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Ren B, Guo X, Liu J, Feng G, Hao X, Zhang X, Chen Z. Auxin-Mediated Lateral Root Development in Root Galls of Cucumber under Meloidogyne incognita Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2679. [PMID: 39409549 PMCID: PMC11478513 DOI: 10.3390/plants13192679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2024] [Revised: 09/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/20/2024]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes induce the formation of feeding sites within the host roots and the relocation of auxin into galls results in abnormal lateral root growth. Here, we analyzed the changes in cucumber root architecture under Meloidogyne incognita stress and the distribution of auxin in these morphological and molecular root changes. The number of root tips significantly decreased, and regression analysis showed a positive relationship between the size of root galls and the numbers of nematodes in galls compared with the lateral roots on galls, emphasizing the effect of nematode parasitism on root development. Data generated via a promoter-reporter system using the transgenic hairy root system first characterized the auxin distribution during nematode parasitism in cucumber. Using DR5:GUS staining of root galls, we further detected the expression of CsPIN1 and CsAUX1, which regulate polar auxin transport. The results showed that both CsPIN1 and CsAUX1 were induced in galls, and the relative expression of the two genes significantly increased at 21 DAI. The TIBA treatment, which can disrupt polar auxin transport inhibited the numbers of cucumber root tips and total length following increasing concentration gradients. Moreover, the numbers of galls were significantly affected by TIBA treatment, which showed the vital role of auxin during nematode parasitism. Our findings suggest that the transportation of auxin plays an important role during gall formation and induces cucumber lateral root development within nematode feeding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoling Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China; (B.R.); (X.G.)
| | - Xin Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China; (B.R.); (X.G.)
| | - Jingjing Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China; (B.R.); (X.G.)
| | - Guifang Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China; (B.R.); (X.G.)
| | - Xiaodong Hao
- School of Resources and Environment, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China; (B.R.); (X.G.)
| | - Zhiqun Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China; (B.R.); (X.G.)
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2
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Yang C, Jiang L, Leng Z, Yuan S, Wang Y, Liu G, Jiang Q, Tan Y, Yu H, Yang F, Ji H, Du J, Li W. Overexpression of NtEXPA7 promotes seedling growth and resistance to root-knot nematode in tobacco. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 720:150086. [PMID: 38761478 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Root-knot nematode (RKN) is one of the most damaging plant pathogen in the world. They exhibit a wide host range and cause serious crop losses. The cell wall, encasing every plant cell, plays a crucial role in defending of RKN invasion. Expansins are a group of cell wall proteins inducing cell wall loosening and extensibility. They are widely involved in the regulation of plant growth and the response to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, we have characterized the biological function of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) NtEXPA7, the homologue of Solyc08g080060.2 (SlEXPA18), of which the transcription level was significantly reduced in susceptible tomato upon RKN infection. The expression of NtEXPA7 was up-regulated after inoculation of RKNs. The NtEXPA7 protein resided in the cell wall. Overexpression of NtEXPA7 promoted the seedling growth of transgenic tobacco. Meanwhile the increased expression of NtEXPA7 was beneficial to enhance the resistance against RKNs. This study expands the understanding of biological role of expansin in coordinate plant growth and disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yang
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Lianqiang Jiang
- Sichuan Provincial Tobacco Company Liangshanzhou Company, Liangshanzhou, 615000, China.
| | - Zhengmei Leng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Shuai Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Sichuan Provincial Tobacco Company Liangshanzhou Company, Liangshanzhou, 615000, China
| | - Guo Liu
- Sichuan Provincial Tobacco Company Liangshanzhou Company, Liangshanzhou, 615000, China
| | - Qipeng Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Yanni Tan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Haoqiang Yu
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Hongli Ji
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610066, China.
| | - Juan Du
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
| | - Wanchen Li
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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3
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Domínguez-Figueroa J, Gómez-Rojas A, Escobar C. Functional studies of plant transcription factors and their relevance in the plant root-knot nematode interaction. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1370532. [PMID: 38784063 PMCID: PMC11113014 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1370532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes are polyphagous parasitic nematodes that cause severe losses in the agriculture worldwide. They enter the root in the elongation zone and subtly migrate to the root meristem where they reach the vascular cylinder and establish a feeding site called gall. Inside the galls they induce a group of transfer cells that serve to nurture them along their parasitic stage, the giant cells. Galls and giant cells develop through a process of post-embryogenic organogenesis that involves manipulating different genetic regulatory networks within the cells, some of them through hijacking some molecular transducers of established plant developmental processes, such as lateral root formation or root regeneration. Galls/giant cells formation involves different mechanisms orchestrated by the nematode´s effectors that generate diverse plant responses in different plant tissues, some of them include sophisticated mechanisms to overcome plant defenses. Yet, the plant-nematode interaction is normally accompanied to dramatic transcriptomic changes within the galls and giant cells. It is therefore expected a key regulatory role of plant-transcription factors, coordinating both, the new organogenesis process induced by the RKNs and the plant response against the nematode. Knowing the role of plant-transcription factors participating in this process becomes essential for a clear understanding of the plant-RKNs interaction and provides an opportunity for the future development and design of directed control strategies. In this review, we present the existing knowledge of the TFs with a functional role in the plant-RKN interaction through a comprehensive analysis of current scientific literature and available transcriptomic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Domínguez-Figueroa
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- Centro de Biotecnologia y Genomica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politecnica de Madrid and Instituto de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria-Consejo Superior de investigaciones Cientificas (UPM-INIA/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Gómez-Rojas
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Carolina Escobar
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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Lee IH, Choi BY, Kim DS, Han H, Kim YH, Shim D. Temporal Transcriptome Profiling of Pinus densiflora Infected with Pine Wood Nematode Reveals Genetically Programmed Changes upon Pine Wilt Disease. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:982-989. [PMID: 38451552 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-23-0397-kc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Pine, an evergreen conifer, is widely distributed worldwide. It is economically, scientifically, and ecologically important. However, pine wilt disease (PWD) induced by the pine wood nematode (PWN) adversely affects pine trees. Many studies have been conducted on the PWN and its beetle vectors to prevent the spread of PWD. However, studies providing a comprehensive understanding of the pine tree transcriptome in response to PWN infection are lacking. Here, we performed temporal profiling of the pine tree transcriptome using PWD-infected red pine trees, Pinus densiflora, inoculated with the PWN by RNA sequencing. Our analysis revealed that defense-responsive genes involved in cell wall modification, jasmonic acid signaling, and phenylpropanoid-related processes were significantly enriched 2 weeks after PWD infection. Furthermore, some WRKY-type and MYB-type transcription factors were upregulated 2 weeks after PWD infection, suggesting that these transcription factors might be responsible for the genome-wide reprogramming of defense-responsive genes in the early PWD stage. Our comprehensive transcriptome analysis will assist in developing PWD-resistant pine trees and identifying genes to diagnose PWD at the early stage of infection, during which large-scale phenotypic changes are absent in PWD-infected pine trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il Hwan Lee
- Department of Forest Bio-Resources, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon 16631, Republic of Korea
| | - Bae Young Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Soo Kim
- Forest Biomaterials Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science, Jinju 52817, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyelim Han
- Division of Forest Insect Pests and Diseases, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul 02455, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Hee Kim
- Department of Biology Education, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghwan Shim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
- Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Sciences, Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
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Zhao J, Huang K, Liu R, Lai Y, Abad P, Favery B, Jian H, Ling J, Li Y, Yang Y, Xie B, Quentin M, Mao Z. The root-knot nematode effector Mi2G02 hijacks a host plant trihelix transcription factor to promote nematode parasitism. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100723. [PMID: 37742073 PMCID: PMC10873892 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) cause huge agricultural losses every year. They secrete a repertoire of effectors to facilitate parasitism through the induction of plant-derived giant feeding cells, which serve as their sole source of nutrients. However, the mode of action of these effectors and their targeted host proteins remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of the effector Mi2G02 in Meloidogyne incognita parasitism. Host-derived Mi2G02 RNA interference in Arabidopsis thaliana affected giant cell development, whereas ectopic expression of Mi2G02 promoted root growth and increased plant susceptibility to M. incognita. We used various combinations of approaches to study the specific interactions between Mi2G02 and A. thaliana GT-3a, a trihelix transcription factor. GT-3a knockout in A. thaliana affected feeding-site development, resulting in production of fewer egg masses, whereas GT-3a overexpression in A. thaliana increased susceptibility to M. incognita and also root growth. Moreover, we demonstrated that Mi2G02 plays a role in maintaining GT-3a protein stabilization by inhibiting the 26S proteasome-dependent pathway, leading to suppression of TOZ and RAD23C expression and thus promoting nematode parasitism. This work enhances our understanding of how a pathogen effector manipulates the role and regulation of a transcription factor by interfering with a proteolysis pathway to reprogram gene expression for development of nematode feeding cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Kaiwei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuqing Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Pierre Abad
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Bruno Favery
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Heng Jian
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jian Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuhong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bingyan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Michaël Quentin
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France.
