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Cao P, Shi H, Zhang S, Chen J, Wang R, Liu P, Zhu Y, An Y, Zhang M. A robust high-throughput functional screening assay for plant pathogen effectors using the TMV-GFP vector. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 119:617-631. [PMID: 38647454 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Uncovering the function of phytopathogen effectors is crucial for understanding mechanisms of pathogen pathogenicity and for improving our ability to protect plants from diseases. An increasing number of effectors have been predicted in various plant pathogens. Functional characterization of these effectors has become a major focus in the study of plant-pathogen interactions. In this study, we designed a novel screening system that combines the TMV (tobacco mosaic virus)-GFP vector and Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. This system enables the rapid identification of effectors that interfere with plant immunity. The biological function of these effectors can be easily evaluated by observing the GFP fluorescence signal using a UV lamp within just a few days. To evaluate the TMV-GFP system, we initially tested it with well-described virulence and avirulence type III effectors from the bacterial pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. After proving the accuracy and efficiency of the TMV-GFP system, we successfully screened a novel virulence effector, RipS1, using this approach. Furthermore, using the TMV-GFP system, we reproduced consistent results with previously known cytoplasmic effectors from a diverse array of pathogens. Additionally, we demonstrated the effectiveness of the TMV-GFP system in identifying apoplastic effectors. The easy operation, time-saving nature, broad effectiveness, and low technical requirements of the TMV-GFP system make it a promising approach for high-throughput screening of effectors with immune interference activity from various pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Haotian Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shuangxi Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Jialan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Rongbo Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Peiqing Liu
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Yingfang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Yuyan An
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Meixiang Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
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Zhang C, Atanasov KE, Murillo E, Vives-Peris V, Zhao J, Deng C, Gómez-Cadenas A, Alcázar R. Spermine deficiency shifts the balance between jasmonic acid and salicylic acid-mediated defence responses in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:3949-3970. [PMID: 37651604 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines are small aliphatic polycations present in all living organisms. In plants, the most abundant polyamines are putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm). Polyamine levels change in response to different pathogens, including Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000). However, the regulation of polyamine metabolism and their specific contributions to defence are not fully understood. Here we report that stimulation of Put biosynthesis by Pst DC3000 is dependent on coronatine (COR) perception and jasmonic acid (JA) signalling, independently of salicylic acid (SA). Conversely, lack of Spm in spermine synthase (spms) mutant stimulated galactolipids and JA biosynthesis, and JA signalling under basal conditions and during Pst DC3000 infection, whereas compromised SA-pathway activation and defence outputs through SA-JA antagonism. The dampening of SA responses correlated with COR and Pst DC3000-inducible deregulation of ANAC019 expression and its key SA-metabolism gene targets. Spm deficiency also led to enhanced disease resistance to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea and stimulated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signalling in response to Pst DC3000. Overall, our findings provide evidence for the integration of polyamine metabolism in JA- and SA-mediated defence responses, as well as the participation of Spm in buffering ER stress during defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Department of Biology, Healthcare and Environment, Section of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kostadin E Atanasov
- Department of Biology, Healthcare and Environment, Section of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ester Murillo
- Department of Biology, Healthcare and Environment, Section of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicente Vives-Peris
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Ciencias Naturales, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Jiaqi Zhao
- Department of Biology, Healthcare and Environment, Section of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cuiyun Deng
- Plant Synthetic Biology and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Cerdanyola, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Ciencias Naturales, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Rubén Alcázar
- Department of Biology, Healthcare and Environment, Section of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Wang W, Shi S, Kang W, He L. Enriched endogenous free Spd and Spm in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) under drought stress enhance drought tolerance by inhibiting H 2O 2 production to increase antioxidant enzyme activity. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 291:154139. [PMID: 37988872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress is a major factor limiting agricultural development, and exogenous polyamines (PAs) can increase plant drought resistance by enhancing antioxidant activity, but few studies have examined whether endogenous PAs enhance the plant antioxidant system. Here, to investigate the effects of endogenous PAs on the antioxidant system of alfalfa under drought stress and the underlying mechanisms, two alfalfa cultivars, Longzhong (drought resistant) and Gannong No. 3 (drought sensitive), were used as test materials, and their seedlings were treated with polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) for 8 days at -1.2 MPa to simulate drought stress. The levels of free PAs [putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm)], hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), key PA metabolism enzyme [arginine decarboxylase (ADC), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMDC), polyamine oxidase (PAO), and diamine oxidase (DAO)] activities, and antioxidant enzyme [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD)] activities were measured. These physiological indicators were used for correlation analysis to investigate the relationship between PA metabolism and the antioxidant enzyme system. The results showed that PA synthesis in alfalfa under drought stress was dominated by the ADC pathway. Spd and Spm played an important role in improving drought tolerance. The high levels of ADC and SAMDC activities were facilitated by the conversion of Put to Spd and Spm. H2O2 generation by oxidative decomposition of PAs was mainly dependent on the oxidative decomposition of DAO but not PAO. Low DAO activity favored low H2O2 production. Spd, Spm, ADC, ODC and SAMDC were positively correlated with the antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT and POD in both cultivars under drought. Therefore, we concluded that high ADC and SAMDC activities in alfalfa promoted the conversion of Put to Spd and Spm, leading to high accumulation of Spd and Spm and low Put accumulation. Low Put levels led to low H2O2 production through low DAO activity, and low H2O2 levels induced the expression of antioxidant enzyme-encoding genes to improve antioxidant enzyme activity and reduce MDA accumulation and thereby enhanced drought resistance in alfalfa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Wang
- College of Grassland Science, Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem (Ministry of Education), Pratacultural Engineering Laboratory of Gansu Province, Sino-U.S. Centers for Grazing Land Ecosystem Sustainability, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shangli Shi
- College of Grassland Science, Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem (Ministry of Education), Pratacultural Engineering Laboratory of Gansu Province, Sino-U.S. Centers for Grazing Land Ecosystem Sustainability, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Wenjuan Kang
- College of Grassland Science, Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem (Ministry of Education), Pratacultural Engineering Laboratory of Gansu Province, Sino-U.S. Centers for Grazing Land Ecosystem Sustainability, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Long He
- College of Grassland Science, Key Laboratory of Grassland Ecosystem (Ministry of Education), Pratacultural Engineering Laboratory of Gansu Province, Sino-U.S. Centers for Grazing Land Ecosystem Sustainability, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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Köhler ZM, Szepesi Á. More Than a Diamine Oxidase Inhibitor: L-Aminoguanidine Modulates Polyamine-Related Abiotic Stress Responses of Plants. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13030747. [PMID: 36983901 PMCID: PMC10052680 DOI: 10.3390/life13030747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
L-aminoguanidine (AG) is an inhibitor frequently used for investigating plant abiotic stress responses; however, its exact mode of action is not well understood. Many studies used this compound as a specific diamine oxidase inhibitor, whereas other studies used it for reducing nitric oxide (NO) production. Recent studies suggest its antiglycation effect; however, this remains elusive in plants. This review summarises our current knowledge about different targets of AG in plants. Our recommendation is to use AG as a modulator of polyamine-related mechanisms rather than a specific inhibitor. In the future overall investigation is needed to decipher the exact mechanisms of AG. More careful application of AG could give more insight into plant abiotic stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Márton Köhler
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Szent-Gyorgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Correspondence:
| | - Ágnes Szepesi
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
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Zhang C, Atanasov KE, Alcázar R. Spermine inhibits PAMP-induced ROS and Ca2+ burst and reshapes the transcriptional landscape of PAMP-triggered immunity in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:427-442. [PMID: 36264272 PMCID: PMC9786854 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines are small polycationic amines whose levels increase during defense. Previous studies support the contribution of the polyamine spermine to defense responses. However, the potential contribution of spermine to pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) has not been completely established. Here, we compared the contribution of spermine and putrescine to early and late PTI responses in Arabidopsis. We found that putrescine and spermine have opposite effects on PAMP-elicited reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, with putrescine increasing and spermine lowering the flg22-stimulated ROS burst. Through genetic and pharmacological approaches, we found that the inhibitory effect of spermine on flg22-elicited ROS production is independent of polyamine oxidation, nitric oxide, and salicylic acid signaling but resembles chemical inhibition of RBOHD (RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOG D). Spermine can also suppress ROS elicited by FLS2-independent but RBOHD-dependent pathways, thus pointing to compromised RBOHD activity. Consistent with this, we found that spermine but not putrescine dampens flg22-stimulated cytosolic Ca2+ influx. Finally, we found that both polyamines differentially reshape transcriptional responses during PTI and disease resistance to Pseudomonas syringae. Overall, we provide evidence for the differential contributions of putrescine and spermine to PTI, with an impact on plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Department of Biology, Healthcare and Environment. Section of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kostadin E Atanasov
- Department of Biology, Healthcare and Environment. Section of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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An Y, Chen J, Xu Z, Ouyang X, Cao P, Wang R, Liu P, Zhang M. Three amino acid residues are required for the recognition of Ralstonia solanacearum RipTPS in Nicotiana tabacum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1040826. [PMID: 36311066 PMCID: PMC9606615 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1040826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum causes devastating diseases in a wide range of economically important crops. It secretes a large number of virulence factors, also known as effectors, to promote its infection, and some of them are recognized when the host plant contains corresponding resistance genes. In this study we showed that a type III effector RipTPS from the avirulent R. solanacearum strain GMI1000 (RipTPSG) specifically induced cell death in Nicotiana tabacum, but not in Nicotiana benthamiana, whereas the RipTPS homolog in the virulent strain CQPS-1 (RipTPSC) induced cell death in neither N. tabacum nor N. benthamiana. These results indicated that RipTPSG is recognized in N. tabacum. Expression of RipTPSG induced upregulation of hypersensitive response (HR) -related genes in N. tabacum. The virulence of CQPS-1 was reduced when RipTPSG was genetically introduced into CQPS-1, further confirming that RipTPSG functions as an avirulence determinant. Protein sequence alignment indicated that there are only three amino acid polymorphisms between RipTPSG and RipTPSC. Site-directed mutagenesis analyses confirmed that the three amino acid residues are jointly required for the recognition of RipTPSG in N. tabacum. Expression of either RipTPSG or RipTPSC suppressed flg22-triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst in N. benthamiana, suggesting that RipTPS contributes to pathogen virulence. Mutating the conserved residues in RipTPS's trehalose-phosphate synthase (TPS) domain did not block its HR induction and defense suppression activity, indicating that the TPS activity is not required for RipTPS's avirulence and virulence function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan An
- National Engineering Laboratory for Endangered Medicinal Resource Development in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jialan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhangyan Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue Ouyang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Cao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Endangered Medicinal Resource Development in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Rongbo Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Peiqing Liu
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Meixiang Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Endangered Medicinal Resource Development in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
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Wang J, Xu G, Ning Y, Wang X, Wang GL. Mitochondrial functions in plant immunity. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:1063-1076. [PMID: 35659746 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are energy factories of cells and are important for intracellular interactions with other organelles. Emerging evidence indicates that mitochondria play essential roles in the response to pathogen infection. During infection, pathogens deliver numerous enzymes and effectors into host cells, and some of these effectors target mitochondria, altering mitochondrial morphology, metabolism, and functions. To defend against pathogen attack, mitochondria are actively involved in changing intracellular metabolism, hormone-mediated signaling, and signal transduction, producing reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species and triggering programmed cell death. Additionally, mitochondria coordinate with other organelles to integrate and amplify diverse immune signals. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding how mitochondria function in plant immunity and how pathogens target mitochondria for host defense suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guojuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
| | - Yuese Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuli Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Guo-Liang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Zhang Y, Gao C, Zhang Y, Huang H, Du Y, Wu L, Wu L. FTX271: A potential gene resource for plant antiviral transgenic breeding. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1003478. [PMID: 36246260 PMCID: PMC9558137 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1003478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flammutoxin (FTX), as well as its precursor TDP, is a protein from Flammulina velutipes with antiviral activity. Transgenic tobacco with the FTX271 (gene of FTX or TDP) can not only delay the onset time of symptoms but also alleviate the symptoms caused by tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), but the mechanism is still unclear. In this study, FTX271 was introduced into Nicotiana benthamiana, and the disease resistance mechanism activated by FTX271 was speculated by transcriptomic and proteomic techniques. The results showed that TDP was detected, and some genes, proteins and pathways were significant upregulated or enriched in transgenic tobacco, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade signal transduction pathway, the expression of hypersensitive response (HR) marker genes H1N1 and HSR203J, pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, and the key genes COI1 and lipoxygenase gene LOX2 of the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway, indicating FTX271 may activate the MAPK pathway and increase the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and JA, which promoted the HR and inducible systemic resistance (ISR). ISR caused increased expression of peroxidase (POD) and other proteins involved in pathogen defense. In addition, transgenic tobacco may use sHSP-assisted photoreparation to alleviate the symptoms of TMV. In conclusion, JA-mediated ISR and sHSP-assisted photoreparation are activated by FTX271 to protect tobacco from TMV infection and alleviate the symptoms caused by the virus. The study provided a theoretical basis for the TMV resistance mechanism of FTX271, which may represent a potential gene resource for plant antiviral transgenic breeding.
