhamnogalacturonan-I. Galacturonans have a backbone that consists of alpha-1,4-linked galacturonic acid. The identification of glycosyltransferases involved in pectin synthesis is essential to the study of cell wall function in plant growth and development and for maximizing the value and use of plant polysaccharides in industry and human health. A detailed synopsis of the existing literature on pectin structure, function, and biosynthesis is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Hosmer Caffall
- University of Georgia, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Athens, 30602, United States
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34
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Zykwinska A, Thibault JF, Ralet MC. Modelling of xyloglucan, pectins and pectic side chains binding onto cellulose microfibrils. Carbohydr Polym 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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35
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Peña MJ, Darvill AG, Eberhard S, York WS, O’Neill MA. Moss and liverwort xyloglucans contain galacturonic acid and are structurally distinct from the xyloglucans synthesized by hornworts and vascular plants*. Glycobiology 2008; 18:891-904. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwn078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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36
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Leucci MR, Lenucci MS, Piro G, Dalessandro G. Water stress and cell wall polysaccharides in the apical root zone of wheat cultivars varying in drought tolerance. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 165:1168-80. [PMID: 18155804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2007.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2007] [Revised: 09/03/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Glycosyl composition and linkage analysis of cell wall polysaccharides were examined in apical root zones excised from water-stressed and unstressed wheat seedlings (Triticum durum Desf.) cv. Capeiti ("drought-tolerant") and cv. Creso ("drought sensitive"). Wall polysaccharides were sequentially solubilized to obtain three fractions: CDTA+Na(2)CO(3) extract, KOH extract and the insoluble residue (alpha-cellulose). A comparison between the two genotypes showed only small variations in the percentages of matrix polysaccharides (CDTA+Na(2)CO(3) plus KOH extract) and of the insoluble residues (alpha-cellulose) in water-stressed and unstressed conditions. Xylosyl, glucosyl and arabinosyl residues represented more than 90 mol% of the matrix polysaccharides. The linkage analysis of matrix polysaccharides showed high levels of xyloglucans (23-39 mol%), and arabinoxylans (38-48 mol%) and a low amount of pectins and (1-->3), (1-->4)-beta-D-glucans. The high level of xyloglucans was supported by the release of the diagnostic disaccharide isoprimeverose after Driselase digestion of KOH-extracted polysaccharides. In the "drought-tolerant" cv. Capeiti the mol% of side chains of rhamnogalacturonan I and II significantly increased in response to water stress, whereas in cv. Creso, this increase did not occur. The results support a role of the pectic side chains during water stress response in a drought-tolerant wheat cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosaria Leucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy
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37
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Kotake T, Hojo S, Tajima N, Matsuoka K, Koyama T, Tsumuraya Y. A Bifunctional Enzyme with L-Fucokinase and GDP-L-fucose Pyrophosphorylase Activities Salvages Free L-Fucose in Arabidopsis. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:8125-35. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m710078200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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38
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Zykwinska A, Gaillard C, Buléon A, Pontoire B, Garnier C, Thibault JF, Ralet MC. Assessment ofIn VitroBinding of Isolated Pectic Domains to Cellulose by Adsorption Isotherms, Electron Microscopy, and X-ray Diffraction Methods. Biomacromolecules 2007; 8:223-32. [PMID: 17206811 DOI: 10.1021/bm060292h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Isolated pectic domains representative of the pectic backbone and the neutral sugar side chains were tested for their ability to interact with cellulose in comparison to the well-known binding of xyloglucan. Pectic side chains displayed a significant in vitro binding capacity to cellulose, whereas pectic backbone domains exhibited only slight adsorption to cellulose microfibrils. To support the binding results, electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were applied. Celluloses from bacteria and sugar beet cell walls were used as substrates for the precipitation of isolated pectic domains or xyloglucan by acetone vapor diffusion. Pectic side chains grew attached to the cellulose surfaces, whereas pectic backbone domains were observed separately from cellulose microfibrils. Xyloglucan seeded with cellulose provoked a decrease of microfibrils entanglement, but no clear cross-links between neighboring microfibrils were observed. These results led to the elucidation of the pectic domains responsible for binding with cellulose microfibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Zykwinska
- INRA, Unité de Recherche Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, BP 71627, 44316 Nantes Cedex 03, France
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39