| | - Zhenchuan Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Biobreeding, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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Mukhaimar M, Pfalz M, Shykoff J, Kroymann J. Natural genetic variation and negative density effects in plant-nematode interactions. PLANT-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2024; 5:e10133. [PMID: 38323129 PMCID: PMC10840372 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana is a suitable host for phytoparasitic nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne. Successful nematode infection leads to the formation of root galls. We tested for natural genetic variation and inoculation density effects on nematode reproductive success in the interaction between A. thaliana and Meloidogyne javanica. We inoculated different Arabidopsis genotypes with two sources of nematodes at two different doses, using a mild protocol for inoculum preparation. We counted root galls and egg masses 2 months after inoculation. We obtained a high number of successful nematode infections. Infection success differed among Arabidopsis genotypes in interaction with the nematode source. Overall, infection success and reproductive success of nematodes were lower at a higher inoculum dose of nematodes. Our results indicate that natural genetic variation in both host plants and nematodes, as well as short- and long-term negative density effects, shape nematode reproductive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisara Mukhaimar
- Ecologie Systématique EvolutionCNRS/Université Paris‐Saclay/AgroParisTechGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
- Palestinian National Agricultural Research Center – Ministry of AgricultureJeninPalestine
| | - Marina Pfalz
- Ecologie Systématique EvolutionCNRS/Université Paris‐Saclay/AgroParisTechGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - Jacqui Shykoff
- Ecologie Systématique EvolutionCNRS/Université Paris‐Saclay/AgroParisTechGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - Juergen Kroymann
- Ecologie Systématique EvolutionCNRS/Université Paris‐Saclay/AgroParisTechGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
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7
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Thorat YE, Dutta TK, Jain PK, Subramaniam K, Sirohi A. A nematode-inducible promoter can effectively drives RNAi construct to confer Meloidogyne incognita resistance in tomato. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023; 43:3. [PMID: 38117317 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03114-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Heterologous expression of a nematode-responsive promoter in tomato successfully driven the RNAi constructs to impart root-knot nematode resistance. The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita seriously afflicts the global productivity of tomatoes. Nematode management options are extremely reliant on chemical methods, however, only a handful of nematicides are commercially available. Additionally, nematodes have developed resistance-breaking phenotypes against the commercially available Mi gene-expressing tomatoes. Nematode resistance in crop plants can be enhanced using the bio-safe RNAi technology, in which plants are genetically modified to express nematode gene-specific dsRNA/siRNA molecules. However, the majority of the RNAi crops conferring nematode tolerance have used constitutive promoters, which have many limitations. In the present study, using promoter-GUS fusion, we functionally validated two nematode-inducible root-specific promoters (pAt1g74770 and pAt2g18140, identified from Arabidopsis thaliana) in the Solanum lycopersicum-M. incognita pathosystem. pAt2g18140 was found to be nematode-responsive during 10-21 days post-inoculation (dpi) and became non-responsive during the late infection stage (28 dpi). In contrast, pAt1g74770 remained nematode-responsive for a longer duration (10-28 dpi). Next, a number of transgenic lines were developed that expressed RNAi constructs (independently targeting the M. incognita integrase and splicing factor genes) driven by the pAt1g74770 promoter. M. incognita parasitic success (measured by multiplication factor ratio) in pAt1g74770:integrase and pAt1g74770:splicing factor RNAi lines were significantly reduced by 60.83-74.93% and 69.34-75.31%, respectively, compared to the control. These data were comparable with the RNAi lines having CaMV35S as the promoter. Further, a long-term RNAi effect was evident, because females extracted from transgenic lines were of deformed shape with depleted transcripts of integrase and splicing factor genes. We conclude that pAt1g74770 can be an attractive alternative to drive localized expression of RNAi constructs rather than using a constitutive promoter. The pAt1g74770-driven gene silencing system can be expanded into different plant-nematode interaction models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh E Thorat
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Biological Control Centre, ICAR-Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, 413712, India
| | - Tushar K Dutta
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
| | - Pradeep K Jain
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | | | - Anil Sirohi
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
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8
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Chen Y, Liu Q, Sun X, Liu L, Zhao J, Yang S, Wang X, Quentin M, Abad P, Favery B, Jian H. Meloidogyne enterolobii MeMSP1 effector targets the glutathione-S-transferase phi GSTF family in Arabidopsis to manipulate host metabolism and promote nematode parasitism. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:2468-2483. [PMID: 37823217 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Meloidogyne enterolobii is an emerging root-knot nematode species that overcomes most of the nematode resistance genes in crops. Nematode effector proteins secreted in planta are key elements in the molecular dialogue of parasitism. Here, we show the MeMSP1 effector is secreted into giant cells and promotes M. enterolobii parasitism. Using co-immunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescent complementation assays, we identified glutathione-S-transferase phi GSTFs as host targets of the MeMSP1 effector. This protein family plays important roles in plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. We demonstrate that MeMSP1 interacts with all Arabidopsis GSTF. Moreover, we confirmed that the N-terminal region of AtGSTF9 is critical for its interaction, and atgstf9 mutant lines are more susceptible to root-knot nematode infection. Combined transcriptome and metabolome analyses showed that MeMSP1 affects the metabolic pathways of Arabidopsis thaliana, resulting in the accumulation of amino acids, nucleic acids, and their metabolites, and organic acids and the downregulation of flavonoids. Our study has shed light on a novel effector mechanism that targets plant metabolism, reducing the production of plant defence-related compounds while favouring the accumulation of metabolites beneficial to the nematode, and thereby promoting parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongpan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, 572024, China
| | - Xuqian Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jianlong Zhao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shanshan Yang
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Xiangfeng Wang
- National Maize Improvement Center, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Michaël Quentin
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | - Pierre Abad
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | - Bruno Favery
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | - Heng Jian
- Department of Plant Pathology and MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Sun Y, Shi M, Wang D, Gong Y, Sha Q, Lv P, Yang J, Chu P, Guo S. Research progress on the roles of actin-depolymerizing factor in plant stress responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1278311. [PMID: 38034575 PMCID: PMC10687421 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1278311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Actin-depolymerizing factors (ADFs) are highly conserved small-molecule actin-binding proteins found throughout eukaryotic cells. In land plants, ADFs form a small gene family that displays functional redundancy despite variations among its individual members. ADF can bind to actin monomers or polymerized microfilaments and regulate dynamic changes in the cytoskeletal framework through specialized biochemical activities, such as severing, depolymerizing, and bundling. The involvement of ADFs in modulating the microfilaments' dynamic changes has significant implications for various physiological processes, including plant growth, development, and stress response. The current body of research has greatly advanced our comprehension of the involvement of ADFs in the regulation of plant responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses, particularly with respect to the molecular regulatory mechanisms that govern ADF activity during the transmission of stress signals. Stress has the capacity to directly modify the transcription levels of ADF genes, as well as indirectly regulate their expression through transcription factors such as MYB, C-repeat binding factors, ABF, and 14-3-3 proteins. Furthermore, apart from their role in regulating actin dynamics, ADFs possess the ability to modulate the stress response by influencing downstream genes associated with pathogen resistance and abiotic stress response. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current advancements in plant ADF gene research and suggests that the identification of plant ADF family genes across a broader spectrum, thorough analysis of ADF gene regulation in stress resistance of plants, and manipulation of ADF genes through genome-editing techniques to enhance plant stress resistance are crucial avenues for future investigation in this field.
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10
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Noureddine Y, da Rocha M, An J, Médina C, Mejias J, Mulet K, Quentin M, Abad P, Zouine M, Favery B, Jaubert-Possamai S. AUXIN RESPONSIVE FACTOR8 regulates development of the feeding site induced by root-knot nematodes in tomato. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:5752-5766. [PMID: 37310189 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKN) from the genus Meloidogyne induce the dedifferentiation of root vascular cells into giant multinucleate feeding cells. These feeding cells result from an extensive reprogramming of gene expression, and auxin is known to be a key player in their development. However, little is known about how the auxin signal is transmitted during giant cell development. Integrative analyses combining transcriptome and small non-coding RNA datasets with the specific sequencing of cleaved transcripts identified genes targeted by miRNAs in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) galls. The two auxin-responsive transcription factors ARF8A and ARF8B, and their miRNA167 regulators, were identified as robust gene-miRNA pair candidates to be involved in the tomato response to M. incognita. Spatiotemporal expression analysis using promoter-β-glucuronidase (GUS) fusions showed the up-regulation of ARF8A and ARF8B in RKN-induced feeding cells and surrounding cells. The generation and phenotyping of CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats) mutants demonstrated the role of ARF8A and ARF8B in giant cell development and allowed the characterization of their downstream regulated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Noureddine
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Martine da Rocha
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Jing An
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, 31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Clémence Médina
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Joffrey Mejias
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Karine Mulet
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Michaël Quentin
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Pierre Abad
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Mohamed Zouine
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, 31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Bruno Favery
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, F-06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
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11
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Khan A, Chen S, Fatima S, Ahamad L, Siddiqui MA. Biotechnological Tools to Elucidate the Mechanism of Plant and Nematode Interactions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2387. [PMID: 37376010 DOI: 10.3390/plants12122387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) pose a threat to global food security in both the developed and developing worlds. PPNs cause crop losses worth a total of more than USD 150 billion worldwide. The sedentary root-knot nematodes (RKNs) also cause severe damage to various agricultural crops and establish compatible relationships with a broad range of host plants. This review aims to provide a broad overview of the strategies used to identify the morpho-physiological and molecular events that occur during RKN parasitism. It describes the most current developments in the transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic strategies of nematodes, which are important for understanding compatible interactions of plants and nematodes, and several strategies for enhancing plant resistance against RKNs. We will highlight recent rapid advances in molecular strategies, such as gene-silencing technologies, RNA interference (RNAi), and small interfering RNA (siRNA) effector proteins, that are leading to considerable progress in understanding the mechanism of plant-nematode interactions. We also take into account genetic engineering strategies, such as targeted genome editing techniques, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9) (CRISPR/Cas-9) system, and quantitative trait loci (QTL), to enhance the resistance of plants against nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Khan
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Shaohua Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Saba Fatima
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Lukman Ahamad
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
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12
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Abril-Urias P, Ruiz-Ferrer V, Cabrera J, Olmo R, Silva AC, Díaz-Manzano FE, Domínguez-Figueroa J, Martínez-Gómez Á, Gómez-Rojas A, Moreno-Risueno MÁ, Fenoll C, Escobar C. Divergent regulation of auxin responsive genes in root-knot and cyst nematodes feeding sites formed in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1024815. [PMID: 36875577 PMCID: PMC9976713 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1024815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cysts (CNs) and root-knot nematodes (RKNs) induce specialized feeding cells, syncytia, and giant cells (GCs), respectively, within plant roots. The plant tissues around the GCs usually by respond forming a root swelling called a gall that contains the GCs. The ontogenesis of feeding cells is different. GC formation is a process of new organogenesis from vascular cells, which are still not well characterized, that differentiate into GCs. In contrast, syncytia formation involves the fusion of adjacent cells that have already differentiated. Nonetheless, both feeding sites show an auxin maximum pertinent to feeding site formation. However, data on the molecular divergences and similarities between the formation of both feeding sites regarding auxin-responsive genes are still scarce. We studied genes from the auxin transduction pathways that are crucial during gall and lateral root (LR) development in the CN interaction by using promoter-reporter (GUS/LUC)transgenic lines, as well as loss of function lines of Arabidopsis. The promoters pGATA23 and several deletions of pmiR390a were active in syncytia, as were in galls, but pAHP6 or putative up-stream regulators as ARF5/7/19 were not active in syncytia. Additionally, none of these genes seemed to play a key role during cyst nematode establishment in Arabidopsis, as the infection rates in loss of function lines did not show significant differences compared to control Col-0 plants. Furthermore, the presence of only canonical AuxRe elements in their proximal promoter regions is highly correlated with their activation in galls/GCs (AHP6, LBD16), but those promoters active in syncytia (miR390, GATA23) carry AuxRe overlapping core cis-elements for other transcription factor families (i.e., bHLH, bZIP). Strikingly, in silico transcriptomic analysis showed very few genes upregulated by auxins common to those induced in GCs and syncytia, despite the high number of upregulated IAA responsive genes in syncytia and galls. The complex regulation of auxin transduction pathways, where different members of the auxin response factor (ARF) family may interact with other factors, and the differences in auxin sensitivity, as indicated by the lower induction of the DR5 sensor in syncytia than galls, among other factors, may explain the divergent regulation of auxin responsive genes in the two types of nematode feeding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Abril-Urias