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Morphological and Molecular Analyses of the Interaction between Rosa multiflora and Podosphaera pannosa. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13061003. [PMID: 35741765 PMCID: PMC9222267 DOI: 10.3390/genes13061003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Powdery mildew disease caused by Podosphaerapannosa is the most widespread disease in global cut-rose production, as well as a major disease in garden and pot roses. In this study, the powdery mildew resistance of different wild rose varieties was evaluated. Rose varieties with high resistance and high sensitivity were used for cytological observation and transcriptome and expression profile analyses to study changes at the morphological and molecular levels during the interaction between Rosa multiflora and P. pannosa. There were significant differences in powdery mildew resistance among three R. multiflora plants; R. multiflora ‘13’ had high resistance, while R. multiflora ‘4’ and ‘1’ had high susceptibility. Cytological observations showed that in susceptible plants, 96 and 144 h after inoculation, hyphae were observed in infected leaves; hyphae infected the leaf tissue through the stoma of the lower epidermis, while papillae were formed on the upper epidermis of susceptible leaf tissue. Gene ontology enrichment analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes that were significantly enriched in biological process functions were related to the secondary metabolic process, the most significantly enriched cellular component function was cell wall, and the most significantly enriched molecular function was chitin binding. Changes in the transcript levels of important defense-related genes were analyzed. The results showed that chitinase may have played an important role in the interactions between resistant R. multiflora and P. pannosa. Jasmonic acid and ethylene (JA/ET) signaling pathways might be triggered in the interaction between susceptible R. multiflora and P. pannosa. In the resistant R. multiflora, the salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway was induced earlier. Between susceptible plants and resistant plants, key phenylpropanoid pathway genes were induced and upregulated after P. pannosa inoculation, demonstrating that the phenylpropanoid pathway and secondary metabolites may play important and active roles in R. multiflora defense against powdery mildew infection.
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Yang J, Wang P, Li S, Liu T, Hu X. Polyamine Oxidase Triggers H 2O 2-Mediated Spermidine Improved Oxidative Stress Tolerance of Tomato Seedlings Subjected to Saline-Alkaline Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1625. [PMID: 35163549 PMCID: PMC8836047 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Saline-alkaline stress is one of several major abiotic stresses in crop production. Exogenous spermidine (Spd) can effectively increase tomato saline-alkaline stress resistance by relieving membrane lipid peroxidation damage. However, the mechanism through which exogenous Spd pre-treatment triggers the tomato antioxidant system to resist saline-alkaline stress remains unclear. Whether H2O2 and polyamine oxidase (PAO) are involved in Spd-induced tomato saline-alkaline stress tolerance needs to be determined. Here, we investigated the role of PAO and H2O2 in exogenous Spd-induced tolerance of tomato to saline-alkaline stress. Results showed that Spd application increased the expression and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), and the ratio of reduced ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) contents under saline-alkaline stress condition. Exogenous Spd treatment triggered endogenous H2O2 levels, SlPAO4 gene expression, as well as PAO activity under normal conditions. Inhibiting endogenous PAO activity by 1,8-diaminooctane (1,8-DO, an inhibitor of polyamine oxidase) significantly reduced H2O2 levels in the later stage. Moreover, inhibiting endogenous PAO or silencing the SlPAO4 gene increased the peroxidation damage of tomato leaves under saline-alkaline stress. These findings indicated that exogenous Spd treatment stimulated SlPAO4 gene expression and increased PAO activity, which mediated the elevation of H2O2 level under normal conditions. Consequently, the downstream antioxidant system was activated to eliminate excessive ROS accumulation and relieve membrane lipid peroxidation damage and growth inhibition under saline-alkaline stress. In conclusion, PAO triggered H2O2-mediated Spd-induced increase in the tolerance of tomato to saline-alkaline stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Yang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.Y.); (P.W.); (S.L.)
| | - Pengju Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.Y.); (P.W.); (S.L.)
| | - Suzhi Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.Y.); (P.W.); (S.L.)
| | - Tao Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xiaohui Hu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.Y.); (P.W.); (S.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Engineering in Northwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
- Shaanxi Protected Agriculture Research Centre, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
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11
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Dar NA, Mir MA, Mir JI, Mansoor S, Showkat W, Parihar TJ, Haq SAU, Wani SH, Zaffar G, Masoodi KZ. MYB-6 and LDOX-1 regulated accretion of anthocyanin response to cold stress in purple black carrot (Daucus carota L.). Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:5353-5364. [PMID: 35088377 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-07077-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM Anthocyanin, an essential ingredient of functional foods, is present in a wide range of plants, including black carrots. The current investigation was carried out to analyse the effect of cold stress on the expression of major anthocyanins and anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway genes, MYB6 and LDOX-1. METHODS AND RESULTS Five cultivated carrot genotypes belonging to the eastern group, having anthocyanin pigment, were used in the current study. The qRT-PCR analysis revealed that relative gene expression of transcription factor MYB-6 and LDOX1gene was highly expressed upon cold stress compared to non-stress samples. High-performance liquid chromatography-based quantification of Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (Kuromanin chloride), Ferulic acid, 3,5-Dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (Sinapic acid), and Rutin revealed a significant increase in these major anthocyanins in response to cold stress when compared to control plants. CONCLUSION We conclude that MYB6 and LDOX1 gene expression increases upon cold stress, which induces accumulation of major anthocyanins in purple black carrot and suggests a possible cross-link between cold stress and anthocyanin biosynthesis in purple black carrot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyaz A Dar
- Transcriptomics Laboratory (K-Lab), Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190025, India
| | - Mudasir A Mir
- Transcriptomics Laboratory (K-Lab), Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190025, India
| | - Javid I Mir
- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Rangreth, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 191132, India
| | - Sheikh Mansoor
- Transcriptomics Laboratory (K-Lab), Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190025, India
| | - Wasia Showkat
- Transcriptomics Laboratory (K-Lab), Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190025, India
| | - Tasmeen J Parihar
- Transcriptomics Laboratory (K-Lab), Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190025, India
| | - Syed Anam Ul Haq
- Transcriptomics Laboratory (K-Lab), Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190025, India
| | - Shabir H Wani
- Mountain Research Centre for Field Crops, SKUAST-Kashmir, Khudwani, Jammu and Kashmir, 192101, India
| | - Gul Zaffar
- Division of Plant Breeding & Genetics, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190025, India
| | - Khalid Z Masoodi
- Transcriptomics Laboratory (K-Lab), Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190025, India.
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12
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Takács Z, Poór P, Tari I. Interaction between polyamines and ethylene in the response to salicylic acid under normal photoperiod and prolonged darkness. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 167:470-480. [PMID: 34419831 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The impact of salicylic acid (SA) on ethylene (ET) production and polyamine (PA) metabolism was investigated in wild type (WT) and ET receptor mutant Never ripe (Nr) tomato leaves under normal photoperiod and prolonged darkness. Nr displayed higher ET emanation compared to WT under control conditions and after SA treatments, but the ET signalling was blocked in these tissues. The accumulation of PAs was induced by 1 mM but not by 0.1 mM SA and was higher in WT than in Nr leaves. Upon 1 mM SA treatment, which caused hypersensitive response, illuminated leaves of WT showed high spermine (Spm) content in parallel with an increased expression of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase and Spm synthase (SlSPMS) suggesting that this process depended on the light. In Nr, however, Spm content and the expression of the SlSPMS gene were very low independently of the light conditions and SA treatments. This suggests that Spm synthesis needs functional ET perception. In WT leaves 1 mM SA enhanced putrescine (Put) synthesis by increasing the expression of Put biosynthesis genes, arginine and ornithine decarboxylases under darkness, while they were down-regulated in Nr. The activities of diamine (DAO) and polyamine oxidases (PAO), however, were generally higher in Nr compared to the WT after SA treatments. In Nr both SA applications increased the expression of SlPAO1 under normal photoperiod, while SlPAO2 was down-regulated in the dark suggesting a diverse role of PAOs in PA catabolism. These results indicated that ET could modulate the SA-induced PA metabolism in light-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Takács
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary
| | - Péter Poór
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary.
