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Jiang D, Han Q, Su Y, Cao X, Wu B, Wei C, Chen K, Li X, Zhang B. Glycoside hydrolase PpGH28BG1 modulates benzaldehyde metabolism and enhances fruit aroma and immune responses in peach. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 196:1444-1459. [PMID: 39140299 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Benzaldehyde (BAld) is one of the most widely distributed volatiles that contributes to flavor and defense in plants. Plants regulate BAld levels through various pathways, including biosynthesis from trans-cinnamic acid (free BAld), release from hydrolysis of glycoside precursors (BAld-H) via multiple enzymatic action steps, and conversion into downstream chemicals. Here, we show that BAld-H content in peach (Prunus persica) fruit is up to 100-fold higher than that of free BAld. By integrating transcriptome, metabolomic, and biochemical approaches, we identified glycoside hydrolase PpGH28BG1 as being involved in the production of BAld-H through the hydrolysis of glycoside precursors. Overexpressing and silencing of PpGH28BG1 significantly altered BAld-H content in peach fruit. Transgenic tomatoes heterologously expressing PpGH28BG1 exhibited a decrease in BAld-H content and an increase in SA accumulation, while maintaining fruit weight, pigmentation, and ethylene production. These transgenic tomato fruits displayed enhanced immunity against Botrytis cinerea compared to wild type (WT). Induced expression of PpGH28BG1 and increased SA content were also observed in peach fruit when exposed to Monilinia fructicola infection. Additionally, elevated expression of PpGH28BG1 promoted fruit softening in transgenic tomatoes, resulting in a significantly increased emission of BAld compared to WT. Most untrained taste panelists preferred the transgenic tomatoes over WT fruit. Our study suggests that it is feasible to enhance aroma and immunity in fruit through metabolic engineering of PpGH28BG1 without causing visible changes in the fruit ripening process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Jiang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qingyuan Han
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yike Su
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiangmei Cao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Boping Wu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Chunyan Wei
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Desheng Middle Road No. 298, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310021, China
| | - Kunsong Chen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xian Li
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, Hainan 572000, China
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Galinytė D, Bernatoniene J, Žilius M, Rysevaitė-Kyguolienė K, Savickas A, Karosienė J, Briedis V, Pauža DH, Savickienė N. In Vitro Study of Cyano-Phycocyanin Release from Hydrogels and Ex Vivo Study of Skin Penetration. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:1224. [PMID: 39338386 PMCID: PMC11434783 DOI: 10.3390/ph17091224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study explored the most suitable materials for incorporating cyano-phycocyanin (C-PC) into hydrogels, focusing on maintaining the C-PC's long-term structural integrity and stabilityNext, the release of C-PC from the hydrogels and its skin penetration were investigated. METHODS A series of 1% (w/w) C-PC hydrogels was prepared using various gelling agents and preservatives. Spectrophotometric measurements compared the amount of C-PC in the hydrogels to the initially added amount. After selecting the most suitable gelling agent and preservative, two C-PC hydrogels, with and without propylene glycol (PG) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), were produced for further testing. In vitro release studies utilized modified Franz-type diffusion cells, while ex vivo skin-permeation studies employed Bronaugh-type cells and human skin. Confocal laser scanning microscopy analyzed C-PC accumulation in the skin. RESULTS The findings demonstrated that sodium alginate (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), and SoligelTM (Givaudan, Vernier, Switzerland) are effective biopolymers for formulating hydrogels while maintaining C-PC stability. After 6 h, C-PC release from the hydrogel containing PG was approximately 10% or 728.07 (±19.35) μg/cm2, significantly higher than the nearly 7% or 531.44 (±26.81) μg/cm2 release from the hydrogel without PG (p < 0.05). The ex vivo qualitative skin-permeation study indicated that PG enhances C-PC penetration into the outermost skin layer. CONCLUSION PG's ability to enhance the release of C-PC from the hydrogel, coupled with its capacity to modify the skin barrier ex vivo, facilitates the penetration of C-PC into the stratum corneum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiva Galinytė
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Academy of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių av. 13, 50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jurga Bernatoniene
- Department of Drug Technology and Social Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Academy of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių av. 13, 50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Modestas Žilius
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Academy of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių av. 13, 50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Kristina Rysevaitė-Kyguolienė
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Academy of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickevičiaus St. 9, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Arūnas Savickas
- Department of Drug Technology and Social Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Academy of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių av. 13, 50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jūratė Karosienė
- Laboratory of Algology and Microbial Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos St. 2, 08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vitalis Briedis
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Academy of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių av. 13, 50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dainius Haroldas Pauža
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Academy of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickevičiaus St. 9, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Nijolė Savickienė
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Academy of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių av. 13, 50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
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Xie C, Tian Q, Qiu H, Wang R, Wang L, Yue Y, Yang X. Methylation Modification in Ornamental Plants: Impact on Floral Aroma and Color. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8267. [PMID: 39125834 PMCID: PMC11311783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Methylation represents a crucial class of modification that orchestrates a spectrum of regulatory roles in plants, impacting ornamental characteristics, growth, development, and responses to abiotic stress. The establishment and maintenance of methylation involve the coordinated actions of multiple regulatory factors. Methyltransferases play a pivotal role by specifically recognizing and methylating targeted sites, which induces alterations in chromatin structure and gene expression, subsequently influencing the release of volatile aromatic substances and the accumulation of pigments in plant petals. In this paper, we review the regulatory mechanisms of methylation modification reactions and their effects on the changes in aromatic substances and pigments in plant petals. We also explore the potential of methylation modifications to unravel the regulatory mechanisms underlying aroma and color in plant petals. This aims to further elucidate the synthesis, metabolism, and regulatory mechanisms of various methylation modifications related to the aroma and color substances in plant petals, thereby providing a theoretical reference for improving the aroma and color of plant petals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Xie
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (C.X.); (Q.T.); (H.Q.); (R.W.); (L.W.)
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Qingyin Tian
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (C.X.); (Q.T.); (H.Q.); (R.W.); (L.W.)
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Hanruo Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (C.X.); (Q.T.); (H.Q.); (R.W.); (L.W.)
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (C.X.); (Q.T.); (H.Q.); (R.W.); (L.W.)
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Lianggui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (C.X.); (Q.T.); (H.Q.); (R.W.); (L.W.)
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yuanzheng Yue
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (C.X.); (Q.T.); (H.Q.); (R.W.); (L.W.)
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xiulian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Architecture, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (C.X.); (Q.T.); (H.Q.); (R.W.); (L.W.)
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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Zou Z, Fan Q, Zhou X, Fu X, Jia Y, Li H, Liao Y. Biochemical Pathways of Salicylic Acid Derived from l-Phenylalanine in Plants with Different Basal SA Levels. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:2898-2910. [PMID: 38197566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
As a plant hormone, salicylic acid (SA) has diverse regulatory roles in plant growth and stress resistance. Although SA is widely found in plants, there is substantial variation in basal SA among species. Tea plant is an economically important crop containing high contents of SA whose synthesis pathway remains unidentified. The phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) pathway is responsible for basal SA synthesis in plants. In this study, isotopic tracing and enzymatic assay experiments were used to verify the SA synthesis pathway in tea plants and evaluate the variation in phenylalanine-derived SA formation among 11 plant species with different levels of SA. The results indicated that SA could be synthesized via PAL in tea plants and conversion efficiency from benzoic acid to SA might account for variation in basal SA among plant species. This research lays the foundation for an improved understanding of the molecular regulatory mechanism for SA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyuan Zou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qian Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Xiaochen Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiumin Fu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongxia Jia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Hanxiang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yinyin Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
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5
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Chen Y, Wu X, Wang X, Yuan Y, Qi K, Zhang S, Yin H. PusALDH1 gene confers high levels of volatile aroma accumulation in both pear and tomato fruits. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 290:154101. [PMID: 37806175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Aroma is an important commercial trait that determines fruit quality and has an important influence on the overall flavor of fruits. Plant ALDH genes have been implicated in diverse pathways and play crucial roles in physiological activities. In this study, via genome resequencing we identified one gene PusALDH1 (Pbr034873.1) related to aroma biosynthesis that can respond to the induction of methyl jasmonate. Transient transformation of pear fruits and heterologous stable transformation of tomato further confirmed the function of PusALDH1 in aroma accumulation. The content of ALDH precursor substance, benzaldehyde, was reduced in the overexpressing pear and tomato fruits, and the content of ALDH product, benzoic acid and benzoic acid derivatives, was increased in the pear fruits. Meanwhile, transgenic tomato fruits with PusALDH1 overexpression exhibited a greater area of yellow placenta, indicating that the gene may be related to the growth and development of the fruit. Taken together, PusALDH1 could act as a strong candidate gene in aroma synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Chen
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao Wu
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yubo Yuan
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kaijie Qi
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shaoling Zhang
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hao Yin
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
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Yue Y, Wang L, Li M, Liu F, Yin J, Huang L, Zhou B, Li X, Yu Y, Chen F, Yu R, Fan Y. A BAHD acyltransferase contributes to the biosynthesis of both ethyl benzoate and methyl benzoate in the flowers of Lilium oriental hybrid 'Siberia'. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1275960. [PMID: 37841617 PMCID: PMC10570747 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1275960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Lily is a popular flower worldwide due to its elegant appearance and pleasant fragrance. Floral volatiles of lily are predominated by monoterpenes and benzenoids. While a number of genes for monoterpene biosynthesis have been characterized, the molecular mechanism underlying floral benzenoid formation in lily remains unclear. Here, we report on the identification and characterization of a novel BAHD acyltransferase gene that contributes to the biosynthesis of two related floral scent benzoate esters, ethyl benzoate and methyl benzoate, in the scented Lilium oriental hybrid 'Siberia'. The emission of both methyl benzoate and ethyl benzoate in L. 'Siberia' was found to be tepal-specific, floral development-regulated and rhythmic. Through transcriptome profiling and bioinformatic analysis, a BAHD acyltransferase gene designated LoAAT1 was identified as the top candidate gene for the production of ethyl benzoate. In vitro enzyme assays and substrate feeding assays provide substantial evidence that LoAAT1 is responsible for the biosynthesis of ethyl benzoate. It was interesting to note that in in vitro enzyme assay, LoAAT1 can also catalyze the formation of methyl benzoate, which is typically formed by the action of benzoic acid methyltransferase (BAMT). The lack of an expressed putative BAMT gene in the flower transcriptome of L. 'Siberia', together with biochemical and expression evidence, led us to conclude that LoAAT1 is also responsible for, or at least contributes to, the biosynthesis of the floral scent compound methyl benzoate. This is the first report that a member of the plant BAHD acyltransferase family contributes to the production of both ethyl benzoate and methyl benzoate, presenting a new mechanism for the biosynthesis of benzoate esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuechong Yue
- The Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lan Wang
- The Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Manyi Li
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Liu
- The Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junle Yin
- The Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijun Huang
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- The Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyue Li
- The Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunyi Yu
- The Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Rangcai Yu
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanping Fan
- The Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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7
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Rieseberg TP, Dadras A, Fürst-Jansen JMR, Dhabalia Ashok A, Darienko T, de Vries S, Irisarri I, de Vries J. Crossroads in the evolution of plant specialized metabolism. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 134:37-58. [PMID: 35292191 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The monophyletic group of embryophytes (land plants) stands out among photosynthetic eukaryotes: they are the sole constituents of the macroscopic flora on land. In their entirety, embryophytes account for the majority of the biomass on land and constitute an astounding biodiversity. What allowed for the massive radiation of this particular lineage? One of the defining features of all land plants is the production of an array of specialized metabolites. The compounds that the specialized metabolic pathways of embryophytes produce have diverse functions, ranging from superabundant structural polymers and compounds that ward off abiotic and biotic challenges, to signaling molecules whose abundance is measured at the nanomolar scale. These specialized metabolites govern the growth, development, and physiology of land plants-including their response to the environment. Hence, specialized metabolites define the biology of land plants as we know it. And they were likely a foundation for their success. It is thus intriguing to find that the closest algal relatives of land plants, freshwater organisms from the grade of streptophyte algae, possess homologs for key enzymes of specialized metabolic pathways known from land plants. Indeed, some studies suggest that signature metabolites emerging from these pathways can be found in streptophyte algae. Here we synthesize the current understanding of which routes of the specialized metabolism of embryophytes can be traced to a time before plants had conquered land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim P Rieseberg
- University of Goettingen, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Armin Dadras
- University of Goettingen, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Janine M R Fürst-Jansen
- University of Goettingen, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Amra Dhabalia Ashok
- University of Goettingen, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tatyana Darienko
- University of Goettingen, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sophie de Vries
- University of Goettingen, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Iker Irisarri
- University of Goettingen, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany; University of Goettingen, Campus Institute Data Science (CIDAS), Goldschmidstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jan de Vries
- University of Goettingen, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany; University of Goettingen, Campus Institute Data Science (CIDAS), Goldschmidstr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany; University of Goettingen, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Goldschmidtsr. 1, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.