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Virginia Ruiz-Ferrer
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Javier Cabrera
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid and Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPM-INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocio Olmo
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- FFoQSI GmbH—Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, Tulln, Austria
- Unit of Food Microbiology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ana Cláudia Silva
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- Centro Tecnológico Nacional Agroalimentario "Extremadura", Badajoz, Spain
| | | | - Jose Domínguez-Figueroa
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela Martínez-Gómez
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Almudena Gómez-Rojas
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Moreno-Risueno
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid and Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPM-INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Fenoll
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Carolina Escobar
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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13
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Silva AC, Ruiz‐Ferrer V, Müller SY, Pellegrin C, Abril‐Urías P, Martínez‐Gómez Á, Gómez‐Rojas A, Berenguer E, Testillano PS, Andrés MF, Fenoll C, Eves‐van den Akker S, Escobar C. The DNA methylation landscape of the root-knot nematode-induced pseudo-organ, the gall, in Arabidopsis, is dynamic, contrasting over time, and critically important for successful parasitism. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:1888-1907. [PMID: 35872574 PMCID: PMC9825882 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) induce giant cells (GCs) within galls which are characterized by large-scale gene repression at early stages. However, the epigenetic mechanism(s) underlying gene silencing is (are) still poorly characterized. DNA methylation in Arabidopsis galls induced by Meloidogyne javanica was studied at crucial infection stages (3 d post-infection (dpi) and 14 dpi) using enzymatic, cytological, and sequencing approaches. DNA methyltransferase mutants (met1, cmt2, cmt3, cmt2/3, drm1/2, ddc) and a DNA demethylase mutant (ros1), were analyzed for RKN resistance/tolerance, and galls were characterized by confocal microscopy and RNA-seq. Early galls were hypermethylated, and the GCs were found to be the major contributors to this hypermethylation, consistent with the very high degree of gene repression they exhibit. By contrast, medium/late galls showed no global increase in DNA methylation compared to uninfected roots, but exhibited large-scale redistribution of differentially methylated regions (DMRs). In line with these findings, it was also shown that DNA methylation and demethylation mutants showed impaired nematode reproduction and gall/GC-development. Moreover, siRNAs that were exclusively present in early galls accumulated at hypermethylated DMRs, overlapping mostly with retrotransposons in the CHG/CG contexts that might be involved in their repression, contributing to their stability/genome integrity. Promoter/gene methylation correlated with differentially expressed genes encoding proteins with basic cell functions. Both mechanisms are consistent with reprogramming host tissues for gall/GC formation. In conclusion, RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM; DRM2/1) pathways, maintenance methyltransferases (MET1/CMT3) and demethylation (ROS1) appear to be prominent mechanisms driving a dynamic regulation of the epigenetic landscape during RKN infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cláudia Silva
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y BioquímicaUniversidad de Castilla‐La ManchaÁrea de Fisiología Vegetal, Avda. Carlos III, s/n45071ToledoSpain
| | - Virginia Ruiz‐Ferrer
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y BioquímicaUniversidad de Castilla‐La ManchaÁrea de Fisiología Vegetal, Avda. Carlos III, s/n45071ToledoSpain
| | | | - Clement Pellegrin
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
| | - Patricia Abril‐Urías
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y BioquímicaUniversidad de Castilla‐La ManchaÁrea de Fisiología Vegetal, Avda. Carlos III, s/n45071ToledoSpain
| | - Ángela Martínez‐Gómez
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y BioquímicaUniversidad de Castilla‐La ManchaÁrea de Fisiología Vegetal, Avda. Carlos III, s/n45071ToledoSpain
| | - Almudena Gómez‐Rojas
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y BioquímicaUniversidad de Castilla‐La ManchaÁrea de Fisiología Vegetal, Avda. Carlos III, s/n45071ToledoSpain
| | - Eduardo Berenguer
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita SalasCIB‐CSIC, Pollen Biotechnology of Crop PlantsRamiro de Maeztu 928040MadridSpain
| | - Pilar S. Testillano
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita SalasCIB‐CSIC, Pollen Biotechnology of Crop PlantsRamiro de Maeztu 928040MadridSpain
| | - Maria Fe Andrés
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias (ICA, CSIC)Protección Vegetal, Calle de Serrano 11528006MadridSpain
| | - Carmen Fenoll
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y BioquímicaUniversidad de Castilla‐La ManchaÁrea de Fisiología Vegetal, Avda. Carlos III, s/n45071ToledoSpain
| | | | - Carolina Escobar
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y BioquímicaUniversidad de Castilla‐La ManchaÁrea de Fisiología Vegetal, Avda. Carlos III, s/n45071ToledoSpain
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST)Kumamoto UniversityKumamoto860‐8555Japan
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14
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Joshi I, Kumar A, Kohli D, Bhattacharya R, Sirohi A, Chaudhury A, Jain PK. Gall-specific promoter, an alternative to the constitutive CaMV35S promoter, drives host-derived RNA interference targeting Mi-msp2 gene to confer effective nematode resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1007322. [PMID: 36426141 PMCID: PMC9679145 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1007322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
One of the major obligate plant parasites causing massive economic crop losses belongs to the class of root-knot nematodes (RKNs). Targeting of major nematode parasitism genes via Host Delivered-RNAi (HD-RNAi) to confer silencing is established as one of the most effective approaches to curb nematode infection. Utilizing nematode-responsive root-specific (NRRS) promoters to design a dsRNA molecule targeting approach to hamper nematode parasitism. Here, a previously validated peroxidase gall specific promoter, pAt2g18140, from Arabidopsis was employed to express the dsRNA construct of the nematode effector gene Mi-msp2 from Meloidogyne incognita. Arabidopsis RNAi lines of CaMV35S::Mi-msp2-RNAi and pAt2g18140::Mi-msp2-RNAi were compared with control plants to assess the decrease in plant nematode infection. When subjected to infection, the maximum reductions in the numbers of galls, females and egg masses in the CaMV35S::Mi-msp2-RNAi lines were 61%, 66% and 95%, respectively, whereas for the pAt2g18140::Mi-msp2-RNAi lines, they were 63%, 68% and 100%, respectively. The reduction in transcript level ranged from 79%-82% for CaMV35S::Mi-msp2-RNAi and 72%-79% for the pAt2g18140::Mi-msp2-RNAi lines. Additionally, a reduction in female size and a subsequent reduction in next-generation fecundity demonstrate the efficacy and potential of the gall specific promoter pAt2g18140 for utilization in the development of HD-RNAi constructs against RKN, as an excellent alternative to the CaMV35S promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ila Joshi
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Bio & Nano Technology Centre, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Deshika Kohli
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Anil Sirohi
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashok Chaudhury
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Bio & Nano Technology Centre, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Pradeep K. Jain
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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15
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Noureddine Y, Mejias J, da Rocha M, Thomine S, Quentin M, Abad P, Favery B, Jaubert-Possamai S. Copper microRNAs modulate the formation of giant feeding cells induced by the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:283-295. [PMID: 35801827 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are root endoparasites that induce the dedifferentiation of a few root cells and the reprogramming of their gene expression to generate giant hypermetabolic feeding cells. We identified two microRNA families, miR408 and miR398, as upregulated in Arabidopsis thaliana and Solanum lycopersicum roots infected by RKNs. In plants, the expression of these two conserved microRNA families is known to be activated by the SPL7 transcription factor in response to copper starvation. By combining functional approaches, we deciphered the network involving these microRNAs, their regulator and their targets. MIR408 expression was located within nematode-induced feeding cells like its regulator SPL7 and was regulated by copper. Moreover, infection assays with mir408 and spl7 knockout mutants or lines expressing targets rendered resistant to cleavage by miR398 demonstrated the essential role of the SPL7/MIR408/MIR398 module in the formation of giant feeding cells. Our findings reveal how perturbation of plant copper homeostasis, via the SPL7/MIR408/MIR398 module, modulates the development of nematode-induced feeding cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Noureddine
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | - Joffrey Mejias
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | - Martine da Rocha
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | - Sébastien Thomine
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), UMR9198 CNRS/CEA/Univ. Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Michaël Quentin
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | - Pierre Abad
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
| | - Bruno Favery
- INRAE, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, F-06903, France
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16
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Zhu Y, Yuan G, Zhao R, An G, Li W, Si W, Liu J, Sun D. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Differential Gene Expression in Resistant and Susceptible Watermelon Varieties in Response to Meloidogyne incognita. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:1003. [PMID: 35888092 PMCID: PMC9325173 DOI: 10.3390/life12071003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
M. incognita is a major parasitic plant disease in watermelon production, causing serious economic losses. Although there are many studies on root-knot nematode, the resistance mechanism is still unclear. In this study, in order to fully understand the mechanism of watermelon resistance to root-knot nematode, the relatively strongly resistant 'Hongzi watermelon' variety and the susceptible 'M16' watermelon variety were used as materials, combined with RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), to analyze the expression abundance of resistant and susceptible varieties at 0, 2, 8 and 15 days post-infection (DPI) by M. incognita. The number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the four comparison groups (A0_B0, A1_B1, A2_B2 and A3_B3) was 3645, 2306, 4449 and 2362, respectively, and there were 835 shared DEGs among them. GO annotation and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that 835 DEGs were mainly involved in phenylpropane biosynthesis and carbon metabolism. Furthermore, lignin-biosynthesis-related genes (4CL (4-coumaric acid-CoA ligase), C3H (coumaric acid 3-hydroxylase), CSE (caffeoyl shikimate esterase), COMT (caffeic acid-O-methyltransferase), CCR (cinnamyl CoA reductase) and PRX (peroxidase)), defense-related proteins (UDP-glucoronosyl/UDP-glucosyl transferase, UGT84A13; salicylic acid binding protein, SABP2) and some transcription factors (TFs) were highlighted, which may be potential candidate genes for further analysis in the infection process of M. incognita. These results suggest that watermelon can achieve resistance to M. incognita by increasing the content of lignin and phenols in root or improving ROS level. These RNA-seq data provide new knowledge for future functional studies and will be helpful to further elucidate the molecular mechanism of resistance to M. incognita in watermelon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Junpu Liu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (Y.Z.); (G.Y.); (R.Z.); (G.A.); (W.L.); (W.S.)
| | - Dexi Sun
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (Y.Z.); (G.Y.); (R.Z.); (G.A.); (W.L.); (W.S.)
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17
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Veronico P, Rosso LC, Melillo MT, Fanelli E, De Luca F, Ciancio A, Colagiero M, Pentimone I. Water Stress Differentially Modulates the Expression of Tomato Cell Wall Metabolism-Related Genes in Meloidogyne incognita Feeding Sites. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:817185. [PMID: 35498686 PMCID: PMC9051518 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.817185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microscopic observations and transcriptomic RNA-Seq analyses were applied to investigate the effect of water stress during the formation of tomato galls formation 1 and 2 weeks after inoculation with the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Water stress affected root growth and the nematode ability to mount an efficient parasitism. The effects of water stress on the feeding site development were already observed at 1 week after nematode inoculation, with smaller giant cells, delayed development, and thinner cell walls. These features suggested changes in the expression levels of genes involved in the feeding site formation and maintenance. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and expression patterns were used to characterize differentially expressed genes. Water stress modified the expression profile of genes involved in the synthesis, degradation, and remodeling of the cell wall during the development of nematode feeding site. A comparison of gene expression with unstressed galls revealed that water stress intensified the up or downregulation of most genes. However, it particularly influenced the expression pattern of expansin A11 (Solyc04g081870.4.1), expansin-like B1(Solyc08g077910.3.1), a pectin acetylesterase (Solyc08g005800.4.1), and the pectin methylesterase pmeu1 (Solyc03g123630.4.1) which were upregulated in unstressed galls and repressed by water stress, at both sampling times. The expression of most members of the genes involved in cell wall metabolism, i.e., those coding for Csl, fasciclin, and COBRA proteins, were negatively influenced. Interestingly, alteration in the expression profiles of most dirigent protein genes (DIRs) and upregulation of five gene coding for Casparian strip domain protein (CASP)-like proteins were found. Gene expression analysis of galls from water stressed plants allowed us to better understand the molecular basis of M. incognita parasitism in tomato. Specific genes, including those involved in regulation of cellulose synthesis and lignification process, require further study to develop defense strategies against root-knot nematodes.
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18
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RNA-Seq of Cyst Nematode Infestation of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.): A Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Resistant and Susceptible Cultivars. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11081008. [PMID: 35448735 PMCID: PMC9025382 DOI: 10.3390/plants11081008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an important food crop worldwide, and potato cyst nematodes (PCNs) are among the most serious pests. The identification of disease resistance genes and molecular markers for PCN infestation can aid in crop improvement research programs against PCN infestation. In the present study, we used high-throughput RNA sequencing to investigate the comprehensive resistance mechanisms induced by PCN infestation in the resistant cultivar Kufri Swarna and the susceptible cultivar Kufri Jyoti. PCN infestation induced 791 differentially expressed genes in resistant cultivar Kufri Swarna, comprising 438 upregulated and 353 downregulated genes. In susceptible cultivar Kufri Jyoti, 2225 differentially expressed genes were induced, comprising 1247 upregulated and 978 downregulated genes. We identified several disease resistance genes (KIN) and transcription factors (WRKY, HMG, and MYB) that were upregulated in resistant Kufri Swarna. The differentially expressed genes from several enriched KEGG pathways, including MAPK signaling, contributed to the disease resistance in Kufri Swarna. Functional network analysis showed that several cell wall biogenesis genes were induced in Kufri Swarna in response to infestation. This is the first study to identify underlying resistance mechanisms against PCN and host interaction in Indian potato varieties.
