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He H, Xu T, Cao F, Xu Y, Dai T, Liu T. PcAvh87, a virulence essential RxLR effector of Phytophthora cinnamomi suppresses host defense and induces cell death in plant nucleus. Microbiol Res 2024; 286:127789. [PMID: 38870619 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Plants have developed intricate immune mechanisms to impede Phytophthora colonization. In response, Phytophthora secretes RxLR effector proteins that disrupt plant defense and promote infection. The specific molecular interactions through which Phytophthora RxLR effectors undermine plant immunity, however, remain inadequately defined. In this study, we delineate the role of the nuclear-localized RxLR effector PcAvh87, which is pivotal for the full virulence of Phytophthora cinnamomi. Gene expression analysis indicates that PcAvh87 expression is significantly upregulated during the initial infection stages, interacting with the immune responses triggered by the elicitin protein INF1 and pro-apoptotic protein BAX. Utilizing PEG/CaCl2-mediated protoplast transformation and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing, we generated PcAvh87 knockout mutants, which demonstrated compromised hyphal growth, sporangium development, and zoospore release, along with a marked reduction in pathogenicity. This underscores PcAvh87's crucial role as a virulence determinant. Notably, PcAvh87, conserved across the Phytophthora genus, was found to modulate the activity of plant immune protein 113, thereby attenuating plant immune responses. This implies that the PcAvh87-mediated regulatory mechanism could be a common strategy in Phytophthora species to manipulate plant immunity. Our findings highlight the multifaceted roles of PcAvh87 in promoting P. cinnamomi infection, including its involvement in sporangia production, mycelial growth, and the targeting of plant immune proteins to enhance pathogen virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin He
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tingyan Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fuliang Cao
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tingting Dai
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Tingli Liu
- School of Food Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, 3601 Hongjin Avenue, Nanjing 211171, China.
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Ibe CN, Bailey SL, Korolev AV, Brett P, Saunders DGO. Isocitrate lyase promotes Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici susceptibility in wheat (Triticum aestivum) by suppressing accumulation of glyoxylate cycle intermediates. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38949911 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Plant fungal parasites manipulate host metabolism to support their own survival. Among the many central metabolic pathways altered during infection, the glyoxylate cycle is frequently upregulated in both fungi and their host plants. Here, we examined the response of the glyoxylate cycle in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) to infection by the obligate biotrophic fungal pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst). Gene expression analysis revealed that wheat genes encoding the two unique enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle, isocitrate lyase (TaICL) and malate synthase, diverged in their expression between susceptible and resistant Pst interactions. Focusing on TaICL, we determined that the TaICL B homoeolog is specifically upregulated during early stages of a successful Pst infection. Furthermore, disruption of the B homoeolog alone was sufficient to significantly perturb Pst disease progression. Indeed, Pst infection of the TaICL-B disruption mutant (TaICL-BY400*) was inhibited early during initial penetration, with the TaICL-BY400* line also accumulating high levels of malic acid, citric acid, and aconitic acid. Exogenous application of malic acid or aconitic acid also suppressed Pst infection, with trans-aconitic acid treatment having the most pronounced effect by decreasing fungal biomass 15-fold. Thus, enhanced TaICL-B expression during Pst infection may lower accumulation of malic acid and aconitic acid to promote Pst proliferation. As exogenous application of aconitic acid and malic acid has previously been shown to inhibit other critical pests and pathogens, we propose TaICL as a potential target for disruption in resistance breeding that could have wide-reaching protective benefits for wheat and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol N Ibe
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Sarah L Bailey
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | - Paul Brett
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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Wang Y, Liu C, Qin Y, Du Y, Song C, Kang Z, Guo J, Guo J. Stripe rust effector Pst03724 modulates host immunity by inhibiting NAD kinase activation by a calmodulin. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:1624-1641. [PMID: 38441329 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) secretes effector proteins that enter plant cells to manipulate host immune processes. In this report, we present an important Pst effector, Pst03724, whose mRNA expression level increases during Pst infection of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Silencing of Pst03724 reduced the growth and development of Pst. Pst03724 targeted the wheat calmodulin TaCaM3-2B, a positive regulator of wheat immunity. Subsequent investigations revealed that Pst03724 interferes with the TaCaM3-2B-NAD kinase (NADK) TaNADK2 association and thus inhibits the enzyme activity of TaNADK2 activated by TaCaM3-2B. Knocking down TaNADK2 expression by virus-mediated gene silencing significantly increased fungal growth and development, suggesting a decrease in resistance against Pst infection. In conclusion, our findings indicate that Pst effector Pst03724 inhibits the activity of NADK by interfering with the TaCaM3-2B-TaNADK2 association, thereby facilitating Pst infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Cong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Chao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Jia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Jun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, P. R. China
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Sun Y, Luo D, Liu Y, Tu W, Che R, Feng H, Huang L, Ma F, Liu C. Valsa mali effector Vm_04797 interacts with adaptor protein MdAP-2β to manipulate host autophagy. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:502-517. [PMID: 38243831 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Apple Valsa canker, caused by the ascomycete fungus Valsa mali, employs virulence effectors to disturb host immunity and poses a substantial threat to the apple industry. However, our understanding of how V. mali effectors regulate host defense responses remains limited. Here, we identified the V. mali effector Vm_04797, which was upregulated during the early infection stage. Vm_04797, a secreted protein, suppressed Inverted formin 1 (INF1)-triggered cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana and performed virulence functions inside plant cells. Vm_04797 deletion mutants showed substantially reduced virulence toward apple. The adaptor protein MdAP-2β positively regulated apple Valsa canker resistance and was targeted and degraded by Vm_04797 via the ubiquitination pathway. The in vitro analysis suggested that Vm_04797 possesses E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Further analysis revealed that MdAP-2β is involved in autophagy by interacting with Malus domestica autophagy protein 16 MdATG16 and promoting its accumulation. By degrading MdAP-2β, Vm_04797 inhibited autophagic flux, thereby disrupting the defense response mediated by autophagy. Our findings provide insights into the molecular mechanisms employed by the effectors of E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in ascomycete fungi to regulate host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Danyan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuerong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenyan Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Runmin Che
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Changhai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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Gouveia C, Santos RB, Paiva-Silva C, Buchholz G, Malhó R, Figueiredo A. The pathogenicity of Plasmopara viticola: a review of evolutionary dynamics, infection strategies and effector molecules. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:327. [PMID: 38658826 PMCID: PMC11040782 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05037-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Oomycetes are filamentous organisms that resemble fungi in terms of morphology and life cycle, primarily due to convergent evolution. The success of pathogenic oomycetes lies in their ability to adapt and overcome host resistance, occasionally transitioning to new hosts. During plant infection, these organisms secrete effector proteins and other compounds during plant infection, as a molecular arsenal that contributes to their pathogenic success. Genomic sequencing, transcriptomic analysis, and proteomic studies have revealed highly diverse effector repertoires among different oomycete pathogens, highlighting their adaptability and evolution potential.The obligate biotrophic oomycete Plasmopara viticola affects grapevine plants (Vitis vinifera L.) causing the downy mildew disease, with significant economic impact. This disease is devastating in Europe, leading to substantial production losses. Even though Plasmopara viticola is a well-known pathogen, to date there are scarce reviews summarising pathogenicity, virulence, the genetics and molecular mechanisms of interaction with grapevine.This review aims to explore the current knowledge of the infection strategy, lifecycle, effector molecules, and pathogenicity of Plasmopara viticola. The recent sequencing of the Plasmopara viticola genome has provided new insights into understanding the infection strategies employed by this pathogen. Additionally, we will highlight the contributions of omics technologies in unravelling the ongoing evolution of this oomycete, including the first in-plant proteome analysis of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Gouveia
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Science, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita B Santos
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Science, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Paiva-Silva
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Science, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Günther Buchholz
- RLP AgroScience/AlPlanta-Institute for Plant Research, Neustadt an Der Weinstrasse, Germany
| | - Rui Malhó
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Science, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Andreia Figueiredo
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Science, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Cui JR, Zhou B, Tang YJ, Zhou JY, Ren L, Liu F, Hoffmann AA, Hong XY. A new spider mite elicitor triggers plant defence and promotes resistance to herbivores. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:1493-1509. [PMID: 37952109 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Herbivore-associated elicitors (HAEs) are active molecules produced by herbivorous insects. Recognition of HAEs by plants induces defence that resist herbivore attacks. We previously demonstrated that the tomato red spider mite Tetranychus evansi triggered defence in Nicotiana benthamiana. However, our knowledge of HAEs from T. evansi remains limited. Here, we characterize a novel HAE, Te16, from T. evansi and dissect its function in mite-plant interactions. We investigate the effects of Te16 on spider mites and plants by heterologous expression, virus-induced gene silencing assay, and RNA interference. Te16 induces cell death, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, callose deposition, and jasmonate (JA)-related responses in N. benthamiana leaves. Te16-mediated cell death requires a calcium signalling pathway, cytoplasmic localization, the plant co-receptor BAK1, and the signalling components SGT1 and HSP90. The active region of Te16-induced cell death is located at amino acids 114-293. Moreover, silencing Te16 gene in T. evansi reduces spider mite survival and hatchability, but expressing Te16 in N. benthamiana leaves enhances plant resistance to herbivores. Finally, Te16 gene is specific to Tetranychidae species and is highly conserved in activating plant immunity. Our findings reveal a novel salivary protein produced by spider mites that elicits plant defence and resistance to insects, providing valuable clues for pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Rong Cui
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yi-Jing Tang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Jia-Yi Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Lu Ren
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Fan Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Xiao-Yue Hong
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
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Chen S, Tran TTT, Yeh AYC, Yang H, Chen J, Yang Y, Wang X. The Globodera rostochiensis Gr29D09 Effector with a Role in Defense Suppression Targets the Potato Hexokinase 1 Protein. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:25-35. [PMID: 37717227 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-23-0095-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The potato cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis) is an obligate root pathogen of potatoes. G. rostochiensis encodes several highly expanded effector gene families, including the Gr4D06 family; however, little is known about the function of this effector family. We cloned four 29D09 genes from G. rostochiensis (named Gr29D09v1/v2/v3/v4) that share high sequence similarity and are homologous to the Hg29D09 and Hg4D06 effector genes from the soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Gr29D09 genes belong to a subgroup of the Gr4D06 family. We showed that Gr29D09 genes are expressed exclusively within the nematode's dorsal gland cell and are dramatically upregulated in parasitic stages, indicating involvement of Gr29D09 effectors in nematode parasitism. Transgenic potato lines overexpressing Gr29D09 variants showed increased susceptibility to G. rostochiensis. Transient expression assays in Nicotiana benthamiana demonstrated that Gr29D09v3 could suppress reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and defense gene expression induced by flg22 and cell death mediated by immune receptors. These results suggest a critical role of Gr29D09 effectors in defense suppression. The use of affinity purification coupled with nanoliquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry identified potato hexokinase 1 (StHXK1) as a candidate target of Gr29D09. The Gr29D09-StHXK1 interaction was further confirmed using in planta protein-protein interaction assays. Plant HXKs have been implicated in defense regulation against pathogen infection. Interestingly, we found that StHXK1 could enhance flg22-induced ROS production, consistent with a positive role of plant HXKs in defense. Altogether, our results suggest that targeting StHXK1 by Gr29D09 effectors may impair the positive function of StHXK1 in plant immunity, thereby aiding nematode parasitism. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyan Chen
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, U.S.A
| | - Tien Thi Thuy Tran
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, U.S.A
| | - Athena Yi-Chun Yeh
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, U.S.A
| | - Huijun Yang
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, NY, U.S.A
| | - Jiansong Chen
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, U.S.A
| | - Yong Yang
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, NY, U.S.A
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, U.S.A
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, NY, U.S.A