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8
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Ferreira SS, Goeminne G, Simões MS, Pina AVDA, Lima LGAD, Pezard J, Gutiérrez A, Rencoret J, Mortimer JC, Del Río JC, Boerjan W, Cesarino I. Transcriptional and metabolic changes associated with internode development and reduced cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase activity in sorghum. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6307-6333. [PMID: 35788296 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms associated with secondary cell wall (SCW) deposition in sorghum remain largely uncharacterized. Here, we employed untargeted metabolomics and large-scale transcriptomics to correlate changes in SCW deposition with variation in global gene expression profiles and metabolite abundance along an elongating internode of sorghum, with a major focus on lignin and phenolic metabolism. To gain deeper insight into the metabolic and transcriptional changes associated with pathway perturbations, a bmr6 mutant [with reduced cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) activity] was analyzed. In the wild type, internode development was accompanied by an increase in the content of oligolignols, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, hydroxycinnamate esters, and flavonoid glucosides, including tricin derivatives. We further identified modules of genes whose expression pattern correlated with SCW deposition and the accumulation of these target metabolites. Reduced CAD activity resulted in the accumulation of hexosylated forms of hydroxycinnamates (and their derivatives), hydroxycinnamaldehydes, and benzenoids. The expression of genes belonging to one specific module in our co-expression analysis correlated with the differential accumulation of these compounds and contributed to explaining this metabolic phenotype. Metabolomics and transcriptomics data further suggested that CAD perturbation activates distinct detoxification routes in sorghum internodes. Our systems biology approach provides a landscape of the metabolic and transcriptional changes associated with internode development and with reduced CAD activity in sorghum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sávio Siqueira Ferreira
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Geert Goeminne
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Metabolomics Core, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marcella Siqueira Simões
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jade Pezard
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ana Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Avenida de la Reina Mercedes, Seville, Spain
| | - Jorge Rencoret
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Avenida de la Reina Mercedes, Seville, Spain
| | - Jenny C Mortimer
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - José C Del Río
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Avenida de la Reina Mercedes, Seville, Spain
| | - Wout Boerjan
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Igor Cesarino
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, São Paulo, Brazil
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Center, InovaUSP, Avenida Professor Lucio Martins Rodrigues, São Paulo, Brazil
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9
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Remali J, Sahidin I, Aizat WM. Xanthone Biosynthetic Pathway in Plants: A Review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:809497. [PMID: 35463410 PMCID: PMC9024401 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.809497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Xanthones are secondary metabolites rich in structural diversity and possess a broad array of pharmacological properties, such as antitumor, antidiabetic, and anti-microbes. These aromatic compounds are found in higher plants, such as Clusiaceae, Hypericaceae, and Gentianaceae, yet their biosynthetic pathways have not been comprehensively updated especially within the last decade (up to 2021). In this review, plant xanthone biosynthesis is detailed to illuminate their intricacies and differences between species. The pathway initially involves the shikimate pathway, either through L-phenylalanine-dependent or -independent pathway, that later forms an intermediate benzophenone, 2,3',4,6-tetrahydoxybenzophenone. This is followed by a regioselective intramolecular mediated oxidative coupling to form xanthone ring compounds, 1,3,5-trihydroxyxanthone (1,3,5-THX) or 1,3,7-THX, the core precursors for xanthones in most plants. Recent evidence has shed some lights onto the enzymes and reactions involved in this xanthone pathway. In particular, several biosynthetic enzymes have been characterized at both biochemical and molecular levels from various organisms including Hypericum spp., Centaurium erythraea and Garcinia mangostana. Proposed pathways for a plethora of other downstream xanthone derivatives including swertianolin and gambogic acid (derived from 1,3,5-THX) as well as gentisin, hyperixanthone A, α-mangostin, and mangiferin (derived from 1,3,7-THX) have also been thoroughly covered. This review reports one of the most complete xanthone pathways in plants. In the future, the information collected here will be a valuable resource for a more directed molecular works in xanthone-producing plants as well as in synthetic biology application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juwairiah Remali
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Idin Sahidin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Halu Oleo, Kendari, Indonesia
| | - Wan Mohd Aizat
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
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10
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Huang XQ, Li R, Fu J, Dudareva N. A peroxisomal heterodimeric enzyme is involved in benzaldehyde synthesis in plants. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1352. [PMID: 35292635 PMCID: PMC8924275 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28978-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzaldehyde, the simplest aromatic aldehyde, is one of the most wide-spread volatiles that serves as a pollinator attractant, flavor, and antifungal compound. However, the enzyme responsible for its formation in plants remains unknown. Using a combination of in vivo stable isotope labeling, classical biochemical, proteomics and genetic approaches, we show that in petunia benzaldehyde is synthesized via the β-oxidative pathway in peroxisomes by a heterodimeric enzyme consisting of α and β subunits, which belong to the NAD(P)-binding Rossmann-fold superfamily. Both subunits are alone catalytically inactive but, when mixed in equal amounts, form an active enzyme, which exhibits strict substrate specificity towards benzoyl-CoA and uses NADPH as a cofactor. Alpha subunits can form functional heterodimers with phylogenetically distant β subunits, but not all β subunits partner with α subunits, at least in Arabidopsis. Analysis of spatial, developmental and rhythmic expression of genes encoding α and β subunits revealed that expression of the gene for the α subunit likely plays a key role in regulating benzaldehyde biosynthesis. Benzaldehyde is a simple aromatic aldehyde that attracts pollinators, has antifungal properties and contributes to flavor in many plants. Here the authors show that benzaldehyde is synthesized in petunia via the benzoic acid β-oxidative pathway by a peroxisomal heterodimeric enzyme consisting of α and β subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Qi Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Renqiuguo Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jianxin Fu
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,School of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, 311300, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA. .,Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA. .,Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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11
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Mostafa S, Wang Y, Zeng W, Jin B. Floral Scents and Fruit Aromas: Functions, Compositions, Biosynthesis, and Regulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:860157. [PMID: 35360336 PMCID: PMC8961363 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.860157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Floral scents and fruit aromas are crucial volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in plants. They are used in defense mechanisms, along with mechanisms to attract pollinators and seed dispersers. In addition, they are economically important for the quality of crops, as well as quality in the perfume, cosmetics, food, drink, and pharmaceutical industries. Floral scents and fruit aromas share many volatile organic compounds in flowers and fruits. Volatile compounds are classified as terpenoids, phenylpropanoids/benzenoids, fatty acid derivatives, and amino acid derivatives. Many genes and transcription factors regulating the synthesis of volatiles have been discovered. In this review, we summarize recent progress in volatile function, composition, biosynthetic pathway, and metabolism regulation. We also discuss unresolved issues and research perspectives, providing insight into improvements and applications of plant VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Mostafa
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Department of Floriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Yun Wang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wen Zeng
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Biao Jin
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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12
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Cioć M, Dziurka M, Pawłowska B. Changes in Endogenous Phytohormones of Gerbera jamesonii Axillary Shoots Multiplied under Different Light Emitting Diodes Light Quality. Molecules 2022; 27:1804. [PMID: 35335168 PMCID: PMC8950344 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Light quality is essential in in vitro cultures for morphogenesis process. Light emitting diodes system (LED) allows adjustment as desired and the most appropriate light spectrum. The study analyzed the influence of different LED light quality on the balance of endogenous phytohormones and related compounds (PhRC) in in vitro multiplied axillary shoots of Gerbera jamesonii. Over a duration of 40 days, the shoots were exposed to 100% red light, 100% blue light, red and blue light at a 7:3 ratio with control fluorescent lamps. Every 10 days plant tissues were tested for their PhRC content with the use of an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). Shoots' morphometric features were analyzed after a multiplication cycle. We identified 35 PhRC including twelve cytokinins, seven auxins, nine gibberellins, and seven stress-related phytohormones. Compounds content varied from 0.00052 nmol/g to 168.15 nmol/g of dry weight (DW). The most abundant group were stress-related phytohormones (particularly benzoic and salicylic acids), and the least abundant were cytokinins (about 370 times smaller content). LED light did not disturb the endogenous phytohormone balance, and more effectively mitigated the stress experienced by in vitro grown plants than the fluorescent lamps. The stress was most effectively reduced under the red LED. Red and red:blue light lowered tissue auxin levels. Blue LED light lowered the shoot multiplication rate and their height, and induced the highest content of gibberellins at the last stage of the culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Cioć
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Garden Art, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Kraków, 29 Listopada 54, 31-425 Kraków, Poland
| | - Michał Dziurka
- Department of Developmental Biology, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Kraków, Poland
| | - Bożena Pawłowska
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Garden Art, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Kraków, 29 Listopada 54, 31-425 Kraków, Poland
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13