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19
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Chopra D, Hasan MS, Matera C, Chitambo O, Mendy B, Mahlitz SV, Naz AA, Szumski S, Janakowski S, Sobczak M, Mithöfer A, Kyndt T, Grundler FMW, Siddique S. Plant parasitic cyst nematodes redirect host indole metabolism via NADPH oxidase-mediated ROS to promote infection. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:318-331. [PMID: 34133755 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in response to infections often activate immune responses in eukaryotes including plants. In plants, ROS are primarily produced by plasma membrane-bound NADPH oxidases called respiratory burst oxidase homologue (Rboh). Surprisingly, Rbohs can also promote the infection of plants by certain pathogens, including plant parasitic cyst nematodes. The Arabidopsis genome contains 10 Rboh genes (RbohA-RbohJ). Previously, we showed that cyst nematode infection causes a localised ROS burst in roots, mediated primarily by RbohD and RbohF. We also found that plants deficient in RbohD and RbohF (rbohD/F) exhibit strongly decreased susceptibility to cyst nematodes, suggesting that Rboh-mediated ROS plays a role in promoting infection. However, little information is known of the mechanism by which Rbohs promote cyst nematode infection. Here, using detailed genetic and biochemical analyses, we identified WALLS ARE THIN1 (WAT1), an auxin transporter, as a downstream target of Rboh-mediated ROS during parasitic infections. We found that WAT1 is required to modulate the host's indole metabolism, including indole-3-acetic acid levels, in infected cells and that this reprogramming is necessary for successful establishment of the parasite. In conclusion, this work clarifies a unique mechanism that enables cyst nematodes to use the host's ROS for their own benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divykriti Chopra
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES - Molecular Phytomedicine, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, Bonn, D-53115, Germany
| | - M Shamim Hasan
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES - Molecular Phytomedicine, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, Bonn, D-53115, Germany
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, 5200, Bangladesh
| | - Christiane Matera
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES - Molecular Phytomedicine, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, Bonn, D-53115, Germany
| | - Oliver Chitambo
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES - Molecular Phytomedicine, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, Bonn, D-53115, Germany
| | - Badou Mendy
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES - Molecular Phytomedicine, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, Bonn, D-53115, Germany
| | - Sina-Valerie Mahlitz
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES - Molecular Phytomedicine, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, Bonn, D-53115, Germany
| | - Ali Ahmad Naz
- Department of Plant Breeding, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, Bonn, D-53115, Germany
| | - Shelly Szumski
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Slawomir Janakowski
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, PL-02-787, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Sobczak
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, PL-02-787, Poland
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max Plank Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, D-07745, Germany
| | - Tina Kyndt
- Department Biotechnology, Research Group Epigenetics & Defence, Coupure links 653, Gent, B-9000, Belgium
| | - Florian M W Grundler
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES - Molecular Phytomedicine, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, Bonn, D-53115, Germany
| | - Shahid Siddique
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES - Molecular Phytomedicine, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, Bonn, D-53115, Germany
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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20
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Changes in the expression level of genes encoding transcription factors and cell wall-related proteins during Meloidogyne arenaria infection of maize (Zea mays). Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:6779-6786. [PMID: 34468910 PMCID: PMC8481208 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06677-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meloidogyne arenaria is an economically important root-knot nematode (RKN) species whose hosts include maize (Zea mays). The plant response to RKN infection activates many cellular mechanisms, among others, changes in the expression level of genes encoding transcription and elongation factors as well as proteins related to cell wall organization. METHODS AND RESULTS This study is aimed at characterization of expression of selected transcription and elongation factors encoding the genes WRKY53, EF1a, and EF1b as well as the ones encoding two proteins associated with cell wall functioning (glycine-rich RNA-binding protein, GRP and polygalacturonase, PG) during the maize response to M. arenaria infection. The changes in the relative level of expression of genes encoding these proteins were assessed using the reverse transcription-quantitative real-time PCR. The material studied were leaves and root samples collected from four maize varieties showing different susceptibilities toward M. arenaria infection, harvested at three different time points. Significant changes in the expression level of GRP between susceptible and tolerant varieties were observed. CONCLUSIONS Results obtained in the study suggest pronounced involvement of glycine-rich RNA-binding protein and EF1b in the maize response and resistance to RKN.
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21
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Sanadhya P, Kumar A, Bucki P, Fitoussi N, Carmeli-Weissberg M, Borenstein M, Brown-Miyara S. Tomato Divinyl Ether-Biosynthesis Pathway Is Implicated in Modulating of Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne javanica's Parasitic Ability. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:670772. [PMID: 34512679 PMCID: PMC8424051 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.670772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The role of the 9-lipoxygenase (9-LOX)-derived oxylipins in plant defense is mainly known in solanaceous plants. In this work, we identify the functional role of the tomato divinyl ether synthase (LeDES) branch, which exclusively converts 9-hydroperoxides to the 9-divinyl ethers (DVEs) colneleic acid (CA) and colnelenic acid (CnA), during infection by the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. Analysis of LeDES expression in roots indicated a concurrent response to nematode infection, demonstrating a sharp increase in expression during the molting of third/fourth-stage juveniles, 15 days after inoculation. Spatiotemporal expression analysis using an LeDES promoter:GUS tomato line showed high GUS activity associated with the developing gall; however the GUS signal became more constricted as infection progressed to the mature nematode feeding sites, and eventually disappeared. Wounding did not activate the LeDES promoter, but auxins and methyl salicylate triggered LeDES expression, indicating a hormone-mediated function of DVEs. Heterologous expression of LeDES in Arabidopsis thaliana rendered the plants more resistant to nematode infection and resulted in a significant reduction in third/fourth-stage juveniles and adult females as compared to a vector control and the wild type. To further evaluate the nematotoxic activity of the DVEs CA and CnA, recombinant yeast that catalyzes the formation of CA and CnA from 9-hydroperoxides was generated. Transgenic yeast accumulating CnA was tested for its impact on M. javanica juveniles, indicating a decrease in second-stage juvenile motility. Taken together, our results suggest an important role for LeDES as a determinant in the defense response during M. javanica parasitism, and indicate two functional modes: directly via DVE motility inhibition effect and through signal molecule-mediated defense reactions to nematodes that depend on methyl salicylate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Sanadhya
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Patricia Bucki
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Nathalia Fitoussi
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mira Carmeli-Weissberg
- Metabolomics, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Menachem Borenstein
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Sigal Brown-Miyara
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
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22
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Costa SR, Ng JLP, Mathesius U. Interaction of Symbiotic Rhizobia and Parasitic Root-Knot Nematodes in Legume Roots: From Molecular Regulation to Field Application. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:470-490. [PMID: 33471549 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-20-0350-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Legumes form two types of root organs in response to signals from microbes, namely, nodules and root galls. In the field, these interactions occur concurrently and often interact with each other. The outcomes of these interactions vary and can depend on natural variation in rhizobia and nematode populations in the soil as well as abiotic conditions. While rhizobia are symbionts that contribute fixed nitrogen to their hosts, parasitic root-knot nematodes (RKN) cause galls as feeding structures that consume plant resources without a contribution to the plant. Yet, the two interactions share similarities, including rhizosphere signaling, repression of host defense responses, activation of host cell division, and differentiation, nutrient exchange, and alteration of root architecture. Rhizobia activate changes in defense and development through Nod factor signaling, with additional functions of effector proteins and exopolysaccharides. RKN inject large numbers of protein effectors into plant cells that directly suppress immune signaling and manipulate developmental pathways. This review examines the molecular control of legume interactions with rhizobia and RKN to elucidate shared and distinct mechanisms of these root-microbe interactions. Many of the molecular pathways targeted by both organisms overlap, yet recent discoveries have singled out differences in the spatial control of expression of developmental regulators that may have enabled activation of cortical cell division during nodulation in legumes. The interaction of legumes with symbionts and parasites highlights the importance of a comprehensive view of root-microbe interactions for future crop management and breeding strategies.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia R Costa
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Jason Liang Pin Ng
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Ulrike Mathesius
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
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Transcriptome Analysis of Eggplant Root in Response to Root-Knot Nematode Infection. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10040470. [PMID: 33924485 PMCID: PMC8069755 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), which belongs to the Solanaceae family, is an important vegetable crop. However, its production is severely threatened by root-knot nematodes (RKNs) in many countries. Solanum torvum, a wild relative of eggplant, is employed worldwide as rootstock for eggplant cultivation due to its resistance to soil-borne diseases such as RKNs. In this study, to identify the RKN defense mechanisms, the transcriptomic profiles of eggplant and Solanum torvum were compared. A total of 5360 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified for the response to RKN infection. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis showed that these DEGs are mainly involved in the processes of response to stimulus, protein phosphorylation, hormone signal transduction, and plant-pathogen interaction pathways. Many phytohormone-related genes and transcription factors (MYB, WRKY, and NAC) were differentially expressed at the four time points (ck, 7, 14, and 28 days post-infection). The abscisic acid signaling pathway might be involved in plant-nematode interactions. qRT-PCR validated the expression levels of some of the DEGs in eggplant. These findings demonstrate the nematode-induced expression profiles and provide some insights into the nematode resistance mechanism in eggplant.
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24
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Soltani N, Staton M, Gwinn KD. Response of bitter and sweet Chenopodium quinoa varieties to cucumber mosaic virus: Transcriptome and small RNASeq perspective. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244364. [PMID: 33621238 PMCID: PMC7901783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Saponins are secondary metabolites with antiviral properties. Low saponin (sweet) varieties of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) have been developed because seeds high in saponins taste bitter. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of saponin in resistance of quinoa to Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Differential gene expression was studied in time-series study of CMV infection. High-throughput transcriptome sequence data were obtained from 36 samples (3 varieties × +/- CMV × 1 or 4 days after inoculation × 3 replicates). Translation, lipid, nitrogen, amino acid metabolism, and mono- and sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis genes were upregulated in CMV infections. In 'Red Head' (bitter), CMV-induced systemic symptoms were concurrent with downregulation of a key saponin biosynthesis gene, TSARL1, four days after inoculation. In local lesion responses (sweet and semi-sweet), TSARL1 levels remained up-regulated. Known microRNAs (miRNA) (81) from 11 miR families and 876 predicted novel miRNAs were identified. Differentially expressed miRNA and short interfering RNA clusters (24nt) induced by CMV infection are predicted to target genomic and intergenic regions enriched in repetitive elements. This is the first report of integrated RNASeq and sRNASeq data in quinoa-virus interactions and provides comprehensive understanding of involved genes, non-coding regions, and biological pathways in virus resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nourolah Soltani
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Margaret Staton
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kimberly D. Gwinn
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
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25
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Masson AS, Ho Bich H, Simonin M, Nguyen Thi H, Czernic P, Moulin L, Bellafiore S. Deep modifications of the microbiome of rice roots infected by the parasitic nematode Meloidogyne graminicola in highly infested fields in Vietnam. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2020; 96:5846042. [PMID: 32453398 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Meloidogyne graminicola, also known as the rice root-knot nematode, is one of the most damaging plant-parasitic nematode, especially on rice. This obligate soilborne parasite induces the formation of galls that disturb the root morphology and physiology. Its impact on the root microbiome is still not well described. Here, we conducted a survey in Northern Vietnam where we collected infected (with galls) and non-infected root tips from the same plants in three naturally infested fields. Using a metabarcoding approach, we discovered that M. graminicola infection caused modifications of the root bacterial community composition and network structure. Interestingly, we observed in infected roots a higher diversity and species richness (+24% observed ESVs) as well as a denser and more complex co-occurrence network (+44% nodes and +136% links). We identified enriched taxa that include several hubs, which could serve as potential indicators or biocontrol agents of the nematode infection. Moreover, the community of infected roots is more specific suggesting changes in the functional capabilities to survive in the gall environment. We thus describe the signature of the gall microbiome (the 'gallobiome') with shifting abundances and enrichments that lead to a strong restructuration of the root microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hai Ho Bich
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Marie Simonin
- IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, IPME, Montpellier, France.,IRHS-UMR1345, Université d'Angers, INRAE, Institut Agro, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49071, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Hue Nguyen Thi
- Laboratoire Mixte International RICE2, Agriculture Genetics Institute (AGI), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Lionel Moulin
- IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, IPME, Montpellier, France
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26
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Chen C, Chen X, Han J, Lu W, Ren Z. Genome-wide analysis of the WRKY gene family in the cucumber genome and transcriptome-wide identification of WRKY transcription factors that respond to biotic and abiotic stresses. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:443. [PMID: 32977756 PMCID: PMC7517658 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02625-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is an economically important vegetable crop species. However, it is susceptible to various abiotic and biotic stresses. WRKY transcription factors play important roles in plant growth and development, particularly in the plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, little is known about the expression pattern of WRKY genes under different stresses in cucumber. RESULTS In the present study, an analysis of the new assembly of the cucumber genome (v3.0) allowed the identification of 61 cucumber WRKY genes. Phylogenetic and synteny analyses were performed using related species to investigate the evolution of the cucumber WRKY genes. The 61 CsWRKYs were classified into three main groups, within which the gene structure and motif compositions were conserved. Tissue expression profiles of the WRKY genes demonstrated that 24 CsWRKY genes showed constitutive expression (FPKM > 1 in all samples), and some WRKY genes showed organ-specific expression, suggesting that these WRKYs might be important for plant growth and organ development in cucumber. Importantly, analysis of the CsWRKY gene expression patterns revealed that five CsWRKY genes strongly responded to both salt and heat stresses, 12 genes were observed to be expressed in response to infection from downy mildew and powdery mildew, and three CsWRKY genes simultaneously responded to all treatments analysed. Some CsWRKY genes were observed to be induced/repressed at different times after abiotic or biotic stress treatment, demonstrating that cucumber WRKY genes might play different roles during different stress responses and that their expression patterns vary in response to stresses. CONCLUSIONS Sixty-one WRKY genes were identified in cucumber, and insight into their classification, evolution, and expression patterns was gained in this study. Responses to different abiotic and biotic stresses in cucumber were also investigated. Our results provide a better understanding of the function of CsWRKY genes in improving abiotic and biotic stress resistance in cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Tai'an, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huang-Huai Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xueqian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huang-Huai Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huang-Huai Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenli Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huang-Huai Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhonghai Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Tai'an, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops in Huang-Huai Region, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China.
