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Han Y, Yang R, Xu J, Wang Q, Yin Y, Long H, Xue S, Prusky D, Bi Y. Sodium silicate accelerates suberin accumulation at wounds of potato tuber by inducing phenylpropanoid pathway and fatty acid metabolism during healing. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 216:109093. [PMID: 39241629 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.109093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Although soluble silicate was reported to accelerate wound healing in muskmelon fruit through encouraging the deposition of lignin or free fatty acids, whether sodium silicate affects the biosynthesis, cross-linking and transport of suberin monomers during potato wound healing remains unknown. In this study, sodium silicate upregulated the expression and activity of 4-coumarate: coenzyme A ligase (4CL), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), and promoted the synthesis of phenolic acids (caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, cinnamic acid, sinapic acid, and ferulic acid) in tuber wounds. Meanwhile, sodium silicate upregulated the expression of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (StGPAT), fatty acyl reductase (StFAR), long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (StLACS), β-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (StKCS), and cytochrome P450 (StCYP86A33), and thus increased the levels of α, ω-diacids, ω-hydroxy acids, and primary alcohols in wounds. Sodium silicate also induced the expression of ω-hydroxy acid/fatty alcohol hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (StFHT), ABC transporter (StABCG), and promoted the deposition of suberin in wound surface, hence reducing tuber disease index and weight loss during healing. Taken together, sodium silicate may accelerate suberin accumulation at potato tubers wound through inducing the phenylpropanoid pathway and fatty acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Han
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Ruirui Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Juanni Xu
- Department of Vegetable Research, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lasa, 850000, China
| | - Qihui Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Yan Yin
- Lanzhou Agricultural Science and Technology Research Extension Centre, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Haitao Long
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Sulin Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Dov Prusky
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
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2
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Armendariz I, López de Heredia U, Soler M, Puigdemont A, Ruiz MM, Jové P, Soto Á, Serra O, Figueras M. Rhytidome- and cork-type barks of holm oak, cork oak and their hybrids highlight processes leading to cork formation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:488. [PMID: 38825683 PMCID: PMC11145776 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05192-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The periderm is basic for land plants due to its protective role during radial growth, which is achieved by the polymers deposited in the cell walls. In most trees, like holm oak, the first periderm is frequently replaced by subsequent internal periderms yielding a heterogeneous outer bark made of a mixture of periderms and phloem tissues, known as rhytidome. Exceptionally, cork oak forms a persistent or long-lived periderm which results in a homogeneous outer bark of thick phellem cell layers known as cork. Cork oak and holm oak distribution ranges overlap to a great extent, and they often share stands, where they can hybridize and produce offspring showing a rhytidome-type bark. RESULTS Here we use the outer bark of cork oak, holm oak, and their natural hybrids to analyse the chemical composition, the anatomy and the transcriptome, and further understand the mechanisms underlying periderm development. We also include a unique natural hybrid individual corresponding to a backcross with cork oak that, interestingly, shows a cork-type bark. The inclusion of hybrid samples showing rhytidome-type and cork-type barks is valuable to approach cork and rhytidome development, allowing an accurate identification of candidate genes and processes. The present study underscores that abiotic stress and cell death are enhanced in rhytidome-type barks whereas lipid metabolism and cell cycle are enriched in cork-type barks. Development-related DEGs showing the highest expression, highlight cell division, cell expansion, and cell differentiation as key processes leading to cork or rhytidome-type barks. CONCLUSION Transcriptome results, in agreement with anatomical and chemical analyses, show that rhytidome and cork-type barks are active in periderm development, and suberin and lignin deposition. Development and cell wall-related DEGs suggest that cell division and expansion are upregulated in cork-type barks whereas cell differentiation is enhanced in rhytidome-type barks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iker Armendariz
- Laboratori del suro, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Carrer Maria Aurèlia Campmany 40, Girona, 17003, Spain
| | - Unai López de Heredia
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales. ETSI Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, José Antonio Novais 10, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Marçal Soler
- Laboratori del suro, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Carrer Maria Aurèlia Campmany 40, Girona, 17003, Spain
| | - Adrià Puigdemont
- Laboratori del suro, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Carrer Maria Aurèlia Campmany 40, Girona, 17003, Spain
| | - Maria Mercè Ruiz
- Institut Català del Suro. Carrer Miquel Vincke i Meyer 13, Palafrugell, 17200, Spain
| | - Patricia Jové
- Institut Català del Suro. Carrer Miquel Vincke i Meyer 13, Palafrugell, 17200, Spain
| | - Álvaro Soto
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales. ETSI Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, José Antonio Novais 10, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Olga Serra
- Laboratori del suro, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Carrer Maria Aurèlia Campmany 40, Girona, 17003, Spain
| | - Mercè Figueras
- Laboratori del suro, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Carrer Maria Aurèlia Campmany 40, Girona, 17003, Spain.
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Yang L, Wang C, Lai X, Jin S, Wang X, Wen Z, Yang M, Fazal A, Ding Y, Li Z, Cai J, Lu G, Lin H, Han H, Yang Y, Qi J. In vivo transgenic studies confirm the critical acylation function of LeBAHD56 for shikonin in Lithospermum erythrorhizon. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:160. [PMID: 38825616 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03242-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE LeBAHD56 is preferentially expressed in tissues where shikonin and its derivatives are biosynthesized, and it confers shikonin acylation in vivo. Two WRKY transcriptional factors might regulate LeBAHD56's expression. Shikonin and its derivatives, found in the roots of Lithospermum erythrorhizon, have extensive application in the field of medicine, cosmetics, and other industries. Prior research has demonstrated that LeBAHD1(LeSAT1) is responsible for the biochemical process of shikonin acylation both in vitro and in vivo. However, with the exception of its documented in vitro biochemical function, there is no in vivo genetic evidence supporting the acylation function of the highly homologous gene of LeSAT1, LeBAHD56(LeSAT2), apart from its reported role. Here, we validated the critical acylation function of LeBAHD56 for shikonin using overexpression (OE) and CRISPR/Cas9-based knockout (KO) strategies. The results showed that the OE lines had a significantly higher ratio of acetylshikonin, isobutyrylshikonin or isovalerylshikonin to shikonin than the control. In contrast, the KO lines had a significantly lower ratio of acetylshikonin, isobutyrylshikonin or isovalerylshikonin to shikonin than controls. As for its detailed expression patterns, we found that LeBAHD56 is preferentially expressed in roots and callus cells, which are the biosynthesis sites for shikonin and its derivatives. In addition, we anticipated that a wide range of putative transcription factors might control its transcription and verified the direct binding of two crucial WRKY members to the LeBAHD56 promoter's W-box. Our results not only confirmed the in vivo function of LeBAHD56 in shikonin acylation, but also shed light on its transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Changyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Xiaohui Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- School of Biology and Geography Science, Yili Normal University, Yining, 835000, China
| | - Suo Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Zhongling Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Minkai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Aliya Fazal
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yuhang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Zhongyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Jinfeng Cai
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Guihua Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Hongyan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Hongwei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yonghua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Jinliang Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