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Yoo H, Shrivastava S, Lynch JH, Huang XQ, Widhalm JR, Guo L, Carter BC, Qian Y, Maeda HA, Ogas JP, Morgan JA, Marshall-Colón A, Dudareva N. Overexpression of arogenate dehydratase reveals an upstream point of metabolic control in phenylalanine biosynthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:737-751. [PMID: 34403557 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Out of the three aromatic amino acids, the highest flux in plants is directed towards phenylalanine, which is utilized to synthesize proteins and thousands of phenolic metabolites contributing to plant fitness. Phenylalanine is produced predominantly in plastids via the shikimate pathway and subsequent arogenate pathway, both of which are subject to complex transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation. Previously, it was shown that allosteric feedback inhibition of arogenate dehydratase (ADT), which catalyzes the final step of the arogenate pathway, restricts flux through phenylalanine biosynthesis. Here, we show that in petunia (Petunia hybrida) flowers, which typically produce high phenylalanine levels, ADT regulation is relaxed, but not eliminated. Moderate expression of a feedback-insensitive ADT increased flux towards phenylalanine, while high overexpression paradoxically reduced phenylalanine formation. This reduction could be partially, but not fully, recovered by bypassing other known metabolic flux control points in the aromatic amino acid network. Using comparative transcriptomics, reverse genetics, and metabolic flux analysis, we discovered that transcriptional regulation of the d-ribulose-5-phosphate 3-epimerase gene in the pentose phosphate pathway controls flux into the shikimate pathway. Taken together, our findings reveal that regulation within and upstream of the shikimate pathway shares control over phenylalanine biosynthesis in the plant cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejin Yoo
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, 625 Agriculture Mall Dr, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2010, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2063, USA
| | - Stuti Shrivastava
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 265 Morrill Hall, MC-116, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Joseph H Lynch
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2063, USA
| | - Xing-Qi Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2063, USA
| | - Joshua R Widhalm
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, 625 Agriculture Mall Dr, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2010, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Longyun Guo
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2063, USA
| | - Benjamin C Carter
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2063, USA
| | - Yichun Qian
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, 625 Agriculture Mall Dr, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2010, USA
| | - Hiroshi A Maeda
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Joseph P Ogas
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2063, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - John A Morgan
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2063, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2100, USA
| | - Amy Marshall-Colón
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 265 Morrill Hall, MC-116, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, 625 Agriculture Mall Dr, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2010, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2063, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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14
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Lackus ND, Schmidt A, Gershenzon J, Köllner TG. A peroxisomal β-oxidative pathway contributes to the formation of C6-C1 aromatic volatiles in poplar. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:891-909. [PMID: 33723573 PMCID: PMC8195509 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Benzenoids (C6-C1 aromatic compounds) play important roles in plant defense and are often produced upon herbivory. Black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) produces a variety of volatile and nonvolatile benzenoids involved in various defense responses. However, their biosynthesis in poplar is mainly unresolved. We showed feeding of the poplar leaf beetle (Chrysomela populi) on P. trichocarpa leaves led to increased emission of the benzenoid volatiles benzaldehyde, benzylalcohol, and benzyl benzoate. The accumulation of salicinoids, a group of nonvolatile phenolic defense glycosides composed in part of benzenoid units, was hardly affected by beetle herbivory. In planta labeling experiments revealed that volatile and nonvolatile poplar benzenoids are produced from cinnamic acid (C6-C3). The biosynthesis of C6-C1 aromatic compounds from cinnamic acid has been described in petunia (Petunia hybrida) flowers where the pathway includes a peroxisomal-localized chain shortening sequence, involving cinnamate-CoA ligase (CNL), cinnamoyl-CoA hydratase/dehydrogenase (CHD), and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (KAT). Sequence and phylogenetic analysis enabled the identification of small CNL, CHD, and KAT gene families in P. trichocarpa. Heterologous expression of the candidate genes in Escherichia coli and characterization of purified proteins in vitro revealed enzymatic activities similar to those described in petunia flowers. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of the CNL subfamily in gray poplar (Populus x canescens) resulted in decreased emission of C6-C1 aromatic volatiles upon herbivory, while constitutively accumulating salicinoids were not affected. This indicates the peroxisomal β-oxidative pathway participates in the formation of volatile benzenoids. The chain shortening steps for salicinoids, however, likely employ an alternative pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie D Lackus
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Axel Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
- Author for communication:
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15
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Singh P, Kaufholdt D, Awadalah M, Hänsch R, Beerhues L, Gaid M. Cytosolic aromatic aldehyde dehydrogenase provides benzoic acid for xanthone biosynthesis in Hypericum. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 160:82-93. [PMID: 33482582 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Benzoic acid is a building block of a multitude of well-known plant natural products, such as paclitaxel and cocaine. Its simple chemical structure contrasts with its complex biosynthesis. Hypericum species are rich in polyprenylated benzoic acid-derived xanthones, which have received attention due to their biological impact on human health. The upstream biosynthetic sequence leading to xanthones is still incomplete. To supply benzoic acid for xanthone biosynthesis, Hypericum calycinum cell cultures use the CoA-dependent non-β-oxidative pathway, which starts with peroxisomal cinnamate CoA-ligase (HcCNL). Here, we use the xanthone-producing cell cultures to identify the transcript for benzaldehyde dehydrogenase (HcBD), a pivotal player in the non-β-oxidative pathways. In addition to benzaldehyde, the enzyme efficiently catalyzes the oxidation of trans-cinnamaldehyde in vitro. The enzymatic activity is strictly dependent on the presence of NAD+ as co-factor. HcBD is localized to the cytosol upon ectopic expression of reporter fusion constructs. HcBD oxidizes benzaldehyde, which moves across the peroxisome membrane, to form benzoic acid. Increases in the HcCNL and HcBD transcript levels precede the elicitor-induced xanthone accumulation. The current work addresses a crucial step in the yet incompletely understood CoA-dependent non-β-oxidative route of benzoic acid biosynthesis. Addressing this step may offer a new biotechnological tool to enhance product formation in biofactories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Singh
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Mendelssohnstraße 1, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
| | - David Kaufholdt
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Plant Biology, Humboldtstraße 1, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
| | - Mina Awadalah
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Mendelssohnstraße 1, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
| | - Robert Hänsch
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Plant Biology, Humboldtstraße 1, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany; Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, 400715, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Ludger Beerhues
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Mendelssohnstraße 1, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany; Technische Universität Braunschweig, Centre of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Franz-Liszt-Straße 35 A, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
| | - Mariam Gaid
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Mendelssohnstraße 1, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany; Technische Universität Braunschweig, Centre of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Franz-Liszt-Straße 35 A, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany.
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16
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Yue Y, Wang L, Yu R, Chen F, He J, Li X, Yu Y, Fan Y. Coordinated and High-Level Expression of Biosynthetic Pathway Genes Is Responsible for the Production of a Major Floral Scent Compound Methyl Benzoate in Hedychium coronarium. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:650582. [PMID: 33897740 PMCID: PMC8058416 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.650582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Methyl benzoate is a constituent of floral scent profile of many flowering plants. However, its biosynthesis, particularly in monocots, is scarcely reported. The monocot Hedychium coronarium is a popular ornamental plant in tropical and subtropical regions partly for its intense and inviting fragrance, which is mainly determined by methyl benzoate and monoterpenes. Interestingly, several related Hedychium species lack floral scent. Here, we studied the molecular mechanism of methyl benzoate biosynthesis in H. coronarium. The emission of methyl benzoate in H. coronarium was found to be flower-specific and developmentally regulated. As such, seven candidate genes associated with methyl benzoate biosynthesis were identified from flower transcriptome of H. coronarium and isolated. Among them, HcBSMT1 and HcBSMT2 were demonstrated to catalyze the methylation of benzoic acid and salicylic acid to form methyl benzoate and methyl salicylate, respectively. Methyl salicylate is a minor constituent of H. coronarium floral scent. Kinetic analysis revealed that HcBSMT2 exhibits a 16.6-fold lower Km value for benzoic acid than HcBSMT1, indicating its dominant role for floral methyl benzoate formation. The seven genes associated with methyl benzoate biosynthesis exhibited flower-specific or flower-preferential expression that was developmentally regulated. The gene expression and correlation analysis suggests that HcCNL and HcBSMT2 play critical roles in the regulation of methyl benzoate biosynthesis. Comparison of emission and gene expression among four Hedychium species suggested that coordinated and high-level expression of biosynthetic pathway genes is responsible for the massive emission of floral methyl benzoate in H. coronarium. Our results provide new insights into the molecular mechanism for methyl benzoate biosynthesis in monocots and identify useful molecular targets for genetic modification of scent-related traits in Hedychium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuechong Yue
- The Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lan Wang
- The Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rangcai Yu
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Jieling He
- The Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyue Li
- The Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunyi Yu
- The Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanping Fan
- The Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yanping Fan
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17
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Tola AJ, Jaballi A, Germain H, Missihoun TD. Recent Development on Plant Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Enzymes and Their Functions in Plant Development and Stress Signaling. Genes (Basel) 2020; 12:genes12010051. [PMID: 33396326 PMCID: PMC7823795 DOI: 10.3390/genes12010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abiotic and biotic stresses induce the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which subsequently causes the excessive accumulation of aldehydes in cells. Stress-derived aldehydes are commonly designated as reactive electrophile species (RES) as a result of the presence of an electrophilic α, β-unsaturated carbonyl group. Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) are NAD(P)+-dependent enzymes that metabolize a wide range of endogenous and exogenous aliphatic and aromatic aldehyde molecules by oxidizing them to their corresponding carboxylic acids. The ALDH enzymes are found in nearly all organisms, and plants contain fourteen ALDH protein families. In this review, we performed a critical analysis of the research reports over the last decade on plant ALDHs. Newly discovered roles for these enzymes in metabolism, signaling and development have been highlighted and discussed. We concluded with suggestions for future investigations to exploit the potential of these enzymes in biotechnology and to improve our current knowledge about these enzymes in gene signaling and plant development.