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27
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Macharia TN, Bellieny-Rabelo D, Moleleki LN. Transcriptome Profiling of Potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) Responses to Root-Knot Nematode ( Meloidogyne javanica) Infestation during A Compatible Interaction. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091443. [PMID: 32967109 PMCID: PMC7563278 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne javanica presents a great challenge to Solanaceae crops, including potato. In this study, we investigated transcriptional responses of potato roots during a compatible interaction with M. javanica. In this respect, differential gene expression of Solanum tuberosum cultivar (cv.) Mondial challenged with M. javanica at 0, 3 and 7 days post-inoculation (dpi) was profiled. In total, 4948 and 4484 genes were detected, respectively, as differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 3 and 7 dpi. Functional annotation revealed that genes associated with metabolic processes were enriched, suggesting they might have an important role in M. javanica disease development. MapMan analysis revealed down-regulation of genes associated with pathogen perception and signaling suggesting interference with plant immunity system. Notably, delayed activation of pathogenesis-related genes, down-regulation of disease resistance genes, and activation of host antioxidant system contributed to a susceptible response. Nematode infestation suppressed ethylene (ET) and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway hindering JA/ET responsive genes associated with defense. Genes related to cell wall modification were differentially regulated while transport-related genes were up-regulated, facilitating the formation of nematode feeding sites (NFSs). Several families of transcription factors (TFs) were differentially regulated by M. javanica infestation. Suggesting that TFs play an indispensable role in physiological adaptation for successful M. javanica disease development. This genome-wide analysis reveals the molecular regulatory networks in potato roots which are potentially manipulated by M. javanica. Being the first study analyzing transcriptome profiling of M. javanica-diseased potato, it provides unparalleled insight into the mechanism underlying disease development.
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28
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Rodríguez-Alvarez CI, López-Vidriero I, Franco-Zorrilla JM, Nombela G. Basal differences in the transcriptional profiles of tomato leaves associated with the presence/absence of the resistance gene Mi-1 and changes in these differences after infestation by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2020; 110:463-479. [PMID: 31813394 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485319000828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The tomato Mi-1 gene mediates plant resistance to whitefly Bemisia tabaci, nematodes, and aphids. Other genes are also required for this resistance, and a model of interaction between the proteins encoded by these genes was proposed. Microarray analyses were used previously to identify genes involved in plant resistance to pests or pathogens, but scarcely in resistance to insects. In the present work, the GeneChip™ Tomato Genome Array (Affymetrix®) was used to compare the transcriptional profiles of Motelle (bearing Mi-1) and Moneymaker (lacking Mi-1) cultivars, both before and after B. tabaci infestation. Ten transcripts were expressed at least twofold in uninfested Motelle than in Moneymaker, while other eight were expressed half or less. After whitefly infestation, differences between cultivars increased to 14 transcripts expressed more in Motelle than in Moneymaker and 14 transcripts less expressed. Half of these transcripts showed no differential expression before infestation. These results show the baseline differences in the tomato transcriptomic profile associated with the presence or absence of the Mi-1 gene and provide us with valuable information on candidate genes to intervene in either compatible or incompatible tomato-whitefly interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara I Rodríguez-Alvarez
- Department of Plant Protection Institute for Agricultural Sciences (ICA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Serrano 115 Dpdo., Madrid28006, Spain
| | - Irene López-Vidriero
- Genomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Darwin 3, Madrid28049, Spain
| | - José M Franco-Zorrilla
- Genomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Darwin 3, Madrid28049, Spain
| | - Gloria Nombela
- Department of Plant Protection Institute for Agricultural Sciences (ICA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Serrano 115 Dpdo., Madrid28006, Spain
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Modulation of Arabidopsis Flavonol Biosynthesis Genes by Cyst and Root-Knot Nematodes. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9020253. [PMID: 32079157 PMCID: PMC7076660 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Although it is well established that flavonoid synthesis is induced in diverse plant species during nematode parasitism, little is known about the regulation of genes controlling flavonol biosynthesis during the plant–nematode interaction. In this study, expression of the Arabidopsis thaliana flavonol-specific transcription factor, AtMYB12, the flavonol synthase genes, AtFLS1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, and the gene encoding the central flavonoid enzyme, chalcone synthase (AtCHS), were examined in plant roots during infection by Heterodera schachtii (sugar beet cyst) and Meloidogyne incognita (root-knot) nematodes. These experiments showed that AtMYB12 was transiently upregulated at 9 dpi in syncytia associated with sugar beet cyst nematode infection and that an Atmyb12-deficient line was less susceptible to the parasite. This suggests that, rather than contributing to plant defense, this gene is essential for productive infection. However, the AtCHS and AtFLS1 genes, which are controlled by AtMYB12, did not exhibit a similar transient increase, but rather were expressly downregulated in syncytia relative to adjacent uninfected root tissue. Genetic analyses further indicated that AtFLS1 contributes to plant defense against Cyst nematode infection, while other AtFLS gene family members do not, consistent with prior reports that these other genes encode little or no enzyme activity. Together, these findings indicate a role of AtMyb12 in promoting the early stages of Cyst nematode infection, while flavonols produced through the action of AtFLS1 are essential for plant defense. On the other hand, a transient induction of AtMYB12 was not observed in galls produced during root-knot nematode infection, but this gene was instead substantially downregulated, starting at the 9 dpi sampling point, as were AtCHS and AtFLS1. In addition, both the AtMYB12- and AtFLS1-deficient lines were more susceptible to infection by this parasite. There was again little evidence for contributions from the other AtFLS gene family members, although an AtFLS5-deficient line appeared to be somewhat more susceptible to infection. Taken together, this study shows that sugar-beet cyst and root-knot nematodes modulate differently the genes involved in flavonol biosynthesis in order to successfully infect host roots and that AtFLS1 may be involved in the plant basal defense response against nematode infection.
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Molecular Changes Concomitant with Vascular System Development in Mature Galls Induced by Root-Knot Nematodes in the Model Tree Host Populus tremula × P. alba. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020406. [PMID: 31936440 PMCID: PMC7013992 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most striking features occurring in the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita induced galls is the reorganization of the vascular tissues. During the interaction of the model tree species Populus and M. incognita, a pronounced xylem proliferation was previously described in mature galls. To better characterise changes in expression of genes possibly involved in the induction and the formation of the de novo developed vascular tissues occurring in poplar galls, a comparative transcript profiling of 21-day-old galls versus uninfected root of poplar was performed. Genes coding for transcription factors associated with procambium maintenance and vascular differentiation were shown to be differentially regulated, together with genes partaking in phytohormones biosynthesis and signalling. Specific signatures of transcripts associated to primary cell wall biosynthesis and remodelling, as well as secondary cell wall formation (cellulose, xylan and lignin) were revealed in the galls. Ultimately, we show that molecules derived from the monolignol and salicylic acid pathways and related to secondary cell wall deposition accumulate in mature galls.
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31
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Zhao J, Li L, Liu Q, Liu P, Li S, Yang D, Chen Y, Pagnotta S, Favery B, Abad P, Jian H. A MIF-like effector suppresses plant immunity and facilitates nematode parasitism by interacting with plant annexins. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:5943-5958. [PMID: 31365744 PMCID: PMC6812717 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes secrete numerous effectors to facilitate parasitism, but detailed functions of nematode effectors and their plant targets remain largely unknown. Here, we characterized four macrophage migration inhibitory factors (MIFs) in Meloidogyne incognita resembling the MIFs secreted by human and animal parasites. Transcriptional data showed MiMIFs are up-regulated in parasitism. Immunolocalization provided evidence that MiMIF proteins are secreted from the nematode hypodermis to the parasite surface, detected in plant tissues and giant cells. In planta MiMIFs RNA interference in Arabidopsis decreased infection and nematode reproduction. Transient expression of MiMIF-2 could suppress Bax- and RBP1/Gpa2-induced cell death. MiMIF-2 ectopic expression led to higher levels of Arabidopsis susceptibility, suppressed immune responses triggered by flg22, and impaired [Ca2+]cyt influx induced by H2O2. The immunoprecipitation of MiMIF-2-interacting proteins, followed by co-immunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation validations, revealed specific interactions between MiMIF-2 and two Arabidopsis annexins, AnnAt1 and AnnAt4, involved in the transport of calcium ions, stress responses, and signal transduction. Suppression of expression or overexpression of these annexins modified nematode infection. Our results provide functional evidence that nematode effectors secreted from hypodermis to the parasite cuticle surface target host proteins and M. incognita uses MiMIFs to promote parasitism by interfering with the annexin-mediated plant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongpan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Sophie Pagnotta
- Centre Commun de Microscopie Appliquée (CCMA), Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | | | - Pierre Abad
- Université Côte d’Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, France
| | - Heng Jian
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Correspondence:
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Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Pinus densiflora Following Inoculation with Pathogenic (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) or Non-pathogenic Nematodes (B. thailandae). Sci Rep 2019; 9:12180. [PMID: 31434977 PMCID: PMC6704138 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48660-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pinus densiflora (Korean red pine) is a species of evergreen conifer that is distributed in Korea, Japan, and China, and of economic, scientific, and ecological importance. Korean red pines suffer from pine wilt disease (PWD) caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the pinewood nematode (PWN). To facilitate diagnosis and prevention of PWD, studies have been conducted on the PWN and its beetle vectors. However, transcriptional responses of P. densiflora to PWN have received less attention. Here, we inoculated Korean red pines with pathogenic B. xylophilus, or non-pathogenic B. thailandae, and collected cambium layers 4 weeks after inoculation for RNA sequencing analysis. We obtained 72,864 unigenes with an average length of 869 bp (N50 = 1,403) from a Trinity assembly, and identified 991 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Biological processes related to phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, oxidation–reduction, and plant-type hypersensitive response were significantly enriched in DEGs found in trees inoculated with B. xylophilus. Several transcription factor families were found to be involved in the response to B. xylophilus inoculation. Our study provides the first evidence of transcriptomic differences in Korean red pines inoculated with B. xylophilus and B. thailandae, and might facilitate early diagnosis of PWD and selection of PWD-tolerant Korean red pines.