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Hilz H, de Jong LE, Kabel MA, Verhoef R, Schols HA, Voragen AGJ. Bilberry xyloglucan--novel building blocks containing beta-xylose within a complex structure. Carbohydr Res 2006; 342:170-81. [PMID: 17204260 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2006] [Revised: 11/15/2006] [Accepted: 12/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bilberries are known to have one of the most complex xyloglucan structures described in the plant kingdom until now. To characterise this structure, xyloglucans were enzymatically degraded and the oligosaccharides obtained were analysed. More than 20 different building blocks were found to make up the xyloglucan polymer. Bilberry xyloglucan was of XXXG-type, but some XXG-type oligomers were present, as well. The building blocks contain galactose-xylose (L) and fucose-galactose-xylose (F) side chains. In both side chains, the galactose units can be acetylated. In addition, beta-xylose-alpha-xylose (U) side chains were shown. This U chain was present in three building blocks described before (XUXG, XLUG and XUFG) and four novel blocks that have not been described in the literature previously: XUG, XUUG, XLUG and XXUG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hauke Hilz
- Wageningen University, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, PO Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
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40
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Hilz H, de Jong LE, Kabel MA, Schols HA, Voragen AGJ. A comparison of liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, and mass spectrometry methods to determine xyloglucan structures in black currants. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1133:275-86. [PMID: 16962126 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2006] [Revised: 08/08/2006] [Accepted: 08/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Different separation (HPAEC, RP-HPLC, CE) and identification (MALDI-TOF-MS, ESI-MS(n)) techniques were compared to analyse oligosaccharides obtained after incubation of xyloglucan with endo-glucanase. It was possible to analyse xyloglucan oligosaccharides with each technique. Several techniques, including off line (HPAEC-MALDI-TOF-MS) or online (CE-ESI-MS(n), RP-HPLC-ESI-MS(n)) connection provided complementary information on xyloglucan structure. Online CE-MS and RP-HPLC-MS are described for the first time in xyloglucan analysis. Advantages and disadvantages of the techniques for different purposes such as structural characterisation of oligosaccharides or oligosaccharide profiling are discussed. Black currant xyloglucans had a rather simple XXXG-type structure with galactose and fucose containing side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hauke Hilz
- Wageningen University, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Laboratory of Food Chemistry, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
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41
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Finkenstadt VL, Hendrixson TL, Millane RP. Models of Xyloglucan Binding to Cellulose Microfibrils1. J Carbohydr Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/07328309508005361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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42
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Abstract
The assembly of cell wall components, cellulose and xyloglucan (XG), was investigated at the atomistic scale using molecular dynamics simulations. A molecular model of a cellulose crystal corresponding to the allomorph Ibeta and exhibiting a flexible complex external morphology was employed to mimic the cellulose microfibril. The xyloglucan molecules considered were the three typical basic repeat units, differing only in the size of one of the lateral chain. All the investigated XG fragments adsorb nonspecifically onto cellulose fiber; multiple arrangements are equally probable, and every cellulose surface was capable of binding the short XG molecules. The following structural effects emerged: XG molecules that do not have any long side chains tended to adapt themselves nicely to the topology of the microfibril, forming a flat, outstretched conformation with all the sugar residues interacting with the surface. In contrast, the XG molecules, which have long side chains, were not able to adopt a flat conformation that would enable the interaction of all the XG residues with the surface. In addition to revealing the fundamental atomistic details of the XG adsorption on cellulose, the present calculations give a comprehensive understanding of the way the XG molecules can unsorb from cellulose to create a network that forms the cell wall. Our revisited view of the adsorption features of XG on cellulose microfibrils is consistent with experimental data, and a model of the network is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Hanus
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV-CNRS), ICMG FR 2607, BP 53, 38041, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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43
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Stiernstedt J, Brumer H, Zhou Q, Teeri TT, Rutland MW. Friction between Cellulose Surfaces and Effect of Xyloglucan Adsorption. Biomacromolecules 2006; 7:2147-53. [PMID: 16827581 DOI: 10.1021/bm060100i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The forces and friction between cellulose spheres have been measured in the absence and presence of xyloglucan using an atomic force microscope. The forces between cellulose are monotonically repulsive with negligible adhesion after contact is achieved. The friction coefficient is observed to be unusually high in comparison with other nanotribological systems. We have confirmed that xyloglucan adsorbs strongly to cellulose, which results in a much stronger adhesion, which is dependent on the time the surfaces are in contact. Xyloglucan also increases the repulsion on approach of the cellulose surfaces, and the friction is markedly reduced. The apparently incompatible observations of decreased friction in combination with increased adhesion fulfills many of the necessary criteria for a papermaking additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Stiernstedt
- Department of Chemistry, Surface Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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44