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Gully K, Berhin A, De Bellis D, Herrfurth C, Feussner I, Nawrath C. The GPAT4/ 6/ 8 clade functions in Arabidopsis root suberization nonredundantly with the GPAT5/7 clade required for suberin lamellae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314570121. [PMID: 38739804 PMCID: PMC11127019 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314570121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipid polymers such as cutin and suberin strengthen the diffusion barrier properties of the cell wall in specific cell types and are essential for water relations, mineral nutrition, and stress protection in plants. Land plant-specific glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases (GPATs) of different clades are central players in cutin and suberin monomer biosynthesis. Here, we show that the GPAT4/6/8 clade in Arabidopsis thaliana, which is known to mediate cutin formation, is also required for developmentally regulated root suberization, in addition to the established roles of GPAT5/7 in suberization. The GPAT5/7 clade is mainly required for abscisic acid-regulated suberization. In addition, the GPAT5/7 clade is crucial for the formation of the typical lamellated suberin ultrastructure observed by transmission electron microscopy, as distinct amorphous globular polyester structures were deposited in the apoplast of the gpat5 gpat7 double mutant, in contrast to the thinner but still lamellated suberin deposition in the gpat4 gpat6 gpat8 triple mutant. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the intrinsic phosphatase activity of GPAT4, GPAT6, and GPAT8, which leads to monoacylglycerol biosynthesis, contributes to suberin formation. GPAT5/7 lack an active phosphatase domain and the amorphous globular polyester structure observed in the gpat5 gpat7 double mutant was partially reverted by treatment with a phosphatase inhibitor or the expression of phosphatase-dead variants of GPAT4/6/8. Thus, GPATs that lack an active phosphatase domain synthetize lysophosphatidic acids that might play a role in the formation of the lamellated structure of suberin. GPATs with active and nonactive phosphatase domains appear to have nonredundant functions and must cooperate to achieve the efficient biosynthesis of correctly structured suberin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Gully
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, LausanneCH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Alice Berhin
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, LausanneCH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Damien De Bellis
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, LausanneCH-1015, Switzerland
- Electron Microscopy Facility, University of Lausanne, LausanneCH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, GoettingenD-37077, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Goettingen, GoettingenD-37077, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, GoettingenD-37077, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Goettingen, GoettingenD-37077, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Goettingen, GoettingenD-37077, Germany
| | - Christiane Nawrath
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, LausanneCH-1015, Switzerland
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5
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Liu S, Cai C, Li L, Yu L, Wang Q, Wang X. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Molecular Mechanisms of BR Negative Regulatory Factor StBIN2 Maintaining Tuber Dormancy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2244. [PMID: 38396922 PMCID: PMC10889842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Potato is an important food crop. After harvest, these tubers will undergo a period of dormancy. Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a new class of plant hormones that regulate plant growth and seed germination. In this study, 500 nM of BR was able to break the dormancy of tubers. Additionally, exogenous BR also upregulated BR signal transduction genes, except for StBIN2. StBIN2 is a negative regulator of BR, but its specific role in tuber dormancy remains unclear. Transgenic methods were used to regulate the expression level of StBIN2 in tubers. It was demonstrated that the overexpression of StBIN2 significantly prolonged tuber dormancy while silencing StBIN2 led to premature sprouting. To further investigate the effect of StBIN2 on tuber dormancy, RNA-Seq was used to analyze the differentially expressed genes in OE-StBIN2, RNAi-StBIN2, and WT tubers. The results showed that StBIN2 upregulated the expression of ABA signal transduction genes but inhibited the expression of lignin synthesis key genes. Meanwhile, it was also found that StBIN2 physically interacted with StSnRK2.2 and StCCJ9. These results indicate that StBIN2 maintains tuber dormancy by mediating ABA signal transduction and lignin synthesis. The findings of this study will help us better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying potato tuber dormancy and provide theoretical support for the development of new varieties using related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifeng Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu 611130, China; (S.L.); (C.C.); (L.L.); (L.Y.); (Q.W.)
- Potato Research and Development Center, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Chengcheng Cai
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu 611130, China; (S.L.); (C.C.); (L.L.); (L.Y.); (Q.W.)
- Potato Research and Development Center, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Liqin Li
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu 611130, China; (S.L.); (C.C.); (L.L.); (L.Y.); (Q.W.)
- Potato Research and Development Center, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Liping Yu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu 611130, China; (S.L.); (C.C.); (L.L.); (L.Y.); (Q.W.)
- Potato Research and Development Center, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu 611130, China; (S.L.); (C.C.); (L.L.); (L.Y.); (Q.W.)
- Potato Research and Development Center, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiyao Wang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu 611130, China; (S.L.); (C.C.); (L.L.); (L.Y.); (Q.W.)
- Potato Research and Development Center, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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6
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Cantó-Pastor A, Kajala K, Shaar-Moshe L, Manzano C, Timilsena P, De Bellis D, Gray S, Holbein J, Yang H, Mohammad S, Nirmal N, Suresh K, Ursache R, Mason GA, Gouran M, West DA, Borowsky AT, Shackel KA, Sinha N, Bailey-Serres J, Geldner N, Li S, Franke RB, Brady SM. A suberized exodermis is required for tomato drought tolerance. NATURE PLANTS 2024; 10:118-130. [PMID: 38168610 PMCID: PMC10808073 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01567-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Plant roots integrate environmental signals with development using exquisite spatiotemporal control. This is apparent in the deposition of suberin, an apoplastic diffusion barrier, which regulates flow of water, solutes and gases, and is environmentally plastic. Suberin is considered a hallmark of endodermal differentiation but is absent in the tomato endodermis. Instead, suberin is present in the exodermis, a cell type that is absent in the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana. Here we demonstrate that the suberin regulatory network has the same parts driving suberin production in the tomato exodermis and the Arabidopsis endodermis. Despite this co-option of network components, the network has undergone rewiring to drive distinct spatial expression and with distinct contributions of specific genes. Functional genetic analyses of the tomato MYB92 transcription factor and ASFT enzyme demonstrate the importance of exodermal suberin for a plant water-deficit response and that the exodermal barrier serves an equivalent function to that of the endodermis and can act in its place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Cantó-Pastor
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kaisa Kajala
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Plant-Environment Signaling, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lidor Shaar-Moshe
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Concepción Manzano
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Prakash Timilsena
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Damien De Bellis
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Electron Microscopy Facility, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sharon Gray
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Julia Holbein
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - He Yang
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sana Mohammad
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Niba Nirmal
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kiran Suresh
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Robertas Ursache
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - G Alex Mason
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mona Gouran
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Donnelly A West
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Alexander T Borowsky
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth A Shackel
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Neelima Sinha
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Julia Bailey-Serres
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Niko Geldner
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Song Li
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Rochus Benni Franke
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Siobhan M Brady
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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7
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Kashyap A, Jiménez-Jiménez Á, Figueras M, Serra O, Valls M, Coll NS. The Tomato Feruloyl Transferase FHT Promoter Is an Accurate Identifier of Early Development and Stress-Induced Suberization. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091890. [PMID: 37176949 PMCID: PMC10181283 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
As a wall polymer, suberin has a multifaceted role in plant development and stress responses. It is deposited between the plasma membrane and the primary cell wall in specialized tissues such as root exodermis, endodermis, phellem, and seed coats. It is formed de novo in response to stresses such as wounding, salt injury, drought, and pathogen attack and is a complex polyester mainly consisting of fatty acids, glycerol, and minor amounts of ferulic acid that are associated to a lignin-like polymer predominantly composed of ferulates. Metabolomic and transcriptomic studies have revealed that cell wall lignification precedes suberin deposition. The ferulic acid esterified to ω-hydroxy fatty acids, synthetized by the feruloyl transferase FHT (or ASFT), presumably plays a role in coupling both polymers, although the precise mechanism is not understood. Here, we use the promoter of tomato suberin feruloyl transferase (FHT/ASFT) fused to GUS (β-glucuronidase) to demonstrate that ferulate deposition agrees with the site of promoter FHT activation by using a combination of histochemical staining and UV microscopy. Hence, FHT promoter activation and alkali UV microscopy can be used to identify the precise localization of early suberizing cells rich in ferulic acid and can additionally be used as an efficient marker of early suberization events during plant development and stress responses. This line can be used in the future as a tool to identify emerging suberization sites via ferulate deposition in tomato plants, which may contribute to germplasm screening in varietal improvement programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Kashyap