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Olszak M, Truman W, Stefanowicz K, Sliwinska E, Ito M, Walerowski P, Rolfe S, Malinowski R. Transcriptional profiling identifies critical steps of cell cycle reprogramming necessary for Plasmodiophora brassicae-driven gall formation in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 97:715-729. [PMID: 30431210 PMCID: PMC6850046 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodiophora brassicae is a soil-borne biotroph whose life cycle involves reprogramming host developmental processes leading to the formation of galls on its underground parts. Formation of such structures involves modification of the host cell cycle leading initially to hyperplasia, increasing the number of cells to be invaded, followed by overgrowth of cells colonised by the pathogen. Here we show that P. brassicae infection stimulates formation of the E2Fa/RBR1 complex and upregulation of MYB3R1, MYB3R4 and A- and B-type cyclin expression. These factors were previously described as important regulators of the G2-M cell cycle checkpoint. As a consequence of this manipulation, a large population of host hypocotyl cells are delayed in cell cycle exit and maintained in the proliferative state. We also report that, during further maturation of galls, enlargement of host cells invaded by the pathogen involves endoreduplication leading to increased ploidy levels. This study characterises two aspects of the cell cycle reprogramming efforts of P. brassicae: systemic, related to the disturbance of host hypocotyl developmental programs by preventing cell cycle exit; and local, related to the stimulation of cell enlargement via increased endocycle activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Olszak
- Department of Integrative Plant BiologyInstitute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciencesul. Strzeszyńska 3460‐479PoznańPoland
| | - William Truman
- Department of Integrative Plant BiologyInstitute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciencesul. Strzeszyńska 3460‐479PoznańPoland
| | - Karolina Stefanowicz
- Department of Integrative Plant BiologyInstitute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciencesul. Strzeszyńska 3460‐479PoznańPoland
| | - Elwira Sliwinska
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and CytometryDepartment of Plant Genetics, Physiology and BiotechnologyUTP University of Science and TechnologyKaliskiego Ave. 785‐789BydgoszczPoland
| | - Masaki Ito
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural SciencesNagoya UniversityChikusaNagoya464‐8601Japan
| | - Piotr Walerowski
- Department of Integrative Plant BiologyInstitute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciencesul. Strzeszyńska 3460‐479PoznańPoland
| | - Stephen Rolfe
- Department of Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS10 2TNUK
| | - Robert Malinowski
- Department of Integrative Plant BiologyInstitute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciencesul. Strzeszyńska 3460‐479PoznańPoland
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Silva AC, Ruiz-Ferrer V, Martínez-Gómez Á, Barcala M, Fenoll C, Escobar C. All in One High Quality Genomic DNA and Total RNA Extraction From Nematode Induced Galls for High Throughput Sequencing Purposes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:657. [PMID: 31214210 PMCID: PMC6554733 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Meloidogyne spp. are plant-parasitic nematodes that form a very complex pseudo-organ, called gall, which contains the giant cells (GCs) to nourish them. During the last decade, several groups have been studying the molecular processes accompanying the formation of these structures, combining both transcriptomics and cellular biology. Among others, it was confirmed that a generalized gene repression is a hallmark of early developing GCs formed by Meloidogyne javanica in Arabidopsis and tomato. One of the main mechanisms behind this gene repression involve small RNAs (sRNAs) directed gene silencing. This is supported not only by the described action of several microRNAs differentially expressed in galls, but by the differential abundance of 24-nucleotide sRNAs in early developing Arabidopsis galls, particularly those rasiRNAs which are mostly involved in RNA-directed DNA methylation. Their accumulation strongly correlates to the repression of several retrotransposons at pericentromeric regions of Arabidopsis chromosomes in early galls. However, the contribution of this global gene repression to GCs/galls formation and maintenance is still not fully understood. Further detailed studies, as the correlation between gene expression profiles and the methylation state of the chromatin in galls are essential to raise testable working hypotheses. A high quality of isolated DNA and RNA is a requirement to obtain non-biased and comprehensive results. Frequently, the isolation of DNA and RNA is performed from different samples of the same type of biological material. However, subtle differences on epigenetic processes are frequent even among independent biological replicates of the same tissue and may not correlate to those changes on the mRNA population obtained from different biological replicates. Herein, we describe a method that allows the simultaneous extraction and purification of genomic DNA and total RNA from the same biological sample adapted to our biological system. The quality of both nucleic acids from Arabidopsis galls formed by M. javanica was high and adequate to construct RNA and DNA libraries for high throughput sequencing used for transcriptomic and epigenetic studies, such as the analysis of the methylation state of the genomic DNA in galls (MethylC-seq) and RNA sequencing (RNAseq). The protocol presents guidance on the described procedure, key notes and troubleshooting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cláudia Silva
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Virginia Ruiz-Ferrer
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Ángela Martínez-Gómez
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Marta Barcala
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Carmen Fenoll
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Carolina Escobar
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- *Correspondence: Carolina Escobar,
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Warmerdam S, Sterken MG, Van Schaik C, Oortwijn MEP, Lozano‐Torres JL, Bakker J, Goverse A, Smant G. Mediator of tolerance to abiotic stress ERF6 regulates susceptibility of Arabidopsis to Meloidogyne incognita. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:137-152. [PMID: 30160354 PMCID: PMC6430479 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes transform vascular host cells into permanent feeding structures to selectively withdraw their nutrients from host plants during the course of several weeks. The susceptibility of host plants to root-knot nematode infections is thought to be a complex trait involving many genetic loci. However, genome-wide association (GWA) analysis has so far revealed only four quantitative trait loci (QTLs) linked to the reproductive success of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in Arabidopsis thaliana, which suggests that the genetic architecture underlying host susceptibility could be much simpler than previously thought. Here, we report that, by using a relaxed stringency approach in a GWA analysis, we could identify 15 additional loci linked to quantitative variation in the reproductive success of M. incognita in Arabidopsis. To test the robustness of our analysis, we functionally characterized six genes located in a QTL with the lowest acceptable statistical support and smallest effect size. This led us to identify ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR 6 (ERF6) as a novel susceptibility gene for M. incognita in Arabidopsis. ERF6 functions as a transcriptional activator and suppressor of genes in response to various abiotic stresses independent of ethylene signalling. However, whole-transcriptome analysis of nematode-infected roots of the Arabidopsis erf6-1 knockout mutant line showed that allelic variation at this locus may regulate the conversion of aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) into ethylene by altering the expression of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase 3 (ACO3). Our data further suggest that tolerance to abiotic stress mediated by ERF6 forms a novel layer of control in the susceptibility of Arabidopsis to M. incognita.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Warmerdam
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Mark G. Sterken
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Casper Van Schaik
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Marian E. P. Oortwijn
- Plant BreedingWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Jose L. Lozano‐Torres
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Jaap Bakker
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Aska Goverse
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Geert Smant
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
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Medina C, da Rocha M, Magliano M, Raptopoulo A, Marteu N, Lebrigand K, Abad P, Favery B, Jaubert-Possamai S. Characterization of siRNAs clusters in Arabidopsis thaliana galls induced by the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:943. [PMID: 30563458 PMCID: PMC6297998 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5296-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Root-knot nematodes (RKN), genus Meloidogyne, are plant parasitic worms that have the ability to transform root vascular cylinder cells into hypertrophied, multinucleate and metabolically over-active feeding cells. Redifferentiation into feeding cells is the result of a massive transcriptional reprogramming of root cells targeted by RKN. Since RKN are able to induce similar feeding cells in roots of thousands of plant species, these worms are thought to manipulate essential and conserved plant molecular pathways. Results Small non-coding RNAs of uninfected roots and infected root galls induced by M. incognita from Arabidopsis thaliana were sequenced by high throughput sequencing. SiRNA populations were analysed by using the Shortstack algorithm. We identified siRNA clusters that are differentially expressed in infected roots and evidenced an over-representation of the 23–24 nt siRNAs in infected tissue. This size corresponds to heterochromatic siRNAs (hc-siRNAs) which are known to regulate expression of transposons and genes at the transcriptional level, mainly by inducing DNA methylation. Conclusions Correlation of siRNA clusters expression profile with transcriptomic data identified several protein coding genes that are candidates to be regulated by siRNAs at the transcriptional level by RNA directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway either directly or indirectly via silencing of neighbouring transposable elements. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5296-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marc Magliano
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Kevin Lebrigand
- UCA Genomix, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR6097, Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Pierre Abad
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Favery
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, Paris, France
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Ruiz‐Ferrer V, Cabrera J, Martinez‐Argudo I, Artaza H, Fenoll C, Escobar C. Silenced retrotransposons are major rasiRNAs targets in Arabidopsis galls induced by Meloidogyne javanica. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:2431-2445. [PMID: 30011119 PMCID: PMC6638097 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs, Meloidogyne spp.) are sedentary biotrophic pathogens that establish within the vascular cylinder of plant roots, forming a gall and inducing several feeding cells, giant cells (GCs), essential for completion of their life cycle. GCs suffer gene expression changes, repeated mitosis and endoreduplication events. Transcriptomics has revealed that an extensive down-regulation of transcripts, a molecular signature of early-developing galls and GCs that is conserved in tomato and Arabidopsis, may be achieved through small RNA (sRNA) gene silencing pathways. The role of some microRNAs (miRNAs) in plant-RKN interactions has recently been addressed, but little is known about the regulatory roles of other sRNA types. Here, we perform a differential accumulation analysis to show which repeat-associated small interfering RNAs (rasiRNAs) are distinctive or enriched in early Arabidopsis galls vs. uninfected roots. Those distinctive from galls are preferentially located in pericentromeric regions with predominant sizes of 24 and 22 nucleotides. Gall-distinctive rasiRNAs target primarily GYPSY and COPIA retrotransposons, which show a marked repression in galls vs. uninfected roots. Infection tests and phenotypic studies of galls from Meloidogyne javanica in Arabidopsis mutants impaired in post-transcriptional gene silencing and/or canonical RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathways, as well as quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis, suggest the implication of canonical and non-canonical RdDM pathways during gall formation, possibly through the regulation of retrotransposons. This process may be crucial for the maintenance of genome integrity during the reprogramming process of galls/GCs from their vascular precursor cells, and/or to ensure a faithful DNA replication during the repeated mitosis/endoreduplication that concurs with feeding site formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Ruiz‐Ferrer
- Universidad de Castilla‐ La Mancha. Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica. Avda. Carlos IIIs/n. 45071. ToledoSpain
| | - Javier Cabrera
- Universidad de Castilla‐ La Mancha. Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica. Avda. Carlos IIIs/n. 45071. ToledoSpain
| | - Isabel Martinez‐Argudo
- Universidad de Castilla‐ La Mancha. Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica. Avda. Carlos IIIs/n. 45071. ToledoSpain
| | - Haydeé Artaza
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical ScienceUniversity of Bergen5020BergenNorway
| | - Carmen Fenoll
- Universidad de Castilla‐ La Mancha. Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica. Avda. Carlos IIIs/n. 45071. ToledoSpain
| | - Carolina Escobar
- Universidad de Castilla‐ La Mancha. Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica. Avda. Carlos IIIs/n. 45071. ToledoSpain
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Arnaiz A, Talavera-Mateo L, Gonzalez-Melendi P, Martinez M, Diaz I, Santamaria ME. Arabidopsis Kunitz Trypsin Inhibitors in Defense Against Spider Mites. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:986. [PMID: 30042779 PMCID: PMC6048452 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Tetranychus urticae (two-spotted spider mite) is a striking example of polyphagy among herbivores with an extreme record of pesticide resistance and one of the most significant pests in agriculture. The T. urticae genome contains a large number of cysteine- and serine-proteases indicating their importance in the spider mite physiology. This work is focused on the potential role of the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI) family on plant defense responses against spider mites. The molecular characterization of two of these genes, AtKTI4 and AtKTI5, combined with feeding bioassays using T-DNA insertion lines for both genes was carried out. Spider mite performance assays showed that independent KTI silencing Arabidopsis lines conferred higher susceptibility to T. urticae than WT plants. Additionally, transient overexpression of these inhibitors in Nicotiana benthamiana demonstrated their ability to inhibit not only serine- but also cysteine-proteases, indicating the bifunctional inhibitory role against both types of enzymes. These inhibitory properties could be involved in the modulation of the proteases that participate in the hydrolysis of dietary proteins in the spider mite gut, as well as in other proteolytic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Arnaiz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucia Talavera-Mateo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Gonzalez-Melendi