| | - Irma Tari
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Hungary
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13
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Suleman M, Ma M, Ge G, Hua D, Li H. The role of alternative oxidase in plant hypersensitive response. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2021; 23:415-419. [PMID: 33480175 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system of plants is crucial in defining the fate of a plant cell during plant-pathogen interactions. This response is often accompanied by a hypersensitive reaction leading to the death of a plant cell and restricted pathogen growth. Plant mitochondria, in this case, play a key role by maintaining a balance between cell respiration and reactive oxygen species formation. One of the key features of the hypersensitive response is the shift of the normal plant respiratory pathway to a special 'alternative' pathway. Plants contain an enzyme, alternative oxidase, for maintaining metabolic homeostasis of the cell. This energy dissipating respiration provides a branch in normal respiration by using ubiquinone to form water and heat, thus maintaining the energy status of the cell. Alternative oxidase is thought to minimize production of reactive oxygen species and can also function in 'anti-apoptotic' machinery in plant cells. In this mini review, we briefly describe the alternative respiratory pathway and explain the role of alternative oxidase in important cellular processes, such as programmed cell death and the hypersensitive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Suleman
- Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - M Ma
- Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - G Ge
- Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - D Hua
- Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - H Li
- Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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14
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Zhu L, Qian N, Sun Y, Lu X, Duan H, Qian L. Pseudomonas fluorescens DN16 Enhances Cucumber Defense Responses Against the Necrotrophic Pathogen Botrytis cinerea by Regulating Thermospermine Catabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:645338. [PMID: 33692821 PMCID: PMC7937916 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.645338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants can naturally interact with beneficial rhizobacteria to mediate defense responses against foliar pathogen infection. However, the mechanisms of rhizobacteria-mediated defense enhancement remain rarely clear. In this study, beneficial rhizobacterial strain Pseudomonas fluorescens DN16 greatly increased the resistance of cucumber plants against Botrytis cinerea infection. RNA-sequencing analyses showed that several polyamine-associated genes including a thermospermine (TSpm) synthase gene (CsACL5) and polyamine catabolic genes (CsPAO1, CsPAO5, and CsCuAO1) were notably induced by DN16. The associations of TSpm metabolic pathways with the DN16-mediated cucumber defense responses were further investigated. The inoculated plants exhibited the increased leaf TSpm levels compared with the controls. Accordantly, overexpression of CsACL5 in cucumber plants markedly increased leaf TSpm levels and enhanced defense against B. cinerea infection. The functions of TSpm catabolism in the DN16-mediated defense responses of cucumber plants to B. cinerea were further investigated by pharmacological approaches. Upon exposure to pathogen infection, the changes of leaf TSpm levels were positively related to the enhanced activities of polyamine catabolic enzymes including polyamine oxidases (PAOs) and copper amine oxidases (CuAOs), which paralleled the transcription of several defense-related genes such as pathogenesis-related protein 1 (CsPR1) and defensin-like protein 1 (CsDLP1). However, the inhibited activities of polyamine catabolic enzymes abolished the DN16-induced cucumber defense against B. cinerea infection. This was in line with the impaired expression of defense-related genes in the inoculated plants challenged by B. cinerea. Collectively, our findings unraveled a pivotal role of TSpm catabolism in the regulation of the rhizobacteria-primed defense states by mediating the immune responses in cucumber plants after B. cinerea infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhu
- School of Life and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu, China
| | - Nana Qian
- School of Life and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu, China
| | - Yujun Sun
- School of Life and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu, China
- College of Life science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoming Lu
- School of Life and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu, China
| | - Haiming Duan
- School of Life and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu, China
| | - Lisheng Qian
- School of Life and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu, China
- College of Life science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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15
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Zhou J, Feng Z, Liu S, Wei F, Shi Y, Zhao L, Huang W, Zhou Y, Feng H, Zhu H. CGTase, a novel antimicrobial protein from Bacillus cereus YUPP-10, suppresses Verticillium dahliae and mediates plant defence responses. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:130-144. [PMID: 33230892 PMCID: PMC7749748 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium wilt is a plant vascular disease caused by the soilborne fungus Verticillium dahliae that severely limits cotton production. In a previous study, we screened Bacillus cereus YUPP-10, an efficient antagonistic bacterium, to uncover mechanisms for controlling verticillium wilt. Here, we report a novel antimicrobial cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) from YUPP-10. Compared to other CGTases, six different conserved domains were identified, and six mutants were constructed by gene splicing with overlap extension PCR. Functional analysis showed that domain D was important for hydrolysis activity and domains A1 and C were important for inducing disease resistance. Direct effects of recombinant CGTase on V. dahliae included reduced mycelial growth, spore germination, spore production, and microsclerotia germination. In addition, CGTase also elicited cotton's innate defence reactions. Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana lines that overexpress CGTase showed higher resistance to verticillium wilt. Transgenic CGTase A. thaliana plants grew faster and resisted disease better. CGTase overexpression enabled a burst of reactive oxygen species production and activated pathogenesis-related gene expression, indicating that the transgenic cotton was better prepared to protect itself from infection. Our work revealed that CGTase could inhibit the growth of V. dahliae, activate innate immunity, and play a major role in the biocontrol of fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
- Zhengzhou Research BaseState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- College of AgricultureYangtze UniversityJingzhouChina
| | - Zili Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
| | - Shichao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
| | - Feng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
- Zhengzhou Research BaseState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Yongqiang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
| | - Lihong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
| | - Wanting Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
- Zhengzhou Research BaseState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Yi Zhou
- College of AgricultureYangtze UniversityJingzhouChina
| | - Hongjie Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
- Zhengzhou Research BaseState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Heqin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
- Zhengzhou Research BaseState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
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16
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Profiling of defense responsive pathway regulatory genes in Asian rice ( Oryza sativa) against infection of Meloidogyne graminicola (Nematoda:Meloidogynidae). 3 Biotech 2020; 10:60. [PMID: 32030329 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-2055-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, 36 Asian rice cultivars/landraces were evaluated against M. graminicola under in vitro conditions using soilless Pluronic gel medium. The cultivars/genotypes Phule Radha, EK 70, LK 248 and Khalibagh showed significantly reduced nematode infection, endoparasitic development, and derived multiplication factor indicating the presence of resistance, while Halvi Sal 17 was found to be most susceptible. Performance of selected genotypes showing resistance/susceptibility under in vitro conditions was further confirmed in soil which also revealed Phule Radha to be highly resistant and Halvi Sal 17 as the most susceptible genotype. Further, expression profile of plant defense responsive genes related to MAPK pathway, phytohormones, PR-proteins and callose and lignin synthesis were quantified in Phule Radha (the most resistant) and Halvi Sal 17 (the most susceptible) at 2 and 6 days post nematode inoculation. Significant upregulated expression of several defensive genes was observed in the resistant cultivar Phule Radha in contrast to insignificant expression in the susceptible varieties. The resistant genotype identified in the present study will be highly promising for resistance breeding in rice against M. graminicola.
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17
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Alber NA, Vanlerberghe GC. Signaling interactions between mitochondria and chloroplasts in Nicotiana tabacum leaf. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 167:188-204. [PMID: 30467859 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Research has begun to elucidate the signal transduction pathway(s) that control cellular responses to changes in mitochondrial status. Important tools in such studies are chemical inhibitors used to initiate mitochondrial dysfunction. This study compares the effect of different inhibitors and treatment conditions on the transcript amount of nuclear genes specifically responsive to mitochondrial dysfunction in leaf of Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Petit Havana. The Complex III inhibitors antimycin A (AA) and myxothiazol (MYXO), and the Complex V inhibitor oligomycin (OLIGO), each increased the transcript amount of the mitochondrial dysfunction genes. Transcript responses to OLIGO were greater during treatment in the dark than in the light, and the dark treatment resulted in cell death. In the dark, transcript responses to AA and MYXO were similar to one another, despite MYXO leading to cell death. In the light, transcript responses to AA and MYXO diverged, despite cell viability remaining high with either inhibitor. This divergent response may be due to differential signaling from the chloroplast because only AA also inhibited cyclic electron transport, resulting in a strong acceptor-side limitation in photosystem I. In the light, chemical inhibition of chloroplast electron transport reduced transcript responses to AA, while having no effect on the response to MYXO, and increasing the response to OLIGO. Hence, when studying mitochondrial dysfunction signaling, different inhibitor and treatment combinations differentially affect linked processes (e.g. chloroplast function and cell fate) that then contribute to measured responses. Therefore, inhibitor and treatment conditions should be chosen to align with specific study goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Alber
- Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Greg C Vanlerberghe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, M1C 1A4, Canada
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18
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Seifi HS, Zarei A, Hsiang T, Shelp BJ. Spermine Is a Potent Plant Defense Activator Against Gray Mold Disease on Solanum lycopersicum, Phaseolus vulgaris, and Arabidopsis thaliana. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:1367-1377. [PMID: 30990377 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-18-0470-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines (PAs) are ubiquitous aliphatic amines that play important roles in growth, development, and environmental stress responses in plants. In this study, we report that exogenous application of spermine (Spm) is effective in the induction of resistance to gray mold disease, which is caused by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea, on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), and Arabidopsis thaliana. High throughput transcriptome analysis revealed a priming role for the Spm molecule in the genus Arabidopsis, resulting in strong upregulation of several important defense-associated genes, particularly those involved in systemic-acquired resistance. Microscopic analysis confirmed that Spm application potentiates endogenous defense responses in tomato leaves through the generation of reactive oxygen species and the hypersensitive response, which effectively contained B. cinerea growth within the inoculated area. Moreover, co-application of Spm and salicylic acid resulted in a synergistic effect against the pathogen, leading to higher levels of resistance than those induced by separate applications of the two compounds. The Spm plus salicylic acid treatment also reduced infection in systemic nontreated leaves of tomato plants. Our findings suggest that Spm, particularly when applied in combination with salicylic acid, functions as a potent plant defense activator that leads to effective local and systemic resistance against B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed S Seifi
- 1Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Adel Zarei
- 1Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Tom Hsiang
- 2School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Barry J Shelp
- 1Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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19
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Targeted expression of a cysteine protease (AdCP) in tapetum induces male sterility in Indian mustard, Brassica juncea. Funct Integr Genomics 2019; 19:703-714. [PMID: 30968209 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-019-00674-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The development of male sterile plants is a prerequisite to developing hybrid varieties to harness the benefits of hybrid vigor in crops and enhancing crop productivity for sustainable agriculture. In plants, cysteine proteases have been known for their multifaceted roles during programmed cell death, and in ubiquitin- and proteasome-mediated proteolysis. Here, we showed that Arachis diogoi cysteine protease (AdCP) expressed under the TA-29 promoter induced complete male sterility in Indian mustard, Brassica juncea. The herbicide resistance gene bar was used for the selection of transgenic plants. Mustard transgenic plants exhibited male sterile phenotype and failed to produce functional pollen grains. Irregularly shaped aborted pollen grains with groove-like structures were observed in male sterile plants during scanning electron microscopy analysis. The T1 progeny plants obtained from the seed of primary transgenic male sterile plants crossed with the wild-type plants exhibited segregation of the progeny into male sterile and fertile plants with normal seed development. Further, male sterile plants exhibited higher transcript levels of AdCP in anther tissues, which is consistent with its expression under the tapetum-specific promoter. Our results clearly suggest that the targeted expression of AdCP provides a potential tool for developing male sterile lines in crop plants by the malfunction of tapetal cells leading to male sterility as shown earlier in tobacco transgenic plants (Shukla et al. 2014, Funct Integr Genomics 14:307-317).