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Álvaro Jiménez-Jiménez
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Mercè Figueras
- Laboratori del Suro, Biology Department, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Olga Serra
- Laboratori del Suro, Biology Department, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Marc Valls
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria S Coll
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 08001 Barcelona, Spain
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8
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Zhang J, Liu ZY, Zhang YF, Zhang C, Li X, Liu X, Wang CL. PpyMYB144 transcriptionally regulates pear fruit skin russeting by activating the cytochrome P450 gene PpyCYP86B1. PLANTA 2023; 257:69. [PMID: 36854938 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04102-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
PpyMYB144 directly activates the promoter of PpyCYP86B1, promotes the synthesis of α, ω-diacids, and involves in pear fruit skin russeting. Russeting is an economically important surface disorder in pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) fruit. Previous research has demonstrated that suberin is the pivotal chemical component contributing to pear fruit skin russeting, and fruit bagging treatment effectively reduces the amount of suberin of fruits, and thereby reduces the russeting phenotype. However, the mechanisms of pear fruit skin russeting remain largely unclear, particularly the transcriptional regulation. Here, we dissected suberin concentration and composition of pear fruits along fruit development and confirmed that α, ω-diacids are the predominant constituents in russeted pear fruit skins. Two cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP) family genes (PpyCYP86A1 and PpyCYP86B1) and nine MYB genes were isolated from pear fruit. Expressions of PpyCYP86A1, PpyCYP86B1, and five MYB genes (PpyMYB34, PpyMYB138, PpyMYB138-like, PpyMYB139, and PpyMYB144) were up-regulated during fruit russeting and showed significant correlations with the changes of α, ω-diacids. In addition, dual-luciferase assays indicated that PpyMYB144 could trans-activate the promoter of PpyCYP86B1, and the activation was abolished by motif mutagenesis of AC element on the PpyCYP86B1 promoter. Further, Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression of PpyCYP86B1 and PpyMYB144 in pear fruits induced the deposition of aliphatic suberin. Thus, PpyMYB144 is a novel direct activator of PpyCYP86B1 and contributes to pear fruit skin russeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Yu Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Fan Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Lei Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Woolfson KN, Zhurov V, Wu T, Kaberi KM, Wu S, Bernards MA. Transcriptomic analysis of wound-healing in Solanum tuberosum (potato) tubers: Evidence for a stepwise induction of suberin-associated genes. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 206:113529. [PMID: 36473515 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Suberin deposition involves both phenolic and aliphatic polymer biosynthesis and deposition in the same tissue. Therefore, any consideration of exploiting suberin for crop enhancement (e.g., enhanced storage, soil borne disease resistance) requires knowledge of both phenolic and aliphatic component biosynthesis and their coordinated, temporal deposition. In the present study, we use a wound-healing potato tuber system to explore global transcriptome changes during the early stages of wound-healing. Wounding leads to initial and substantial transcriptional changes that follow distinctive temporal patterns - primary metabolic pathways were already functional, or up-regulated immediately, and maintained at levels that would allow for precursor carbon skeletons and energy to feed into downstream metabolic processes. Genes involved in pathways for phenolic production (i.e., the shikimate pathway and phenylpropanoid metabolism) were up-regulated early while those involved in aliphatic suberin production (i.e., fatty acid biosynthesis and modification) were transcribed later into the time course. The pattern of accumulation of genes associated with ABA biosynthesis and degradation steps support a role for ABA in regulating aliphatic suberin production. Evaluation of putative Casparian strip membrane-like genes pinpointed wound-responsive candidates that may mediate the suberin deposition process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathlyn N Woolfson
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5B7
| | - Vladimir Zhurov
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5B7
| | - Tian Wu
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5B7
| | - Karina M Kaberi
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5B7
| | - Stephanie Wu
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5B7
| | - Mark A Bernards
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada, N6A 5B7.
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10
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Jiang M, Shinners-Carnelley T, Gibson D, Jones D, Joshi J, Wang-Pruski G. Irrigation Effect on Yield, Skin Blemishes, Phellem Formation, and Total Phenolics of Red Potatoes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3523. [PMID: 36559635 PMCID: PMC9786858 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Dark Red Norland is an important potato cultivar in the fresh market due to its attractive bright, red colour, and good yield. However, skin blemishes such as silver patch, surface cracking, and russeting can negatively influence the tuber skin quality and marketability. It is well known that potato is a drought-sensitive plant. This study was conducted to determine whether irrigation would affect Dark Red Norland's yield and skin quality. A three-year field trial was conducted by Peak of the Market in Manitoba, Canada. Plants were treated under both irrigation and rainfed conditions. The results show that irrigation increased the total yield by 20.6% and reduced the severity of surface cracking by 48.5%. Microscopy imaging analysis demonstrated that tubers from the rainfed trials formed higher numbers of suberized cell layers than those of the irrigated potatoes, with a difference of 0.360 to 0.652 layers in normal skins. Surface cracking and silver patch skins had more suberized cell layers than the normal skins, with ranges of 7.805 to 8.333 and 7.740 to 8.496, respectively. A significantly higher amount of total polyphenols was found in the irrigated samples with a mean of 77.30 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g fresh weight (fw) than that of the rainfed samples (69.80 mg GAE/100 g fw). The outcome of this study provides a better understanding of the water regime effect causing these skin blemishes, which could potentially be used to establish strategies to improve tuber skin quality and minimize market losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manlin Jiang
- Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada
| | | | - Darin Gibson
- Gaia Consulting Ltd., Newton, MB R0H 0X0, Canada
| | - Debbie Jones
- Gaia Consulting Ltd., Newton, MB R0H 0X0, Canada
| | - Jyoti Joshi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Gefu Wang-Pruski
- Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada
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11
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Kushalappa AC, Hegde NG, Yogendra KN. Metabolic pathway genes for editing to enhance multiple disease resistance in plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2022; 135:705-722. [PMID: 36036859 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-022-01409-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Diseases are one of the major constraints in commercial crop production. Genetic diversity in varieties is the best option to manage diseases. Molecular marker-assisted breeding has produced hundreds of varieties with good yields, but the resistance level is not satisfactory. With the advent of whole genome sequencing, genome editing is emerging as an excellent option to improve the inadequate traits in these varieties. Plants produce thousands of antimicrobial secondary metabolites, which as polymers and conjugates are deposited to reinforce the secondary cell walls to contain the pathogen to an initial infection area. The resistance metabolites or the structures produced from them by plants are either constitutive (CR) or induced (IR), following pathogen invasion. The production of each resistance metabolite is controlled by a network of biosynthetic R genes, which are regulated by a hierarchy of R genes. A commercial variety also has most of these R genes, as in resistant, but a few may be mutated (SNPs/InDels). A few mutated genes, in one or more metabolic pathways, depending on the host-pathogen interaction, can be edited, and stacked to increase resistance metabolites or structures produced by them, to achieve required levels of multiple pathogen resistance under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajjamada C Kushalappa
- Plant Science Department, McGill University, Ste.-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - Niranjan G Hegde
- Plant Science Department, McGill University, Ste.-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Kalenahalli N Yogendra
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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12
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Kumar P, Ginzberg I. Potato Periderm Development and Tuber Skin Quality. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11162099. [PMID: 36015402 PMCID: PMC9415511 DOI: 10.3390/plants11162099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The periderm is a corky tissue that replaces the epidermis when the latter is damaged, and is critical for preventing pathogen invasion and water loss. The periderm is formed through the meristematic activity of phellogen cells (cork cambium). The potato skin (phellem cells) composes the outer layers of the tuber periderm and is a model for studying cork development. Early in tuber development and following tuber expansion, the phellogen becomes active and produces the skin. New skin layers are continuously added by division of the phellogen cells until tuber maturation. Some physiological disorders of the potato tuber are related to abnormal development of the skin, including skinning injuries and russeting of smooth-skinned potatoes. Thus, characterizing the potato periderm contributes to modeling cork development in plants and helps to resolve critical agricultural problems. Here, we summarize the data available on potato periderm formation, highlighting tissue characteristics rather than the suberization processes.