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Zhang D, Lin R, Yamamoto N, Wang Z, Lin H, Okada K, Liu Y, Xiang X, Zheng T, Zheng H, Yi X, Noutoshi Y, Zheng A. Mitochondrial-targeting effector RsIA_CtaG/Cox11 in Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA has two functions: plant immunity suppression and cell death induction mediated by a rice cytochrome c oxidase subunit. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13397. [PMID: 37902589 PMCID: PMC10799210 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA causes a necrotrophic rice disease and is a serious threat to rice production. To date, only a few effectors have been characterized in AG-1 IA. We previously identified RsIA_CtaG/Cox11 and showed that infiltration of the recombinant protein into rice leaves caused disease-like symptoms. In the present study, we further characterized the functionality of RsIA_CtaG/Cox11. RsIA_CtaG/Cox11 is an alternative transcript of cytochrome c oxidase copper chaperone Cox11 that starts from the second AUG codon, but contains a functional secretion signal peptide. RNA interference with RsIA_CtaG/Cox11 reduced the pathogenicity of AG-1 IA towards rice and Nicotiana benthamiana without affecting its fitness or mycelial morphology. Transient expression of the RsIA_CtaG/Cox11-GFP fusion protein demonstrated the localization of RsIA_CtaG/Cox11 to mitochondria. Agro-infiltration of RsIA_CtaG/Cox11 into N. benthamiana leaves inhibited cell death by BAX and INF1. In contrast to rice, agro-infiltration of RsIA_CtaG/Cox11 did not induce cell death in N. benthamiana. However, cell death was observed when it was coinfiltrated with Os_CoxVIIa, which encodes a subunit of cytochrome c oxidase. Os_CoxVIIa appeared to interact with RsIA_CtaG/Cox11. The cell death triggered by coexpression of RsIA_CtaG/Cox11 and Os_CoxVIIa is independent of the leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases BAK1/SOBIR1 and enhanced the susceptibility of N. benthamiana to AG-1 IA. Two of the three evolutionarily conserved cysteine residues at positions 25 and 126 of RsIA_CtaG/Cox11 were essential for its immunosuppressive activity, but not for cell death induction. This report suggests that RsIA_CtaG/Cox11 appears to have a dual role in immunosuppression and cell death induction during pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaChengduChina
- School of AgronomySichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Runmao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests Ministry of EducationHainan UniversityHaikouChina
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- School of AgronomySichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Zhaoyilin Wang
- Rice Research InstituteSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Hui Lin
- School of AgronomySichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Kazunori Okada
- Agro‐Biotechnology Research CenterThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Crop Research InstituteSichuan Academy of Agricultural SciencesChengduChina
| | - Xing Xiang
- School of AgronomySichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Tengda Zheng
- School of AgronomySichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | | | - Xiaoqun Yi
- School of AgronomySichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yoshiteru Noutoshi
- Graduate School of Environmental, Life, and Natural Science and TechnologyOkayama UniversityOkayamaJapan
| | - Aiping Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest ChinaChengduChina
- School of AgronomySichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
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Adachi H, Sakai T, Kourelis J, Pai H, Gonzalez Hernandez JL, Utsumi Y, Seki M, Maqbool A, Kamoun S. Jurassic NLR: Conserved and dynamic evolutionary features of the atypically ancient immune receptor ZAR1. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:3662-3685. [PMID: 37467141 PMCID: PMC10533333 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors generally exhibit hallmarks of rapid evolution, even at the intraspecific level. We used iterative sequence similarity searches coupled with phylogenetic analyses to reconstruct the evolutionary history of HOPZ-ACTIVATED RESISTANCE1 (ZAR1), an atypically conserved NLR that traces its origin to early flowering plant lineages ∼220 to 150 million yrs ago (Jurassic period). We discovered 120 ZAR1 orthologs in 88 species, including the monocot Colocasia esculenta, the magnoliid Cinnamomum micranthum, and most eudicots, notably the Ranunculales species Aquilegia coerulea, which is outside the core eudicots. Ortholog sequence analyses revealed highly conserved features of ZAR1, including regions for pathogen effector recognition and cell death activation. We functionally reconstructed the cell death activity of ZAR1 and its partner receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase (RLCK) from distantly related plant species, experimentally validating the hypothesis that ZAR1 evolved to partner with RLCKs early in its evolution. In addition, ZAR1 acquired novel molecular features. In cassava (Manihot esculenta) and cotton (Gossypium spp.), ZAR1 carries a C-terminal thioredoxin-like domain, and in several taxa, ZAR1 duplicated into 2 paralog families, which underwent distinct evolutionary paths. ZAR1 stands out among angiosperm NLR genes for having experienced relatively limited duplication and expansion throughout its deep evolutionary history. Nonetheless, ZAR1 also gave rise to noncanonical NLRs with integrated domains and degenerated molecular features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Adachi
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- Laboratory of Crop Evolution, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Mozume, Muko, Kyoto 617-0001, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sakai
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- Laboratory of Crop Evolution, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Mozume, Muko, Kyoto 617-0001, Japan
| | - Jiorgos Kourelis
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Hsuan Pai
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jose L Gonzalez Hernandez
- Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Sciences Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Yoshinori Utsumi
- Plant Genomic Network Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Motoaki Seki
- Plant Genomic Network Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Plant Epigenome Regulation Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12 Maioka-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 244-0813, Japan
| | - Abbas Maqbool
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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Ouyang X, Chen J, Sun Z, Wang R, Wu X, Li B, Song C, Liu P, Zhang M. Ubiquitin E3 ligase activity of Ralstonia solanacearum effector RipAW is not essential for induction of plant defense in Nicotiana benthamiana. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1201444. [PMID: 37293211 PMCID: PMC10244751 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1201444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the most destructive bacterial phytopathogens, Ralstonia solanacearum causes substantial annual yield losses of many important crops. Deciphering the functional mechanisms of type III effectors, the crucial factors mediating R. solanacearum-plant interactions, will provide a valuable basis for protecting crop plants from R. solanacearum. Recently, the NEL (novel E3 ligase) effector RipAW was found to induce cell death on Nicotiana benthamiana in a E3 ligase activity-dependent manner. Here, we further deciphered the role of the E3 ligase activity in RipAW-triggered plant immunity. We found that RipAWC177A, the E3 ligase mutant of RipAW, could not induce cell death but retained the ability of triggering plant immunity in N. benthamiana, indicating that the E3 ligase activity is not essential for RipAW-triggered immunity. By generating truncated mutants of RipAW, we further showed that the N-terminus, NEL domain and C-terminus are all required but not sufficient for RipAW-induced cell death. Furthermore, all truncated mutants of RipAW triggered ETI immune responses in N. benthamiana, confirming that the E3 ligase activity is not essential for RipAW-triggered plant immunity. Finally, we demonstrated that RipAW- and RipAWC177A-triggered immunity in N. benthamiana requires SGT1 (suppressor of G2 allele of skp1), but not EDS1 (enhanced disease susceptibility), NRG1 (N requirement gene 1), NRC (NLR required for cell death) proteins or SA (salicylic acid) pathway. Our findings provide a typical case in which the effector-induced cell death can be uncoupled with immune responses, shedding new light on effector-triggered plant immunity. Our data also provide clues for further in-depth study of mechanism underlying RipAW-induced plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Ouyang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jialan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhimao Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Endangered Medicinal Resource Development in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Rongbo Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xuan Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Benjin Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Congfeng Song
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peiqing Liu
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Meixiang Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Endangered Medicinal Resource Development in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
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11
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Liu D, Lun Z, Liu N, Yuan G, Wang X, Li S, Peng YL, Lu X. Identification and Characterization of Novel Candidate Effector Proteins from Magnaporthe oryzae. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050574. [PMID: 37233285 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae secretes a large number of effector proteins to facilitate infection, most of which are not functionally characterized. We selected potential candidate effector genes from the genome of M. oryzae, field isolate P131, and cloned 69 putative effector genes for functional screening. Utilizing a rice protoplast transient expression system, we identified that four candidate effector genes, GAS1, BAS2, MoCEP1 and MoCEP2 induced cell death in rice. In particular, MoCEP2 also induced cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves through Agrobacteria-mediated transient gene expression. We further identified that six candidate effector genes, MoCEP3 to MoCEP8, suppress flg22-induced ROS burst in N. benthamiana leaves upon transient expression. These effector genes were highly expressed at a different stage after M. oryzae infection. We successfully knocked out five genes in M. oryzae, MoCEP1, MoCEP2, MoCEP3, MoCEP5 and MoCEP7. The virulence tests suggested that the deletion mutants of MoCEP2, MoCEP3 and MoCEP5 showed reduced virulence on rice and barley plants. Therefore, those genes play an important role in pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Liu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhiqin Lun
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ning Liu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guixin Yuan
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xingbin Wang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - You-Liang Peng
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xunli Lu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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12
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Gu B, Gao W, Liu Z, Shao G, Peng Q, Mu Y, Wang Q, Zhao H, Miao J, Liu X. A single region of the Phytophthora infestans avirulence effector Avr3b functions in both cell death induction and plant immunity suppression. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:317-330. [PMID: 36696541 PMCID: PMC10013827 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As a destructive plant pathogen, Phytophthora infestans secretes diverse host-entering RxLR effectors to facilitate infection. One critical RxLR effector, PiAvr3b, not only induces effector-triggered immunity (ETI), which is associated with the potato resistance protein StR3b, but also suppresses pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI). To date, the molecular basis underlying such dual activities remains unknown. Based on phylogenetic analysis of global P. infestans isolates, we found two PiAvr3b isoforms that differ by three amino acids. Despite this sequence variation, the two isoforms retain the same properties in activating the StR3b-mediated hypersensitive response (HR) and inhibiting necrosis induced by three PAMPs (PiNpp, PiINF1, and PsXeg1) and an RxLR effector (Pi10232). Using a combined mutagenesis approach, we found that the dual activities of PiAvr3b were tightly linked and determined by 88 amino acids at the C-terminus. We further determined that either the W60 or the E134 residue of PiAvr3b was essential for triggering StR3b-associated HR and inhibiting PiNpp- and Pi10232-associated necrosis, while the S99 residue partially contributed to PTI suppression. Additionally, nuclear localization of PiAvr3b was required to stimulate HR and suppress PTI, but not to inhibit Pi10232-associated cell death. Our study revealed that PiAvr3b suppresses the plant immune response at different subcellular locations and provides an example in which a single amino acid of an RxLR effector links ETI induction and cell death suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Wenxin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Zeqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Guangda Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Qin Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Yinyu Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Qinhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Hua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Jianqiang Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Xili Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
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13
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Du J, Wang Q, Shi H, Zhou C, He J, Wang X. A prophage-encoded effector from "Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" targets ASCORBATE PEROXIDASE6 in citrus to facilitate bacterial infection. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:302-316. [PMID: 36692022 PMCID: PMC10013806 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Citrus huanglongbing (HLB), associated with the unculturable phloem-limited bacterium "Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" (CLas), is the most devastating disease in the citrus industry worldwide. However, the pathogenicity of CLas remains poorly understood. In this study, we show that AGH17488, a secreted protein encoded by the prophage region of the CLas genome, suppresses plant immunity via targeting the host ASCORBATE PEROXIDASE6 (APX6) protein in Nicotiana benthamiana and Citrus sinensis. The transient expression of AGH17488 reduced the chloroplast localization of APX6 and its enzyme activity, inhibited the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (H2 O2 and O2 - ) and the lipid oxidation endproduct malondialdehyde in plants, and promoted the proliferation of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri. This study reveals a novel mechanism underlying how CLas uses a prophage-encoded effector, AGH17488, to target a reactive oxygen species accumulation-related gene, APX6, in the host to facilitate its infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Du
- National Citrus Engineering Research CenterCitrus Research Institute, Southwest UniversityChongqingChina
- Fruit Tree and Melon Information Research CenterZhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesZhengzhouChina
| | - Qiying Wang
- National Citrus Engineering Research CenterCitrus Research Institute, Southwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Hongwei Shi
- National Citrus Engineering Research CenterCitrus Research Institute, Southwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Changyong Zhou
- National Citrus Engineering Research CenterCitrus Research Institute, Southwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Jun He
- National Citrus Engineering Research CenterCitrus Research Institute, Southwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- National Citrus Engineering Research CenterCitrus Research Institute, Southwest UniversityChongqingChina
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14
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Contreras MP, Pai H, Tumtas Y, Duggan C, Yuen ELH, Cruces AV, Kourelis J, Ahn H, Lee K, Wu C, Bozkurt TO, Derevnina L, Kamoun S. Sensor NLR immune proteins activate oligomerization of their NRC helpers in response to plant pathogens. EMBO J 2023; 42:e111519. [PMID: 36579501 PMCID: PMC9975940 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors are important components of plant and metazoan innate immunity that can function as individual units or as pairs or networks. Upon activation, NLRs form multiprotein complexes termed resistosomes or inflammasomes. Although metazoan paired NLRs, such as NAIP/NLRC4, form hetero-complexes upon activation, the molecular mechanisms underpinning activation of plant paired NLRs, especially whether they associate in resistosome hetero-complexes, is unknown. In asterid plant species, the NLR required for cell death (NRC) immune receptor network is composed of multiple resistance protein sensors and downstream helpers that confer immunity against diverse plant pathogens. Here, we show that pathogen effector-activation of the NLR proteins Rx (confers virus resistance), and Bs2 (confers bacterial resistance) leads to oligomerization of their helper NLR, NRC2. Activated Rx does not oligomerize or enter into a stable complex with the NRC2 oligomer and remains cytoplasmic. In contrast, activated NRC2 oligomers accumulate in membrane-associated puncta. We propose an activation-and-release model for NLRs in the NRC immune receptor network. This points to a distinct activation model compared with mammalian paired NLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hsuan Pai