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20
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Seifi HS, Shelp BJ. Spermine Differentially Refines Plant Defense Responses Against Biotic and Abiotic Stresses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:117. [PMID: 30800140 PMCID: PMC6376314 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Roles of the major polyamines (mPA), putrescine, spermidine, and spermine (Spm), in various developmental and physiological processes in plants have been well documented. Recently, there has been increasing focus on the link between mPA metabolism and defense response during plant-stress interactions. Empirical evidence is available for a unique role of Spm, distinct from the other mPA, in eliciting an effective defense response to (a)biotic stresses. Our understanding of the precise molecular mechanism(s) by which Spm modulates these defense mechanisms is limited. Further analysis of recent studies indicates that plant Spm functions differently during biotic and abiotic interactions in the regulation of oxidative homeostasis and phytohormone signaling. Here, we summarize and integrate current knowledge about Spm-mediated modulation of plant defense responses to (a)biotic stresses, highlighting the importance of Spm as a potent plant defense activator with broad-spectrum protective effects. A model is proposed to explain how Spm refines defense mechanisms to tailor an optimal resistance response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barry J. Shelp
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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21
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Huang C, Liu Y, Yu H, Yuan C, Zeng J, Zhao L, Tong Z, Tao X. Non-Structural Protein NSm of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Is an Avirulence Factor Recognized by Resistance Genes of Tobacco and Tomato via Different Elicitor Active Sites. Viruses 2018; 10:E660. [PMID: 30469406 PMCID: PMC6265799 DOI: 10.3390/v10110660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is one of the most destructive viral pathogens of plants. Recently, a single dominant gene conferring complete resistance to TSWV (RTSW) was identified in Nicotina alata and introgressed into cultivated tobacco (N. tabacum). However, whether the TSWV carries an avirulence (Avr) factor directed against RTSW remains obscure. In the present study, we identified the non-structural protein (NSm), the movement protein of TSWV, which is an RTSW-specific Avr factor, by using two different transient expression systems. Using amino acid (aa) substitution mutants, we demonstrated the ability to induce RTSW-mediated hypersensitive response (HR) of NSm is independent of its movement function. Moreover, key substitutions (C118Y and T120N), a 21-aa viral effector epitope, and different truncated versions of NSm, which are responsible for the recognition of the Sw-5b resistance gene of tomato, were tested for their ability to trigger HR to TSWV in tobacco. Together, our results demonstrated that RTSW-mediated resistance is triggered by NSm in the same way as by Sw-5b, however, via different elicitor active sites. Finally, an Avr gene-based diagnostic approach was established and used to determine the presence and effectiveness of resistance genes in tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjun Huang
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming 650021, China.
| | - Yong Liu
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming 650021, China.
| | - Haiqin Yu
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming 650021, China.
| | - Cheng Yuan
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming 650021, China.
| | - Jianmin Zeng
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming 650021, China.
| | - Lu Zhao
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming 650021, China.
| | - Zhijun Tong
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Kunming 650021, China.
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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22
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Qiu A, Lei Y, Yang S, Wu J, Li J, Bao B, Cai Y, Wang S, Lin J, Wang Y, Shen L, Cai J, Guan D, He S. CaC3H14 encoding a tandem CCCH zinc finger protein is directly targeted by CaWRKY40 and positively regulates the response of pepper to inoculation by Ralstonia solanacearum. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:2221-2235. [PMID: 29683552 PMCID: PMC6638151 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Tandem CCCH zinc finger (TZnF) proteins have been implicated in plant defence, but their role in pepper (Capsicum annuum) is unclear. In the present study, the role of CaC3H14, a pepper TZnF protein, in the immune response of pepper plants to Ralstonia solanacearum infection was characterized. When fused to the green fluorescent protein, CaC3H14 was localized exclusively to the nuclei in leaf cells of Nicotiana benthamiana plants transiently overexpressing CaC3H14. Transcript abundance of CaC3H14 was up-regulated by inoculation with R. solanacearum. Virus-induced silencing of CaC3H14 increased the susceptibility of the plants to R. solanacearum and down-regulated the genes associated with the hypersensitive response (HR), specifically HIR1 and salicylic acid (SA)-dependent PR1a. By contrast, silencing resulted in the up-regulation of jasmonic acid (JA)-dependent DEF1 and ethylene (ET) biosynthesis-associated ACO1. Transient overexpression of CaC3H14 in pepper triggered an intensive HR, indicated by cell death and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) accumulation, up-regulated PR1a and down-regulated DEF1 and ACO1. Ectopic overexpression of CaC3H14 in tobacco plants significantly decreased the susceptibility of tobacco plants to R. solanacearum. It also up-regulated HR-associated HSR515, immunity-associated GST1 and the SA-dependent marker genes NPR1 and PR2, but down-regulated JA-dependent PR1b and ET-dependent EFE26. The CaC3H14 promoter and was bound and its transcription was up-regulated by CaWRKY40. Collectively, these results indicate that CaC3H14 is transcriptionally targeted by CaWRKY40, is a modulator of the antagonistic interaction between SA and JA/ET signalling, and enhances the defence response of pepper plants to infection by R. solanacearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailian Qiu
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive UtilizationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- College of Life ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
| | - Yufen Lei
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive UtilizationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- College of Life ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
| | - Sheng Yang
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive UtilizationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- College of Life ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
| | - Ji Wu
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive UtilizationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
| | - Jiazhi Li
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive UtilizationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
| | - Bingjin Bao
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive UtilizationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- College of Crop ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
| | - Yiting Cai
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive UtilizationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- College of Crop ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
| | - Song Wang
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive UtilizationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- College of Crop ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
| | - Jinhui Lin
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive UtilizationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- College of Crop ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
| | - Yuzhu Wang
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive UtilizationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- College of Crop ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
| | - Lei Shen
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive UtilizationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- College of Crop ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
| | - Jinsen Cai
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive UtilizationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- College of Crop ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
| | - Deyi Guan
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive UtilizationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- College of Crop ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
| | - Shuilin He
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive UtilizationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- Key Laboratory of Applied Genetics of Universities in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
- College of Crop ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian 350002China
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Hao Y, Huang B, Jia D, Mann T, Jiang X, Qiu Y, Niitsu M, Berberich T, Kusano T, Liu T. Identification of seven polyamine oxidase genes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and their expression profiles under physiological and various stress conditions. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 228:1-11. [PMID: 29793152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines (PAs) are implicated in developmental processes and stress responses of plants. Polyamine oxidases (PAOs), flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent enzymes that function in PA catabolism, play a critical role. Even though PAO gene families of Arabidopsis and rice have been intensely characterized and their expression in response to developmental and environmental changes has been investigated, little is known about PAOs in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). We found seven PAO genes in S. lycopersicum and named them SlPAO1∼7. Plant PAOs form four clades in phylogenetic analysis, of which SlPAO1 belongs to clade-I, SlPAO6 and SlPAO7 to clade-III, and the residual four (SlPAO2∼5) to clade-IV, while none belongs to clade-II. All the clade-IV members in tomato also retain the putative peroxisomal-targeting signals in their carboxy termini, suggesting their peroxisome localization. SlPAO1 to SlPAO5 genes consist of 10 exons and 9 introns, while SlPAO6 and SlPAO7 are intronless genes. To address the individual roles of SlPAOs, we analyzed their expression in various tissues and during flowering and fruit development. The expression of SlPAO2∼4 was constitutively high, while that of the other SlPAO members was relatively lower. We further analyzed the expressional changes of SlPAOs upon abiotic stresses, oxidative stresses, phytohormone application, and PA application. Based on the data obtained, we discuss the distinctive roles of SlPAOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Hao
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Binbin Huang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Dongyu Jia
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, 30460-8042, USA
| | - Taylor Mann
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, 30460-8042, USA
| | - Xinyi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yuxing Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Masaru Niitsu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama, 370-0290, Japan
| | - Thomas Berberich
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Center, Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, Frankfurt am Main, D-60325, Germany
| | - Tomonobu Kusano
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Taibo Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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24
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Hatmi S, Villaume S, Trotel-Aziz P, Barka EA, Clément C, Aziz A. Osmotic Stress and ABA Affect Immune Response and Susceptibility of Grapevine Berries to Gray Mold by Priming Polyamine Accumulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1010. [PMID: 30050554 PMCID: PMC6050403 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic factors inducing osmotic stress can affect plant immunity and resistance against pathogen attack. Although a number of studies have characterized grapevine responses to various forms of biotic and abiotic stresses, the relationships between osmotic stress response and susceptibility of mature berries to Botrytis cinerea still remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of osmotic stress and abscisic acid (ABA) on defense responses of mature grapevine berries before and after B. cinerea infection. We focused on the possible involvement of polyamines in the interaction between osmotic stress response and susceptibility to B. cinerea. We showed that osmotic stress induced by PEG or sucrose, and exogenous ABA induce transient but low defense responses, including weak expression of PR genes and phytoalexin synthesis in mature berries. This was accompanied by an upregulation of NCED2 involved in ABA biosynthesis and a large production of free polyamines. However, osmotic stress followed by B. cinerea infection primed berries for enhanced accumulation of polyamines, but slowed down the defense responses and increased susceptibility to the pathogen. A weak increase of diamine- and polyamine-oxidase activities was also recorded in stressed berries, but declined after pathogen infection. The pretreatment of stressed berries with appropriate inhibitors of diamine- and polyamine-oxidases further increased polyamine level and greatly lowered defense responses, leading to higher susceptibility to B. cinerea. These results suggest that increased polyamine titer through low activation of their oxidative degradation in grape berries may contribute at least in part to the weakening of defense responses and subsequent disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Aziz Aziz
- Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection – RIBP EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR-CNRS 3417, UFR Sciences, University of Reims, Reims, France
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25
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Zhang Q, Gao X, Ren Y, Ding X, Qiu J, Li N, Zeng F, Chu Z. Improvement of Verticillium Wilt Resistance by Applying Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi to a Cotton Variety with High Symbiotic Efficiency under Field Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E241. [PMID: 29342876 PMCID: PMC5796189 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play an important role in nutrient cycling processes and plant stress resistance. To evaluate the effect of Rhizophagus irregularis CD1 on plant growth promotion (PGP) and Verticillium wilt disease, the symbiotic efficiency of AMF (SEA) was first investigated over a range of 3% to 94% in 17 cotton varieties. The high-SEA subgroup had significant PGP effects in a greenhouse. From these results, the highest-SEA variety of Lumian 1 was selected for a two-year field assay. Consistent with the performance from the greenhouse, the AMF-mediated PGP of Lumian 1 also produced significant results, including an increased plant height, stem diameter, number of petioles, and phosphorus content. Compared with the mock treatment, AMF colonization obviously inhibited the symptom development of Verticillium dahliae and more strongly elevated the expression of pathogenesis-related genes and lignin synthesis-related genes. These results suggest that AMF colonization could lead to the mycorrhiza-induced resistance (MIR) of Lumian 1 to V. dahliae. Interestingly, our results indicated that the AMF endosymbiont could directly inhibit the growth of phytopathogenic fungi including V. dahliae by releasing undefined volatiles. In summary, our results suggest that stronger effects of AMF application result from the high-SEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Vegetable Disease and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Xinpeng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Yanyun Ren
- Jining Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jining 272031, China.