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13
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Serra O, Geldner N. The making of suberin. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:848-866. [PMID: 35510799 PMCID: PMC9994434 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Outer protective barriers of animals use a variety of bio-polymers, based on either proteins (e.g. collagens), or modified sugars (e.g. chitin). Plants, however, have come up with a particular solution, based on the polymerisation of lipid-like precursors, giving rise to cutin and suberin. Suberin is a structural lipophilic polyester of fatty acids, glycerol and some aromatics found in cell walls of phellem, endodermis, exodermis, wound tissues, abscission zones, bundle sheath and other tissues. It deposits as a hydrophobic layer between the (ligno)cellulosic primary cell wall and plasma membrane. Suberin is highly protective against biotic and abiotic stresses, shows great developmental plasticity and its chemically recalcitrant nature might assist the sequestration of atmospheric carbon by plants. The aim of this review is to integrate the rapidly accelerating genetic and cell biological discoveries of recent years with the important chemical and structural contributions obtained from very diverse organisms and tissue layers. We critically discuss the order and localisation of the enzymatic machinery synthesising the presumed substrates for export and apoplastic polymerisation. We attempt to explain observed suberin linkages by diverse enzyme activities and discuss the spatiotemporal relationship of suberin with lignin and ferulates, necessary to produce a functional suberised cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Serra
- Laboratori del SuroDepartment of BiologyUniversity of GironaCampus MontiliviGirona17003Spain
| | - Niko Geldner
- Department of Plant Molecular BiologyUniversity of LausanneUNIL‐Sorge, Biophore BuildingLausanne1015Switzerland
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14
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Wang Q, Liu Y, Wu X, Wang L, Li J, Wan M, Jia B, Ye Z, Liu L, Tang X, Tao S, Zhu L, Heng W. MYB1R1 and MYC2 Regulate ω-3 Fatty Acid Desaturase Involved in ABA-Mediated Suberization in the Russet Skin of a Mutant of 'Dangshansuli' ( Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:910938. [PMID: 35755695 PMCID: PMC9225576 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.910938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Russeting, a disorder of pear fruit skin, is mainly caused by suberin accumulation on the inner part of the outer epidermal cell layers. ABA was identified as a crucial phytohormone in suberification. Here, we demonstrated that the ABA content in russet pear skin was higher than in green skin. Then, ABA was applied to explore the changes in phenotype and suberin composition coupled with RNA-Seq and metabolomics to investigate the probably regulatory pathway of ABA-mediated suberification. The results showed that ABA treatment increased the expression of ω-3 fatty acid desaturase (FAD) and the content of α-linolenic acid. We identified 17 PbFADs in white pear, and the expression of PbFAD3a was induced by ABA. In addition, the role of PbFAD3a in promoting suberification has been demonstrated by overexpression in Arabidopsis and VIGS assays in the fruitlets. GUS staining indicated that the promoter of PbFAD3a was activated by ABA. Furthermore, MYC2 and MYB1R1 have been shown to bind to the PbFAD3a promoter directly and this was induced by ABA via yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) screening and qRT-PCR. In summary, our study found that ABA induces the expression of MYC2 and MYB1R1 and activates the PbFAD3a promoter, contributing to the formation of russet pear skin. Functional identification of key transcription factors will be the goal of future research. These findings reveal the molecular mechanism of ABA-mediated suberization in the russet skin and provide a good foundation for future studies on the formation of russet skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaping Liu
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xinyi Wu
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lindu Wang
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jinchao Li
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Minchen Wan
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Bin Jia
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhenfeng Ye
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Lun Liu
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaomei Tang
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Shutian Tao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liwu Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Heng
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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15
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Serra O, Mähönen AP, Hetherington AJ, Ragni L. The Making of Plant Armor: The Periderm. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 73:405-432. [PMID: 34985930 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-102720-031405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The periderm acts as armor protecting the plant's inner tissues from biotic and abiotic stress. It forms during the radial thickening of plant organs such as stems and roots and replaces the function of primary protective tissues such as the epidermis and the endodermis. A wound periderm also forms to heal and protect injured tissues. The periderm comprises a meristematic tissue called the phellogen, or cork cambium, and its derivatives: the lignosuberized phellem and the phelloderm. Research on the periderm has mainly focused on the chemical composition of the phellem due to its relevance as a raw material for industrial processes. Today, there is increasing interest in the regulatory network underlying periderm development as a novel breeding trait to improve plant resilience and to sequester CO2. Here, we discuss our current understanding of periderm formation, focusing on aspects of periderm evolution, mechanisms of periderm ontogenesis, regulatory networks underlying phellogen initiation and cork differentiation, and future challenges of periderm research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Serra
- University of Girona, Department of Biology, Girona, Spain;
| | - Ari Pekka Mähönen
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland;
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Laura Ragni
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany;
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16
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Smith RA, Beebe ET, Bingman CA, Vander Meulen K, Eugene A, Steiner AJ, Karlen SD, Ralph J, Fox BG. Identification and characterization of a set of monocot BAHD monolignol transferases. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:37-48. [PMID: 35134228 PMCID: PMC9070852 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant BAHD acyltransferases perform a wide range of enzymatic tasks in primary and secondary metabolism. Acyl-CoA monolignol transferases, which couple a CoA substrate to a monolignol creating an ester linkage, represent a more recent class of such acyltransferases. The resulting conjugates may be used for plant defense but are also deployed as important "monomers" for lignification, in which they are incorporated into the growing lignin polymer chain. p-Coumaroyl-CoA monolignol transferases (PMTs) increase the production of monolignol p-coumarates, and feruloyl-CoA monolignol transferases (FMTs) catalyze the production of monolignol ferulate conjugates. We identified putative FMT and PMT enzymes in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) and have compared their activities to those of known monolignol transferases. The putative FMT enzymes produced both monolignol ferulate and monolignol p-coumarate conjugates, whereas the putative PMT enzymes produced monolignol p-coumarate conjugates. Enzyme activity measurements revealed that the putative FMT enzymes are not as efficient as the rice (Oryza sativa) control OsFMT enzyme under the conditions tested, but the SbPMT enzyme is as active as the control OsPMT enzyme. These putative FMTs and PMTs were transformed into Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) to test their activities and abilities to biosynthesize monolignol conjugates for lignification in planta. The presence of ferulates and p-coumarates on the lignin of these transformants indicated that the putative FMTs and PMTs act as functional feruloyl-CoA and p-coumaroyl-CoA monolignol transferases within plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily T Beebe
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Craig A Bingman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Kirk Vander Meulen
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Alexis Eugene
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, USA
| | | | - Steven D Karlen
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, USA
| | - John Ralph
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Brian G Fox
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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17
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Chemical and Molecular Characterization of Wound-Induced Suberization in Poplar (Populus alba × P. tremula) Stem Bark. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11091143. [PMID: 35567144 PMCID: PMC9102228 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Upon mechanical damage, plants produce wound responses to protect internal tissues from infections and desiccation. Suberin, a heteropolymer found on the inner face of primary cell walls, is deposited in specific tissues under normal development, enhanced under abiotic stress conditions and synthesized by any tissue upon mechanical damage. Wound-healing suberization of tree bark has been investigated at the anatomical level but very little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying this important stress response. Here, we investigated a time course of wound-induced suberization in poplar bark. Microscopic changes showed that polyphenolics accumulate 3 days post wounding, with aliphatic suberin deposition observed 5 days post wounding. A wound periderm was formed 9 days post wounding. Chemical analyses of the suberin polyester accumulated during the wound-healing response indicated that suberin monomers increased from 0.25 to 7.98 mg/g DW for days 0 to 28, respectively. Monomer proportions varied across the wound-healing process, with an overall ratio of 2:1 (monomers:glycerol) found across the first 14 days post wounding, with this ratio increasing to 7:2 by day 28. The expression of selected candidate genes of poplar suberin metabolism was investigated using qRT-PCR. Genes queried belonging to lipid polyester and phenylpropanoid metabolism appeared to have redundant functions in native and wound-induced suberization. Our data show that, anatomically, the wounding response in poplar bark is similar to that described in periderms of other species. It also provides novel insight into this process at the chemical and molecular levels, which have not been previously studied in trees.