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18
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Singh P, Preu L, Beuerle T, Kaufholdt D, Hänsch R, Beerhues L, Gaid M. A promiscuous coenzyme A ligase provides benzoyl-coenzyme A for xanthone biosynthesis in Hypericum. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:1472-1490. [PMID: 33031578 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Benzoic acid-derived compounds, such as polyprenylated benzophenones and xanthones, attract the interest of scientists due to challenging chemical structures and diverse biological activities. The genus Hypericum is of high medicinal value, as exemplified by H. perforatum. It is rich in benzophenone and xanthone derivatives, the biosynthesis of which requires the catalytic activity of benzoate-coenzyme A (benzoate-CoA) ligase (BZL), which activates benzoic acid to benzoyl-CoA. Despite remarkable research so far done on benzoic acid biosynthesis in planta, all previous structural studies of BZL genes and proteins are exclusively related to benzoate-degrading microorganisms. Here, a transcript for a plant acyl-activating enzyme (AAE) was cloned from xanthone-producing Hypericum calycinum cell cultures using transcriptomic resources. An increase in the HcAAE1 transcript level preceded xanthone accumulation after elicitor treatment, as previously observed with other pathway-related genes. Subcellular localization of reporter fusions revealed the dual localization of HcAAE1 to cytosol and peroxisomes owing to a type 2 peroxisomal targeting signal. This result suggests the generation of benzoyl-CoA in Hypericum by the CoA-dependent non-β-oxidative route. A luciferase-based substrate specificity assay and the kinetic characterization indicated that HcAAE1 exhibits promiscuous substrate preference, with benzoic acid being the sole aromatic substrate accepted. Unlike 4-coumarate-CoA ligase and cinnamate-CoA ligase enzymes, HcAAE1 did not accept 4-coumaric and cinnamic acids, respectively. The substrate preference was corroborated by in silico modeling, which indicated valid docking of both benzoic acid and its adenosine monophosphate intermediate in the HcAAE1/BZL active site cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Singh
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 1, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
| | - Lutz Preu
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstraße 55, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
| | - Till Beuerle
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 1, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
| | - David Kaufholdt
- Institute of Plant Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Humboldtstraße 1, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
| | - Robert Hänsch
- Institute of Plant Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Humboldtstraße 1, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP) - College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Chongqing, 400715, P.R. China
| | - Ludger Beerhues
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 1, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
- Centre of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt-Straße 35 A, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
| | - Mariam Gaid
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 1, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
- Centre of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt-Straße 35 A, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
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19
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The Mandelate Pathway, an Alternative to the Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase Pathway for the Synthesis of Benzenoids in Ascomycete Yeasts. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.00701-20. [PMID: 32561586 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00701-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzenoid-derived metabolites act as precursors for a wide variety of products involved in essential metabolic roles in eukaryotic cells. They are synthesized in plants and some fungi through the phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL) pathways. Ascomycete yeasts and animals both lack the capacity for PAL/TAL pathways, and metabolic reactions leading to benzenoid synthesis in these organisms have remained incompletely known for decades. Here, we show genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic evidence that yeasts use a mandelate pathway to synthesize benzenoids, with some similarities to pathways used by bacteria. We conducted feeding experiments using a synthetic fermentation medium that contained either 13C-phenylalanine or 13C-tyrosine, and, using methylbenzoylphosphonate (MBP) to inhibit benzoylformate decarboxylase, we were able to accumulate intracellular intermediates in the yeast Hanseniaspora vineae To further confirm this pathway, we tested in separate fermentation experiments three mutants with deletions in the key genes putatively proposed to form benzenoids (Saccharomyces cerevisiae aro10Δ, dld1Δ, and dld2Δ strains). Our results elucidate the mechanism of benzenoid synthesis in yeast through phenylpyruvate linked with the mandelate pathway to produce benzyl alcohol and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde from the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine, as well as sugars. These results provide an explanation for the origin of the benzoquinone ring, 4-hydroxybenzoate, and suggest that Aro10p has benzoylformate and 4-hydroxybenzoylformate decarboxylase functions in yeast.IMPORTANCE We present here evidence of the existence of the mandelate pathway in yeast for the synthesis of benzenoids. The link between phenylpyruvate- and 4-hydroxyphenlypyruvate-derived compounds with the corresponding synthesis of benzaldehydes through benzoylformate decarboxylation is demonstrated. Hanseniaspora vineae was used in these studies because of its capacity to produce benzenoid derivatives at a level 2 orders of magnitude higher than that produced by Saccharomyces Contrary to what was hypothesized, neither β-oxidation derivatives nor 4-coumaric acid is an intermediate in the synthesis of yeast benzenoids. Our results might offer an answer to the long-standing question of the origin of 4-hydroxybenzoate for the synthesis of Q10 in humans.
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20
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Teotia D, Gaid M, Saini SS, Verma A, Yennamalli RM, Khare SP, Ambatipudi K, Mir JI, Beuerle T, Hänsch R, Roy P, Agrawal PK, Beerhues L, Sircar D. Cinnamate-CoA ligase is involved in biosynthesis of benzoate-derived biphenyl phytoalexin in Malus × domestica 'Golden Delicious' cell cultures. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:1176-1192. [PMID: 31437324 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Apple (Malus sp.) and other genera belonging to the sub-tribe Malinae of the Rosaceae family produce unique benzoic acid-derived biphenyl phytoalexins. Cell cultures of Malus domestica cv. 'Golden Delicious' accumulate two biphenyl phytoalexins, aucuparin and noraucuparin, in response to the addition of a Venturia inaequalis elicitor (VIE). In this study, we isolated and expressed a cinnamate-CoA ligase (CNL)-encoding sequence from VIE-treated cell cultures of cv. 'Golden Delicious' (M. domestica CNL; MdCNL). MdCNL catalyses the conversion of cinnamic acid into cinnamoyl-CoA, which is subsequently converted to biphenyls. MdCNL failed to accept benzoic acid as a substrate. When scab-resistant (cv. 'Shireen') and moderately scab-susceptible (cv. 'Golden Delicious') apple cultivars were challenged with the V. inaequalis scab fungus, an increase in MdCNL transcript levels was observed in internodal regions. The increase in MdCNL transcript levels could conceivably correlate with the pattern of accumulation of biphenyls. The C-terminal signal in the MdCNL protein directed its N-terminal reporter fusion to peroxisomes in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Thus, this report records the cloning and characterisation of a cinnamoyl-CoA-forming enzyme from apple via a series of in vivo and in vitro studies. Defining the key step of phytoalexin formation in apple provides a biotechnological tool for engineering elite cultivars with improved resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Teotia
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, Biotechnology Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Mariam Gaid
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstrasse 1, D-38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Shashank S Saini
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, Biotechnology Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Aparna Verma
- Biotechnology Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | | | - Satyajeet P Khare
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International, Lavale, MH-412115, India
| | - Kiran Ambatipudi
- Biotechnology Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Javid Iqbal Mir
- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture (ICAR-CITH), Srinagar, 190 005, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Till Beuerle
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstrasse 1, D-38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Robert Hänsch
- Institute of Plant Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Humboldtstrasse 1, D-38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Partha Roy
- Molecular Endocrinology Group, Biotechnology Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Pawan Kumar Agrawal
- Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, Odisha, India
| | - Ludger Beerhues
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstrasse 1, D-38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Debabrata Sircar
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, Biotechnology Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
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21
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Tan H, Chen X, Liang N, Chen R, Chen J, Hu C, Li Q, Li Q, Pei W, Xiao W, Yuan Y, Chen W, Zhang L. Transcriptome analysis reveals novel enzymes for apo-carotenoid biosynthesis in saffron and allows construction of a pathway for crocetin synthesis in yeast. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4819-4834. [PMID: 31056664 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Crocus sativus is generally considered the source of saffron spice which is rich in apo-carotenoid compounds such as crocins, crocetin, picrocrocin, and safranal, which possess effective pharmacological activities. However, little is known about the exact genes involved in apo-carotenoid biosynthesis in saffron and the potential mechanism of specific accumulation in the stigma. In this study, we integrated stigmas at different developmental stages to perform in-depth transcriptome and dynamic metabolomic analyses to discover the potential key catalytic steps involved in apo-carotenoid biosynthesis in saffron. A total of 61 202 unigenes were obtained, and 28 regulators and 32 putative carotenogenic genes were captured after the co-expression network analysis. Moreover, 15 candidate genes were predicted to be closely related to safranal and crocin production, in which one aldehyde dehydrogenase (CsALDH3) was validated to oxidize crocetin dialdehyde into crocetin and a crocetin-producing yeast strain was created. In addition, a new branch pathway that catalyses the conversion of geranyl-geranyl pyrophosphate to copalol and ent-kaurene by the class II diterpene synthase CsCPS1 and three class I diterpene synthases CsEKL1/2/3 were investigated for the first time. Such gene to apo-carotenoid landscapes illuminate the synthetic charactersistics and regulators of apo-carotenoid biosynthesis, laying the foundation for a deep understanding of the biosynthesis mechanism and metabolic engineering of apo-carotenoids in plants or microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hexin Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianghui Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruibing Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junfeng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaoyang Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weizhong Pei
- Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhai Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingjin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wansheng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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22
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Saini SS, Teotia D, Gaid M, Sircar D. A new enzymatic activity from elicitor-treated pear cell cultures converting trans-cinnamic acid to benzaldehyde. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 167:64-74. [PMID: 30417393 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell cultures of Asian pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) are known to produce benzoate-derived biphenyl phytoalexins upon elicitor treatment. Although the downstream pathway for biphenyl phytoalexin biosynthesis is almost known, the upstream route of benzoic acid biosynthesis in pear has not been completely elucidated. In the present work, we report benzaldehyde synthase (BS) activity from yeast extract-treated cell suspension cultures of P. pyrifolia. BS catalyzes the in vitro conversion of trans-cinnamic acid to benzaldehyde using a non-oxidative C2 -side chain cleavage mechanism. The enzyme activity was strictly dependent on the presence of a reducing agent, dithiothreitol being preferred. C2 -side chain shortening of the cinnamic acid backbone resembled the mechanisms catalyzed by 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde synthase (HBS) activity in Vanilla planifolia and salicylaldehyde synthase (SAS) activity in tobacco and apple cell cultures. A basal BS activity was also observed in the non-elicited cell cultures. Upon yeast extract-treatment, a 13-fold increase in BS activity was observed when compared to the non-treated control cells. Moreover, feeding of the cell cultures with trans-cinnamic acid, the substrate for BS, resulted in an enhanced level of noraucuparin, a biphenyl phytoalexin. Comparable accumulation of noraucuparin was observed upon feeding of benzaldehyde, the BS product. The preferred substrate for BS was found to be trans-cinnamic acid, for which the apparent Km and Vmax values were 0.5 mM and 50.7 pkat mg-1 protein, respectively. Our observations indicate the contribution of BS to benzoic acid biosynthesis in Asian pear via the CoA-independent and non-β-oxidative route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank S Saini
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, Biotechnology Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247 667, India
| | - Deepa Teotia
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, Biotechnology Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247 667, India
| | - Mariam Gaid
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, D-38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Debabrata Sircar
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, Biotechnology Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247 667, India
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23
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Tian JP, Ma ZY, Zhao KG, Zhang J, Xiang L, Chen LQ. Transcriptomic and proteomic approaches to explore the differences in monoterpene and benzenoid biosynthesis between scented and unscented genotypes of wintersweet. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 166:478-493. [PMID: 30216458 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Wintersweet (Chimonanthus praecox L.) is an important ornamental plant in China with a pleasant floral scent. To explore the potential mechanisms underlying differences in the fragrances among genotypes of this plant, we analyzed floral volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from two different genotypes: SW001, which has little to no fragrance, and the scented genotype H29. The major VOCs in H29 were linalool, trans-β-ocimene, benzyl acetate, methyl salicylate, benzyl alcohol (BAlc) and methyl benzoate. The most important aroma-active compound in H29, linalool, was emitted at a low concentration in SW001, which had markedly higher levels of trans-β-ocimene than H29. Next, to investigate scent biosynthesis, we analyzed the transcriptome and proteome of fully open flowers of the two genotypes. A total of 14 443 differentially expressed unigenes and 196 differentially expressed proteins were identified. Further analyses indicated that 56 differentially expressed genes involved in the terpenoid and benzenoid biosynthesis pathways might play critical roles in regulating floral fragrance difference. Disequilibrium expression of four terpene synthase genes resulted in diverse emission of linalool and trans-β-ocimene in both genotypes. In addition, the expressions of two CpMYC2 transcription factors were both upregulated in H29, implying that they may regulate linalool production. Notably, 16 of 20 genes in the benzenoid biosynthesis pathway were downregulated, corresponding to the relatively low level of benzenoid production in SW001. The lack of benzyl acetate might indicate that SW001 may lack substrate BAlc or functional acetyl-CoA:benzylalcohol acetyltransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Pu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhi-Yao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Kai-Ge Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lin Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Long-Qing Chen
- Southwest Research Center for Engineering Technology of Landscape Architecture (State Forestry Administration), Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
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24
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Muñoz-Clares RA, Casanova-Figueroa K. The importance of assessing aldehyde substrate inhibition for the correct determination of kinetic parameters and mechanisms: the case of the ALDH enzymes. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 305:86-97. [PMID: 30928398 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Substrate inhibition by the aldehyde has been observed for decades in NAD(P)+-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) enzymes, which follow a Bi Bi ordered steady-state kinetic mechanism. In this work, by using theoretical simulations of different possible substrate inhibition mechanisms in monosubstrate and Bi Bi ordered steady-state reactions, we explored the kind and extent of errors arising when estimating the kinetic parameters and determining the kinetic mechanisms if substrate inhibition is intentionally or unintentionally ignored. We found that, in every mechanism, fitting the initial velocity data of apparently non-inhibitory substrate concentrations to a rectangular hyperbola produces important errors, not only in the estimation of Vmax values, which were underestimated as expected, but, surprisingly, even more in the estimation of Km values, which led to overestimation of the Vmax/Km values. We show that the greater errors in Km arises from fitting data that do experience substrate inhibition, although it may not be evident, to a Michaelis-Menten equation, which causes overestimation of the data at low substrate concentrations. Similarly, we show that if substrate inhibition is not fully assessed when inhibitors are evaluated, the estimated inhibition constants will have significant errors, and the type of inhibition could be grossly mistaken. We exemplify these errors with experimental results obtained with the betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase from spinach showing the errors predicted by the theoretical simulations and that these errors are increased in the presence of NADH, which in this enzyme favors aldehyde substrate inhibition. Therefore, we strongly recommend assessing substrate inhibition by the aldehyde in every ALDH kinetic study, particularly when inhibitors are evaluated. The common practices of using an apparently non-inhibitory concentration range of the aldehyde or a single high concentration of the aldehyde or the coenzyme when varying the other to determine true kinetic parameters should be abandoned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario A Muñoz-Clares
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico.