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Yasin Tumtas
- Department of Life SciencesImperial CollegeLondonUK
| | - Cian Duggan
- Department of Life SciencesImperial CollegeLondonUK
| | | | - Angel Vergara Cruces
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
- Present address:
John Innes CentreUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | | | - Hee‐Kyung Ahn
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Kim‐Teng Lee
- Institute of Plant and Microbial BiologyAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chih‐Hang Wu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial BiologyAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | | | - Lida Derevnina
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
- Present address:
Department of Plant Sciences, Crop Science CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
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15
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Verticillium dahliae Effector VdCE11 Contributes to Virulence by Promoting Accumulation and Activity of the Aspartic Protease GhAP1 from Cotton. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0354722. [PMID: 36656049 PMCID: PMC9927275 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03547-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae is a soilborne plant fungal pathogen that causes Verticillium wilt, a disease that reduces the yields of many economically important crops. Despite its worldwide distribution and harmful impacts, much remains unknown regarding how the numerous effectors of V. dahliae modulate plant immunity. Here, we identified the intracellular effector VdCE11 that induces cell death and defense responses in Nicotiana benthamiana to counter leaf pathogens such as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea. VdCE11 also contributes to the virulence of V. dahliae in cotton and Arabidopsis. Yeast two-hybrid library screening and immunoprecipitation revealed that VdCE11 interacts physically with the cotton aspartic protease GhAP1. GhAP1 and its Arabidopsis homolog AtAP1 are negative regulators of plant immunity, since disruption of either increased the resistance of cotton or Arabidopsis to V. dahliae. Further, VdCE11 plays a role in promoting the accumulation of the AP1 proteins and increasing its hydrolase activity. Taken together, these results indicate a novel mechanism regulating virulence whereby the secreted effector VdCE11 increases cotton susceptibility to V. dahliae by promoting the accumulation and activity of GhAP1. IMPORTANCE Verticclium dahliae is a plant fungal pathogen that causes a destructive vascular disease on a large number of plant hosts, resulting in great threat to agricultural production. In this study, we identified a V. dahliae effector VdCE11 that induces cell death and defense responses in Nicotiana benthamiana. Meanwhile, VdCE11 contributes to the virulence of V. dahliae in cotton and Arabidopsis. Yeast two-hybrid library screening and immunoprecipitation revealed that VdCE11 interacts physically with the cotton aspartic protease GhAP1. GhAP1 and its Arabidopsis homolog AtAP1 are negative regulators of plant immunity since disruption of either increased the resistance of cotton or Arabidopsis to V. dahliae. Further research showed that VdCE11 plays a role in promoting the accumulation of the AP1 proteins and increasing its hydrolase activity. These results suggested that a novel mechanism regulating virulence whereby VdCE11 increases susceptibility to V. dahliae by promoting the accumulation and activity of GhAP1 in the host.
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16
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Chen J, Chen S, Xu C, Yang H, Achom M, Wang X. A key virulence effector from cyst nematodes targets host autophagy to promote nematode parasitism. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:1374-1390. [PMID: 36349395 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy, an intracellular degradation system conserved in eukaryotes, has been increasingly recognized as a key battlefield in plant-pathogen interactions. However, the role of plant autophagy in nematode parasitism is mostly unknown. We report here the identification of a novel and conserved effector, Nematode Manipulator of Autophagy System 1 (NMAS1), from plant-parasitic cyst nematodes (Heterodera and Globodera spp.). We used molecular and genetic analyses to demonstrate that NMAS1 is required for nematode parasitism. The NMAS1 effectors are potent suppressors of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by flg22 and cell death mediated by immune receptors in Nicotiana benthamiana, suggesting a key role of NMAS1 effectors in nematode virulence. Arabidopsis atg mutants defective in autophagy showed reduced susceptibility to nematode infection. The NMAS1 effectors contain predicted AuTophaGy-related protein 8 (ATG8)-interacting motif (AIM) sequences. In planta protein-protein interaction assays further demonstrated that NMAS1 effectors specifically interact with host plant ATG8 proteins. Interestingly, mutation in AIM2 of GrNMAS1 from the potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis abolishes its interaction with potato StATG8 proteins and its activity in ROS suppression. Collectively, our results reveal for the first time that cyst nematodes employ a conserved AIM-containing virulence effector capable of targeting a key component of host autophagy to promote disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Chen
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Rice Research Institute & Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Technology in Rice Breeding, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shiyan Chen
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Chunling Xu
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Huijun Yang
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Mingkee Achom
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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17
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Adachi H, Sakai T, Harant A, Pai H, Honda K, Toghani A, Claeys J, Duggan C, Bozkurt TO, Wu CH, Kamoun S. An atypical NLR protein modulates the NRC immune receptor network in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010500. [PMID: 36656829 PMCID: PMC9851556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The NRC immune receptor network has evolved in asterid plants from a pair of linked genes into a genetically dispersed and phylogenetically structured network of sensor and helper NLR (nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing) proteins. In some species, such as the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana and other Solanaceae, the NRC (NLR-REQUIRED FOR CELL DEATH) network forms up to half of the NLRome, and NRCs are scattered throughout the genome in gene clusters of varying complexities. Here, we describe NRCX, an atypical member of the NRC family that lacks canonical features of these NLR helper proteins, such as a functional N-terminal MADA motif and the capacity to trigger autoimmunity. In contrast to other NRCs, systemic gene silencing of NRCX in N. benthamiana markedly impairs plant growth resulting in a dwarf phenotype. Remarkably, dwarfism of NRCX silenced plants is partially dependent on NRCX paralogs NRC2 and NRC3, but not NRC4. Despite its negative impact on plant growth when silenced systemically, spot gene silencing of NRCX in mature N. benthamiana leaves doesn't result in visible cell death phenotypes. However, alteration of NRCX expression modulates the hypersensitive response mediated by NRC2 and NRC3 in a manner consistent with a negative role for NRCX in the NRC network. We conclude that NRCX is an atypical member of the NRC network that has evolved to contribute to the homeostasis of this genetically unlinked NLR network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Adachi
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom,Laboratory of Crop Evolution, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan,JST-PRESTO, Saitama, Japan,* E-mail: (HA); (CHW); (SK)
| | - Toshiyuki Sakai
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom,Laboratory of Crop Evolution, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Adeline Harant
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Hsuan Pai
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Kodai Honda
- Laboratory of Crop Evolution, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - AmirAli Toghani
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jules Claeys
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Cian Duggan
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tolga O. Bozkurt
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chih-hang Wu
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom,Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan,* E-mail: (HA); (CHW); (SK)
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom,* E-mail: (HA); (CHW); (SK)
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18
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Lin X, Torres Ascurra YC, Fillianti H, Dethier L, de Rond L, Domazakis E, Aguilera-Galvez C, Kiros AY, Jacobsen E, Visser RGF, Nürnberger T, Vleeshouwers VGAA. Recognition of Pep-13/25 MAMPs of Phytophthora localizes to an RLK locus in Solanum microdontum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1037030. [PMID: 36714772 PMCID: PMC9879208 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1037030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) in plants is mediated by cell surface-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) upon perception of microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMPs). MAMPs are conserved molecules across microbe species, or even kingdoms, and PRRs can confer broad-spectrum disease resistance. Pep-13/25 are well-characterized MAMPs in Phytophthora species, which are renowned devastating oomycete pathogens of potato and other plants, and for which genetic resistance is highly wanted. Pep-13/25 are derived from a 42 kDa transglutaminase GP42, but their cognate PRR has remained unknown. Here, we genetically mapped a novel surface immune receptor that recognizes Pep-25. By using effectoromics screening, we characterized the recognition spectrum of Pep-13/25 in diverse Solanaceae species. Response to Pep-13/25 was predominantly found in potato and related wild tuber-bearing Solanum species. Bulk-segregant RNA sequencing (BSR-Seq) and genetic mapping the response to Pep-25 led to a 0.081 cM region on the top of chromosome 3 in the wild potato species Solanum microdontum subsp. gigantophyllum. Some BAC clones in this region were isolated and sequenced, and we found the Pep-25 receptor locates in a complex receptor-like kinase (RLK) locus. This study is an important step toward the identification of the Pep-13/25 receptor, which can potentially lead to broad application in potato and various other hosts of Phytophthora species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lin
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Happyka Fillianti
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Laura Dethier
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Laura de Rond
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Evert Jacobsen
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre of Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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19
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Hou X, He Z, Che Z, Li H, Tan X, Wang Q. Molecular mechanisms of Phytophthora sojae avirulence effectors escaping host recognition. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1111774. [PMID: 36699593 PMCID: PMC9868715 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1111774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora sojae is a well-known destructive oomycete pathogen, which causes soybean stem and root rot and poses a serious threat to global food security. Growing soybean cultivars with the appropriate resistance to P. sojae (Rps) genes are the primary management strategy to reduce losses. In most Phytophthora pathosystems, host resistance protein encoded by a specific R gene in the plant recognizes corresponding RxLR effector protein, encoded by an avirulence gene. This gene-for-gene relationship has been exploited to help breeders and agronomists deploy soybean cultivars. To date, 6 Rps genes have been incorporated into commercial soybean germplasm and trigger plant immunity in response to 8 P. sojae avirulence effectors. The incorporation of Rps genes in the soybean population creates selection pressure in favor of novel pathotypes of P. sojae. The 8 avirulence genes evolved to evade the host immune system, driven by genetic selection pressures. Understanding the evading strategies has important reference value for the prevention and control of Phytophthora stem and root rot. This investigation primarily highlights the research on the strategies of P. sojae avirulence effector evasion of host recognition, looking forward to creating durable resistance genes and thereby enabling successful disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Hou
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Zheng He
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Zhengzheng Che
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Hengjing Li
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Xinwei Tan
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Qunqing Wang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China,State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China,*Correspondence: Qunqing Wang,
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20
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Cui JR, Bing XL, Tang YJ, Liu F, Ren L, Zhou JY, Liu HH, Wang MK, Hoffmann AA, Hong XY. A conserved protein disulfide isomerase enhances plant resistance against herbivores. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:660-678. [PMID: 36269175 PMCID: PMC9806597 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Herbivore-associated molecular patterns (HAMPs) enable plants to recognize herbivores and may help plants adjust their defense responses. Here, we report on herbivore-induced changes in a protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) widely distributed across arthropods. PDI from the spider mite Tetranychus evansi (TePDI), a mesophyll-feeding agricultural pest worldwide, triggered immunity in multiple Solanaceae plants. TePDI-mediated cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana required the plant signaling proteins SGT1 (suppressor of the G2 allele of skp1) and HSP90 (heat shock protein 90), but was suppressed by spider mite effectors Te28 and Te84. Moreover, PDIs from phylogenetically distinct herbivorous and nonherbivorous arthropods triggered plant immunity. Finally, although PDI-induced plant defenses impaired the performance of spider mites on plants, RNAi experiments revealed that PDI genes are essential for the survival of mites and whiteflies. Our findings indicate that plants recognize evolutionarily conserved HAMPs to activate plant defense and resist pest damage, pointing to opportunities for broad-spectrum pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Rong Cui
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Xiao-Li Bing
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yi-Jing Tang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Fan Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Lu Ren
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Jia-Yi Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Huan-Huan Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Meng-Ke Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- School of BioSciences, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Xiao-Yue Hong
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
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21
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Madina MH, Santhanam P, Asselin Y, Jaswal R, Bélanger RR. Progress and Challenges in Elucidating the Functional Role of Effectors in the Soybean- Phytophthora sojae Interaction. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 9:jof9010012. [PMID: 36675833 PMCID: PMC9866111 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora sojae, the agent responsible for stem and root rot, is one of the most damaging plant pathogens of soybean. To establish a compatible-interaction, P. sojae secretes a wide array of effector proteins into the host cell. These effectors have been shown to act either in the apoplastic area or the cytoplasm of the cell to manipulate the host cellular processes in favor of the development of the pathogen. Deciphering effector-plant interactions is important for understanding the role of P. sojae effectors in disease progression and developing approaches to prevent infection. Here, we review the subcellular localization, the host proteins, and the processes associated with P. sojae effectors. We also discuss the emerging topic of effectors in the context of effector-resistance genes interaction, as well as model systems and recent developments in resources and techniques that may provide a better understanding of the soybean-P. sojae interaction.