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18
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Woolfson KN, Esfandiari M, Bernards MA. Suberin Biosynthesis, Assembly, and Regulation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11040555. [PMID: 35214889 PMCID: PMC8875741 DOI: 10.3390/plants11040555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Suberin is a specialized cell wall modifying polymer comprising both phenolic-derived and fatty acid-derived monomers, which is deposited in below-ground dermal tissues (epidermis, endodermis, periderm) and above-ground periderm (i.e., bark). Suberized cells are largely impermeable to water and provide a critical protective layer preventing water loss and pathogen infection. The deposition of suberin is part of the skin maturation process of important tuber crops such as potato and can affect storage longevity. Historically, the term "suberin" has been used to describe a polyester of largely aliphatic monomers (fatty acids, ω-hydroxy fatty acids, α,ω-dioic acids, 1-alkanols), hydroxycinnamic acids, and glycerol. However, exhaustive alkaline hydrolysis, which removes esterified aliphatics and phenolics from suberized tissue, reveals a core poly(phenolic) macromolecule, the depolymerization of which yields phenolics not found in the aliphatic polyester. Time course analysis of suberin deposition, at both the transcriptional and metabolite levels, supports a temporal regulation of suberin deposition, with phenolics being polymerized into a poly(phenolic) domain in advance of the bulk of the poly(aliphatics) that characterize suberized cells. In the present review, we summarize the literature describing suberin monomer biosynthesis and speculate on aspects of suberin assembly. In addition, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of how suberization may be regulated, including at the phytohormone, transcription factor, and protein scaffold levels.
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19
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Nomberg G, Marinov O, Arya GC, Manasherova E, Cohen H. The Key Enzymes in the Suberin Biosynthetic Pathway in Plants: An Update. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11030392. [PMID: 35161373 PMCID: PMC8839845 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Suberin is a natural biopolymer found in a variety of specialized tissues, including seed coat integuments, root endodermis, tree bark, potato tuber skin and the russeted and reticulated skin of fruits. The suberin polymer consists of polyaliphatic and polyphenolic domains. The former is made of very long chain fatty acids, primary alcohols and a glycerol backbone, while the latter consists of p-hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, which originate from the core phenylpropanoid pathway. In the current review, we survey the current knowledge on genes/enzymes associated with the suberin biosynthetic pathway in plants, reflecting the outcomes of considerable research efforts in the last two decades. We discuss the function of these genes/enzymes with respect to suberin aromatic and aliphatic monomer biosynthesis, suberin monomer transport, and suberin pathway regulation. We also delineate the consequences of the altered expression/accumulation of these genes/enzymes in transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Nomberg
- Volcani Center, Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Rishon Lezion 7505101, Israel; (G.N.); (O.M.); (G.C.A.); (E.M.)
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ofir Marinov
- Volcani Center, Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Rishon Lezion 7505101, Israel; (G.N.); (O.M.); (G.C.A.); (E.M.)
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Gulab Chand Arya
- Volcani Center, Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Rishon Lezion 7505101, Israel; (G.N.); (O.M.); (G.C.A.); (E.M.)
| | - Ekaterina Manasherova
- Volcani Center, Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Rishon Lezion 7505101, Israel; (G.N.); (O.M.); (G.C.A.); (E.M.)