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Martinez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Diaz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - M. E. Santamaria
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Kim J, Yang R, Chang C, Park Y, Tucker ML. The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita produces a functional mimic of the Arabidopsis INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION signaling peptide. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:3009-3021. [PMID: 29648636 PMCID: PMC5972575 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION (IDA) is a signaling peptide that regulates cell separation in Arabidopsis including floral organ abscission and lateral root emergence. IDA is highly conserved in dicotyledonous flowering plant genomes. IDA-like sequences were also found in the genomic sequences of root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., which are globally deleterious pathogens of agriculturally important plants, but the role of these genes is unknown. Exogenous treatment of the Arabidopsis ida mutant with synthetic peptide identical to the M. incognita IDA-like 1 (MiIDL1) protein sequence minus its N-terminal signal peptide recovered both the abscission and root architecture defects. Constitutive expression of the full-length MiIDL1 open reading frame in the ida mutant substantially recovered the delayed floral organ abscission phenotype whereas transformants expressing a construct missing the MiIDL1 signal peptide retained the delayed abscission phenotype. Importantly, wild-type Arabidopsis plants harboring an MiIDL1-RNAi construct and infected with nematodes had approximately 40% fewer galls per root than control plants. Thus, the MiIDL1 gene produces a functional IDA mimic that appears to play a role in successful gall development on Arabidopsis roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonyup Kim
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Bioscience Research Bldg, University of Maryland, MD, USA
- Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Department of Horticulture Bioscience, Pusan National University, Miryang, Republic of Korea
| | - Ronghui Yang
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Caren Chang
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Bioscience Research Bldg, University of Maryland, MD, USA
| | - Younghoon Park
- Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Department of Horticulture Bioscience, Pusan National University, Miryang, Republic of Korea
| | - Mark L Tucker
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA
- Correspondence:
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Warmerdam S, Sterken MG, van Schaik C, Oortwijn MEP, Sukarta OCA, Lozano‐Torres JL, Dicke M, Helder J, Kammenga JE, Goverse A, Bakker J, Smant G. Genome-wide association mapping of the architecture of susceptibility to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:724-737. [PMID: 29468687 PMCID: PMC6079644 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Susceptibility to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in plants is thought to be a complex trait based on multiple genes involved in cell differentiation, growth and defence. Previous genetic analyses of susceptibility to M. incognita have mainly focused on segregating dominant resistance genes in crops. It is not known if plants harbour significant genetic variation in susceptibility to M. incognita independent of dominant resistance. To study the genetic architecture of susceptibility to M. incognita, we analysed nematode reproduction on a highly diverse set of 340 natural inbred lines of Arabidopsis thaliana with genome-wide association mapping. We observed a surprisingly large variation in nematode reproduction among these lines. Genome-wide association mapping revealed four quantitative trait loci (QTLs) located on chromosomes 1 and 5 of A. thaliana significantly associated with reproductive success of M. incognita, none of which harbours typical resistance gene homologues. Mutant analysis of three genes located in two QTLs showed that the transcription factor BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT1 and an F-box family protein may function as (co-)regulators of susceptibility to M. incognita in Arabidopsis. Our data suggest that breeding for loss-of-susceptibility, based on allelic variants critically involved in nematode feeding, could be used to make crops more resilient to root-knot nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Warmerdam
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PB Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Mark G. Sterken
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PB Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Casper van Schaik
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PB Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Marian E. P. Oortwijn
- Laboratory of Plant BreedingWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PB Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Octavina C. A. Sukarta
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PB Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Jose L. Lozano‐Torres
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PB Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PB Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Johannes Helder
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PB Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Jan E. Kammenga
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PB Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Aska Goverse
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PB Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Jaap Bakker
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PB Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Geert Smant
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen UniversityDroevendaalsesteeg 16708 PB Wageningenthe Netherlands
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Leelarasamee N, Zhang L, Gleason C. The root-knot nematode effector MiPFN3 disrupts plant actin filaments and promotes parasitism. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006947. [PMID: 29543900 PMCID: PMC5871015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes secrete effectors that manipulate their host plant cells so that the nematode can successfully establish feeding sites and complete its lifecycle. The root-knot nematode feeding structures, their “giant cells,” undergo extensive cytoskeletal remodeling. Previous cytological studies have shown the cytoplasmic actin within the feeding sites looks diffuse. In an effort to study root-knot nematode effectors that are involved in giant cell organogenesis, we have identified a nematode effector called MiPFN3 (Meloidogyne incognita Profilin 3). MiPFN3 is transcriptionally up-regulated in the juvenile stage of the nematode. In situ hybridization experiments showed that MiPFN3 transcribed in the nematode subventral glands, where it can be secreted by the nematode stylet into the plant. Moreover, Arabidopsis plants that heterologously expressed MiPFN3 were more susceptible to root-knot nematodes, indicating that MiPFN3 promotes nematode parasitism. Since profilin proteins can bind and sequester actin monomers, we investigated the function of MiPFN3 in relation to actin. Our results show that MiPFN3 suppressed the aberrant plant growth phenotype caused by the misexpression of reproductive actin (AtACT1) in transgenic plants. In addition, it disrupted actin polymerization in an in vitro assay, and it reduced the filamentous actin network when expressed in Arabidopsis protoplasts. Over a decade ago, cytological studies showed that the cytoplasmic actin within nematode giant cells looked fragmented. Here we provide the first evidence that the nematode is secreting an effector that has significant, direct effects on the plant’s actin cytoskeleton. Root-knot nematodes are microscopic plant pests that infect plant roots and significantly reduce yields of many crop plants. The nematodes enter the plant roots and modify plant cells into complex, multinuclear feeding sites called giant cells. The formation and maintenance of giant cells is critical to nematode survival. During giant cell organogenesis, the progenitor plant cells undergo many morphological changes, including a re-organization of the cytoplasmic actin cytoskeleton. As a result, the giant cell cytoplasmic actin appears fragmented and disorganized. Plant cells can regulate their actin filament assembly, in part, through the expression of actin binding proteins such as profilins. Here we show that infectious nematode juveniles express a profilin called MiPFN3. Expression of MiPFN3 in Arabidopsis plants made the plants more susceptible to root-knot nematodes, indicating that MiPFN3 acts as an effector that aids parasitism. We show evidence that the expression MiPFN3 in plant cells causes the fragmentation of plant actin filaments. The work here demonstrates that nematode effector MiPFN3 can directly affect plant actin filaments, whose reorganization is necessary for giant cell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natthanon Leelarasamee
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Physiology, Albrecht von Haller Institute, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
| | - Cynthia Gleason
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Physiology, Albrecht von Haller Institute, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Shukla N, Yadav R, Kaur P, Rasmussen S, Goel S, Agarwal M, Jagannath A, Gupta R, Kumar A. Transcriptome analysis of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita)-infected tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) roots reveals complex gene expression profiles and metabolic networks of both host and nematode during susceptible and resistance responses. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:615-633. [PMID: 28220591 PMCID: PMC6638136 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs, Meloidogyne incognita) are economically important endoparasites with a wide host range. We used a comprehensive transcriptomic approach to investigate the expression of both tomato and RKN genes in tomato roots at five infection time intervals from susceptible plants and two infection time intervals from resistant plants, grown under soil conditions. Differentially expressed genes during susceptible (1827, tomato; 462, RKN) and resistance (25, tomato; 160, RKN) interactions were identified. In susceptible responses, tomato genes involved in cell wall structure, development, primary and secondary metabolite, and defence signalling pathways, together with RKN genes involved in host parasitism, development and defence, are discussed. In resistance responses, tomato genes involved in secondary metabolite and hormone-mediated defence responses, together with RKN genes involved in starvation stress-induced apoptosis, are discussed. In addition, 40 novel differentially expressed RKN genes encoding secretory proteins were identified. Our findings provide novel insights into the temporal regulation of genes involved in various biological processes from tomato and RKN simultaneously during susceptible and resistance responses, and reveal the involvement of a complex network of biosynthetic pathways during disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Shukla
- Department of BotanyUniversity of DelhiDelhi110007India
| | - Rachita Yadav
- Department of Bio and Health InformaticsTechnical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 208Lyngby2800Denmark
| | - Pritam Kaur
- Department of BotanyUniversity of DelhiDelhi110007India
| | - Simon Rasmussen
- Department of Bio and Health InformaticsTechnical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 208Lyngby2800Denmark
| | | | - Manu Agarwal
- Department of BotanyUniversity of DelhiDelhi110007India
| | | | - Ramneek Gupta
- Department of Bio and Health InformaticsTechnical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 208Lyngby2800Denmark
| | - Amar Kumar
- Department of BotanyUniversity of DelhiDelhi110007India
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A Phenotyping Method of Giant Cells from Root-Knot Nematode Feeding Sites by Confocal Microscopy Highlights a Role for CHITINASE-LIKE 1 in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020429. [PMID: 29389847 PMCID: PMC5855651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Most effective nematicides for the control of root-knot nematodes are banned, which demands a better understanding of the plant-nematode interaction. Understanding how gene expression in the nematode-feeding sites relates to morphological features may assist a better characterization of the interaction. However, nematode-induced galls resulting from cell-proliferation and hypertrophy hinders such observation, which would require tissue sectioning or clearing. We demonstrate that a method based on the green auto-fluorescence produced by glutaraldehyde and the tissue-clearing properties of benzyl-alcohol/benzyl-benzoate preserves the structure of the nematode-feeding sites and the plant-nematode interface with unprecedented resolution quality. This allowed us to obtain detailed measurements of the giant cells’ area in an Arabidopsis line overexpressing CHITINASE-LIKE-1 (CTL1) from optical sections by confocal microscopy, assigning a role for CTL1 and adding essential data to the scarce information of the role of gene repression in giant cells. Furthermore, subcellular structures and features of the nematodes body and tissues from thick organs formed after different biotic interactions, i.e., galls, syncytia, and nodules, were clearly distinguished without embedding or sectioning in different plant species (Arabidopsis, cucumber or Medicago). The combination of this method with molecular studies will be valuable for a better understanding of the plant-biotic interactions.
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Talavera-Rubia M, Pérez De Luque A, López-Gómez M, Verdejo-Lucas S. Differential feeding site development and reproductive fitness of Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica on zucchini, a source of resistance to M. incognita. NEMATOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-00003135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The development of Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica on zucchini ‘Amalthee’ was compared to characterise critical events in plant parasitism. Meloidogyne incognita was much less successful parasitising zucchini than M. javanica despite similarities in penetration rates and juvenile development. The increased frequency of undersized individuals, immature females and empty galls evidenced a failure in M. incognita development. Meloidogyne incognita induced larger feeding sites that contained more and larger giant cells than did M. javanica. Malformation of the M. incognita giant cells and abnormal growth of the surrounding tissues was observed at both 11 and 25 days post-inoculation. Critical events in parasitism differentiating the nematode isolates were the transition from fourth-stage juveniles to females, and the reduced fertility of the egg-laying females. Zucchini can be considered a source of resistance to M. incognita because it restricted nematode proliferation by supporting less fertile egg-laying females and producing fewer egg masses and total eggs.