| | - Xinhua Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Vegetable Disease and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Jiajia Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Fanchang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Zhaohui Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
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Kusano T, Sagor GHM, Berberich T. Molecules for Sensing Polyamines and Transducing Their Action in Plants. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1694:25-35. [PMID: 29080152 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7398-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polyamines play important roles in growth, development, and adaptive responses to various stresses. In the past two decades, progress in plant polyamine research has accelerated, and the key molecules and components involved in many biological events have been identified. Recently, polyamine sensors used to detect polyamine-enriched foods and polyamines derived from degrading flesh were identified in fly and zebrafish, respectively. Work has begun to identify such molecules in plants as well. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about polyamines in plants. Furthermore, we discuss the roles of key molecules, such as calcium ions, reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, γ-aminobutyric acid, polyamine transporters, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade, from the viewpoint of polyamine action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonobu Kusano
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan.
| | - G H M Sagor
- Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Thomas Berberich
- Laboratory Center, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), George-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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27
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Luo S, Zhang X, Wang J, Jiao C, Chen Y, Shen Y. Plant ion channels and transporters in herbivory-induced signalling. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2018; 45:111-131. [PMID: 32291026 DOI: 10.1071/fp16318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to many biotic stresses that plants face, feeding by herbivores produces unique mechanical and chemical signatures. Plants have evolved effective systems to recognise these mechanical stimuli and chemical elicitors at the plasma membrane (PM), where this recognition generates ion fluxes, including an influx of Ca2+ that elicits cellular Ca2+ signalling, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and variation in transmembrane potential. These signalling events also function in propagation of long-distance signals (Ca2+ waves, ROS waves, and electrical signals), which contribute to rapid, systemic induction of defence responses. Recent studies have identified several candidate channels or transporters that likely produce these ion fluxes at the PM. Here, we describe the important roles of these channels/transporters in transduction or transmission of herbivory-induced early signalling events, long-distance signals, and jasmonic acid and green leaf volatile signalling in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuitian Luo
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jinfei Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chunyang Jiao
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yingying Chen
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yingbai Shen
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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28
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Mou S, Liu Z, Gao F, Yang S, Su M, Shen L, Wu Y, He S. CaHDZ27, a Homeodomain-Leucine Zipper I Protein, Positively Regulates the Resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum Infection in Pepper. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:960-973. [PMID: 28840788 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-17-0130-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Homeodomain-leucine zipper class I (HD-Zip I) transcription factors have been functionally characterized in plant responses to abiotic stresses, but their roles in plant immunity are poorly understood. Here, a HD-Zip I gene, CaHZ27, was isolated from pepper (Capsicum annum) and characterized for its role in pepper immunity. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction showed that CaHDZ27 was transcriptionally induced by Ralstonia solanacearum inoculation and exogenous application of methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, or ethephon. The CaHDZ27-green fluorescent protein fused protein was targeted exclusively to the nucleus. Chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated that CaHDZ27 bound to the 9-bp pseudopalindromic element (CAATAATTG) and triggered β-glucuronidase expression in a CAATAATTG-dependent manner. Virus-induced gene silencing of CaHDZ27 significantly attenuated the resistance of pepper plants against R. solanacearum and downregulated defense-related marker genes, including CaHIR1, CaACO1, CaPR1, CaPR4, CaPO2, and CaBPR1. By contrast, transient overexpression of CaHDZ27 triggered strong cell death mediated by the hypersensitive response and upregulated the tested immunity-associated marker genes. Ectopic CaHDZ27 expression in tobacco enhances its resistance against R. solanacearum. These results collectively suggest that CaHDZ27 functions as a positive regulator in pepper resistance against R. solanacearum. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation and coimmunoprecipitation assays indicate that CaHDZ27 monomers bind with each other, and this binding is enhanced significantly by R. solanacearum inoculation. We speculate that homodimerization of CaHZ27 might play a role in pepper response to R. solanacearum, further direct evidence is required to confirm it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoliang Mou
- 1 National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- 2 College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
| | - Zhiqin Liu
- 1 National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- 3 College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; and
| | - Feng Gao
- 1 National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- 2 College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
| | - Sheng Yang
- 1 National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- 3 College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; and
| | - Meixia Su
- 2 College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University
| | - Lei Shen
- 1 National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- 3 College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; and
| | - Yang Wu
- 4 College of Life Science, Jinggang Shan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi 343000, PR China
| | - Shuilin He
- 1 National Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
- 3 College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; and
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29
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Cheng W, Xiao Z, Cai H, Wang C, Hu Y, Xiao Y, Zheng Y, Shen L, Yang S, Liu Z, Mou S, Qiu A, Guan D, He S. A novel leucine-rich repeat protein, CaLRR51, acts as a positive regulator in the response of pepper to Ralstonia solanacearum infection. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:1089-1100. [PMID: 27438958 PMCID: PMC6638248 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The leucine-rich repeat (LRR) proteins play important roles in the recognition of corresponding ligands and signal transduction networks in plant defence responses. Herein, a novel LRR protein from Capsicum annuum, CaLRR51, was identified and characterized. It was localized to the plasma membrane and transcriptionally up-regulated by Ralstonia solanacearum infection (RSI), as well as the exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA) and ethephon (ETH). Virus-induced gene silencing of CaLRR51 significantly increased the susceptibility of pepper to RSI. By contrast, transient overexpression of CaLRR51 in pepper plants activated hypersensitive response (HR)-like cell death, and up-regulated the defence-related marker genes, including PO2, HIR1, PR1, DEF1 and ACO1. Moreover, ectopic overexpression of CaLRR51 in transgenic tobacco plants significantly enhanced the resistance to RSI. Transcriptional expression of the corresponding defence-related marker genes in transgenic tobacco plants was also found to be enhanced by the overexpression of CaLRR51, which was potentiated by RSI. These loss- and gain-of-function assays suggest that CaLRR51 acts as a positive regulator in the response of pepper to RSI. In addition, the putative signal peptide and transmembrane region were found to be required for plasma membrane targeting of CaLRR51, which is indispensable for the role of CaLRR51 in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cheng
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian350002China
- College of Crop ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian350002China
| | - Zhuoli Xiao
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian350002China
- College of Crop ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian350002China
| | - Hanyang Cai
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian350002China
- College of Crop ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian350002China
| | - Chuanqing Wang
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian350002China
- College of Crop ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian350002China
| | - Yang Hu
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian350002China
- College of Crop ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian350002China
| | - Yueping Xiao
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian350002China
- College of Crop ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian350002China
| | - Yuxing Zheng
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian350002China
- College of Crop ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian350002China
| | - Lei Shen
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian350002China
- College of Crop ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian350002China
| | - Sheng Yang
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian350002China
- College of Crop ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian350002China
| | - Zhiqin Liu
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian350002China
- College of Crop ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian350002China
| | - Shaoliang Mou
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian350002China
- College of Life ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian350002China
| | - Ailian Qiu
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian350002China
- College of Life ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian350002China
| | - Deyi Guan
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian350002China
- College of Crop ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian350002China
| | - Shuilin He
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian350002China
- College of Crop ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujian350002China
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30
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31
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Ramesh SV, Williams S, Kappagantu M, Mitter N, Pappu HR. Transcriptome-wide identification of host genes targeted by tomato spotted wilt virus-derived small interfering RNAs. Virus Res 2017; 238:13-23. [PMID: 28545854 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RNA silencing mechanism functions as a major defense against invading viruses. The caveat in the RNA silencing mechanism is that the effector small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) act on any RNA transcripts with sequence complementarity irrespective of target's origin. A subset of highly expressed viral small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs) derived from the tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV; Tospovirus: Bunyaviridae) genome was analyzed for their propensity to downregulate the tomato transcriptome. A total of 11898 putative target sites on tomato transcripts were found to exhibit a propensity for down regulation by TSWV-derived vsiRNAs. In total, 2450 unique vsiRNAs were found to have potential cross-reacting capability with the tomato transcriptome. VsiRNAs were found to potentially target a gamut of host genes involved in basal cellular activities including enzymes, transcription factors, membrane transporters, and cytoskeletal proteins. KEGG pathway annotation of targets revealed that the vsiRNAs were mapped to secondary metabolite biosynthesis, amino acids, starch and sucrose metabolism, and carbon and purine metabolism. Transcripts for protein processing, hormone signalling, and plant-pathogen interactions were the most likely targets from the genetic, environmental information processing, and organismal systems, respectively. qRT-PCR validation of target gene expression showed that none of the selected transcripts from tomato cv. Marglobe showed up regulation, and all were down regulated even upto 20 folds (high affinity glucose transporter). However, the expression levels of transcripts from cv. Red Defender revealed differential regulation as three among the target transcripts showed up regulation (Cc-nbs-lrr, resistance protein, AP2-like ethylene-responsive transcription factor, and heat stress transcription factor A3). Accumulation of tomato target mRNAs of corresponding length was proved in both tomato cultivars using 5' RACE analysis. The TSWV-tomato interaction at the sRNA interface points to the ability of tomato cultivars to overcome vsiRNA-mediated targeting of NBS-LRR class R genes. These results suggest the prevalence of vsiRNA-induced RNA silencing of host transcriptome, and the interactome scenario is the first report on the interaction between tospovirus genome-derived siRNAs and tomato transcripts, and provide a deeper understanding of the role of vsiRNAs in pathogenicity and in perturbing host machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunmugiah V Ramesh