| | - Karla Casanova-Figueroa
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
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25
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Wang TN, Clifford MR, Martínez-Gómez J, Johnson JC, Riffell JA, Di Stilio VS. Scent matters: differential contribution of scent to insect response in flowers with insect vs. wind pollination traits. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:289-301. [PMID: 30052759 PMCID: PMC6344221 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Growing experimental evidence that floral scent is a key contributor to pollinator attraction supports its investigation as a component of the suite of floral traits that result from pollinator-mediated selection. Yet, the fate of floral scent during the transition out of biotic into abiotic pollination has rarely been tested. In the case of wind pollination, this is due not only to its rarer incidence among flowering plants compared with insect pollination, but also to the scarcity of systems amenable to genus-level comparisons. Thalictrum (Ranunculaceae), with its multiple transitions from insect to wind pollination, offers a unique opportunity to test interspecific changes in floral fragrance and their potential impact on pollinator attraction. METHODS First, the Thalictrum phylogeny was revised and the ancestral character state of pollination mode was reconstructed. Then, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that comprise the scent bouquets of flowers from 11 phylogenetically representative wind- and insect-pollinated species were characterized and compared. Finally, to test the hypothesis that scent from insect-pollinated flowers elicits a significantly greater response from potential pollinators than that from wind-pollinated flowers, electroantennograms (EAGs) were performed on Bombus impatiens using whole flower extracts. KEY RESULTS Phylogenetic reconstruction of the pollination mode recovered 8-10 transitions to wind pollination from an ancestral insect pollination state and two reversals to insect pollination. Biochemical and multivariate analysis showed that compounds are distinct by species and only partially segregate with pollination mode, with no significant phylogenetic signal on scent composition. Floral VOCs from insect-pollinated Thalictrum elicited a larger antennal response from potential insect pollinators than those from wind-pollinated congeners. CONCLUSIONS An evolutionary scenario is proposed where an ancestral ability of floral fragrance to elicit an insect response through the presence of specific compounds was independently lost during the multiple evolutionary transitions to wind pollination in Thalictrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa N Wang
- University of Washington, Department of Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marie R Clifford
- University of Washington, Department of Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jesús Martínez-Gómez
- University of Washington, Department of Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology and University and Jepson Herbaria, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jens C Johnson
- University of Washington, Department of Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, West Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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26
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Liao G, Dong WH, Yang JL, Li W, Wang J, Mei WL, Dai HF. Monitoring the Chemical Profile in Agarwood Formation within One Year and Speculating on the Biosynthesis of 2-(2-Phenylethyl)Chromones. Molecules 2018; 23:E1261. [PMID: 29799457 PMCID: PMC6100365 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Agarwood is highly valued for its uses as incense, perfume, and medicine. However, systematic analyses of dynamic changes of secondary metabolites during the process of agarwood formation have not yet been reported. In this study, agarwood was produced by transfusing the agarwood inducer into the trunk of Aquilaria sinensis, and changing patterns of chemical constituents, especially 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones (PECs), in wood samples collected from the 1st to 12th month, were analyzed by GC-EI-MS and UPLC-ESI-MS/MS methods. Aromatic compounds, steroids, fatty acids/esters, sesquiterpenoids, and PECs were detected by GC-MS, in which PECs were the major constituents. Following this, UPLC-MS was used for further comprehensive analysis of PECs, from which we found that 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones of flindersia type (FTPECs) were the most abundant, while PECs with epoxidated chromone moiety were detected with limited numbers and relatively low content. Speculation on the formation of major FTPECs was fully elucidated in our context. The key step of FTPECs biosynthesis is possibly catalyzed by type III polyketide synthases (PKSs) which condensate dihydro-cinnamoyl-CoA analogues and malonyl-CoA with 2-hydroxy-benzoyl-CoA to produce 2-(2-phenyethyl)chromone scaffold, or with 2,5-dihydroxybenzoyl-CoA to form FTPECS with 6-hydroxy group, which may serve as precursors for further reactions catalyzed by hydroxylase or O-methyltransferase (OMT) to produce FTPECs with diverse substitution patterns. It is the first report that systematically analyzed dynamic changes of secondary metabolites during the process of agarwood formation and fully discussed the biosynthetic pathway of PECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Liao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Wen-Hua Dong
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - Jin-Ling Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Wen-Li Mei
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Hao-Fu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Agarwood, Haikou 571101, China.
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27
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Shi S, Duan G, Li D, Wu J, Liu X, Hong B, Yi M, Zhang Z. Two-dimensional analysis provides molecular insight into flower scent of Lilium 'Siberia'. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5352. [PMID: 29599431 PMCID: PMC5876372 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23588-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Lily is a popular flower around the world not only because of its elegant appearance, but also due to its appealing scent. Little is known about the regulation of the volatile compound biosynthesis in lily flower scent. Here, we conducted an approach combining two-dimensional analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to explore candidate genes regulating flower scent production. In the approach, changes of flower volatile emissions and corresponding gene expression profiles at four flower developmental stages and four circadian times were both captured by GC-MS and RNA-seq methods. By overlapping differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) that responded to flower scent changes in flower development and circadian rhythm, 3,426 DEGs were initially identified to be candidates for flower scent production, of which 1,270 were predicted as transcriptional factors (TFs). The DEGs were further correlated to individual flower volatiles by WGCNA. Finally, 37, 41 and 90 genes were identified as candidate TFs likely regulating terpenoids, phenylpropanoids and fatty acid derivatives productions, respectively. Moreover, by WGCNA several genes related to auxin, gibberellins and ABC transporter were revealed to be responsible for flower scent production. Thus, this strategy provides an important foundation for future studies on the molecular mechanisms involved in floral scent production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaochuan Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyou Duan
- Energy Plant Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Qilu Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xintong Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Hong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingfang Yi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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Del Olmo A, Calzada J, Nuñez M. Benzoic acid and its derivatives as naturally occurring compounds in foods and as additives: Uses, exposure, and controversy. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 57:3084-3103. [PMID: 26587821 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1087964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Benzoic acid is an aromatic carboxylic acid naturally present in plant and animal tissues, which can also be produced by microorganisms. Benzoic acid and a wide range of derivatives and related benzenic compounds, such as salts, alkyl esters, parabens, benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, and benzoyl peroxide, are commonly used as antibacterial and antifungal preservatives and as flavoring agents in food, cosmetic, hygiene, and pharmaceutical products. As a result of their widespread occurrence, production, and uses, these compounds are largely distributed in the environment and found in water, soil, and air. Consequently, human exposure to them can be high, common, and lengthy. This review is mainly focused on the presence and use of benzoic acid in foods but it also covers the occurrence, uses, human exposure, metabolism, toxicology, analytical methods for detection, and legal limits for benzoic acid and its derivatives. Their controversial effects and potential public health concerns are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Del Olmo
- a Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos , INIA , Madrid , Spain
| | - Javier Calzada
- a Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos , INIA , Madrid , Spain
| | - Manuel Nuñez
- a Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos , INIA , Madrid , Spain
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Exploring genes involved in benzoic acid biosynthesis in the Populus davidiana transcriptome and their transcriptional activity upon methyl jasmonate treatment. J Chem Ecol 2017; 43:1097-1108. [PMID: 29129016 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-017-0903-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Benzoic acids (BAs) are important structural elements in a wide variety of essential compounds and natural products, and play crucial roles in plant fitness. BA is a precursor of diverse benzenoid compounds, including the hormone salicylic acid (SA) and the aglycone moiety of salicin, which is particularly important in the Salicaceae family. The biosynthetic pathways leading to BA formation in plants are largely unknown. Recently, the CoA-dependent β-oxidative BA biosynthesis pathway, which occurs in peroxisomes, has been characterized in petunia. The core of this pathway is cinnamic acid → cinnamoyl-CoA → 3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoyl-CoA → 3-oxo-3-phenylpropanoyl-CoA → benzoyl-CoA. Here, we used 454 pyrosequencing to analyze the transcriptome of Populus davidiana and isolate putative genes involved in BA biosynthesis. De novo assembly generated 57,322 unique sequences, including 15,217 contigs and 42,105 singletons. From the unique sequences, we selected six genes exhibiting high similarity to genes encoding L-phenylalanine ammonia lyase, cinnamate:CoA ligase, cinnamoyl-CoA hydratase-dehydrogenase, 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, benzoyl-CoA:benzyl alcohol O-benzoyltransferase, and benzaldehyde dehydrogenase. Each of these enzymes might be involved in BA biosynthesis. Real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis revealed that these six genes were highly transcribed in the aerial organs of P. davidiana, particularly in leaves. Treating the leaves of in vitro cultured plants with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) strongly enhanced the mRNA accumulation of all 6 genes, and this treatment also clearly enhanced the accumulation of BA, SA, salicyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, and benzaldehyde but not salicin. Our study shows that P. davidiana may possess a CoA-dependent β-oxidative BA synthesis pathway. We also identified a relationship between the transcription of these genes and the accumulation of benzenoids, including BA and SA, which are highly responsive to the defense signaling molecule (MeJA).