| | - Hagai Cohen
- Volcani Center, Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Rishon Lezion 7505101, Israel; (G.N.); (O.M.); (G.C.A.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence:
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20
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Arya GC, Dong Y, Heinig U, Shahaf N, Kazachkova Y, Aviv-Sharon E, Nomberg G, Marinov O, Manasherova E, Aharoni A, Cohen H. The metabolic and proteomic repertoires of periderm tissue in skin of the reticulated Sikkim cucumber fruit. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac092. [PMID: 35669701 PMCID: PMC9160728 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Suberized and/or lignified (i.e. lignosuberized) periderm tissue appears often on surface of fleshy fruit skin by mechanical damage caused following environmental cues or developmental programs. The mechanisms underlying lignosuberization remain largely unknown to date. Here, we combined an assortment of microscopical techniques with an integrative multi-omics approach comprising proteomics, metabolomics and lipidomics to identify novel molecular components involved in fruit skin lignosuberization. We chose to investigate the corky Sikkim cucumber (Cucumis sativus var. sikkimensis) fruit. During development, the skin of this unique species undergoes massive cracking and is coated with a thick corky layer, making it an excellent model system for revealing fundamental cellular machineries involved in fruit skin lignosuberization. The large-scale data generated provides a significant source for the field of skin periderm tissue formation in fleshy fruit and suberin metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulab Chand Arya
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon Lezion 7505101, Israel
| | - Yonghui Dong
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Uwe Heinig
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Nir Shahaf
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Yana Kazachkova
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Elinor Aviv-Sharon
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Gal Nomberg
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon Lezion 7505101, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ofir Marinov
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon Lezion 7505101, Israel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ekaterina Manasherova
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon Lezion 7505101, Israel
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Hagai Cohen
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon Lezion 7505101, Israel
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
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21
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Hsu YF, Yan J, Song Y, Zheng M. Sarracenia purpurea glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 5 confers plant tolerance to high humidity in Arabidopsis thaliana. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:1221-1229. [PMID: 34346074 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Suberin, as a lipid polyester barrier, limits the movement of gas, water, and solutes, and plays important roles in plant protection and growth. In this study, a CDS encoding glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 5 (GPAT5) was cloned from Sarracenia purpurea to investigate the gene function. SpGPAT5 shares 72% identity and 80% similarity to AtGPAT5 that is required for suberin synthesis. Fluorol Yellow 088 staining showed that the S. purpurea pitcher (specific leaf) tube contained more suberin in the adaxial surface compared to the lid, and SpGPAT5 transcripts were detected in the pitcher. Previous reported Atgpat5-1 phenotypes were complemented with SpGPAT5 showing that the Atgpat5-1 seed coat had increased permeability of tetrazolium red and the mutant was sensitive to salt. We also found that SpGPAT5 was able to revert the hyperhydric phenotype of Atgpat5-1 under high humidity. Thus, this study suggests that SpGPAT5 can functionally replace AtGPAT5 and contributes to plant tolerance to high humidity, which maybe assist in understanding the role of suberin-associated waxes in S. purpurea pitchers for water retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Feng Hsu
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiawen Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Song
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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22
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Dastmalchi K, Chira O, Rodriguez MP, Yoo B, Serra O, Figueras M, Stark RE. A chemical window into the impact of RNAi silencing of the StNAC103 gene in potato tuber periderms: Soluble metabolites, suberized cell walls, and antibacterial defense. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 190:112885. [PMID: 34339979 PMCID: PMC8434825 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The growth and survival of terrestrial plants require control of their interactions with the environment, e.g., to defend against desiccation and microbial invasion. For major food crops, the protection conferred by the outer skins (periderm in potato) is essential to cultivation, storage, and marketing of the edible tubers and fruits. Potatoes are particularly vulnerable to bacterial infections due to their high content of water and susceptibility to mechanical wounding. Recently, both specific and conserved gene silencing (StNAC103-RNAi and StNAC103-RNAi-c, respectively) were found to increase the load of wax and aliphatic suberin depolymerization products in tuber periderm, implicating this NAC gene as a repressor of the wax and suberin biosynthetic pathways. However, an important gap in our understanding of StNAC103 silencing concerns the metabolites produced in periderm cells as antimicrobial defense agents and potential building blocks of the deposited suberin biopolymer. In the current work, we have expanded prior studies on StNAC103 silenced lines by conducting comprehensive parallel analyses to profile changes in chemical constituents and antibacterial activity. Compositional analysis of the intact suberized cell walls using solid-state 13C NMR (ssNMR) showed that NAC silencing produced an increase in the long-chain aliphatic groups deposited within the periderm cell walls. LC-MS of polar extracts revealed up-regulation of glycoalkaloids in both StNAC103-RNAi and StNAC103-RNAi-c native periderms but down-regulation of a phenolic amine in StNAC103-RNAi-c and a phenolic acid in StNAC103-RNAi native periderms. The nonpolar soluble metabolites identified using GC-MS included notably abundant long-chain alkane metabolites in both silenced samples. By coordinating the differentially accumulated soluble metabolites and the suberin depolymerization products with the ssNMR-based profiles for the periderm polymers, it was possible to obtain a holistic view of the chemical changes that result from StNAC103 gene silencing. Correspondingly, the chemical composition trends served as a backdrop to interpret trends in the chemical barrier defense function of native tuber periderms, which was found to be more robust for the nonpolar extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyvan Dastmalchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, City University of New York (CUNY) and CUNY Institute for Macromolecular Assemblies, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Oseloka Chira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The City College of New York, CUNY, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Mathiu Perez Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, City University of New York (CUNY) and CUNY Institute for Macromolecular Assemblies, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Barney Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of CUNY, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Olga Serra
- Laboratori Del Suro, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona, E-17071, Spain
| | - Mercè Figueras
- Laboratori Del Suro, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona, E-17071, Spain
| | - Ruth E Stark
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The City College of New York, City University of New York (CUNY) and CUNY Institute for Macromolecular Assemblies, New York, NY, 10031, USA; Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA; Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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23
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Zhang J, Zhang YF, Zhang PF, Bian YH, Liu ZY, Zhang C, Liu X, Wang CL. An integrated metabolic and transcriptomic analysis reveals the mechanism through which fruit bagging alleviates exocarp semi-russeting in pear fruit. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:1306-1318. [PMID: 33367887 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fruit semi-russeting is an undesirable quality trait that occurs in fruit production. It is reported that preharvest fruit bagging could effectively alleviate fruit exocarp semi-russeting, but the physiological and molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, we performed an in-depth investigation into pear fruit semi-russeting from morphologic, metabolic and transcriptomic perspectives by comparing control (semi-russeted) and bagged (non-russeted) 'Cuiguan' pear fruits. The results showed that significant changes in cutin and suberin resulted in pear fruit semi-russeting. Compared with the skin of bagged fruits, the skin of the control fruits presented reduced cutin contents accompanied by an accumulation of suberin, which resulted in fruit semi-russeting; α, ω-dicarboxylic acids accounted for the largest proportion of typical suberin monomers. Moreover, combined transcriptomic and metabolic analysis revealed a series of genes involved in cutin and suberin biosynthesis, transport and polymerization differentially expressed between the two groups. Furthermore, the expression levels of genes involved in the stress response and in hormone biosynthesis and signaling were significantly altered in fruits with contrasting phenotypes. Finally, a number of transcription factors, including those of the MYB, NAC, bHLH and bZIP families, were differentially expressed. Taken together, the results suggest that the multilayered mechanism through which bagging alleviates pear fruit semi-russeting is complex, and the large number of candidate genes identified provides a good foundation for future functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Fan Zhang
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Fei Zhang
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue-Hong Bian
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Yu Liu
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Zhang
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Liu
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Lei Wang
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, People's Republic of China
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24