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Sarah Williams
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Madhu Kappagantu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Neena Mitter
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Hanu R Pappu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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Siddaiah CN, Satyanarayana NR, Mudili V, Kumar Gupta V, Gurunathan S, Rangappa S, Huntrike SS, Srivastava RK. Elicitation of resistance and associated defense responses in Trichoderma hamatum induced protection against pearl millet downy mildew pathogen. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43991. [PMID: 28322224 PMCID: PMC5359564 DOI: 10.1038/srep43991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Endophytic Trichoderma hamatum UoM 13 isolated from pearl millet roots was evaluated for its efficiency to suppress downy mildew disease. Under laboratory conditions, T. hamatum seed treatment significantly enhanced pearl millet seed germination and seedling vigor. T. hamatum seed treatment resulted in systemic and durable immunity against pearl millet downy mildew disease under greenhouse and field conditions. T. hamatum treated seedlings responded to downy mildew infection with high lignification and callose deposition. Analysis of defense enzymes showed that T. hamatum treatment significantly enhanced the activities of glucanase, peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, and polyphenol oxidase in comparison to untreated control. RT-PCR analysis revealed differentially expressed transcripts of the defense enzymes and PR-proteins in treated, untreated, and checks, wherein PR-1, PR-5, and cell wall defense HRGPs were significantly over expressed in treated seedlings as against their lower expression in controls. T. hamatum treatment significantly stimulated endogenous salicylic acid (SA) levels and significantly upregulated important SA biosynthesis gene isochorismate synthase. The results indicated that T. hamatum UoM13 treatment induces resistance corresponding to significant over expression of endogenous SA, important defense enzymes, PR-proteins, and HRGPs, suggesting that SA biosynthetic pathway is involved in pearl millet for mounting systemic immunity against downy mildew pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Nayaka Siddaiah
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, 570006, Karnataka, India
| | - Niranjan Raj Satyanarayana
- Department of Studies in Microbiology, Karnataka State Open University, Mukthagangotri, Mysore, 570006, Karnataka, India
| | - Venkataramana Mudili
- Microbiology Division, DRDO-BU-Centre for Life sciences, Bharathiar University Campus, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- Discipline of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Selvakumar Gurunathan
- Microbiology Division, DRDO-BU-Centre for Life sciences, Bharathiar University Campus, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shobith Rangappa
- Frontier Research Center for Post-Genome Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0808, Japan
| | - Shekar Shetty Huntrike
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, 570006, Karnataka, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Srivastava
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, 502324, Telangana, India
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Yamamoto T, Shomura S, Mino M. Cell physiology of mortality and immortality in a Nicotiana interspecific F 1 hybrid complies with the quantitative balance between reactive oxygen and nitric oxide. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 210:72-83. [PMID: 28113127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The cultured cell line, GTH4, of an interspecific F1 hybrid between Nicotiana gossei Domin and N. tabacum L. died after a shift in temperature from 37°C to 26°C. Fluctuations in the cellular amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) were detected in GTH4 after the temperature shift, but not in the mutant, GTH4S, which did not die at 26°C presumably due to the lack of genetic factors involved in cell death. The removal of ROS or NO suppressed cell death in GTH4, suggesting that ROS and NO both acted as mediators of cell death. However, excess amounts of the superoxide anion (O2-) or NO alleviated cell death. A series of experiments using generators and scavengers of ROS and NO showed that O2- affected the cellular levels of NO, and vice versa, indicating that a quantitative balance between O2- and NO was important for hybrid cell death. The combination of NO and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was necessary and sufficient to initiate cell death in GTH4 and GTH4S. Hypoxia, which suppressed cell death in GTH4 at 26°C, reduced the generation of H2O2 and NO, but allowed for the production of O2-, which acted as a suppressor and/or modulator of cell death. The activation of MAPK was involved in the generation of H2O2 in GTG4 cells under normoxic conditions, but promoted O2- generation under hypoxic conditions. More protective cellular conditions against ROS, as estimated by the expression levels of genes for ROS-scavenging enzymes, may be involved in the mechanisms responsible for the low cell death rate of GTH4 under hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Hangi-cho, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| | - Sachiko Shomura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Hangi-cho, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| | - Masanobu Mino
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Hangi-cho, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan.
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Abstract
Leaf senescence is a terminal step in plant growth and development. Considerable information on processes and signals involved in this process has been obtained, although comparatively little is known about leaf senescence in monocotyledonous plants. In particular, little is known about players involved in leaf senescence imposed by a prolonged dark treatment. New information has now been unveiled on dark-induced leaf senescence in a monocot, barley. A close association has been found between ubiquitous polyamines, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and senescence of barley leaves during prolonged darkness. Although polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) are absolutely essential for critical cellular functions, including regulation of nucleic acids and protein synthesis, macromolecular structural integrity, and signalling, a strong link between polyamines and dark-induced leaf senescence has been found using barley plant as a model of monocots. Interestingly, Arabidopsis polyamine back-conversion oxidase mutants deficient in the conversion of spermine to spermidine and/or spermidine to putrescine do not occur and have delayed entry into dark-induced leaf senescence. This review summarizes the recent molecular, physiological, and biochemical evidence implicating concurrently polyamines and ethylene in dark-induced leaf senescence and broadening our knowledge on the mechanistic events involved in this important plant death process.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sobieszczuk-Nowicka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University of Poznań, ul. Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznań, Poland.
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Jiang G, Yin D, Zhao J, Chen H, Guo L, Zhu L, Zhai W. The rice thylakoid membrane-bound ascorbate peroxidase OsAPX8 functions in tolerance to bacterial blight. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26104. [PMID: 27185545 PMCID: PMC4868969 DOI: 10.1038/srep26104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Thylakoid membrane-bound ascorbate peroxidase (tAPX) is a major H2O2-scavenging enzyme. To clarify its functions in tolerance to rice bacterial blight, we produced rice lines overexpressing and suppressing tAPX (OsAPX8). The overexpressing lines exhibited increased tolerance to bacterial pathogen. The RNA interference (RNAi) lines were considerably more sensitive than the control plant. Further analysis of the H2O2 content in these transgenic plants indicated that the H2O2 accumulation of OsAPX8-overexpressing plants was considerably less than that of wild-type and RNAi plants upon challenge with bacterial pathogen. Interestingly, H2O2 was the most important factor for the serious leaf dehydration and withering of rice without major resistance genes and was not the cause of hypersensitivity. It addition, wall tightening or loosening can occur according to the level of H2O2. In addition, OsAPX8 interacted with the susceptibility protein Os8N3/Xa13, and their binding repressed the reaction of OsAPX8 in tolerance to bacterial blight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghuai Jiang
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dedong Yin
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiying Zhao
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Honglin Chen
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lequn Guo
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lihuang Zhu
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wenxue Zhai
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Mo HJ, Sun YX, Zhu XL, Wang XF, Zhang Y, Yang J, Yan GJ, Ma ZY. Cotton S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase-mediated spermine biosynthesis is required for salicylic acid- and leucine-correlated signaling in the defense response to Verticillium dahliae. PLANTA 2016; 243:1023-39. [PMID: 26757733 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2463-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cotton S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase-, rather than spermine synthase-, mediated spermine biosynthesis is required for salicylic acid- and leucine-correlated signaling in the defense response to Verticillium dahliae. Spermine (Spm) signaling is correlated with plant resistance to the fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae. We identified genes for key rate-limiting enzymes in the biosynthesis of Spm, namely S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (GhSAMDC) and Spm synthase (GhSPMS). These were found by screening suppression subtractive hybridization and cDNA libraries of cotton (Gossypium) species tolerant to Verticillium wilt. Both were induced early and strongly by inoculation with V. dahliae and application of plant hormones. Silencing of GhSPMS or GhSAMDC in cotton leaves led to a significant accumulation of upstream substrates and, ultimately, enhanced plant susceptibility to Verticillium infection. Exogenous supplementation of Spm to the silenced cotton plants improved resistance. When compared with the wild type (WT), constitutive expression of GhSAMDC in Arabidopsis thaliana was associated with greater Verticillium wilt resistance and higher accumulations of Spm, salicylic acid, and leucine during the infection period. By contrast, transgenic Arabidopsis plants that over-expressed GhSPMS were unexpectedly more susceptible than the WT to V. dahliae and they also had impaired levels of putrescine (Put) and salicylic acid (SA). The susceptibility exhibited in GhSPMS-overexpressing Arabidopsis plants was partially reversed by the exogenous supply of Put or SA. In addition, the responsiveness of those two transgenic Arabidopsis lines to V. dahliae was associated with an alteration in transcripts of genes involved in plant resistance to epidermal penetrations and amino acid signaling. Together, these results suggest that GhSAMDC-, rather than GhSPMS-, mediated spermine biosynthesis contributes to plant resistance against V. dahliae through SA- and leucine-correlated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Juan Mo
- North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Yan-Xiang Sun
- Institute of Genetics and Breeding, Langfang Teachers University, Langfang, 065000, China
| | - Xiao-Li Zhu
- North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Xing-Fen Wang
- North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Jun Yang
- North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Gui-Jun Yan
- North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
- School of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science and The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - Zhi-Ying Ma
- North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China.