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22
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Hawku MD, He F, Bai X, Islam MA, Huang X, Kang Z, Guo J. A R2R3 MYB Transcription Factor, TaMYB391, Is Positively Involved in Wheat Resistance to Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214070. [PMID: 36430549 PMCID: PMC9693031 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A biotrophic fungus, Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici (Pst), which causes stripe rust disease in wheat is the most yield-limiting factor in wheat production. Plants have complex defense mechanisms against invading pathogens. Hypersensitive response (HR), a kind of programmed cell death (PCD) at the infection site, is among these defense mechanisms. Transcription factors (TFs) play a crucial role in plant defense response against invading pathogens. Myeloblastosis (MYB) TFs are among the largest TFs families that are involved in response to both biotic and abiotic stresses. However, little is known about the mechanisms of MYB TFs during the interaction between wheat and the stripe rust fungus. Here, we identified an R2R3 MYB TF from wheat, designated as TaMYB391, and characterized its functional role during wheat-Pst interaction. Our data indicated that TaMYB391 is induced by Pst infection and exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA). TaMYB391 is localized in the nucleus of both wheat and Nicotiana benthamiana. Transient overexpression of TaMYB391 in N. benthamiana triggered HR-related PCD accompanied by increased electrolyte leakage, high accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and transcriptional accumulation of SA defense-related genes and HR-specific marker genes. Overexpression of TaMYB391 in wheat significantly enhanced wheat resistance to stripe rust fungus through the induction of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, ROS accumulation and hypersensitive cell death. On the other hand, RNAi-mediated silencing of TaMYB391 decreased the resistance of wheat to Pst accompanied by enhanced growth of the pathogen. Together our findings demonstrate that TaMYB391 acts as a positive regulator of HR-associated cell death and positively contributes to the resistance of wheat to the stripe rust fungus by regulating certain PR genes, possibly through SA signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehari Desta Hawku
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
- Department of Crop Science, College of Agriculture, Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, Musanze P.O. Box 210, Rwanda
| | - Fuxin He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Xingxuan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Md Ashraful Islam
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Xueling Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
- Correspondence: (Z.K.); (J.G.)
| | - Jun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
- Correspondence: (Z.K.); (J.G.)
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23
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An Y, Chen J, Xu Z, Ouyang X, Cao P, Wang R, Liu P, Zhang M. Three amino acid residues are required for the recognition of Ralstonia solanacearum RipTPS in Nicotiana tabacum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1040826. [PMID: 36311066 PMCID: PMC9606615 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1040826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum causes devastating diseases in a wide range of economically important crops. It secretes a large number of virulence factors, also known as effectors, to promote its infection, and some of them are recognized when the host plant contains corresponding resistance genes. In this study we showed that a type III effector RipTPS from the avirulent R. solanacearum strain GMI1000 (RipTPSG) specifically induced cell death in Nicotiana tabacum, but not in Nicotiana benthamiana, whereas the RipTPS homolog in the virulent strain CQPS-1 (RipTPSC) induced cell death in neither N. tabacum nor N. benthamiana. These results indicated that RipTPSG is recognized in N. tabacum. Expression of RipTPSG induced upregulation of hypersensitive response (HR) -related genes in N. tabacum. The virulence of CQPS-1 was reduced when RipTPSG was genetically introduced into CQPS-1, further confirming that RipTPSG functions as an avirulence determinant. Protein sequence alignment indicated that there are only three amino acid polymorphisms between RipTPSG and RipTPSC. Site-directed mutagenesis analyses confirmed that the three amino acid residues are jointly required for the recognition of RipTPSG in N. tabacum. Expression of either RipTPSG or RipTPSC suppressed flg22-triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst in N. benthamiana, suggesting that RipTPS contributes to pathogen virulence. Mutating the conserved residues in RipTPS's trehalose-phosphate synthase (TPS) domain did not block its HR induction and defense suppression activity, indicating that the TPS activity is not required for RipTPS's avirulence and virulence function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan An
- National Engineering Laboratory for Endangered Medicinal Resource Development in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jialan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhangyan Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue Ouyang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Cao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Endangered Medicinal Resource Development in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Rongbo Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Peiqing Liu
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Meixiang Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Endangered Medicinal Resource Development in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
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24
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Wan C, Liu Y, Tian S, Guo J, Bai X, Zhu H, Kang Z, Guo J. A serine-rich effector from the stripe rust pathogen targets a Raf-like kinase to suppress host immunity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:762-778. [PMID: 35567492 PMCID: PMC9434189 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) is an important obligate pathogen in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and secretes effectors into plant cells to promote infection. Identifying host targets of effector proteins and clarifying their roles in pathogen infection is essential for understanding pathogen virulence. In this study, we identified a serine-rich effector, Pst27791, from Pst that suppresses cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. Stable overexpression of Pst27791 in wheat suppressed reactive oxygen species accumulation and the salicylic acid-dependent defense response. Transgenic wheat expressing the RNA interference construct of Pst27791 exhibited high resistance to Pst virulent isolate CYR31, indicating its importance in pathogenesis. Pst27791 interacting with wheat rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (Raf)-like kinase TaRaf46 in yeast and in planta. Knocking down TaRaf46 expression in wheat attenuated Pst infection and increased wheat immunity. The overexpression of TaRaf46 decreased wheat resistance to Pst and repressed MAPK activation in wheat. Pst27791 may stabilize TaRaf46 through the inhibition of proteasome-mediated degradation in N. benthamiana. The ability of Pst27791 to enhance Pst colonization was compromised when TaRaf46 was silenced, suggesting that the virulence of Pst27791 is mediated by TaRaf46. Overall, these results indicate that Raf-like kinase TaRaf46 is exploited by the Pst effector as a negative regulator of plant immunity to promote infection in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuxin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xingxuan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haochuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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25
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Corredor-Moreno P, Badgami R, Jones S, Saunders DGO. Temporally coordinated expression of nuclear genes encoding chloroplast proteins in wheat promotes Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici infection. Commun Biol 2022; 5:853. [PMID: 35996019 PMCID: PMC9395331 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03780-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting host processes that allow pathogens to thrive can be invaluable in resistance breeding. Here, we generated a deep-sequencing transcriptome time course for Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) infection on wheat and compared datasets from three wheat varieties with different levels of susceptibility to two tested pathogen isolates. We sought genes specifically altered in a susceptible host as candidates that might support colonisation. Host responses differed between Pst-varietal pairs most prominently early during infection. Notably, however, nuclear genes encoding chloroplast-localised proteins (NGCPs) exhibited temporal coordination of expression profiles that differed at later time points in relation to Pst susceptibility. Disrupting one such NGCP, encoding the chloroplast-localised RNA binding protein TaCSP41a, led to lower Pst susceptibility. These analyses thus highlight NGCPs as prime targets for Pst manipulation during infection and point to TaCSP41a disruption as a potential source of Pst resistance for breeding programmes. A transcriptome time course of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) infection reveals nuclear genes encoding chloroplast-localized proteins are manipulated during infection and highlights TaCSP41a disruption as a target for resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sally Jones
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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26
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Gao H, Jiang L, Du B, Ning B, Ding X, Zhang C, Song B, Liu S, Zhao M, Zhao Y, Rong T, Liu D, Wu J, Xu P, Zhang S. GmMKK4-activated GmMPK6 stimulates GmERF113 to trigger resistance to Phytophthora sojae in soybean. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 111:473-495. [PMID: 35562858 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora root and stem rot is a worldwide soybean (Glycine max) disease caused by the soil-borne pathogen Phytophthora sojae. This disease is devastating to soybean production, so improvement of resistance to P. sojae is a major target in soybean breeding. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are important signaling modules that convert environmental stimuli into cellular responses. Compared with extensive studies in Arabidopsis, the molecular mechanism of MAPK cascades in soybean disease resistance is barely elucidated. In this work, we found that the gene expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 (GmMPK6) was potently induced by P. sojae infection in the disease-resistant soybean cultivar 'Suinong 10'. Overexpression of GmMPK6 in soybean resulted in enhanced resistance to P. sojae and silencing of GmMPK6 led to the opposite phenotype. In our attempt to dissect the role of GmMPK6 in soybean resistance to phytophthora disease, we found that MAPK kinase 4 (GmMKK4) and the ERF transcription factor GmERF113 physically interact with GmMPK6, and we determined that GmMKK4 could phosphorylate and activate GmMPK6, which could subsequently phosphorylate GmERF113 upon P. sojae infection, suggesting that P. sojae can stimulate the GmMKK4-GmMPK6-GmERF113 signaling pathway in soybean. Moreover, phosphorylation of GmERF113 by the GmMKK4-GmMPK6 module promoted GmERF113 stability, nuclear localization and transcriptional activity, which significantly enhanced expression of the defense-related genes GmPR1 and GmPR10-1 and hence improved disease resistance of the transgenic soybean seedlings. In all, our data reveal that the GmMKK4-GmMPK6-GmERF113 cascade triggers resistance to P. sojae in soybean and shed light on functions of MAPK kinases in plant disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Gao
- Soybean Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Liangyu Jiang
- Soybean Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Harbin, 150030, China
- Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Banghan Du
- Soybean Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Bin Ning
- Soybean Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xiaodong Ding
- Soybean Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Chuanzhong Zhang
- Soybean Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Bo Song
- Soybean Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Soybean Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Soybean Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yuxin Zhao
- Soybean Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Tianyu Rong
- Soybean Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Dongxue Liu
- Soybean Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Junjiang Wu
- Soybean Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Soybean Cultivation of Ministry of Agriculture P. R. China, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Soybean Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Shuzhen Zhang
- Soybean Research Institute, Northeast Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Chinese Education Ministry, Harbin, 150030, China
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27
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Midgley KA, van den Berg N, Swart V. Unraveling Plant Cell Death during Phytophthora Infection. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061139. [PMID: 35744657 PMCID: PMC9229607 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Oomycetes form a distinct phylogenetic lineage of fungus-like eukaryotic microorganisms, of which several hundred organisms are considered among the most devastating plant pathogens—especially members of the genus Phytophthora. Phytophthora spp. have a large repertoire of effectors that aid in eliciting a susceptible response in host plants. What is of increasing interest is the involvement of Phytophthora effectors in regulating programed cell death (PCD)—in particular, the hypersensitive response. There have been numerous functional characterization studies, which demonstrate Phytophthora effectors either inducing or suppressing host cell death, which may play a crucial role in Phytophthora’s ability to regulate their hemi-biotrophic lifestyle. Despite several advances in techniques used to identify and characterize Phytophthora effectors, knowledge is still lacking for some important species, including Phytophthora cinnamomi. This review discusses what the term PCD means and the gap in knowledge between pathogenic and developmental forms of PCD in plants. We also discuss the role cell death plays in the virulence of Phytophthora spp. and the effectors that have so far been identified as playing a role in cell death manipulation. Finally, we touch on the different techniques available to study effector functions, such as cell death induction/suppression.