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Wahrenburg Z, Benesch E, Lowe C, Jimenez J, Vulavala VKR, Lü S, Hammerschmidt R, Douches D, Yim WC, Santos P, Kosma DK. Transcriptional regulation of wound suberin deposition in potato cultivars with differential wound healing capacity. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:77-99. [PMID: 33860574 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Wounding during mechanical harvesting and post-harvest handling results in tuber desiccation and provides an entry point for pathogens resulting in substantial post-harvest crop losses. Poor wound healing is a major culprit of these losses. Wound tissue in potato (Solanum tuberosum) tubers, and all higher plants, is composed of a large proportion of suberin that is deposited in a specialized tissue called the wound periderm. However, the genetic regulatory pathway controlling wound-induced suberization remains unknown. Here, we implicate two potato transcription factors, StMYB102 (PGSC0003DMG400011250) and StMYB74 (PGSC0003DMG400022399), as regulators of wound suberin biosynthesis and deposition. Using targeted metabolomics and transcript profiling from the wound healing tissues of two commercial potato cultivars, as well as heterologous expression, we provide evidence for the molecular-genetic basis of the differential wound suberization capacities of different potato cultivars. Our results suggest that (i) the export of suberin from the cytosol to the apoplast and ligno-suberin deposition may be limiting factors for wound suberization, (ii) StMYB74 and StMYB102 are important regulators of the wound suberization process in tubers, and (iii) polymorphisms in StMYB102 may influence cultivar-specific wound suberization capacity. These results represent an important step in understanding the regulated biosynthesis and deposition of wound suberin and provide a practical foundation for targeted breeding approaches aimed at improving potato tuber storage life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Wahrenburg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Elizabeth Benesch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Catherine Lowe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Jazmin Jimenez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Vijaya K R Vulavala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Shiyou Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Ray Hammerschmidt
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - David Douches
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Won C Yim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Patricia Santos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Dylan K Kosma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
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25
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Wang L, Chen K, Zhang M, Ye M, Qiao X. Catalytic function, mechanism, and application of plant acyltransferases. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:125-144. [PMID: 34151663 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1931015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Acyltransferases (ATs) are important tailoring enzymes that contribute to the diversity of natural products. They catalyze the transfer of acyl groups to the skeleton, which improves the lipid solubility, stability, and pharmacological activity of natural compounds. In recent years, a number of ATs have been isolated from plants. In this review, we have summarized 141 biochemically characterized ATs during the period July 1997 to October 2020, including their function, heterologous expression systems, and catalytic mechanisms. Their catalytic performance and application potential has been further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Kuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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26
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Wang Y, Xu J, He Z, Hu N, Luo W, Liu X, Shi X, Liu T, Jiang Q, An P, Liu L, Sun Y, Jetter R, Li C, Wang Z. BdFAR4, a root-specific fatty acyl-coenzyme A reductase, is involved in fatty alcohol synthesis of root suberin polyester in Brachypodium distachyon. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:1468-1483. [PMID: 33768632 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Suberin is a complex hydrophobic polymer of aliphatic and phenolic compounds which controls the movement of gases, water, and solutes and protects plants from environmental stresses and pathogenic infection. The synthesis and regulatory pathways of suberin remain unknown in Brachypodium distachyon. Here we describe the identification of a B. distachyon gene, BdFAR4, encoding a fatty acyl-coenzyme A reductase (FAR) by a reverse genetic approach, and investigate the molecular relevance of BdFAR4 in the root suberin synthesis of B. distachyon. BdFAR4 is specifically expressed throughout root development. Heterologous expression of BdFAR4 in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) afforded the production of C20:0 and C22:0 fatty alcohols. The loss-of-function knockout of BdFAR4 by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing significantly reduced the content of C20:0 and C22:0 fatty alcohols associated with root suberin. In contrast, overexpression of BdFAR4 in B. distachyon and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) resulted in the accumulation of root suberin-associated C20:0 and C22:0 fatty alcohols, suggesting that BdFAR4 preferentially accepts C20:0 and C22:0 fatty acyl-CoAs as substrates. The BdFAR4 protein was localized to the endoplasmic reticulum in Arabidopsis thaliana protoplasts and Nicotiana benthamiana leaf epidermal cells. BdFAR4 transcript levels can be increased by abiotic stresses and abscisic acid treatment. Furthermore, yeast one-hybrid, dual-luciferase activity, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated that the R2R3-MYB transcription factor BdMYB41 directly binds to the promoter of BdFAR4. Taken together, these results imply that BdFAR4 is essential for the production of root suberin-associated fatty alcohols, especially under stress conditions, and that its activity is transcriptionally regulated by the BdMYB41 transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiajing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhaofeng He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ning Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenqiao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xue Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tianxiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qinqin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peipei An
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Le Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yulin Sun
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Chunlian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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27
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Batsale M, Bahammou D, Fouillen L, Mongrand S, Joubès J, Domergue F. Biosynthesis and Functions of Very-Long-Chain Fatty Acids in the Responses of Plants to Abiotic and Biotic Stresses. Cells 2021; 10:1284. [PMID: 34064239 PMCID: PMC8224384 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Very-long-chain fatty acids (i.e., fatty acids with more than 18 carbon atoms; VLCFA) are important molecules that play crucial physiological and structural roles in plants. VLCFA are specifically present in several membrane lipids and essential for membrane homeostasis. Their specific accumulation in the sphingolipids of the plasma membrane outer leaflet is of primordial importance for its correct functioning in intercellular communication. VLCFA are found in phospholipids, notably in phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine, where they could play a role in membrane domain organization and interleaflet coupling. In epidermal cells, VLCFA are precursors of the cuticular waxes of the plant cuticle, which are of primary importance for many interactions of the plant with its surrounding environment. VLCFA are also major components of the root suberin barrier, which has been shown to be fundamental for nutrient homeostasis and plant adaptation to adverse conditions. Finally, some plants store VLCFA in the triacylglycerols of their seeds so that they later play a pivotal role in seed germination. In this review, taking advantage of the many studies conducted using Arabidopsis thaliana as a model, we present our current knowledge on the biosynthesis and regulation of VLCFA in plants, and on the various functions that VLCFA and their derivatives play in the interactions of plants with their abiotic and biotic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Frédéric Domergue
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (M.B.); (D.B.); (L.F.); (S.M.); (J.J.)
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28
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Harman-Ware AE, Sparks S, Addison B, Kalluri UC. Importance of suberin biopolymer in plant function, contributions to soil organic carbon and in the production of bio-derived energy and materials. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:75. [PMID: 33743797 PMCID: PMC7981814 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01892-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Suberin is a hydrophobic biopolymer of significance in the production of biomass-derived materials and in biogeochemical cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we describe suberin structure and biosynthesis, and its importance in biological (i.e., plant bark and roots), ecological (soil organic carbon) and economic (biomass conversion to bioproducts) contexts. Furthermore, we highlight the genomics and analytical approaches currently available and explore opportunities for future technologies to study suberin in quantitative and/or high-throughput platforms in bioenergy crops. A greater understanding of suberin structure and production in lignocellulosic biomass can be leveraged to improve representation in life cycle analysis and techno-economic analysis models and enable performance improvements in plant biosystems as well as informed crop system management to achieve economic and environmental co-benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Harman-Ware
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, Center for Bioenergy Innovation, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.
| | - Samuel Sparks
- Biosciences Division and Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Bennett Addison
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, Center for Bioenergy Innovation, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Udaya C Kalluri
- Biosciences Division and Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA.
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Plant Biology: New Insight into How Roots 'Mask Up'. Curr Biol 2021; 31:R263-R265. [PMID: 33689729 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Extra- and trans-cellular barriers are essential for root function under even mild stress. New research shows that establishing both the lignin and suberin barriers in the Arabidopsis endodermis requires phenylpropanoid biosynthesis by endodermal cells themselves.
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The Cysteine-Rich Peptide Snakin-2 Negatively Regulates Tubers Sprouting through Modulating Lignin Biosynthesis and H 2O 2 Accumulation in Potato. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052287. [PMID: 33669030 PMCID: PMC7956376 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Potato tuber dormancy is critical for the post-harvest quality. Snakin/Gibberellic Acid Stimulated in Arabidopsis (GASA) family genes are involved in the plants’ defense against pathogens and in growth and development, but the effect of Snakin-2 (SN2) on tuber dormancy and sprouting is largely unknown. In this study, a transgenic approach was applied to manipulate the expression level of SN2 in tubers, and it demonstrated that StSN2 significantly controlled tuber sprouting, and silencing StSN2 resulted in a release of dormancy and overexpressing tubers showed a longer dormant period than that of the control. Further analyses revealed that the decrease expression level accelerated skin cracking and water loss. Metabolite analyses revealed that StSN2 significantly down-regulated the accumulation of lignin precursors in the periderm, and the change of lignin content was documented, a finding which was consistent with the precursors’ level. Subsequently, proteomics found that cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT) and peroxidase (Prx), the key proteins for lignin synthesis, were significantly up-regulated in silencing lines, and gene expression and enzyme activity analyses also supported this effect. Interestingly, we found that StSN2 physically interacts with three peroxidases catalyzing the oxidation and polymerization of lignin. In addition, SN2 altered the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). These results suggest that StSN2 negatively regulates lignin biosynthesis and H2O2 accumulation, and ultimately inhibits the sprouting of potato tubers.