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Saini SS, Teotia D, Gaid M, Thakur A, Beerhues L, Sircar D. Benzaldehyde dehydrogenase-driven phytoalexin biosynthesis in elicitor-treated Pyrus pyrifolia cell cultures. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 28647601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Pyrus pyrifolia (Asian pear) cell cultures respond to yeast extract (YE) treatment by accumulating benzoate-derived biphenyl phytoalexins, namely, noraucuparin and aucuparin. Biphenyl phytoalexins are defense-marker metabolites of the sub-tribe Malinae of the family Rosaceae. The substrates for biphenyl biosynthesis are benzoyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA, which combine in the presence of biphenyl synthase (BIS) to produce 3,5-dihydroxybiphneyl. In the non-β-oxidative pathway, benzoyl-CoA is directly derived from benzoic acid in a reaction catalyzed by benzoate-CoA ligase (BZL). Although the core β-oxidative pathway of benzoic acid biosynthesis is well-understood, the complete cascade of enzymes and genes involved in the non-β-oxidative pathway at the molecular level is poorly understood. In this study, we report the detection of benzaldehyde dehydrogenase (BD) activity in YE-treated cell cultures of P. pyrifolia. BD catalyzes the conversion of benzaldehyde to benzoic acid. BD and BIS activities were coordinately induced by elicitor treatment, suggesting their involvement in biphenyl metabolism. Changes in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity preceded the increases in BD and BIS activities. Benzaldehyde was the preferred substrate for BD (Km=52.0μM), with NAD+ being the preferred co-factor (Km=64μM). Our observations indicate the contribution of BD towards biphenyl phytoalexin biosynthesis in the Asian pear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Sagar Saini
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, Biotechnology Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Deepa Teotia
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, Biotechnology Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Mariam Gaid
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstrasse 1, D-38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anirudh Thakur
- Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
| | - Ludger Beerhues
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstrasse 1, D-38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Debabrata Sircar
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, Biotechnology Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India.
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Ravid J, Spitzer-Rimon B, Takebayashi Y, Seo M, Cna'ani A, Aravena-Calvo J, Masci T, Farhi M, Vainstein A. GA as a regulatory link between the showy floral traits color and scent. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:411-422. [PMID: 28262954 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Emission of volatiles at advanced stages of flower development is a strategy used by plants to lure pollinators to the flower. We reveal that GA negatively regulates floral scent production in petunia. We used Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression of GA-20ox in petunia flowers and a virus-induced gene silencing approach to knock down DELLA expression, measured volatile emission, internal pool sizes and GA levels by GC-MS or LC-MS/MS, and analyzed transcript levels of scent-related phenylpropanoid-pathway genes. We show that GA has a negative effect on the concentrations of accumulated and emitted phenylpropanoid volatiles in petunia flowers; this effect is exerted through transcriptional/post-transcriptional downregulation of regulatory and biosynthetic scent-related genes. Both overexpression of GA20-ox, a GA-biosynthesis gene, and suppression of DELLA, a repressor of GA-signal transduction, corroborated GA's negative regulation of floral scent. We present a model in which GA-dependent timing of the sequential activation of different branches of the phenylpropanoid pathway during flower development may represent a link between the showy traits controlling pollinator attraction, namely color and scent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Ravid
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ben Spitzer-Rimon
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yumiko Takebayashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Seo
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Alon Cna'ani
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Javiera Aravena-Calvo
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tania Masci
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Moran Farhi
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alexander Vainstein
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot, Israel
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Tavakoli A, Hamzah A. Partial Purification and Characterization of the Recombinant Benzaldehyde Dehydrogenase from Rhodococcus ruber UKMP-5M. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 15:67-73. [PMID: 28959354 PMCID: PMC5582255 DOI: 10.15171/ijb.1344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benzaldehyde dehydrogenase (BZDH) is encoded by the xylC that catalyzes the conversion of benzaldehyde into benzoate in many pathways such as toluene degradation. OBJECTIVES In this study, the xylC gene from Rhodococcus ruber UKMP-5M was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified, and characterized. MATERIALS AND METHODS The xylC was amplified and cloned in E. coli. The recombinant plasmid pGEMT-xylC was digested by NdeI and HindIII to construct plasmid pET28b-xylC and transformed in E. coli BL21 (DE3). Expression of the recombinant protein was induced by 1 mM isopropyl β-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG) at 37°C. The BZDH was purified by ion exchange chromatography, in which the product was an NAD-dependent enzyme using benzaldehyde as a substrate for enzyme characterization. The end metabolite was identified via gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). RESULTS The recombinant BZDH is 27 kDa, purified by ion exchange chromatography. The activity of BZDH was 9.4 U.μL-1 The optimum pH and temperature were 8.5 and 25ºC, respectively. The Michaelis constant (Km) and maximum velocity (Vmax) were 4.2 mM and 19.7 U.mL-1, respectively. The metabolite of BZDH was benzene carboxylic acid as determined by GC-MS analysis. CONCLUSIONS BZDH has the ability to degrade benzaldehyde to less toxic compounds. The BZDH is a critical enzyme for the degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons in Rhodococcus sp. The BZDH from R. ruber UKMP-5M is showed similar function with other aldehyde dehydrogenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Tavakoli
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Islamic Azad University, Eghlid, P.O.Box: 73815-114, Iran
| | - Ainon Hamzah
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty Science and Technology, National University of Malaysia, Selangor, P.O.Box:43600, Malaysia
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Ji A, Jia J, Xu Z, Li Y, Bi W, Ren F, He C, Liu J, Hu K, Song J. Transcriptome-Guided Mining of Genes Involved in Crocin Biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:518. [PMID: 28443112 PMCID: PMC5387100 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Gardenia jasminoides is used in traditional Chinese medicine and has drawn attention as a rich source of crocin, a compound with reported activity against various cancers, depression and cardiovascular disease. However, genetic information on the crocin biosynthetic pathway of G. jasminoides is scarce. In this study, we performed a transcriptome analysis of the leaves, green fruits, and red fruits of G. jasminoides to identify and predict the genes that encode key enzymes responsible for crocin production, compared with Crocus sativus. Twenty-seven putative pathway genes were specifically expressed in the fruits, consistent with the distribution of crocin in G. jasminoides. Twenty-four of these genes were reported for the first time, and a novel CCD4a gene was predicted that encodes carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase leading to crocin synthesis, in contrast to CCD2 of C. sativus. In addition, 6 other candidate genes (ALDH12, ALDH14, UGT94U1, UGT86D1, UGT71H4, and UGT85K18) were predicted to be involved in crocin biosynthesis following phylogenetic analysis and different gene expression profiles. Identifying the genes that encode key enzymes should help elucidate the crocin biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijia Ji
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Jing Jia
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Zhichao Xu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Ying Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Wu Bi
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Fengming Ren
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
- Chongqing Institute of Medicinal Plant CultivationChongqing, China
| | - Chunnian He
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Chongqing Institute of Medicinal Plant CultivationChongqing, China
| | - Kaizhi Hu
- Chongqing Institute of Medicinal Plant CultivationChongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Kaizhi Hu
| | - Jingyuan Song
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China
- Chongqing Institute of Medicinal Plant CultivationChongqing, China
- Jingyuan Song
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Van Moerkercke A, Steensma P, Gariboldi I, Espoz J, Purnama PC, Schweizer F, Miettinen K, Vanden Bossche R, De Clercq R, Memelink J, Goossens A. The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor BIS2 is essential for monoterpenoid indole alkaloid production in the medicinal plant Catharanthus roseus. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 88:3-12. [PMID: 27342401 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIAs) are produced as plant defence compounds. In the medicinal plant Catharanthus roseus, they comprise the anticancer compounds vinblastine and vincristine. The iridoid (monoterpenoid) pathway forms one of the two branches that feed MIA biosynthesis and its activation is regulated by the transcription factor (TF) basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) iridoid synthesis 1 (BIS1). Here, we describe the identification and characterisation of BIS2, a jasmonate (JA)-responsive bHLH TF expressed preferentially in internal phloem-associated parenchyma cells, which transactivates promoters of iridoid biosynthesis genes and can homodimerise or form heterodimers with BIS1. Stable overexpression of BIS2 in C. roseus suspension cells and transient ectopic expression of BIS2 in C. roseus petal limbs resulted in increased transcript accumulation of methylerythritol-4-phosphate and iridoid pathway genes, but not of other MIA genes or triterpenoid genes. Transcript profiling also indicated that BIS2 expression is part of an amplification loop, as it is induced by overexpression of either BIS1 or BIS2. Accordingly, silencing of BIS2 in C. roseus suspension cells completely abolished the JA-induced upregulation of the iridoid pathway genes and subsequent MIA accumulation, despite the presence of induced BIS1, indicating that BIS2 is essential for MIA production in C. roseus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Van Moerkercke
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Priscille Steensma
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ivo Gariboldi
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Javiera Espoz
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Purin C Purnama
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Schweizer
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Karel Miettinen
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Robin Vanden Bossche
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Rebecca De Clercq
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Johan Memelink
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Gent, Belgium.
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Gent, Belgium.
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Han Y, Wu M, Cao L, Yuan W, Dong M, Wang X, Chen W, Shang F. Characterization of OfWRKY3, a transcription factor that positively regulates the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase gene OfCCD4 in Osmanthus fragrans. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 91:485-96. [PMID: 27106478 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0483-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The sweet osmanthus carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4 (OfCCD4) cleaves carotenoids such as β-carotene and zeaxanthin to yield β-ionone. OfCCD4 is a member of the CCD gene family, and its promoter contains a W-box palindrome with two reversely oriented TGAC repeats, which are the proposed binding sites of WRKY transcription factors. We isolated three WRKY cDNAs from the petal of Osmanthus fragrans. One of them, OfWRKY3, encodes a protein containing two WRKY domains and two zinc finger motifs. OfWRKY3 and OfCCD4 had nearly identical expression profile in petals of 'Dangui' and 'Yingui' at different flowering stages and showed similar expression patterns in petals treated by salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and abscisic acid. Activation of OfCCD4pro:GUS by OfWRKY3 was detected in coinfiltrated tobacco leaves and very weak GUS activity was detected in control tissues, indicating that OfWRKY3 can interact with the OfCCD4 promoter. Yeast one-hybrid and electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that OfWRKY3 was able to bind to the W-box palindrome motif present in the OfCCD4 promoter. These results suggest that OfWRKY3 is a positive regulator of the OfCCD4 gene, and might partly account for the biosynthesis of β-ionone in sweet osmanthus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanji Han
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, Laboratory of Plant Germplasm and Genetic Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China
| | - Miao Wu
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, Laboratory of Plant Germplasm and Genetic Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China
| | - Liya Cao
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, Laboratory of Plant Germplasm and Genetic Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China
| | - Wangjun Yuan
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, Laboratory of Plant Germplasm and Genetic Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China
| | - Meifang Dong
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, Laboratory of Plant Germplasm and Genetic Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, Laboratory of Plant Germplasm and Genetic Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China
| | - Weicai Chen
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, Laboratory of Plant Germplasm and Genetic Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China
| | - Fude Shang
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, Laboratory of Plant Germplasm and Genetic Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, Henan, China.