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28
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Tintor N, Nieuweboer GAM, Bakker IAW, Takken FLW. The Intracellularly Acting Effector Foa3 Suppresses Defense Responses When Infiltrated Into the Apoplast. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:813181. [PMID: 35677245 PMCID: PMC9169155 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.813181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens employ secreted proteins, among which are effectors, to manipulate and colonize their hosts. A large fraction of effectors is translocated into host cells, where they can suppress defense signaling. Bacterial pathogens directly inject effectors into host cells via the type three secretion system, but it is little understood how eukaryotic pathogens, such as fungi, accomplish this critical process and how their secreted effectors enter host cells. The root-infecting fungus Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) secrets numerous effectors into the extracellular space. Some of these, such as Foa3, function inside the plant cell to suppress host defenses. Here, we show that Foa3 suppresses pattern-triggered defense responses to the same extent when it is produced in planta irrespective of whether the protein carries the PR1 secretory signal peptide or not. When a GFP-tagged Foa3 was targeted for secretion it localized, among other locations, to mobile subcellular structures of unknown identity. Furthermore, like the well-known cell penetrating peptide Arginine 9, Foa3 was found to deliver an orthotospovirus avirulence protein-derived peptide into the cytosol, resulting in the activation of the matching resistance protein. Finally, we show that infiltrating Foa3 into the apoplast results in strong suppression of the pattern-triggered immune responses, potentially indicating its uptake by the host cells in absence of a pathogen.
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29
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Bai X, Peng H, Goher F, Islam MA, Xu S, Guo J, Kang Z, Guo J. A candidate effector protein PstCFEM1 contributes to virulence of stripe rust fungus and impairs wheat immunity. STRESS BIOLOGY 2022; 2:21. [PMID: 37676523 PMCID: PMC10441960 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-022-00042-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Common in Fungal Extracellular Membrane (CFEM) domain proteins are considered to be unique to fungi and closely related to pathogenicity. However, the Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) effector containing the CFEM domain has not been reported. Here, we obtained an effector, PstCFEM1, containing a functional N-terminal signal peptide sequence and the CFEM domain from Pst race CYR31. qRT-PCR assay indicated that the transcript levels of PstCFEM1 were highly induced during the early stages of infection. Overexpression of PstCFEM1 suppressed Pst322 (an elicitor-like protein of Pst)-trigged cell death, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and callose deposition. Host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) experiments showed that knockdown of PstCFEM1 decreased the virulence of Pst, while ROS accumulation in silenced plants increased near the infection site. In addition, wheat containing the PstCFEM1-silenced construct increased resistance to multiple races of Pst. Our data suggest that PstCFEM1 suppresses wheat defense by inhibiting ROS accumulation and contributes to increased virulence of Pst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxuan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Farhan Goher
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Md Ashraful Islam
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sanding Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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30
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Harant A, Pai H, Sakai T, Kamoun S, Adachi H. A vector system for fast-forward studies of the HOPZ-ACTIVATED RESISTANCE1 (ZAR1) resistosome in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:70-80. [PMID: 34633454 PMCID: PMC8774824 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Nicotiana benthamiana has emerged as a complementary experimental system to Arabidopsis thaliana. It enables fast-forward in vivo analyses primarily through transient gene expression and is particularly popular in the study of plant immunity. Recently, our understanding of nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) plant immune receptors has greatly advanced following the discovery of the Arabidopsis HOPZ-ACTIVATED RESISTANCE1 (ZAR1) resistosome. Here, we describe a vector system of 72 plasmids that enables functional studies of the ZAR1 resistosome in N. benthamiana. We showed that ZAR1 stands out among the coiled coil class of NLRs (CC-NLRs) for being highly conserved across distantly related dicot plant species and confirmed NbZAR1 as the N. benthamiana ortholog of Arabidopsis ZAR1. Effector-activated and autoactive NbZAR1 triggers the cell death response in N. benthamiana and this activity is dependent on a functional N-terminal α1 helix. C-terminally tagged NbZAR1 remains functional in N. benthamiana, thus enabling cell biology and biochemical studies in this plant system. We conclude that the NbZAR1 open source pZA plasmid collection forms an additional experimental system to Arabidopsis for in planta resistosome studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Harant
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Hsuan Pai
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Toshiyuki Sakai
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- Laboratory of Crop Evolution, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Mozume, Muko, Kyoto 617-0001, Japan
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Hiroaki Adachi
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
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31
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Wilson AC, Morgan WR. Functional analysis of a Phytophthora host-translocated effector using the yeast model system. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12576. [PMID: 34966585 PMCID: PMC8663620 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phytophthora plant pathogens secrete effector proteins that are translocated into host plant cells during infection and collectively contribute to pathogenicity. A subset of these host-translocated effectors can be identified by the amino acid motif RXLR (arginine, any amino acid, leucine, arginine). Bioinformatics analysis has identified hundreds of putative RXLR effector genes in Phytophthora genomes, but the specific molecular function of most remains unknown. Methods Here we describe initial studies to investigate the use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a eukaryotic model to explore the function of Phytophthora RXLR effector proteins. Results and Conclusions Expression of individual RXLR effectors in yeast inhibited growth, consistent with perturbation of a highly conserved cellular process. Transcriptome analysis of yeast cells expressing the poorly characterized P. sojae RXLR effector Avh110 identified nearly a dozen yeast genes whose expression levels were altered greater than two-fold compared to control cells. All five of the most down-regulated yeast genes are normally induced under low phosphate conditions via the PHO4 transcription factor, indicating that PsAvh110 perturbs the yeast regulatory network essential for phosphate homeostasis and suggesting likely PsAvh110 targets during P. sojae infection of its soybean host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery C Wilson
- Department of Biology, The College of Wooster, Wooster, OH, United States.,School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - William R Morgan
- Department of Biology, The College of Wooster, Wooster, OH, United States
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32
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Shen LL, Waheed A, Wang YP, Nkurikiyimfura O, Wang ZH, Yang LN, Zhan J. Multiple Mechanisms Drive the Evolutionary Adaptation of Phytophthora infestans Effector Avr1 to Host Resistance. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7100789. [PMID: 34682211 PMCID: PMC8538934 DOI: 10.3390/jof7100789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Effectors, a group of small proteins secreted by pathogens, play a central role in antagonistic interactions between plant hosts and pathogens. The evolution of effector genes threatens plant disease management and sustainable food production, but population genetic analyses to understand evolutionary mechanisms of effector genes are limited compared to molecular and functional studies. Here we investigated the evolution of the Avr1 effector gene from 111 Phytophthora infestans isolates collected from six areas covering three potato cropping regions in China using a population genetic approach. High genetic variation of the effector gene resulted from diverse mechanisms including base substitution, pre-termination, intragenic recombination and diversifying selection. Nearly 80% of the 111 sequences had a point mutation in the 512th nucleotide (T512G), which generated a pre-termination stop codon truncating 38 amino acids in the C-terminal, suggesting that the C-terminal may not be essential to ecological and biological functions of P. infestans. A significant correlation between the frequency of Avr1 sequences with the pre-termination and annual mean temperature in the collection sites suggests that thermal heterogeneity might be one of contributors to the diversifying selection, although biological and biochemical mechanisms of the likely thermal adaptation are not known currently. Our results highlight the risk of rapid adaptation of P. infestans and possibly other pathogens as well to host resistance, and the application of eco-evolutionary principles is necessary for sustainable disease management in agricultural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Shen
- Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China; (L.-L.S.); (A.W.); (O.N.)
| | - Abdul Waheed
- Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China; (L.-L.S.); (A.W.); (O.N.)
| | - Yan-Ping Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Characteristic Horticultural Biological Resources, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Oswald Nkurikiyimfura
- Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China; (L.-L.S.); (A.W.); (O.N.)
| | - Zong-Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Li-Na Yang
- Key Lab for Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China; (L.-L.S.); (A.W.); (O.N.)
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Correspondence: (L.-N.Y.); (J.Z.); Tel.: +86-177-2080-5328 (L.-N.Y.); +46-18-673-639 (J.Z.)
| | - Jiasui Zhan
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
- Correspondence: (L.-N.Y.); (J.Z.); Tel.: +86-177-2080-5328 (L.-N.Y.); +46-18-673-639 (J.Z.)