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Umemura M, Yuguchi Y. Conformational folding of xyloglucan side chains in aqueous solution from molecular dynamics simulation. Carbohydr Res 2005; 340:2520-32. [PMID: 16169538 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2005.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2005] [Accepted: 08/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulation was carried out on xyloglucan with explicit water molecules to investigate the folding mechanism of side chains onto a main chain in aqueous solution. The model xyloglucan was composed of 12 beta-D-glucopyranoses as a main chain substituted with six galactoses and three xyloses as side chains. Two conditions were set for the ribbon-like main chain; one is restricted to be 'flat' and the other is without restriction. The free main chain of xyloglucan has a 'twisted' conformation as the major one. Conformational folding of side chains onto the main chain was analyzed with dihedral angles at each glycosidic linkage. In a 5-ns calculation, the xyloglucan has a tendency to contract in both the restricted and the free systems, but the mode of contraction is different. Side chains tend to stick onto the flat surface of the main chain in the restricted system, while they do not tightly do so in the free one; instead the main chain takes a twisted and sometimes embowed conformation. This result indicates that the main chain has greater attractive forces to bind side chains when it is flat, while it loses the ability as it is twisted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myco Umemura
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Division of Integrated Life Science, Oiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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45
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Lima DU, Loh W, Buckeridge MS. Xyloglucan-cellulose interaction depends on the sidechains and molecular weight of xyloglucan. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2004; 42:389-394. [PMID: 15191741 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2004.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2003] [Accepted: 03/08/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent papers have brought evidence against the hypothesis that the fucosyl branching of primary wall xyloglucans (Xg) are responsible for their higher capacity of binding to cellulose. Reinforcement of this questioning has been obtained in this work where we show that the binding capacity was improved when the molecular weight (MW) of the Xg polymers is decreased by enzymatic hydrolysis. Moreover, the enthalpy changes associated with the adsorption process between Xg and cellulose is similar for Xgs with similar MW (but differing in the fine structure such as the presence/absence of fucose). On the basis of these results, we suggest that the fine structure and MW of Xg determines the energy and amount of binding to cellulose, respectively. Thus, the occurrence of different fine structural domains of Xg (e.g. the presence of fucose and the distribution of galactoses) might have several different functions in the wall. Besides the structural function in primary wall, these results might have impact on the packing features of storage Xg in seed cotyledons, since the MW and absence of fucose could also be associated with the self-association capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis U Lima
- Seção de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Plantas, Instituto de Botânica, P.O. Box 4005, CEP 01061-970 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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46
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Silva Tiné MA, de Lima DU, Buckeridge MS. Galactose branching modulates the action of cellulase on seed storage xyloglucans. Carbohydr Polym 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0144-8617(02)00309-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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47
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Marry M, Cavalier DM, Schnurr JK, Netland J, Yang Z, Pezeshk V, York WS, Pauly M, White AR. Structural characterization of chemically and enzymatically derived standard oligosaccharides isolated from partially purified tamarind xyloglucan. Carbohydr Polym 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0144-8617(02)00189-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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48
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Rondeau-Mouro C, Crepeau MJ, Lahaye M. Application of CP-MAS and liquid-like solid-state NMR experiments for the study of the ripening-associated cell wall changes in tomato. Int J Biol Macromol 2003; 31:235-44. [PMID: 12568932 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-8130(02)00086-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
13C and 1H NMR spectra of an ethanol insoluble material (EIM) prepared from the pericarp of mature-green (MG) and red-ripe (RR) tomato fruits were acquired in 'liquid-like' and cross-polarisation with dipolar decoupling and magic angle spinning (CPMAS) conditions using the same triple resonance probe. Such a strategy allowed acquisitions of various NMR experiments aimed at detecting compositional differences as well as distinguishing differences in molecular mobility for various constituent polysaccharides related with the two ripening stages. Increase of the proton dipolar decoupling power levels from 3 to 50-55 kHz during single pulse 13C acquisition, led to more intense signals for pectic and hemicellulosic polysaccharides. This behaviour was interpreted as reflecting motional restrictions of these polysaccharides inside the porous cell wall network. Measurements of the proton rotating frame relaxation times T(1rho) in the 'liquid-like' conditions and of the proton transverse relaxation times T(2) from CPMAS spectra, revealed changes in mobilities for some pectic polysaccharides in relation with ripening, particularly for the H1 and H5 protons of alpha-1,5 arabinan (Ara) side chains of rhamnogalacturonans. These data are discussed in relation with known pectic modifications occurring during ripening and associated with the tomato fruit softening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Rondeau-Mouro
- Unité de Physico-Chimie des Macromolécules, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Rue de la Géraudière, BP 71627, 44316 Nantes Cedex 03, France.