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Zhang Z, Zhao J, Ding L, Zou L, Li Y, Chen G, Zhang T. Constitutive expression of a novel antimicrobial protein, Hcm1, confers resistance to both Verticillium and Fusarium wilts in cotton. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20773. [PMID: 26856318 PMCID: PMC4746735 DOI: 10.1038/srep20773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium and Verticillium wilts, two of the most important diseases in cotton, pose serious threats to cotton production. Here we introduced a novel antimicrobial protein Hcm1, which comprised harpin protein from Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc), and the chimeric protein, cecropin A-melittin, into cotton. The transgenic cotton lines with stable Hcm1 expression showed a higher resistance to Verticillium and Fusarium wilts both in greenhouse and field trials compared to controls. Hcm1 enabled the transgenic cotton to produced a microscopic hypersensitive response (micro-HR), reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst, and caused the activation of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes in response to biotic stress, indicating that the transgenic cotton was in a primed state and ready to protect the host from pathogenic infection. Simultaneously, Hcm1 protein inhibited the growth of Verticillium dahliae (V. dahliae) and Fusarium oxysporum (F. oxysporum) in vitro. The spread of fungal biomass was also inhibited in vivo since the V. dahliae biomass was decreased dramatically in transgenic cotton plants after inoculation with V. dahliae. Together, these results demonstrate that Hcm1 could activate innate immunity and inhibit the growth of V. dahliae and F. oxysporum to protect cotton against Verticillium and Fusarium wilts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Lingyun Ding
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Lifang Zou
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University/Key Laboratory of Urban (South) by Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
| | - Yurong Li
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University/Key Laboratory of Urban (South) by Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
| | - Gongyou Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University/Key Laboratory of Urban (South) by Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianzhen Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
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Sequera-Mutiozabal MI, Erban A, Kopka J, Atanasov KE, Bastida J, Fotopoulos V, Alcázar R, Tiburcio AF. Global Metabolic Profiling of Arabidopsis Polyamine Oxidase 4 (AtPAO4) Loss-of-Function Mutants Exhibiting Delayed Dark-Induced Senescence. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:173. [PMID: 26925084 PMCID: PMC4757743 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Early and more recent studies have suggested that some polyamines (PAs), and particularly spermine (Spm), exhibit anti-senescence properties in plants. In this work, we have investigated the role of Arabidopsis Polyamine Oxidase 4 (PAO4), encoding a PA back-conversion oxidase, during dark-induced senescence. Two independent PAO4 (pao4-1 and pao4-2) loss-of-function mutants have been found that accumulate 10-fold higher Spm, and this associated with delayed entry into senescence under dark conditions. Mechanisms underlying pao4 delayed senescence have been studied using global metabolic profiling by GC-TOF/MS. pao4 mutants exhibit constitutively higher levels of important metabolites involved in redox regulation, central metabolism and signaling that support a priming status against oxidative stress. During senescence, interactions between PAs and oxidative, sugar and nitrogen metabolism have been detected that additively contribute to delayed entry into senescence. Our results indicate the occurrence of metabolic interactions between PAs, particularly Spm, with cell oxidative balance and transport/biosynthesis of amino acids as a strategy to cope with oxidative damage produced during senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miren I. Sequera-Mutiozabal
- Department of Natural Products, Plant Biology and Soil Science, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Alexander Erban
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare PflanzenphysiologiePotsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Joachim Kopka
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare PflanzenphysiologiePotsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Kostadin E. Atanasov
- Department of Natural Products, Plant Biology and Soil Science, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Bastida
- Department of Natural Products, Plant Biology and Soil Science, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Vasileios Fotopoulos
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of TechnologyLimassol, Cyprus
| | - Rubén Alcázar
- Department of Natural Products, Plant Biology and Soil Science, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio F. Tiburcio
- Department of Natural Products, Plant Biology and Soil Science, Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Antonio F. Tiburcio,
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Qian Y, Hou H, Shen Q, Cai X, Sunter G, Zhou X. RepA Protein Encoded by Oat dwarf virus Elicits a Temperature-Sensitive Hypersensitive Response-Type Cell Death That Involves Jasmonic Acid-Dependent Signaling. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:5-21. [PMID: 26720685 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-15-0149-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The hypersensitive response (HR) is a component of disease resistance that is often induced by pathogen infection, but essentially no information is available for members of the destructive mastreviruses. We have investigated an HR-type response elicited in Nicotiana species by Oat dwarf virus (ODV) and have found that expression of the ODV RepA protein but not other ODV-encoded proteins elicits the HR-type cell death associated with a burst of H2O2. Deletion mutagenesis indicates that the first nine amino acids (aa) at the N terminus of RepA and the two regions located between aa residues 173 and 195 and between aa residues 241 and 260 near the C terminus are essential for HR-type cell-death elicitation. Confocal and electron microscopy showed that the RepA protein is localized in the nuclei of plant cells and might contain bipartite nuclear localization signals. The HR-like lesions mediated by RepA were inhibited by temperatures above 30°C and involvement of jasmonic acid (JA) in HR was identified by gain- and loss-of-function experiments. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an elicitor of HR-type cell death from mastreviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Qian
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, People's Republic of China
| | - Huwei Hou
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, People's Republic of China
- 2 State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingtang Shen
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinzhong Cai
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, People's Republic of China
| | - Garry Sunter
- 3 Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, U.S.A
| | - Xueping Zhou
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, People's Republic of China
- 2 State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro TAKAHASHI
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu Sangyo University
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Qiu A, Liu Z, Li J, Chen Y, Guan D, He S. The Ectopic Expression of CaRop1 Modulates the Response of Tobacco Plants to Ralstonia solanacearum and Aphids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1177. [PMID: 27551287 PMCID: PMC4976107 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In plants, Rho-related GTPases (Rops) are versatile molecular switches that regulate various biological processes, although their exact roles are not fully understood. Herein, we provide evidence that the ectopic expression of a Rop derived from Capsicum annuum, designated CaRop1, in tobacco plants modulates the response of these plants to Ralstonia solanacearum or aphid attack. The deduced amino acid sequence of CaRop1 harbors a conserved Rho domain and is highly homologous to Rops of other plant species. Transient expression of a CaRop1-GFP fusion protein in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf epidermal cells revealed localization of the GFP signal to the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. Overexpression (OE) of the wild-type CaRop1 or its dominant-negative mutant (DN-CaRop1) conferred substantial resistance to R. solanacearum infection and aphid attack, and this effect was accompanied by enhanced transcriptional expression of the hypersensitive-reaction marker gene HSR201; the jasmonic acid (JA)-responsive PR1b and LOX1; the insect resistance-associated NtPI-I, NtPI-II, and NtTPI; the ethylene (ET) production-associated NtACS1; and NPK1, a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) that interferes with N-, Bs2-, and Rx-mediated disease resistance. In contrast, OE of the constitutively active mutant of CaRop1(CA-CaRop1) enhanced susceptibility of the transgenic tobacco plants to R. solanacearum infection and aphid attack and downregulated or sustained the expression of HSR201, PR1b, NPK1, NtACS1, NtPI-I, NtPI-II, and NtTPI. These results collectively suggest that CaRop1 acts as a signaling switch in the crosstalk between Solanaceaes's response to R. solanacearum infection and aphid attack possibly via JA/ET-mediated signaling machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailian Qiu
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, FuzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education/Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, FuzhouChina
| | - Zhiqin Liu
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, FuzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education/Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, FuzhouChina
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, FuzhouChina
| | - Jiazhi Li
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, FuzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education/Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, FuzhouChina
| | - Yanshen Chen
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, FuzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education/Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, FuzhouChina
| | - Deyi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education/Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, FuzhouChina
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, FuzhouChina
| | - Shuilin He
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, FuzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Breeding and Comprehensive Utilization, Ministry of Education/Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, FuzhouChina
- College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, FuzhouChina
- *Correspondence: Shuilin He,
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Genetic Dissection of Disease Resistance to the Blue Mold Pathogen, Peronospora tabacina, in Tobacco. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy5040555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Sagor GHM, Chawla P, Kim DW, Berberich T, Kojima S, Niitsu M, Kusano T. The polyamine spermine induces the unfolded protein response via the MAPK cascade in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:687. [PMID: 26442007 PMCID: PMC4565113 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis three basic region leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor genes, bZIP17, bZIP28, and bZIP60, play crucial roles in the unfolded protein response (UPR). Previously we found that bZIP60 is one of the spermine-induced genes. Consequently we further investigated the response of all the three bZIP genes to spermine. Expression of bZIP17, bZIP28, and bZIP60, and also their target genes was activated by spermine application as well as in plants with elevated endogenous spermine levels. Furthermore, spermine activated the splicing of the bZIP60 transcript mediated by the ribonuclease activity of inositol-requiring enzyme 1 and also recruited bZIP17 and bZIP60 proteins from endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus. We therefore propose that spermine is a novel UPR inducer. Moreover, induction of UPR by spermine required calcium-influx to the cytoplasm and the genes for mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 9 (MKK9), mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MPK3) and MPK6. The result indicates that spermine-induced UPR is mediated by the MKK9-MPK3/MPK6 cascade in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. H. M. Sagor
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku UniversitySendai, Japan
| | - Pratima Chawla
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku UniversitySendai, Japan
| | - Dong W. Kim
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku UniversitySendai, Japan
| | - Thomas Berberich
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Center, Laboratory CenterFrankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Seiji Kojima
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku UniversitySendai, Japan
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku UniversitySendai, Japan
| | - Masaru Niitsu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai UniversitySakado, Japan
| | - Tomonobu Kusano
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku UniversitySendai, Japan
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Mo H, Wang X, Zhang Y, Zhang G, Zhang J, Ma Z. Cotton polyamine oxidase is required for spermine and camalexin signalling in the defence response to Verticillium dahliae. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 83:962-75. [PMID: 26221980 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae is a destructive, soil-borne fungal pathogen that causes vascular wilt disease in many economically important crops worldwide. A polyamine oxidase (PAO) gene was identified and cloned by screening suppression subtractive hybridisation and cDNA libraries of cotton genotypes tolerant to Verticillium wilt and was induced early and strongly by inoculation with V. dahliae and application of plant hormone. Recombinant cotton polyamine oxidase (GhPAO) was found to catalyse the conversion of spermine (Spm) to spermidine (Spd) in vitro. Constitutive expression of GhPAO in Arabidopsis thaliana produced improved resistance to V. dahliae and maintained putrescine, Spd and Spm at high levels. Hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), salicylic acid and camalexin (a phytoalexin) levels were distinctly increased in GhPAO-overexpressing Arabidopsis plants during V. dahliae infection when compared with wild-type plants, and Spm and camalexin efficiently inhibited growth of V. dahliae in vitro. Spermine promoted the accumulation of camalexin by inducing the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinases and cytochrome P450 proteins in Arabidopsis and cotton plants. The three polyamines all showed higher accumulation in tolerant cotton cultivars than in susceptible cotton cultivars after inoculation with V. dahliae. GhPAO silencing in cotton significantly reduced the Spd level and increased the Spm level, leading to enhanced susceptibility to infection by V. dahliae, and the levels of H2 O2 and camalexin were distinctly lower in GhPAO-silenced cotton plants after V. dahliae infection. Together, these results suggest that GhPAO contributes to resistance of the plant against V. dahliae through the mediation of Spm and camalexin signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Mo