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Derevnina L, Contreras MP, Adachi H, Upson J, Vergara Cruces A, Xie R, Skłenar J, Menke FLH, Mugford ST, MacLean D, Ma W, Hogenhout SA, Goverse A, Maqbool A, Wu CH, Kamoun S. Plant pathogens convergently evolved to counteract redundant nodes of an NLR immune receptor network. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001136. [PMID: 34424903 PMCID: PMC8412950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat (NLR)-containing proteins can form receptor networks to confer hypersensitive cell death and innate immunity. One class of NLRs, known as NLR required for cell death (NRCs), are central nodes in a complex network that protects against multiple pathogens and comprises up to half of the NLRome of solanaceous plants. Given the prevalence of this NLR network, we hypothesised that pathogens convergently evolved to secrete effectors that target NRC activities. To test this, we screened a library of 165 bacterial, oomycete, nematode, and aphid effectors for their capacity to suppress the cell death response triggered by the NRC-dependent disease resistance proteins Prf and Rpi-blb2. Among 5 of the identified suppressors, 1 cyst nematode protein and 1 oomycete protein suppress the activity of autoimmune mutants of NRC2 and NRC3, but not NRC4, indicating that they specifically counteract a subset of NRC proteins independently of their sensor NLR partners. Whereas the cyst nematode effector SPRYSEC15 binds the nucleotide-binding domain of NRC2 and NRC3, the oomycete effector AVRcap1b suppresses the response of these NRCs via the membrane trafficking-associated protein NbTOL9a (Target of Myb 1-like protein 9a). We conclude that plant pathogens have evolved to counteract central nodes of the NRC immune receptor network through different mechanisms. Coevolution with pathogen effectors may have driven NRC diversification into functionally redundant nodes in a massively expanded NLR network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lida Derevnina
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hiroaki Adachi
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Upson
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Angel Vergara Cruces
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rongrong Xie
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai, Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jan Skłenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Frank L. H. Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Sam T. Mugford
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Dan MacLean
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Wenbo Ma
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | | | - Aska Goverse
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Abbas Maqbool
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Chih-Hang Wu
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Pandey A, Moon H, Choi S, Yoon H, Prokchorchik M, Jayaraman J, Sujeevan R, Kang YM, McCann HC, Segonzac C, Kim CM, Park SJ, Sohn KH. Ralstonia solanacearum Type III Effector RipJ Triggers Bacterial Wilt Resistance in Solanum pimpinellifolium. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:962-972. [PMID: 33881922 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-20-0256-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum causes bacterial wilt disease in solanaceous crops. Identification of avirulence type III-secreted effectors recognized by specific disease resistance proteins in host plant species is an important step toward developing durable resistance in crops. In the present study, we show that R. solanacearum effector RipJ functions as an avirulence determinant in Solanum pimpinellifolium LA2093. In all, 10 candidate avirulence effectors were shortlisted based on the effector repertoire comparison between avirulent Pe_9 and virulent Pe_1 strains. Infection assays with transgenic strain Pe_1 individually carrying a candidate avirulence effector from Pe_9 revealed that only RipJ elicits strong bacterial wilt resistance in S. pimpinellifolium LA2093. Furthermore, we identified that several RipJ natural variants do not induce bacterial wilt resistance in S. pimpinellifolium LA2093. RipJ belongs to the YopJ family of acetyltransferases. Our sequence analysis indicated the presence of partially conserved putative catalytic residues. Interestingly, the conserved amino acid residues in the acetyltransferase catalytic triad are not required for effector-triggered immunity. In addition, we show that RipJ does not autoacetylate its lysine residues. Our study reports the identification of the first R. solanacearum avirulence protein that triggers bacterial wilt resistance in tomato. We expect that our discovery of RipJ as an avirulence protein will accelerate the development of bacterial wilt-resistant tomato varieties in the future.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Pandey
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayoung Moon
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sera Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayeon Yoon
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Maxim Prokchorchik
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Jay Jayaraman
- New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Mt Albert Auckland 1025, New Zealand
| | - Rajendran Sujeevan
- Division of Biological Sciences and Research Institute for Basic Science, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Mi Kang
- Division of Horticulture Industry, Wonkwang University, Iksan 554438, Republic of Korea
| | - Honour C McCann
- Institute of Advanced Studies, Massey University, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cécile Segonzac
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genome and Breeding Institute, Agricultural Life Science Research Institute, Seoul National University, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, 08826, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Min Kim
- Division of Horticulture Industry, Wonkwang University, Iksan 554438, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Ju Park
- Division of Biological Sciences and Research Institute for Basic Science, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee Hoon Sohn
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- School of Interdisciplinary Biosciences and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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35
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Białas A, Langner T, Harant A, Contreras MP, Stevenson CEM, Lawson DM, Sklenar J, Kellner R, Moscou MJ, Terauchi R, Banfield MJ, Kamoun S. Two NLR immune receptors acquired high-affinity binding to a fungal effector through convergent evolution of their integrated domain. eLife 2021; 10:e66961. [PMID: 34288868 PMCID: PMC8294853 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A subset of plant NLR immune receptors carry unconventional integrated domains in addition to their canonical domain architecture. One example is rice Pik-1 that comprises an integrated heavy metal-associated (HMA) domain. Here, we reconstructed the evolutionary history of Pik-1 and its NLR partner, Pik-2, and tested hypotheses about adaptive evolution of the HMA domain. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the HMA domain integrated into Pik-1 before Oryzinae speciation over 15 million years ago and has been under diversifying selection. Ancestral sequence reconstruction coupled with functional studies showed that two Pik-1 allelic variants independently evolved from a weakly binding ancestral state to high-affinity binding of the blast fungus effector AVR-PikD. We conclude that for most of its evolutionary history the Pik-1 HMA domain did not sense AVR-PikD, and that different Pik-1 receptors have recently evolved through distinct biochemical paths to produce similar phenotypic outcomes. These findings highlight the dynamic nature of the evolutionary mechanisms underpinning NLR adaptation to plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Białas
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Thorsten Langner
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Adeline Harant
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Mauricio P Contreras
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Clare EM Stevenson
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - David M Lawson
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Jan Sklenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Ronny Kellner
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Moscou
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Ryohei Terauchi
- Division of Genomics and Breeding, Iwate Biotechnology Research CentreIwateJapan
- Laboratory of Crop Evolution, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Mark J Banfield
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research ParkNorwichUnited Kingdom
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36
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Białas A, Langner T, Harant A, Contreras MP, Stevenson CE, Lawson DM, Sklenar J, Kellner R, Moscou MJ, Terauchi R, Banfield MJ, Kamoun S. Two NLR immune receptors acquired high-affinity binding to a fungal effector through convergent evolution of their integrated domain. eLife 2021; 10:66961. [PMID: 34288868 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.26.428286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A subset of plant NLR immune receptors carry unconventional integrated domains in addition to their canonical domain architecture. One example is rice Pik-1 that comprises an integrated heavy metal-associated (HMA) domain. Here, we reconstructed the evolutionary history of Pik-1 and its NLR partner, Pik-2, and tested hypotheses about adaptive evolution of the HMA domain. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the HMA domain integrated into Pik-1 before Oryzinae speciation over 15 million years ago and has been under diversifying selection. Ancestral sequence reconstruction coupled with functional studies showed that two Pik-1 allelic variants independently evolved from a weakly binding ancestral state to high-affinity binding of the blast fungus effector AVR-PikD. We conclude that for most of its evolutionary history the Pik-1 HMA domain did not sense AVR-PikD, and that different Pik-1 receptors have recently evolved through distinct biochemical paths to produce similar phenotypic outcomes. These findings highlight the dynamic nature of the evolutionary mechanisms underpinning NLR adaptation to plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Białas
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Thorsten Langner
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Adeline Harant
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Mauricio P Contreras
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Em Stevenson
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - David M Lawson
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Sklenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Ronny Kellner
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Moscou
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Ryohei Terauchi
- Division of Genomics and Breeding, Iwate Biotechnology Research Centre, Iwate, Japan
- Laboratory of Crop Evolution, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mark J Banfield
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
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37
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Corredor-Moreno P, Minter F, Davey PE, Wegel E, Kular B, Brett P, Lewis CM, Morgan YML, Macías Pérez LA, Korolev AV, Hill L, Saunders DGO. The branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase TaBCAT1 modulates amino acid metabolism and positively regulates wheat rust susceptibility. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:1728-1747. [PMID: 33565586 PMCID: PMC8254495 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens suppress defense responses to evade recognition and promote successful colonization. Although identifying the genes essential for pathogen ingress has traditionally relied on screening mutant populations, the post-genomic era provides an opportunity to develop novel approaches that accelerate identification. Here, RNA-seq analysis of 68 pathogen-infected bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties, including three (Oakley, Solstice and Santiago) with variable levels of susceptibility, uncovered a branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase (termed TaBCAT1) as a positive regulator of wheat rust susceptibility. We show that TaBCAT1 is required for yellow and stem rust infection and likely functions in branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism, as TaBCAT1 disruption mutants had elevated BCAA levels. TaBCAT1 mutants also exhibited increased levels of salicylic acid (SA) and enhanced expression of associated defense genes, indicating that BCAA regulation, via TaBCAT1, has a key role in SA-dependent defense activation. We also identified an association between the levels of BCAAs and resistance to yellow rust infection in wheat. These findings provide insight into SA-mediated defense responses in wheat and highlight the role of BCAA metabolism in the defense response. Furthermore, TaBCAT1 could be manipulated to potentially provide resistance to two of the most economically damaging diseases of wheat worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eva Wegel
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Baldeep Kular
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Paul Brett
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Clare M Lewis
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Luis A Macías Pérez
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, College de France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | | | - Lionel Hill
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Diane G O Saunders
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Author for correspondence: (D.G.O.S.)
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38
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Mazumdar P, Singh P, Kethiravan D, Ramathani I, Ramakrishnan N. Late blight in tomato: insights into the pathogenesis of the aggressive pathogen Phytophthora infestans and future research priorities. PLANTA 2021; 253:119. [PMID: 33963935 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03636-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This review provides insights into the molecular interactions between Phytophthora infestans and tomato and highlights research gaps that need further attention. Late blight in tomato is caused by the oomycota hemibiotroph Phytophthora infestans, and this disease represents a global threat to tomato farming. The pathogen is cumbersome to control because of its fast-evolving nature, ability to overcome host resistance and inefficient natural resistance obtained from the available tomato germplasm. To achieve successful control over this pathogen, the molecular pathogenicity of P. infestans and key points of vulnerability in the host plant immune system must be understood. This review primarily focuses on efforts to better understand the molecular interaction between host pathogens from both perspectives, as well as the resistance genes, metabolomic changes, quantitative trait loci with potential for improvement in disease resistance and host genome manipulation via transgenic approaches, and it further identifies research gaps and provides suggestions for future research priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purabi Mazumdar
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Pooja Singh
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Dharane Kethiravan
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Idd Ramathani
- National Crops Resources Research Institute, Gayaza Road Namulonge, 7084, Kampala, Uganda
| | - N Ramakrishnan
- ECSE, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
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Liu GT, Wang BB, Lecourieux D, Li MJ, Liu MB, Liu RQ, Shang BX, Yin X, Wang LJ, Lecourieux F, Xu Y. Proteomic analysis of early-stage incompatible and compatible interactions between grapevine and P. viticola. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:100. [PMID: 33931609 PMCID: PMC8087781 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00533-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Wild grapevines can show strong resistance to the downy mildew pathogen P. viticola, but the associated mechanisms are poorly described, especially at early stages of infection. Here, we performed comparative proteomic analyses of grapevine leaves from the resistant genotype V. davidii "LiuBa-8" (LB) and susceptible V. vinifera "Pinot Noir" (PN) 12 h after inoculation with P. viticola. By employing the iTRAQ technique, a total of 444 and 349 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified in LB and PN, respectively. The majority of these DEPs were related to photosynthesis, respiration, cell wall modification, protein metabolism, stress, and redox homeostasis. Compared with PN, LB showed fewer downregulated proteins associated with photosynthesis and more upregulated proteins associated with metabolism. At least a subset of PR proteins (PR10.2 and PR10.3) was upregulated upon inoculation in both genotypes, whereas HSP (HSP70.2 and HSP90.6) and cell wall-related XTH and BXL1 proteins were specifically upregulated in LB and PN, respectively. In the incompatible interaction, ROS signaling was evident by the accumulation of H2O2, and multiple APX and GST proteins were upregulated. These DEPs may play crucial roles in the grapevine response to downy mildew. Our results provide new insights into molecular events associated with downy mildew resistance in grapevine, which may be exploited to develop novel protection strategies against this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Tian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- UMR1287 EGFV, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Bian-Bian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - David Lecourieux
- UMR1287 EGFV, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Mei-Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ming-Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Rui-Qi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Bo-Xing Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Li-Jun Wang
- Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fatma Lecourieux
- UMR1287 EGFV, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon, France.
| | - Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
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Manser B, Koller T, Praz CR, Roulin AC, Zbinden H, Arora S, Steuernagel B, Wulff BBH, Keller B, Sánchez-Martín J. Identification of specificity-defining amino acids of the wheat immune receptor Pm2 and powdery mildew effector AvrPm2. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:993-1007. [PMID: 33629439 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) act as intracellular sensors for pathogen-derived effector proteins and trigger an immune response, frequently resulting in the hypersensitive cell death response (HR) of the infected host cell. The wheat (Triticum aestivum) NLR Pm2 confers resistance against the fungal pathogen Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt) if the isolate contains the specific RNase-like effector AvrPm2. We identified and isolated seven new Pm2 alleles (Pm2e-i) in the wheat D-genome ancestor Aegilops tauschii and two new natural AvrPm2 haplotypes from Bgt. Upon transient co-expression in Nicotiana benthamiana, we observed a variant-specific HR of the Pm2 variants Pm2a and Pm2i towards AvrPm2 or its homolog from the AvrPm2 effector family, BgtE-5843, respectively. Through the introduction of naturally occurring non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms and structure-guided mutations, we identified single amino acids in both the wheat NLR Pm2 and the fungal effector proteins AvrPm2 and BgtE-5843 responsible for the variant-specific HR of the Pm2 variants. Exchanging these amino acids led to a modified HR of the Pm2-AvrPm2 interaction and allowed the identification of the effector head epitope, a 20-amino-acid long unit of AvrPm2 involved in the HR. Swapping of the AvrPm2 head epitope to the non-HR-triggering AvrPm2 family member BgtE-5846 led to gain of a HR by Pm2a. Our study presents a molecular approach to identify crucial effector surface structures involved in the HR and demonstrates that natural and induced diversity in an immune receptor and its corresponding effectors can provide the basis for understanding and modifying NLR-effector specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Manser
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
| | - Teresa Koller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
| | - Coraline Rosalie Praz
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
| | - Anne C Roulin
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
| | - Helen Zbinden
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
| | - Sanu Arora
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | | | - Beat Keller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
| | - Javier Sánchez-Martín
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
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Overdijk EJR, Putker V, Smits J, Tang H, Bouwmeester K, Govers F, Ketelaar T. Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector AVR1 disturbs the growth of Physcomitrium patens without affecting Sec5 localization. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249637. [PMID: 33831039 PMCID: PMC8031463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogens often exploit a whole range of effectors to facilitate infection. The RXLR effector AVR1 produced by the oomycete plant pathogen Phytophthora infestans suppresses host defense by targeting Sec5. Sec5 is a subunit of the exocyst, a protein complex that is important for mediating polarized exocytosis during plant development and defense against pathogens. The mechanism by which AVR1 manipulates Sec5 functioning is unknown. In this study, we analyzed the effect of AVR1 on Sec5 localization and functioning in the moss Physcomitrium patens. P. patens has four Sec5 homologs. Two (PpSec5b and PpSec5d) were found to interact with AVR1 in yeast-two-hybrid assays while none of the four showed a positive interaction with AVR1ΔT, a truncated version of AVR1. In P. patens lines carrying β-estradiol inducible AVR1 or AVR1ΔT transgenes, expression of AVR1 or AVR1ΔT caused defects in the development of caulonemal protonema cells and abnormal morphology of chloronema cells. Similar phenotypes were observed in Sec5- or Sec6-silenced P. patens lines, suggesting that both AVR1 and AVR1ΔT affect exocyst functioning in P. patens. With respect to Sec5 localization we found no differences between β-estradiol-treated and untreated transgenic AVR1 lines. Sec5 localizes at the plasma membrane in growing caulonema cells, also during pathogen attack, and its subcellular localization is the same, with or without AVR1 in the vicinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elysa J. R. Overdijk
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vera Putker
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joep Smits
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Han Tang
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francine Govers
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Tijs Ketelaar
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Roudaire T, Héloir MC, Wendehenne D, Zadoroznyj A, Dubrez L, Poinssot B. Cross Kingdom Immunity: The Role of Immune Receptors and Downstream Signaling in Animal and Plant Cell Death. Front Immunol 2021; 11:612452. [PMID: 33763054 PMCID: PMC7982415 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.612452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Both plants and animals are endowed with sophisticated innate immune systems to combat microbial attack. In these multicellular eukaryotes, innate immunity implies the presence of cell surface receptors and intracellular receptors able to detect danger signal referred as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Membrane-associated pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), receptor-like kinases (RLKs), and receptor-like proteins (RLPs) are employed by these organisms for sensing different invasion patterns before triggering antimicrobial defenses that can be associated with a form of regulated cell death. Intracellularly, animals nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors or plants nucleotide-binding domain (NBD)-containing leucine rich repeats (NLRs) immune receptors likely detect effectors injected into the host cell by the pathogen to hijack the immune signaling cascade. Interestingly, during the co-evolution between the hosts and their invaders, key cross-kingdom cell death-signaling macromolecular NLR-complexes have been selected, such as the inflammasome in mammals and the recently discovered resistosome in plants. In both cases, a regulated cell death located at the site of infection constitutes a very effective mean for blocking the pathogen spread and protecting the whole organism from invasion. This review aims to describe the immune mechanisms in animals and plants, mainly focusing on cell death signaling pathways, in order to highlight recent advances that could be used on one side or the other to identify the missing signaling elements between the perception of the invasion pattern by immune receptors, the induction of defenses or the transmission of danger signals to other cells. Although knowledge of plant immunity is less advanced, these organisms have certain advantages allowing easier identification of signaling events, regulators and executors of cell death, which could then be exploited directly for crop protection purposes or by analogy for medical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Roudaire
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Marie-Claire Héloir
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - David Wendehenne
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Aymeric Zadoroznyj
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), LNC UMR1231, Dijon, France.,LNC UMR1231, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Laurence Dubrez
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), LNC UMR1231, Dijon, France.,LNC UMR1231, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Benoit Poinssot
- Agroécologie, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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Moon H, Pandey A, Yoon H, Choi S, Jeon H, Prokchorchik M, Jung G, Witek K, Valls M, McCann HC, Kim M, Jones JDG, Segonzac C, Sohn KH. Identification of RipAZ1 as an avirulence determinant of Ralstonia solanacearum in Solanum americanum. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:317-333. [PMID: 33389783 PMCID: PMC7865085 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum causes bacterial wilt disease in many plant species. Type III-secreted effectors (T3Es) play crucial roles in bacterial pathogenesis. However, some T3Es are recognized by corresponding disease resistance proteins and activate plant immunity. In this study, we identified the R. solanacearum T3E protein RipAZ1 (Ralstonia injected protein AZ1) as an avirulence determinant in the black nightshade species Solanum americanum. Based on the S. americanum accession-specific avirulence phenotype of R. solanacearum strain Pe_26, 12 candidate avirulence T3Es were selected for further analysis. Among these candidates, only RipAZ1 induced a cell death response when transiently expressed in a bacterial wilt-resistant S. americanum accession. Furthermore, loss of ripAZ1 in the avirulent R. solanacearum strain Pe_26 resulted in acquired virulence. Our analysis of the natural sequence and functional variation of RipAZ1 demonstrated that the naturally occurring C-terminal truncation results in loss of RipAZ1-triggered cell death. We also show that the 213 amino acid central region of RipAZ1 is sufficient to induce cell death in S. americanum. Finally, we show that RipAZ1 may activate defence in host cell cytoplasm. Taken together, our data indicate that the nucleocytoplasmic T3E RipAZ1 confers R. solanacearum avirulence in S. americanum. Few avirulence genes are known in vascular bacterial phytopathogens and ripAZ1 is the first one in R. solanacearum that is recognized in black nightshades. This work thus opens the way for the identification of disease resistance genes responsible for the specific recognition of RipAZ1, which can be a source of resistance against the devastating bacterial wilt disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayoung Moon
- Department of Life SciencesPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangRepublic of Korea
| | - Ankita Pandey
- Department of Life SciencesPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangRepublic of Korea
| | - Hayeon Yoon
- Department of Life SciencesPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangRepublic of Korea
| | - Sera Choi
- Department of Life SciencesPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyelim Jeon
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and BioresourcesSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Plant Immunity Research CenterSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Maxim Prokchorchik
- Department of Life SciencesPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangRepublic of Korea
| | - Gayoung Jung
- Department of Life SciencesPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangRepublic of Korea
| | - Kamil Witek
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Marc Valls
- Department of GeneticsUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UB)BellaterraSpain
| | - Honour C. McCann
- New Zealand Institute of Advanced StudiesMassey UniversityAucklandNew Zealand
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental BiologyTübingenGermany
| | - Min‐Sung Kim
- Department of Life SciencesPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangRepublic of Korea
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and BiotechnologyPohang University of Science and TechnologyRepublic of Korea
| | | | - Cécile Segonzac
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and BioresourcesSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Plant Immunity Research CenterSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding InstituteAgricultural Life Science Research InstituteSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Kee Hoon Sohn
- Department of Life SciencesPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangRepublic of Korea
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and BioengineeringPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangRepublic of Korea
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Han Z, Xiong D, Xu Z, Liu T, Tian C. The Cytospora chrysosperma Virulence Effector CcCAP1 Mainly Localizes to the Plant Nucleus To Suppress Plant Immune Responses. mSphere 2021; 6:e00883-20. [PMID: 33627507 PMCID: PMC8544888 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00883-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Canker disease is caused by the fungus Cytospora chrysosperma and damages a wide range of woody plants, causing major losses to crops and native plants. Plant pathogens secrete virulence-related effectors into host cells during infection to regulate plant immunity and promote colonization. However, the functions of C. chrysosperma effectors remain largely unknown. In this study, we used Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient expression system in Nicotiana benthamiana and confocal microscopy to investigate the immunoregulation roles and subcellular localization of CcCAP1, a virulence-related effector identified in C. chrysosperma CcCAP1 was significantly induced in the early stages of infection and contains cysteine-rich secretory proteins, antigen 5, and pathogenesis-related 1 proteins (CAP) superfamily domain with four cysteines. CcCAP1 suppressed the programmed cell death triggered by Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX) and the elicitin infestin1 (INF1) in transient expression assays with Nicotiana benthamiana The CAP superfamily domain was sufficient for its cell death-inhibiting activity and three of the four cysteines in the CAP superfamily domain were indispensable for its activity. Pathogen challenge assays in N. benthamiana demonstrated that transient expression of CcCAP1 promoted Botrytis cinerea infection and restricted reactive oxygen species accumulation, callose deposition, and defense-related gene expression. In addition, expression of green fluorescent protein-labeled CcCAP1 in N. benthamiana showed that it localized to both the plant nucleus and the cytoplasm, but the nuclear localization was essential for its full immune inhibiting activity. These results suggest that this virulence-related effector of C. chrysosperma modulates plant immunity and functions mainly via its nuclear localization and the CAP domain.IMPORTANCE The data presented in this study provide a key resource for understanding the biology and molecular basis of necrotrophic pathogen responses to Nicotiana benthamiana resistance utilizing effector proteins, and CcCAP1 may be used in future studies to understand effector-triggered susceptibility processes in the Cytospora chrysosperma-poplar interaction system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Han
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Dianguang Xiong
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiye Xu
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Tingli Liu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengming Tian