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49
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Mulichak AM, Bonin CP, Reiter WD, Garavito RM. Structure of the MUR1 GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase from Arabidopsis thaliana: implications for ligand binding and specificity. Biochemistry 2002; 41:15578-89. [PMID: 12501186 DOI: 10.1021/bi0266683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
GDP-D-mannose 4,6-dehydratase catalyzes the first step in the de novo synthesis of GDP-L-fucose, the activated form of L-fucose, which is a component of glycoconjugates in plants known to be important to the development and strength of stem tissues. We have determined the three-dimensional structure of the MUR1 dehydratase isoform from Arabidopsis thaliana complexed with its NADPH cofactor as well as with the ligands GDP and GDP-D-rhamnose. MUR1 is a member of the nucleoside-diphosphosugar modifying subclass of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase enzyme family, having homologous structures and a conserved catalytic triad of Lys, Tyr, and Ser/Thr residues. MUR1 is the first member of this subfamily to be observed as a tetramer, the interface of which reveals a close and intimate overlap of neighboring NADP(+)-binding sites. The GDP moiety of the substrate also binds in an unusual syn conformation. The protein-ligand interactions around the hexose moiety of the substrate support the importance of the conserved triad residues and an additional Glu side chain serving as a general base for catalysis. Phe and Arg side chains close to the hexose ring may serve to confer substrate specificity at the O2 position. In the MUR1/GDP-D-rhamnose complex, a single unique monomer within the protein tetramer that has an unoccupied substrate site highlights the conformational changes that accompany substrate binding and may suggest the existence of negative cooperativity in MUR1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Mulichak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1319, USA
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50
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Kaur D, Lowary TL, Vissa VD, Crick DC, Brennan PJ. Characterization of the epitope of anti-lipoarabinomannan antibodies as the terminal hexaarabinofuranosyl motif of mycobacterial arabinans. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2002; 148:3049-3057. [PMID: 12368438 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-148-10-3049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
mAb CS-35 is representative of a large group of antibodies with similar binding specificities that were generated against the Mycobacterium leprae lipopolysaccharide, lipoarabinomannan (LAM), and which cross-reacted extensively with LAMs from Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other mycobacteria. That this antibody also cross-reacts with the arabinogalactan (AG) of the mycobacterial cell wall, suggesting that it recognizes a common arabinofuranosyl (Araf)-containing sequence in AG and LAM, is demonstrated. The antibody reacted more avidly with 'AraLAM' (LAM with naked Araf termini) compared to 'ManLAM' (in which many Araf termini are capped with mannose residues) and mycolylarabinogalactan-peptidoglycan complex (in which the terminal Araf units are substituted with mycolic acids). Neither did the antibody bind to AG from emb knock-out mutants deficient in the branched hexa-Araf termini of AG. These results indicate that the terminal Araf residues of mycobacterial arabinan are essential for binding. Competitive ELISA using synthetic oligosaccharides showed that the branched hexa-Araf methyl glycoside [beta-D-Araf-(1-->2)-alpha-D-Araf-(1-)(2)-(3 and 5)-alpha-D-Araf-(1-->5)-alpha-D-Araf-OCH(3)] was the best competitor among those tested. The related linear methyl glycoside, beta-D-Araf-(1-->2)-alpha-D-Araf-(1-->5)-alpha-D-Araf-(1-->5)-alpha-D-Araf-OCH(3), representing one linear segment of the branched hexa-Araf, was less effective and the other linear tetrasaccharide, beta-D-Araf-(1-->2)-alpha-D-Araf-(1-->3)-alpha-D-Araf-(1-->5)-alpha-D-Araf-OCH(3), was ineffective. The combined results suggest that the minimal epitope recognized by antibody CS-35 encompasses the beta-D-Araf-(1-->2)-alpha-D-Araf-(1-->5)-alpha-D-Araf-(1-->5)-alpha-D-Araf within the branched hexa-Araf motif of mycobacterial arabinans, whether present in LAM or AG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devinder Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1677, USA1
| | - Todd L Lowary
- Department of Chemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1185, USA2
| | - Varalakshmi D Vissa
- Department of Microbiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1677, USA1
| | - Dean C Crick
- Department of Microbiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1677, USA1
| | - Patrick J Brennan
- Department of Microbiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1677, USA1
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