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Nielsen LJ, Møller BL. Scent emission profiles from Darwin's orchid--Angraecum sesquipedale: Investigation of the aldoxime metabolism using clustering analysis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 120:3-18. [PMID: 26603277 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The display of scent is crucial for plants in attracting pollinating insects to flowers and ensuring successful pollination and reproduction. The large number of aldoxime volatile species present in the scent of the Madagascan orchid Angraecum sesquipedale has been suggested to play a primary role in attracting the sphingid moth Xanthopan morgani praedicta. By solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), we monitored the scent release from different flowers of a single orchid, day and night throughout the entire flowering period. In separate experiments, the diurnal release was monitored in 3h intervals and the tissue specific release from the different floral parts was tracked. Numerous novel compounds related to the aldoxime metabolism not previously detected in A. sesquipedale were identified and positioned into a proposed pathway for aldoxime metabolism. From the results, we hypothesize that (E/Z)-phenylacetaldoxime and its derivatives could be important attractants for the pollinating moth X. morgani praedicta. By applying an untargeted Partitioning Around Medoids (PAM) cluster analysis to the metabolite profiles in the scent, the proposed pathways for the formation of aldoximes were substantiated. With this study, we demonstrate the powerful utility of a bioinformatics tool to aid in the elucidation of the routes of formation for volatiles and provide a benchmark and guidelines for future detailed observations of hawkmoth pollination of Angraecum species, and in particular A. sesquipedale, in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Janniche Nielsen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center of Excellence "Plant Plasticity", University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark; VILLUM Research Center of Excellence "Plant Plasticity", University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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37
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Cna'ani A, Spitzer-Rimon B, Ravid J, Farhi M, Masci T, Aravena-Calvo J, Ovadis M, Vainstein A. Two showy traits, scent emission and pigmentation, are finely coregulated by the MYB transcription factor PH4 in petunia flowers. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 208:708-714. [PMID: 26111005 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism underlying the emission of phenylpropanoid volatiles is poorly understood. Here, we reveal the involvement of PH4, a petunia MYB-R2R3 transcription factor previously studied for its role in vacuolar acidification, in floral volatile emission. We used the virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) approach to knock down PH4 expression in petunia, measured volatile emission and internal pool sizes by GC-MS, and analyzed transcript abundances of scent-related phenylpropanoid genes in flowers. Silencing of PH4 resulted in a marked decrease in floral phenylpropanoid volatile emission, with a concurrent increase in internal pool levels. Expression of scent-related phenylpropanoid genes was not affected. To identify putative scent-related targets of PH4, we silenced PH5, a tonoplast-localized H(+) -ATPase that maintains vacuolar pH homeostasis. Suppression of PH5 did not yield the reduced-emission phenotype, suggesting that PH4 does not operate in the context of floral scent through regulation of vacuolar pH. We conclude that PH4 is a key floral regulator that integrates volatile production and emission processes and interconnects two essential floral traits - color and scent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Cna'ani
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ben Spitzer-Rimon
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jasmin Ravid
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Moran Farhi
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Tania Masci
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Javiera Aravena-Calvo
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Marianna Ovadis
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alexander Vainstein
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot, Israel
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Cna'ani A, Mühlemann JK, Ravid J, Masci T, Klempien A, Nguyen TTH, Dudareva N, Pichersky E, Vainstein A. Petunia × hybrida floral scent production is negatively affected by high-temperature growth conditions. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:1333-46. [PMID: 25402319 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Increasing temperatures due to changing global climate are interfering with plant-pollinator mutualism, an interaction facilitated mainly by floral colour and scent. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analyses revealed that increasing ambient temperature leads to a decrease in phenylpropanoid-based floral scent production in two Petunia × hybrida varieties, P720 and Blue Spark, acclimated at 22/16 or 28/22 °C (day/night). This decrease could be attributed to down-regulation of scent-related structural gene expression from both phenylpropanoid and shikimate pathways, and up-regulation of a negative regulator of scent production, emission of benzenoids V (EOBV). To test whether the negative effect of increased temperature on scent production can be reduced in flowers with enhanced metabolic flow in the phenylpropanoid pathway, we analysed floral volatile production by transgenic 'Blue Spark' plants overexpressing CaMV 35S-driven Arabidopsis thaliana production of anthocyanin pigments 1 (PAP1) under elevated versus standard temperature conditions. Flowers of 35S:PAP1 transgenic plants produced the same or even higher levels of volatiles when exposed to a long-term high-temperature regime. This phenotype was also evident when analysing relevant gene expression as inferred from sequencing the transcriptome of 35S:PAP1 transgenic flowers under the two temperature regimes. Thus, up-regulation of transcription might negate the adverse effects of temperature on scent production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Cna'ani
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Joelle K Mühlemann
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2063, USA
| | - Jasmin Ravid
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Tania Masci
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Antje Klempien
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2063, USA
| | - Thuong T H Nguyen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1048, USA
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2063, USA
| | - Eran Pichersky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1048, USA
| | - Alexander Vainstein
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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39
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Yue Y, Yu R, Fan Y. Transcriptome profiling provides new insights into the formation of floral scent in Hedychium coronarium. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:470. [PMID: 26084652 PMCID: PMC4472261 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1653-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hedychium coronarium is a popular ornamental plant in tropical and subtropical regions because its flowers not only possess intense and inviting fragrance but also enjoy elegant shape. The fragrance results from volatile terpenes and benzenoids presented in the floral scent profile. However, in this species, even in monocots, little is known about the underlying molecular mechanism of floral scent production. RESULTS Using Illumina platform, approximately 81 million high-quality reads were obtained from a pooled cDNA library. The de novo assembly resulted in a transcriptome with 65,591 unigenes, 50.90% of which were annotated using public databases. Digital gene expression (DGE) profiling analysis revealed 7,796 differential expression genes (DEGs) during petal development. GO term classification and KEGG pathway analysis indicated that the levels of transcripts changed significantly in "metabolic process", including "terpenoid biosynthetic process". Through a systematic analysis, 35 and 33 candidate genes might be involved in the biosynthesis of floral volatile terpenes and benzenoids, respectively. Among them, flower-specific HcDXS2A, HcGPPS, HcTPSs, HcCNL and HcBCMT1 might play critical roles in regulating the formation of floral fragrance through DGE profiling coupled with floral volatile profiling analyses. In vitro characterization showed that HcTPS6 was capable of generating β-farnesene as its main product. In the transcriptome, 1,741 transcription factors (TFs) were identified and 474 TFs showed differential expression during petal development. It is supposed that two R2R3-MYBs with flower-specific and developmental expression might be involved in the scent production. CONCLUSIONS The novel transcriptome and DGE profiling provide an important resource for functional genomics studies and give us a dynamic view of biological process during petal development in H. coronarium. These data lay the basis for elucidating the molecular mechanism of floral scent formation and regulation in monocot. The results also provide the opportunities for genetic modification of floral scent profile in Hedychium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuechong Yue
- The Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Rangcai Yu
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Yanping Fan
- The Research Center for Ornamental Plants, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Končitíková R, Vigouroux A, Kopečná M, Andree T, Bartoš J, Šebela M, Moréra S, Kopečný D. Role and structural characterization of plant aldehyde dehydrogenases from family 2 and family 7. Biochem J 2015; 468:109-23. [PMID: 25734422 DOI: 10.1042/bj20150009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) are responsible for oxidation of biogenic aldehyde intermediates as well as for cell detoxification of aldehydes generated during lipid peroxidation. So far, 13 ALDH families have been described in plants. In the present study, we provide a detailed biochemical characterization of plant ALDH2 and ALDH7 families by analysing maize and pea ALDH7 (ZmALDH7 and PsALDH7) and four maize cytosolic ALDH(cALDH)2 isoforms RF2C, RF2D, RF2E and RF2F [the first maize ALDH2 was discovered as a fertility restorer (RF2A)]. We report the crystal structures of ZmALDH7, RF2C and RF2F at high resolution. The ZmALDH7 structure shows that the three conserved residues Glu(120), Arg(300) and Thr(302) in the ALDH7 family are located in the substrate-binding site and are specific to this family. Our kinetic analysis demonstrates that α-aminoadipic semialdehyde, a lysine catabolism intermediate, is the preferred substrate for plant ALDH7. In contrast, aromatic aldehydes including benzaldehyde, anisaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde, coniferaldehyde and sinapaldehyde are the best substrates for cALDH2. In line with these results, the crystal structures of RF2C and RF2F reveal that their substrate-binding sites are similar and are formed by an aromatic cluster mainly composed of phenylalanine residues and several nonpolar residues. Gene expression studies indicate that the RF2C gene, which is strongly expressed in all organs, appears essential, suggesting that the crucial role of the enzyme would certainly be linked to the cell wall formation using aldehydes from phenylpropanoid pathway as substrates. Finally, plant ALDH7 may significantly contribute to osmoprotection because it oxidizes several aminoaldehydes leading to products known as osmolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radka Končitíková
- *Department of Protein Biochemistry and Proteomics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc CZ-783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Armelle Vigouroux
- ‡Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales, CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Martina Kopečná
- *Department of Protein Biochemistry and Proteomics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc CZ-783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Andree
- †Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc CZ-783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Bartoš
- §Centre of Plant Structural and Functional Genomics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany, Šlechtitelů 31, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Šebela
- *Department of Protein Biochemistry and Proteomics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc CZ-783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Solange Moréra
- ‡Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales, CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - David Kopečný
- *Department of Protein Biochemistry and Proteomics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, Olomouc CZ-783 71, Czech Republic
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Transcriptome profiling of khat (Catha edulis) and Ephedra sinica reveals gene candidates potentially involved in amphetamine-type alkaloid biosynthesis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119701. [PMID: 25806807 PMCID: PMC4373857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphetamine analogues are produced by plants in the genus Ephedra and by khat (Catha edulis), and include the widely used decongestants and appetite suppressants (1S,2S)-pseudoephedrine and (1R,2S)-ephedrine. The production of these metabolites, which derive from L-phenylalanine, involves a multi-step pathway partially mapped out at the biochemical level using knowledge of benzoic acid metabolism established in other plants, and direct evidence using khat and Ephedra species as model systems. Despite the commercial importance of amphetamine-type alkaloids, only a single step in their biosynthesis has been elucidated at the molecular level. We have employed Illumina next-generation sequencing technology, paired with Trinity and Velvet-Oases assembly platforms, to establish data-mining frameworks for Ephedra sinica and khat plants. Sequence libraries representing a combined 200,000 unigenes were subjected to an annotation pipeline involving direct searches against public databases. Annotations included the assignment of Gene Ontology (GO) terms used to allocate unigenes to functional categories. As part of our functional genomics program aimed at novel gene discovery, the databases were mined for enzyme candidates putatively involved in alkaloid biosynthesis. Queries used for mining included enzymes with established roles in benzoic acid metabolism, as well as enzymes catalyzing reactions similar to those predicted for amphetamine alkaloid metabolism. Gene candidates were evaluated based on phylogenetic relationships, FPKM-based expression data, and mechanistic considerations. Establishment of expansive sequence resources is a critical step toward pathway characterization, a goal with both academic and industrial implications.