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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Ma T, Chen S, Liu J, Fu P, Wu W, Song S, Gao Y, Ye W, Lu J. Plasmopara viticola effector PvRXLR111 stabilizes VvWRKY40 to promote virulence. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:231-242. [PMID: 33253483 PMCID: PMC7814959 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plasmopara viticola, the causal organism of grapevine downy mildew, secretes a vast array of effectors to manipulate host immunity. Previously, several cell death-inducing PvRXLR effectors have been identified, but their functions and host targets are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of PvRXLR111, a cell death-inducing RXLR effector, in manipulating plant immunity. When coexpressed with other PvRXLR effectors, PvRXLR111-induced cell death was prevented. Transient expression of PvRXLR111 in Nicotiana benthamiana suppressed bacterial flagellin peptide flg22-elicited immune responses and enhanced Phytophthora capsici infection. PvRXLR111 induction in Arabidopsis increased susceptibility to Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. PvRXLR111 expression in Pseudomonas syringae promoted bacterial colonization. By immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry analysis, yeast two-hybrid, pull-down, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, it was shown that PvRXLR111 interacted with Vitis vinifera putative WRKY transcription factor 40 (VvWRKY40), which increased VvWRKY40 stability. Transient expression of VvWRKY40 in N. benthamiana inhibited flg22-induced reactive oxygen species burst and enhanced P. capsici infection and silencing NbWRKY40 attenuated P. capsici colonization. These results suggest VvWRKY40 functions as a negative regulator in plant immunity and that PvRXLR111 suppresses host immunity by stabilizing VvWRKY40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ma
- Center for Viticulture and EnologySchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shuyun Chen
- Center for Viticulture and EnologySchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Center for Viticulture and EnologySchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Peining Fu
- Center for Viticulture and EnologySchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Wei Wu
- Center for Viticulture and EnologySchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shiren Song
- Center for Viticulture and EnologySchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yu Gao
- Center for Viticulture and EnologySchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Wenxiu Ye
- Center for Viticulture and EnologySchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jiang Lu
- Center for Viticulture and EnologySchool of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
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Zhu P, Kou M, Liu C, Zhang S, Lü R, Xia Z, Yu M, Zhao A. Genome Sequencing of Ciboria shiraiana Provides Insights into the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Hypertrophy Sorosis Scleroteniosis. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:62-74. [PMID: 33021883 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-20-0201-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ciboria shiraiana causes hypertrophy sorosis scleroteniosis in mulberry trees, resulting in huge economic losses, and exploring its pathogenic mechanism at a genomic level is important for developing new control methods. Here, genome sequencing of C. shiraiana based on PacBio RSII and Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform as well as manual gap filling was performed. Synteny analysis with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum revealed 16 putative chromosomes corresponding to 16 chromosomes of C. shiraiana. Screening of rapid-evolution genes revealed that 97 and 2.4% of genes had undergone purifying selection and positive selection, respectively. When compared with S. sclerotiorum, fewer secreted effector proteins were found in C. shiraiana. The number of genes involved in pathogenicity, including secondary metabolites, carbohydrate active enzymes, and P450s, in the C. shiraiana genome was comparable with that of other necrotrophs but higher than that of biotrophs and saprotrophs. The growth-related genes and plant cell-wall-degradation-related genes in C. shiraiana were expressed in different developmental and infection stages, and may be potential targets for prevention and control of this pathogen. These results provide new insights into C. shiraiana pathogenic mechanisms, especially host range and necrotrophy features, and lay the foundation for further study of the underlying molecular mechanisms.[Formula: see text] The author(s) have dedicated the work to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 "No Rights Reserved" license by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Kou
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Changying Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ruihua Lü
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Medical Technology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Zhongqiang Xia
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Maode Yu
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Aichun Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Murphree C, Kim S, Karre S, Samira R, Balint‐Kurti P. Use of virus-induced gene silencing to characterize genes involved in modulating hypersensitive cell death in maize. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1662-1676. [PMID: 33037769 PMCID: PMC7694674 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant disease resistance proteins (R-proteins) detect specific pathogen-derived molecules, triggering a defence response often including a rapid localized cell death at the point of pathogen penetration called the hypersensitive response (HR). The maize Rp1-D21 gene encodes a protein that triggers a spontaneous HR causing spots on leaves in the absence of any pathogen. Previously, we used fine mapping and functional analysis in a Nicotiana benthamiana transient expression system to identify and characterize a number of genes associated with variation in Rp1-D21-induced HR. Here we describe a system for characterizing genes mediating HR, using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in a maize line carrying Rp1-D21. We assess the roles of 12 candidate genes. Three of these genes, SGT1, RAR1, and HSP90, are required for HR induced by a number of R-proteins across several plant-pathogen systems. We confirmed that maize HSP90 was required for full Rp1-D21-induced HR. However, suppression of SGT1 expression unexpectedly increased the severity of Rp1-D21-induced HR while suppression of RAR1 expression had no measurable effect. We confirmed the effects on HR of two genes we had previously validated in the N. benthamiana system, hydroxycinnamoyltransferase and caffeoyl CoA O-methyltransferase. We further showed the suppression the expression of two previously uncharacterized, candidate genes, IQ calmodulin binding protein (IQM3) and vacuolar protein sorting protein 37, suppressed Rp1-D21-induced HR. This approach is an efficient way to characterize the roles of genes modulating the hypersensitive defence response and other dominant lesion phenotypes in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Murphree
- Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyNC State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Saet‐Byul Kim
- Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyNC State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Shailesh Karre
- Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyNC State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Rozalynne Samira
- Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyNC State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
- Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute (FBRI)Department of Plant and Soil ScienceTexas Tech UniversityTexasUSA
| | - Peter Balint‐Kurti
- Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyNC State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
- Plant Science Research UnitUSDA‐ARSRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
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Zhang C, Du P, Yan H, Zhu Z, Wang X, Li W. A Sec-Dependent Secretory Protein of the Huanglongbing-Associated Pathogen Suppresses Hypersensitive Cell Death in Nicotiana benthamiana. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:594669. [PMID: 33329478 PMCID: PMC7734103 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.594669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
"Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" (CLas) is a phloem-restricted Gram-negative bacterium that is the causal agent of citrus huanglongbing (HLB). In this study, we identified a CLas-encoded Sec-dependent secretory protein CLIBASIA_04405 that could contribute to the pathogenicity of this bacterium. The gene expression level of CLIBASIA_04405 was significantly higher in citrus than in psyllids. Transient overexpression of the mature CLIBASIA_04405 protein (m4405) in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves could suppress hypersensitive response (HR)-based cell death and H2O2 accumulation triggered by the mouse BAX and the Phytophthora infestans INF1. An alanine-substitution mutagenesis assay revealed the essential of amino acid clusters EKR45-47 and DE64-65 in cell death suppression. Challenge inoculation of the transgenic N. benthamiana-expressing m4405 with Pseudomonas syringae DC3000ΔhopQ1-1 demonstrated the greatly reduced bacterial proliferation. Remarkably, transcriptome profiling and RT-qPCR analysis disclosed that the gene expression of six small heat shock proteins (sHSPs), a set of plant defense regulators, were significantly elevated in the transgenic m4405 lines compared with those in wild-type N. benthamiana. In addition, the transgenic m4405 lines displayed phenotypes of dwarfism and leaf deformation. Altogether, these data indicated that m4405 was a virulence factor of CLas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peixiu Du
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hailin Yan
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Plant Science, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Zongcai Zhu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Plant Science, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weimin Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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49
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Lin X, Song T, Fairhead S, Witek K, Jouet A, Jupe F, Witek AI, Karki HS, Vleeshouwers VGAA, Hein I, Jones JDG. Identification of Avramr1 from Phytophthora infestans using long read and cDNA pathogen-enrichment sequencing (PenSeq). MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1502-1512. [PMID: 32935441 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.14.095158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Potato late blight, caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans, significantly hampers potato production. Recently, a new Resistance to Phytophthora infestans (Rpi) gene, Rpi-amr1, was cloned from a wild Solanum species, Solanum americanum. Identification of the corresponding recognized effector (Avirulence or Avr) genes from P. infestans is key to elucidating their naturally occurring sequence variation, which in turn informs the potential durability of the cognate late blight resistance. To identify the P. infestans effector recognized by Rpi-amr1, we screened available RXLR effector libraries and used long read and cDNA pathogen-enrichment sequencing (PenSeq) on four P. infestans isolates to explore the untested effectors. Using single-molecule real-time sequencing (SMRT) and cDNA PenSeq, we identified 47 highly expressed effectors from P. infestans, including PITG_07569, which triggers a highly specific cell death response when transiently coexpressed with Rpi-amr1 in Nicotiana benthamiana, suggesting that PITG_07569 is Avramr1. Here we demonstrate that long read and cDNA PenSeq enables the identification of full-length RXLR effector families and their expression profile. This study has revealed key insights into the evolution and polymorphism of a complex RXLR effector family that is associated with the recognition by Rpi-amr1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lin
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Tianqiao Song
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Kamil Witek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Agathe Jouet
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Florian Jupe
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Hari S Karki
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Ingo Hein
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
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50
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Lin X, Song T, Fairhead S, Witek K, Jouet A, Jupe F, Witek AI, Karki HS, Vleeshouwers VGAA, Hein I, Jones JDG. Identification of Avramr1 from Phytophthora infestans using long read and cDNA pathogen-enrichment sequencing (PenSeq). MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1502-1512. [PMID: 32935441 PMCID: PMC7548994 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Potato late blight, caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans, significantly hampers potato production. Recently, a new Resistance to Phytophthora infestans (Rpi) gene, Rpi-amr1, was cloned from a wild Solanum species, Solanum americanum. Identification of the corresponding recognized effector (Avirulence or Avr) genes from P. infestans is key to elucidating their naturally occurring sequence variation, which in turn informs the potential durability of the cognate late blight resistance. To identify the P. infestans effector recognized by Rpi-amr1, we screened available RXLR effector libraries and used long read and cDNA pathogen-enrichment sequencing (PenSeq) on four P. infestans isolates to explore the untested effectors. Using single-molecule real-time sequencing (SMRT) and cDNA PenSeq, we identified 47 highly expressed effectors from P. infestans, including PITG_07569, which triggers a highly specific cell death response when transiently coexpressed with Rpi-amr1 in Nicotiana benthamiana, suggesting that PITG_07569 is Avramr1. Here we demonstrate that long read and cDNA PenSeq enables the identification of full-length RXLR effector families and their expression profile. This study has revealed key insights into the evolution and polymorphism of a complex RXLR effector family that is associated with the recognition by Rpi-amr1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lin
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Tianqiao Song
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East AngliaNorwichUK
- Present address:
Institute of Plant ProtectionJiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjingChina
| | | | - Kamil Witek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Agathe Jouet
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Florian Jupe
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East AngliaNorwichUK
- Present address:
Bayer Crop ScienceChesterfieldMissouriUSA
| | | | - Hari S. Karki
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East AngliaNorwichUK
- Present address:
U.S. Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research ServiceMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | | | - Ingo Hein
- School of Life SciencesDivision of Plant SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUK
- Cell and Molecular SciencesThe James Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, DundeeUK
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