- North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Xingfen Wang
- North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Guiyin Zhang
- North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
| | - Jinfa Zhang
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Box 30003, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA
| | - Zhiying Ma
- North China Key Laboratory for Germplasm Resources of Education Ministry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
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Rossi FR, Marina M, Pieckenstain FL. Role of Arginine decarboxylase (ADC) in Arabidopsis thaliana defence against the pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas viridiflava. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2015; 17:831-9. [PMID: 25409942 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Polyamine biosynthesis starts with putrescine production through the decarboxylation of arginine or ornithine. In Arabidopsis thaliana, putrescine is synthesised exclusively by arginine decarboxylase (ADC), which exists as two isoforms (ADC1 and 2) that are differentially regulated by abiotic stimuli, but their role in defence against pathogens has not been studied in depth. This work analysed the participation of ADC in Arabidopsis defence against Pseudomonas viridiflava. ADC activity and expression, polyamine levels and bacterial resistance were analysed in null mutants of each ADC isoform. In non-infected wild-type (WT) plants, ADC2 expression was much higher than ADC1. Analysis of adc mutants demonstrated that ADC2 contributes to a much higher extent than ADC1 to basal ADC activity and putrescine biosynthesis. In addition, adc2 mutants showed increased basal expression of salicylic acid- and jasmonic acid-dependent PR genes. Bacterial infection induced putrescine accumulation and ADC1 expression in WT plants, but pathogen-induced putrescine accumulation was blocked in adc1 mutants. Results suggest a specific participation of ADC1 in defence, although basal resistance was not decreased by dysfunction of either of the two ADC genes. In addition, and as opposed to WT plants, bacterial infection increased ADC2 expression and ADC activity in adc1 mutants, which could counterbalance the lack of ADC1. Results demonstrate a major contribution of ADC2 to total ADC activity and the specific induction of ADC1 in response to infection. A certain degree of functional redundancy between the two isoforms in relation to their contribution to basal resistance is also evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Rossi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús, Universidad Nacional de General San Martín-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IIB-INTECH/UNSAM-CONICET), Chascomús, Argentina
| | - M Marina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús, Universidad Nacional de General San Martín-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IIB-INTECH/UNSAM-CONICET), Chascomús, Argentina
| | - F L Pieckenstain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús, Universidad Nacional de General San Martín-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IIB-INTECH/UNSAM-CONICET), Chascomús, Argentina
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Kumar D, Rampuria S, Singh NK, Shukla P, Kirti PB. Characterization of a vacuolar processing enzyme expressed in Arachis diogoi in resistance responses against late leaf spot pathogen, Phaeoisariopsis personata. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 88:177-91. [PMID: 25893777 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0318-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Vacuolar processing enzymes are cysteine proteases responsible for maturation of vacuolar proteins. They have been shown to possess caspase-1-like activity, mediate cell death and display increased activity during pathogen infections. A transcript derived fragment corresponding to VPE was found to be up-regulated in a cDNA-AFLP analysis of host responses of a wild peanut, Arachis diogoi upon challenge from the late leaf spot pathogen Phaeoisariopsis personata, which was subsequently validated by q-PCR in a time course analysis, where susceptible peanut did not show its upregulation. In transient conditional and constitutive expression studies in tobacco leaves using agroinfiltration, we have observed that expression of AdVPE was associated with hypersensitive response (HR) like cell death. AdVPE expression was found to be high at 24 h post estradiol application and this was associated with the enhanced co-expression of molecular markers of HR cell death genes and genes for pathogenesis related proteins indicating that AdVPE positively regulates defense responses and its estradiol induced expression is sufficient for HR-like cell death in tobacco. We found that AdVPE expression was very strongly induced in response to sodium nitroprusside, which indicates its involvement in stress signaling. Induced expression of AdVPE in response to jasmonic acid and ethylene also indicates its involvement in an interconnected network of signaling. Transgenic tobacco plants ectopically expressing AdVPE exhibited enhanced resistance against Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae, Alternaria alternata var. nicotianae and Rhizoctonia solani. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the heterologous expression of a pathogen induced VPE enhancing resistance to fungal pathogens with cell death phenomenon under transient expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Kumar
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India,
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Ouyang Z, Li X, Huang L, Hong Y, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Li D, Song F. Elicitin-like proteins Oli-D1 and Oli-D2 from Pythium oligandrum trigger hypersensitive response in Nicotiana benthamiana and induce resistance against Botrytis cinerea in tomato. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015; 16:238-50. [PMID: 25047132 PMCID: PMC6638515 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The biocontrol agent Pythium oligandrum and its elicitin-like proteins oligandrins have been shown to induce disease resistance in a range of plants. In the present study, the ability of two oligandrins, Oli-D1 and Oli-D2, to induce an immune response and the possible molecular mechanism regulating the defence responses in Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato were investigated. Infiltration of recombinant Oli-D1 and Oli-D2 proteins induced a typical immune response in N. benthamiana including the induction of a hypersensitive response (HR), accumulation of reactive oxygen species and production of autofluorescence. Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression assays revealed that full-length Oli-D1 and Oli-D2 were required for full HR-inducing activity in N. benthamiana, and virus-induced gene silencing-mediated knockdown of some of the signalling regulatory genes demonstrated that NbSGT1 and NbNPR1 were required for Oli-D1 and Oli-D2 to induce HR in N. benthamiana. Subcellular localization analyses indicated that both Oli-D1 and Oli-D2 were targeted to the plasma membrane of N. benthamiana. When infiltrated or transiently expressed in leaves, Oli-D1 and Oli-D2 induced resistance against Botrytis cinerea in tomato and activated the expression of a set of genes involved in the jasmonic acid/ethylene (JA/ET)-mediated signalling pathway. Our results demonstrate that Oli-D1 and Oli-D2 are effective elicitors capable of inducing immune responses in plants, probably through the JA/ET-mediated signalling pathway, and that both Oli-D1 and Oli-D2 have potential for the development of bioactive formulae for crop disease control in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Ouyang
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Hatmi S, Gruau C, Trotel-Aziz P, Villaume S, Rabenoelina F, Baillieul F, Eullaffroy P, Clément C, Ferchichi A, Aziz A. Drought stress tolerance in grapevine involves activation of polyamine oxidation contributing to improved immune response and low susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:775-87. [PMID: 25385768 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Environmental factors including drought stress may modulate plant immune responses and resistance to pathogens. However, the relationship between mechanisms of drought tolerance and resistance to pathogens remained unknown. In this study, the effects of drought stress on polyamine (PA) homeostasis and immune responses were investigated in two grapevine genotypes differing in their drought tolerance; Chardonnay (CHR), as sensitive and Meski (MSK), as tolerant. Under drought conditions, MSK plants showed the lowest leaf water loss and reduction of photosynthetic efficiency, and expressed a lower level of NCED2, a gene involved in abscisic acid biosynthesis, compared with CHR plants. The improved drought tolerance in MSK was also coincident with the highest change in free PAs and up-regulation of the genes encoding arginine decarboxylase (ADC), copper amine-oxidase (CuAO), and PA-oxidases (PAO) and their corresponding enzyme activities. MSK plants also accumulated the highest level of amino acids, including Arg, Glu, Gln, Pro, and GABA, emphasizing the participation of PA-related amino acid homeostasis in drought tolerance. Importantly, drought-tolerant plants also exhibited enhanced phytoalexin accumulation and up-regulation of PR genes, especially PR-2 and Chit4c, compared with the sensitive plants. This is consistent with a lower susceptibility of MSK than CHR to Botrytis cinerea. Data suggest a possible connection between water stress tolerance and immune response in grapevine. Pharmacological experiments revealed that under drought conditions CuAO and PAO pathways were involved in the regulation of photosynthetic efficiency, and also of immune response and resistance of grapevine to a subsequent pathogen attack. These results open new views to improve our understanding of crosstalk between drought tolerance mechanisms and immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saloua Hatmi
- URVVC EA 4707, University of Reims, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Reims Cedex 02, France
| | - Charlotte Gruau
- URVVC EA 4707, University of Reims, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Reims Cedex 02, France
| | - Patricia Trotel-Aziz
- URVVC EA 4707, University of Reims, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Reims Cedex 02, France
| | - Sandra Villaume
- URVVC EA 4707, University of Reims, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Reims Cedex 02, France
| | - Fanja Rabenoelina
- URVVC EA 4707, University of Reims, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Reims Cedex 02, France
| | - Fabienne Baillieul
- URVVC EA 4707, University of Reims, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Reims Cedex 02, France
| | - Philippe Eullaffroy
- URVVC EA 4707, University of Reims, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Reims Cedex 02, France
| | - Christophe Clément
- URVVC EA 4707, University of Reims, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Reims Cedex 02, France
| | - Ali Ferchichi
- Institut des Régions Arides, Aridoculture and Oasis Cropping, 4119 Medenine, Tunisia
| | - Aziz Aziz
- URVVC EA 4707, University of Reims, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Reims Cedex 02, France
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Subramanyam S, Sardesai N, Minocha SC, Zheng C, Shukle RH, Williams CE. Hessian fly larval feeding triggers enhanced polyamine levels in susceptible but not resistant wheat. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:3. [PMID: 25592131 PMCID: PMC4308891 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0396-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor), a member of the gall midge family, is one of the most destructive pests of wheat (Triticum aestivum) worldwide. Probing of wheat plants by the larvae results in either an incompatible (avirulent larvae, resistant plant) or a compatible (virulent larvae, susceptible plant) interaction. Virulent larvae induce the formation of a nutritive tissue, resembling the inside surface of a gall, in susceptible wheat. These nutritive cells are a rich source of proteins and sugars that sustain the developing virulent Hessian fly larvae. In addition, on susceptible wheat, larvae trigger a significant increase in levels of amino acids including proline and glutamic acid, which are precursors for the biosynthesis of ornithine and arginine that in turn enter the pathway for polyamine biosynthesis. RESULTS Following Hessian fly larval attack, transcript abundance in susceptible wheat increased for several genes involved in polyamine biosynthesis, leading to higher levels of the free polyamines, putrescine, spermidine and spermine. A concurrent increase in polyamine levels occurred in the virulent larvae despite a decrease in abundance of Mdes-odc (ornithine decarboxylase) transcript encoding a key enzyme in insect putrescine biosynthesis. In contrast, resistant wheat and avirulent Hessian fly larvae did not exhibit significant changes in transcript abundance of genes involved in polyamine biosynthesis or in free polyamine levels. CONCLUSIONS The major findings from this study are: (i) although polyamines contribute to defense in some plant-pathogen interactions, their production is induced in susceptible wheat during interactions with Hessian fly larvae without contributing to defense, and (ii) due to low abundance of transcripts encoding the rate-limiting ornithine decarboxylase enzyme in the larval polyamine pathway the source of polyamines found in virulent larvae is plausibly wheat-derived. The activation of the host polyamine biosynthesis pathway during compatible wheat-Hessian fly interactions is consistent with a model wherein the virulent larvae usurp the polyamine biosynthesis machinery of the susceptible plant to acquire nutrients required for their own growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nagesh Sardesai
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
- Present address: Dow AgroSciences LLC, Indianapolis, IN, 46268, USA.
| | - Subhash C Minocha
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA.
| | - Cheng Zheng
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
- Present address: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, 07936, USA.
| | - Richard H Shukle
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
- USDA-ARS Crop Production and Pest Control Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Christie E Williams
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
- USDA-ARS Crop Production and Pest Control Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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50
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Salicylic Acid Signaling in Plant Innate Immunity. PLANT HORMONE SIGNALING SYSTEMS IN PLANT INNATE IMMUNITY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9285-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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