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42
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Widhalm JR, Dudareva N. A familiar ring to it: biosynthesis of plant benzoic acids. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:83-97. [PMID: 25578274 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant benzoic acids (BAs) are building blocks or important structural elements for numerous primary and specialized metabolites, including plant hormones, cofactors, defense compounds, and attractants for pollinators and seed dispersers. Many natural products derived from plant BAs or containing benzoyl/benzyl moieties are also of medicinal or nutritional value to humans. Biosynthesis of BAs in plants is a network involving parallel and intersecting pathways spread across multiple subcellular compartments. In this review, a current overview on the metabolism of plant BAs is presented with a focus on the recent progress made on isolation and functional characterization of genes encoding biosynthetic enzymes and intracellular transporters. In addition, approaches for deciphering the complex interactions between pathways of the BAs network are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R Widhalm
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2063, USA
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, 175 South University Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2063, USA.
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43
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Frömmel J, Šebela M, Demo G, Lenobel R, Pospíšil T, Soural M, Kopečný D. N-acyl-ω-aminoaldehydes are efficient substrates of plant aminoaldehyde dehydrogenases. Amino Acids 2015; 47:175-87. [PMID: 25344796 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1853-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plant aminoaldehyde dehydrogenases (AMADHs, EC 1.2.1.19) belong to the family 10 of aldehyde dehydrogenases and participate in the metabolism of compounds related to amino acids such as polyamines or osmoprotectants. Their broad specificity covers ω-aminoaldehydes, aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes as well as nitrogen-containing heterocyclic aldehydes. The substrate preference of plant AMADHs is determined by the presence of aspartic acid and aromatic residues in the substrate channel. In this work, 15 new N-acyl derivates of 3-aminopropanal (APAL) and 4-aminobutanal (ABAL) were synthesized and confirmed as substrates of two pea AMADH isoenzymes (PsAMADH 1 and 2). The compounds were designed considering the previously demonstrated conversion of N-acetyl derivatives as well as substrate channel dimensions (5-8 Å × 14 Å). The acyl chain length and its branching were found less significant for substrate properties than the length of the initial natural substrate. In general, APAL derivatives were found more efficient than the corresponding ABAL derivatives because of the prevailing higher conversion rates and lower K m values. Differences in enzymatic performance between the two isoenzymes corresponded in part to their preferences to APAL to ABAL. The higher PsAMADH2 affinity to substrates correlated with more frequent occurrence of an excess substrate inhibition. Molecular docking indicated the possible auxiliary role of Tyr163, Ser295 and Gln451 in binding of the new substrates. The only derivative carrying a free carboxyl group (N-adipoyl APAL) was surprisingly better substrate than ABAL in PsAMADH2 reaction indicating that also negatively charged aldehydes might be good substrates for ALDH10 family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Frömmel
- Department of Protein Biochemistry and Proteomics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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44
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Mahdi JG. Biosynthesis and metabolism of β-d-salicin: A novel molecule that exerts biological function in humans and plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [PMID: 28626665 PMCID: PMC5466123 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
β-d-Salicin 1 (Mahdi et al. [8]) is an interesting medicinal phytochemical that exhibits cross functions in plants and humans immunologically. This molecule 1 (Mahdi et al. [8]) has attracted the attention of scientists in various interdisciplinary fields, including chemistry, pharmacology and medicine. The biological cross functions of β-d-salicin 1 (Mahdi et al. [8]) serve in plant survival and healing processes via salicylic acid 2 (Pierpont [23]). Thus, this raise a question whether plant biosynthesis and human metabolism crosstalk to induce therapy via molecular recognition. If so, biotechnology and bioinformatics are significant techniques for new strategies in drug development. Thus, understanding the biosynthesis, metabolism and the cross-molecular setting of recognition may encourage further discussion and research on its medicinal and biological activity virtues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jassem G Mahdi
- College of Medicine, Shagra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi Arabia
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45
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Muhlemann JK, Klempien A, Dudareva N. Floral volatiles: from biosynthesis to function. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:1936-49. [PMID: 24588567 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Floral volatiles have attracted humans' attention since antiquity and have since then permeated many aspects of our lives. Indeed, they are heavily used in perfumes, cosmetics, flavourings and medicinal applications. However, their primary function is to mediate ecological interactions between flowers and a diverse array of visitors, including pollinators, florivores and pathogens. As such, they ultimately ensure the plants' reproductive and evolutionary success. To date, over 1700 floral volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been identified. Interestingly, they are derived from only a few biochemical networks, which include the terpenoid, phenylpropanoid/benzenoid and fatty acid biosynthetic pathways. These pathways are intricately regulated by endogenous and external factors to enable spatially and temporally controlled emission of floral volatiles, thereby fine-tuning the ecological interactions facilitated by floral volatiles. In this review, we will focus on describing the biosynthetic pathways leading to floral VOCs, the regulation of floral volatile emission, as well as biological functions of emitted volatiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle K Muhlemann
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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46
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Yoo H, Widhalm JR, Qian Y, Maeda H, Cooper BR, Jannasch AS, Gonda I, Lewinsohn E, Rhodes D, Dudareva N. An alternative pathway contributes to phenylalanine biosynthesis in plants via a cytosolic tyrosine:phenylpyruvate aminotransferase. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2833. [PMID: 24270997 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenylalanine is a vital component of proteins in all living organisms, and in plants is a precursor for thousands of additional metabolites. Animals are incapable of synthesizing phenylalanine and must primarily obtain it directly or indirectly from plants. Although plants can synthesize phenylalanine in plastids through arogenate, the contribution of an alternative pathway via phenylpyruvate, as occurs in most microbes, has not been demonstrated. Here we show that plants also utilize a microbial-like phenylpyruvate pathway to produce phenylalanine, and flux through this route is increased when the entry point to the arogenate pathway is limiting. Unexpectedly, we find the plant phenylpyruvate pathway utilizes a cytosolic aminotransferase that links the coordinated catabolism of tyrosine to serve as the amino donor, thus interconnecting the extra-plastidial metabolism of these amino acids. This discovery uncovers another level of complexity in the plant aromatic amino acid regulatory network, unveiling new targets for metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejin Yoo
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, 625 Agriculture Mall Dr, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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47
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Rai A, Smita SS, Singh AK, Shanker K, Nagegowda DA. Heteromeric and Homomeric Geranyl Diphosphate Synthases from Catharanthus roseus and Their Role in Monoterpene Indole Alkaloid Biosynthesis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2013; 6:1531-49. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Dudareva N, Klempien A, Muhlemann JK, Kaplan I. Biosynthesis, function and metabolic engineering of plant volatile organic compounds. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 198:16-32. [PMID: 23383981 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 734] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants synthesize an amazing diversity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that facilitate interactions with their environment, from attracting pollinators and seed dispersers to protecting themselves from pathogens, parasites and herbivores. Recent progress in -omics technologies resulted in the isolation of genes encoding enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of many volatiles and contributed to our understanding of regulatory mechanisms involved in VOC formation. In this review, we largely focus on the biosynthesis and regulation of plant volatiles, the involvement of floral volatiles in plant reproduction as well as their contribution to plant biodiversity and applications in agriculture via crop-pollinator interactions. In addition, metabolic engineering approaches for both the improvement of plant defense and pollinator attraction are discussed in light of methodological constraints and ecological complications that limit the transition of crops with modified volatile profiles from research laboratories to real-world implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Antje Klempien
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Joëlle K Muhlemann
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Ian Kaplan
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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Spitzer-Rimon B, Farhi M, Albo B, Cna’ani A, Ben Zvi MM, Masci T, Edelbaum O, Yu Y, Shklarman E, Ovadis M, Vainstein A. The R2R3-MYB-like regulatory factor EOBI, acting downstream of EOBII, regulates scent production by activating ODO1 and structural scent-related genes in petunia. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:5089-105. [PMID: 23275577 PMCID: PMC3556977 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.105247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Flower scent is a highly dynamic trait, under developmental, spatial, and diurnal regulation. The mechanism governing scent production is only beginning to be unraveled. In petunia (Petunia hybrida), EMISSION OF BENZENOIDS II (EOBII) controls transcription of both the shikimate pathway-regulating MYB factor ODORANT1 (ODO1) and phenylpropanoid scent-related structural genes. A promoter-activation screen identified an R2R3-MYB-like regulatory factor of phenylpropanoid volatile biosynthesis acting downstream of EOBII, designated EOBI. EOBI silencing led to downregulation of ODO1 and numerous structural scent-related genes from both the shikimate and phenylpropanoid pathways. The ability of EOBI to directly activate ODO1, as revealed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and yeast one-hybrid analysis, place EOBI upstream of ODO1 in regulating substrate availability for volatile biosynthesis. Interestingly, ODO1-silenced transgenic petunia flowers accumulated higher EOBI transcript levels than controls, suggesting a complex feedback loop between these regulatory factors. The accumulation pattern of EOBI transcript relative to EOBII and ODO1, and the effect of up/downregulation of EOBII on transcript levels of EOBI and ODO1, further support these factors' hierarchical relationships. The dependence of scent production on EOBI expression and its direct interaction with both regulatory and structural genes provide evidence for EOBI's wide-ranging involvement in the production of floral volatiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Spitzer-Rimon
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Moran Farhi
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Boaz Albo
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Alon Cna’ani
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Michal Moyal Ben Zvi
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Tania Masci
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Orit Edelbaum
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yixun Yu
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Elena Shklarman
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Marianna Ovadis
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Alexander Vainstein
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Gaid MM, Sircar D, Müller A, Beuerle T, Liu B, Ernst L, Hänsch R, Beerhues L. Cinnamate:CoA ligase initiates the biosynthesis of a benzoate-derived xanthone phytoalexin in Hypericum calycinum cell cultures. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:1267-80. [PMID: 22992510 PMCID: PMC3490583 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.204180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Although a number of plant natural products are derived from benzoic acid, the biosynthesis of this structurally simple precursor is poorly understood. Hypericum calycinum cell cultures accumulate a benzoic acid-derived xanthone phytoalexin, hyperxanthone E, in response to elicitor treatment. Using a subtracted complementary DNA (cDNA) library and sequence information about conserved coenzyme A (CoA) ligase motifs, a cDNA encoding cinnamate:CoA ligase (CNL) was isolated. This enzyme channels metabolic flux from the general phenylpropanoid pathway into benzenoid metabolism. HcCNL preferred cinnamic acid as a substrate but failed to activate benzoic acid. Enzyme activity was strictly dependent on the presence of Mg²⁺ and K⁺ at optimum concentrations of 2.5 and 100 mM, respectively. Coordinated increases in the Phe ammonia-lyase and HcCNL transcript levels preceded the accumulation of hyperxanthone E in cell cultures of H. calycinum after the addition of the elicitor. HcCNL contained a carboxyl-terminal type 1 peroxisomal targeting signal made up by the tripeptide Ser-Arg-Leu, which directed an amino-terminal reporter fusion to the peroxisomes. Masking the targeting signal by carboxyl-terminal reporter fusion led to cytoplasmic localization. A phylogenetic tree consisted of two evolutionarily distinct clusters. One cluster was formed by CoA ligases related to benzenoid metabolism, including HcCNL. The other cluster comprised 4-coumarate:CoA ligases from spermatophytes, ferns, and mosses, indicating divergence of the two clades prior to the divergence of the higher plant lineages.
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