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Díaz-Manzano FE, Cabrera J, Ripoll JJ, del Olmo I, Andrés MF, Silva AC, Barcala M, Sánchez M, Ruíz-Ferrer V, de Almeida-Engler J, Yanofsky MF, Piñeiro M, Jarillo JA, Fenoll C, Escobar C. A role for the gene regulatory module microRNA172/TARGET OF EARLY ACTIVATION TAGGED 1/FLOWERING LOCUS T (miRNA172/TOE1/FT) in the feeding sites induced by Meloidogyne javanica in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:813-827. [PMID: 29105090 PMCID: PMC5922426 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Root knot nematodes (RKNs) penetrate into the root vascular cylinder, triggering morphogenetic changes to induce galls, de novo formed 'pseudo-organs' containing several giant cells (GCs). Distinctive gene repression events observed in early gall/GCs development are thought to be mediated by post-transcriptional silencing via microRNAs (miRNAs), a process that is far from being fully characterized. Arabidopsis thaliana backgrounds with altered activities based on target 35S::MIMICRY172 (MIM172), 35S::TARGET OF EARLY ACTIVATION TAGGED 1 (TOE1)-miR172-resistant (35S::TOE1R ) and mutant (flowering locus T-10 (ft-10)) lines were used for functional analysis of nematode infective and reproductive parameters. The GUS-reporter lines, MIR172A-E::GUS, treated with auxin (IAA) and an auxin-inhibitor (a-(phenyl ethyl-2-one)-indole-3-acetic acid (PEO-IAA)), together with the MIR172C AuxRE::GUS line with two mutated auxin responsive elements (AuxREs), were assayed for nematode-dependent gene expression. Arabidopsis thaliana backgrounds with altered expression of miRNA172, TOE1 or FT showed lower susceptibility to the RKNs and smaller galls and GCs. MIR172C-D::GUS showed restricted promoter activity in galls/GCs that was regulated by auxins through auxin-responsive factors. IAA induced their activity in galls while PEO-IAA treatment and mutations in AuxRe motifs abolished it. The results showed that the regulatory module miRNA172/TOE1/FT plays an important role in correct GCs and gall development, where miRNA172 is modulated by auxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando E. Díaz-Manzano
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Área de Fisiología Vegetal. Avda. Carlos III, s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Javier Cabrera
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Área de Fisiología Vegetal. Avda. Carlos III, s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Juan-José Ripoll
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116 USA
| | - Iván del Olmo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Mari Fe Andrés
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias (ICA, CSIC), Protección Vegetal, Calle de Serrano 115, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Cláudia Silva
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Área de Fisiología Vegetal. Avda. Carlos III, s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Marta Barcala
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Área de Fisiología Vegetal. Avda. Carlos III, s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - María Sánchez
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Área de Fisiología Vegetal. Avda. Carlos III, s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Virginia Ruíz-Ferrer
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Área de Fisiología Vegetal. Avda. Carlos III, s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Janice de Almeida-Engler
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) - University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Martin F. Yanofsky
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116 USA
| | - Manuel Piñeiro
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Jarillo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus Montegancedo UPM, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Carmen Fenoll
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Área de Fisiología Vegetal. Avda. Carlos III, s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Carolina Escobar
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Área de Fisiología Vegetal. Avda. Carlos III, s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
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Shah SJ, Anjam MS, Mendy B, Anwer MA, Habash SS, Lozano-Torres JL, Grundler FMW, Siddique S. Damage-associated responses of the host contribute to defence against cyst nematodes but not root-knot nematodes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:5949-5960. [PMID: 29053864 PMCID: PMC5854129 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
When nematodes invade and subsequently migrate within plant roots, they generate cell wall fragments (in the form of oligogalacturonides; OGs) that can act as damage-associated molecular patterns and activate host defence responses. However, the molecular mechanisms mediating damage responses in plant-nematode interactions remain unexplored. Here, we characterized the role of a group of cell wall receptor proteins in Arabidopsis, designated as polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs), during infection with the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii and the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. PGIPs are encoded by a family of two genes in Arabidopsis, and are involved in the formation of active OG elicitors. Our results show that PGIP gene expression is strongly induced in response to cyst nematode invasion of roots. Analyses of loss-of-function mutants and overexpression lines revealed that PGIP1 expression attenuates infection of host roots by cyst nematodes, but not root-knot nematodes. The PGIP1-mediated attenuation of cyst nematode infection involves the activation of plant camalexin and indole-glucosinolate pathways. These combined results provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying plant damage perception and response pathways during infection by cyst and root-knot nematodes, and establishes the function of PGIP in plant resistance to cyst nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Jehangir Shah
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES – Molecular Phytomedicine, Germany
| | - Muhammad Shahzad Anjam
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES – Molecular Phytomedicine, Germany
| | - Badou Mendy
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES – Molecular Phytomedicine, Germany
| | - Muhammad Arslan Anwer
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES – Molecular Phytomedicine, Germany
| | - Samer S Habash
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES – Molecular Phytomedicine, Germany
| | | | - Florian M W Grundler
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES – Molecular Phytomedicine, Germany
| | - Shahid Siddique
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES – Molecular Phytomedicine, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Kakrana A, Kumar A, Satheesh V, Abdin MZ, Subramaniam K, Bhattacharya RC, Srinivasan R, Sirohi A, Jain PK. Identification, Validation and Utilization of Novel Nematode-Responsive Root-Specific Promoters in Arabidopsis for Inducing Host-Delivered RNAi Mediated Root-Knot Nematode Resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2049. [PMID: 29312363 PMCID: PMC5733009 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The root-knot nematode (RKN), Meloidogyne incognita, is an obligate, sedentary endoparasite that infects a large number of crops and severely affects productivity. The commonly used nematode control strategies have their own limitations. Of late, RNA interference (RNAi) has become a popular approach for the development of nematode resistance in plants. Transgenic crops capable of expressing dsRNAs, specifically in roots for disrupting the parasitic process, offer an effective and efficient means of producing resistant crops. We identified nematode-responsive and root-specific (NRRS) promoters by using microarray data from the public domain and known conserved cis-elements. A set of 51 NRRS genes was identified which was narrowed down further on the basis of presence of cis-elements combined with minimal expression in the absence of nematode infection. The comparative analysis of promoters from the enriched NRRS set, along with earlier reported nematode-responsive genes, led to the identification of specific cis-elements. The promoters of two candidate genes were used to generate transgenic plants harboring promoter GUS constructs and tested in planta against nematodes. Both promoters showed preferential expression upon nematode infection, exclusively in the root in one and galls in the other. One of these NRRS promoters was used to drive the expression of splicing factor, a nematode-specific gene, for generating host-delivered RNAi-mediated nematode-resistant plants. Transgenic lines expressing dsRNA of splicing factor under the NRRS promoter exhibited upto a 32% reduction in number of galls compared to control plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Kakrana
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Anil Kumar
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Centre for Transgenic Plant Development, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | | | - M. Z. Abdin
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Centre for Transgenic Plant Development, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | - Anil Sirohi
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Pradeep K. Jain
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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Chinnapandi B, Bucki P, Braun Miyara S. SlWRKY45, nematode-responsive tomato WRKY gene, enhances susceptibility to the root knot nematode; M. javanica infection. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2017; 12:e1356530. [PMID: 29271721 PMCID: PMC5792125 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2017.1356530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The fluctuation of tomato's WRKY defense regulators during infection by the root knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica was analyzed: and the spatial and temporal expression of SlWRKY45 was studied in depth with regard to its response to nematode infection, phytohormones, and wounding. Expression of WRKY45 increased substantially within 5 d upon infection and continued through feeding-site development and gall maturation. Histological analysis of nematode feeding sites indicated that WRKY45 was highly expressed within the feeding cells and associated vascular parenchyma cells. Responses of SlWRKY45 promoters to several phytohormones showed that WRKY45 was highly induced by specific phytohormones, including cytokinin, auxin, and the defense-signaling molecule salicylic acid (SA), but not by the jasmonates. Overexpressing tomato lines were generated, and infection tests showed that, significantly, roots over-expressing SlWRKY45 contained substantially increased number of females, indicating that WRKY45 overexpression supported faster nematode development. qRT-PCR tests have shown roots overexpressing WRKY45 suppressed the jasmonic acid and salicylic acid marker genes, proteinase inhibitor (PI), and pathogenesis related protein (PR1), respectively, and also the cytokinin response factors CRF1 and CRF6. Overall, this study indicated SlWRKY45 to be a potential transcription factor whose manipulation by the invading nematode might be critical for coordination of hormone signals supporting favorable condition for nematode development in root tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharathiraja Chinnapandi
- Department of Entomology and the Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Patricia Bucki
- Department of Entomology and the Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Sigal Braun Miyara
- Department of Entomology and the Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, Rishon Lezion, Israel
- CONTACT Sigal Braun Miyara, PhD , Department of Entomology and the Nematology and Chemistry Units, ARO, Volcani Center, HaMaccabim Road, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon Lezion 7528809, Israel
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Chen C, Cui L, Chen Y, Zhang H, Liu P, Wu P, Qiu D, Zou J, Yang D, Yang L, Liu H, Zhou Y, Li H. Transcriptional responses of wheat and the cereal cyst nematode Heterodera avenae during their early contact stage. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14471. [PMID: 29101332 PMCID: PMC5670130 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14047-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae) is attracted to and aggregated around wheat roots to initiate infection, but this interaction between wheat and the nematode is not fully understood. The transcriptional responses of both wheat and H. avenae were examined during their early contact stage by mRNA sequencing analysis; certain numbers of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were validated using quantitative real-time PCR. The immobile host wheat root only had 93 DEGs (27 up-regulated and 66 down-regulated), while the mobile plant parasitic nematode reacted much more actively with 879 DEGs (867 up-regulated and 12 down-regulated). Among them, a number of wheat DEGs (mostly down-regulated) were involved in biotic stress pathways, while several putative effector genes were up-regulated in the nematode DEGs. One putative chitinase-like effector gene of H. avenae was able to suppress BAX-triggered programmed cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. Results of these experiments demonstrated that nematode responded more actively than wheat during the contact stage of parasitism. The parasite's responses mainly involved up-regulation of genes including at least one anti-plant-defence effector gene, whereas the host responses mainly involved down-regulation of certain defence-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlong Chen
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lei Cui
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yongpan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hongjun Zhang
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Pei Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Peipei Wu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Dan Qiu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jingwei Zou
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Li Yang
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hongjie Li
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Medina C, da Rocha M, Magliano M, Ratpopoulo A, Revel B, Marteu N, Magnone V, Lebrigand K, Cabrera J, Barcala M, Silva AC, Millar A, Escobar C, Abad P, Favery B, Jaubert-Possamai S. Characterization of microRNAs from Arabidopsis galls highlights a role for miR159 in the plant response to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 216:882-896. [PMID: 28906559 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Root knot nematodes (RKN) are root parasites that induce the genetic reprogramming of vascular cells into giant feeding cells and the development of root galls. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression during development and plant responses to various stresses. Disruption of post-transcriptional gene silencing in Arabidopsis ago1 or ago2 mutants decrease the infection rate of RKN suggesting a role for this mechanism in the plant-nematode interaction. By sequencing small RNAs from uninfected Arabidopsis roots and from galls 7 and 14 d post infection with Meloidogyne incognita, we identified 24 miRNAs differentially expressed in gall as putative regulators of gall development. Moreover, strong activity within galls was detected for five miRNA promoters. Analyses of nematode development in an Arabidopsis miR159abc mutant had a lower susceptibility to RKN, suggesting a role for the miR159 family in the plant response to M. incognita. Localization of mature miR159 within the giant and surrounding cells suggested a role in giant cell and gall. Finally, overexpression of miR159 in galls at 14 d post inoculation was associated with the repression of the miR159 target MYB33 which expression is restricted to the early stages of infection. Overall, these results implicate the miR159 in plant responses to RKN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Medina
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, BP167, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Martine da Rocha
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, BP167, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Marc Magliano
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, BP167, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Alizée Ratpopoulo
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, BP167, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Benoît Revel
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, BP167, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Nathalie Marteu
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, BP167, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Virginie Magnone
- UCA Genomix, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR6097, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Kevin Lebrigand
- UCA Genomix, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR6097, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Javier Cabrera
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III S/N, Edificio Sabatini, E-45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Marta Barcala
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III S/N, Edificio Sabatini, E-45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Ana Cláudia Silva
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III S/N, Edificio Sabatini, E-45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Anthony Millar
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, 2601, ACT, Australia
| | - Carolina Escobar
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III S/N, Edificio Sabatini, E-45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Pierre Abad
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, BP167, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Bruno Favery
- INRA, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, BP167, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
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