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Kashyap A, Planas-Marquès M, Capellades M, Valls M, Coll NS. Blocking intruders: inducible physico-chemical barriers against plant vascular wilt pathogens. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:184-198. [PMID: 32976552 PMCID: PMC7853604 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Xylem vascular wilt pathogens cause devastating diseases in plants. Proliferation of these pathogens in the xylem causes massive disruption of water and mineral transport, resulting in severe wilting and death of the infected plants. Upon reaching the xylem vascular tissue, these pathogens multiply profusely, spreading vertically within the xylem sap, and horizontally between vessels and to the surrounding tissues. Plant resistance to these pathogens is very complex. One of the most effective defense responses in resistant plants is the formation of physico-chemical barriers in the xylem tissue. Vertical spread within the vessel lumen is restricted by structural barriers, namely, tyloses and gels. Horizontal spread to the apoplast and surrounding healthy vessels and tissues is prevented by vascular coating of the colonized vessels with lignin and suberin. Both vertical and horizontal barriers compartmentalize the pathogen at the infection site and contribute to their elimination. Induction of these defenses are tightly coordinated, both temporally and spatially, to avoid detrimental consequences such as cavitation and embolism. We discuss current knowledge on mechanisms underlying plant-inducible structural barriers against major xylem-colonizing pathogens. This knowledge may be applied to engineer metabolic pathways of vascular coating compounds in specific cells, to produce plants resistant towards xylem colonizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Kashyap
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marc Planas-Marquès
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - Marc Valls
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Spain
- Genetics Department, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria S Coll
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Spain
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Xu Y, Tie W, Yan Y, Xu B, Liu J, Li M, Yang J, Zeng J, Hu W, Jin Z. Identification and expression of the BAHD family during development, ripening, and stress response in banana. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:1127-1138. [PMID: 33492573 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-06132-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The BAHD family is involved in different biological roles in plants, including secondary metabolite synthesis, improving abiotic/biotic stress resistance, and influencing fruit quality. However, the knowledge about BAHD in banana, an important fruit crop, is limited. In this study, 46 banana BAHD genes (MaBAHDs) were identified and divided into four groups according to phylogenetic analysis. Most of the MaBAHD genes in the same group presented similar conserved motifs and genetic structures. MaBAHD genes have similar expression patterns in two banana varieties, and more genes showed high expressions in the roots. The comprehensive MaBAHD gene expression patterns obtained from two varieties of banana showed valuable information regarding their participation in fruit development, ripening, and response to abiotic/biotic stresses, suggesting that they play key roles in these processes. The systematic analysis of MaBAHD genes offered basic insight for further gene functional assays and potential applications in genetically improving banana cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xu
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Weiwei Tie
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Biyu Xu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Juhua Liu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Meiying Li
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Jinghao Yang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Jian Zeng
- Henry Fok School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China.
| | - Wei Hu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Jin
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China.
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Macnee NC, Rebstock R, Hallett IC, Schaffer RJ, Bulley SM. A review of current knowledge about the formation of native peridermal exocarp in fruit. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2020; 47:1019-1031. [PMID: 32571472 DOI: 10.1071/fp19135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The outer skin layer in any plant is essential in offering a protective barrier against water loss and pathogen attack. Within fleshy fruit, the skin supports internal cell layers and can provide the initial cues in attracting seed-dispersing animals. The skin of a fruit, termed the exocarp, is a key element of consumer preference and a target for many breeding programs. Across fruiting species there is a huge diversity of exocarp types and these range from a simple single living cell layer (epidermis) often covered with a waxy layer, to complex multicellular suberised and dead cell layers (periderm), with various intermediate russet forms in between. Each exocarp can be interspersed with other structures such as hairs or spines. The epidermis has been well characterised and remains pluripotent with the help of the cells immediately under the epidermis. The periderm, in contrast, is the result of secondary meristematic activity, which replaces the epidermal layers, and is not well characterised in fruits. In this review we explore the structure, composition and mechanisms that control the development of a periderm type fruit exocarp. We draw upon literature from non-fleshy fruit species that form periderm tissue, from which a considerable amount of research has been undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai C Macnee
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, 120 Mt Albert Road, Mount Albert, Auckland 1025, New Zealand; and School of Biological Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ria Rebstock
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, 120 Mt Albert Road, Mount Albert, Auckland 1025, New Zealand
| | - Ian C Hallett
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, 120 Mt Albert Road, Mount Albert, Auckland 1025, New Zealand
| | - Robert J Schaffer
- School of Biological Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; and The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, 55 Old Mill Road, RD3, Motueka 7198, New Zealand
| | - Sean M Bulley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, 412 No. 1 Road, RD2, Te Puke 3182, New Zealand; and Corresponding author.
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Oxidosqualene cyclases involved in the biosynthesis of triterpenoids in Quercus suber cork. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8011. [PMID: 32415159 PMCID: PMC7229149 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64913-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cork is a water-impermeable, suberin-based material harboring lignin, (hemi)cellulose, and extractable small molecules (primarily triterpenoids). Extractables strongly influence the properties of suberin-based materials. Though these previous findings suggest a key role for triterpenoids in cork material quality, directly testing this idea is hindered in part because it is not known which genes control cork triterpenoid biosynthesis. Here, we used gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to determine that the majority (>85%) of non-polar extractables from cork were pentacyclic triterpenoids, primarily betulinic acid, friedelin, and hydroxy-friedelin. In other plants, triterpenoids are generated by oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs). Accordingly, we mined Quercus suber EST libraries for OSC fragments to use in a RACE PCR-based approach and cloned three full-length OSC transcripts from cork (QsOSC1-3). Heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed that QsOSC1-3 respectively encoded enzymes with lupeol synthase, mixed α- and β-amyrin synthase, and mixed β-amyrin and friedelin synthase activities. These activities together account for the backbone structures of the major cork triterpenoids. Finally, we analyzed the sequences of QsOSC1-3 and other plant OSCs to identify residues associated with specific OSC activities, then combined this with analyses of Q. suber transcriptomic and genomic data to evaluate potential redundancies in cork triterpenoid biosynthesis.
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Tanios S, Thangavel T, Eyles A, Tegg RS, Nichols DS, Corkrey R, Wilson CR. Suberin deposition in potato periderm: a novel resistance mechanism against tuber greening. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:1273-1284. [PMID: 31758555 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Light-induced tuber greening is one of the most important quality defects of potato. Although varietal and maturity factors are known to affect greening resistance, physiological mechanisms of resistance are poorly understood. We proposed that physiological and biochemical factors within the tuber periderm provide resistance and hypothesised that resistance is primarily related to suberin content. We investigated differences in the tuber periderm between genotypes and tuber maturities that varied in greening propensity. We examined suberin and light-induced pigment accumulation, and phellem cell development and studied greening propensity in mutant and chemically treated tubers with enhanced suberisation. Resistance to greening was strongly linked to increased suberin in the periderm, which varied with variety and tuber maturity. Furthermore, greening was reduced in mutant and chemically treated tubers with enhanced suberisation. Increases in phellem cell layers and light-induced carotenoids and anthocyanins were identified as secondary resistance factors. Our work represents the first physiological mechanism of varietal and tuber maturity resistance to greening, expanding the known functionality of suberin and providing for the first time a biomarker that will aid producers and breeders in selection and improvement of potato varieties for greening resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Tanios
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, New Town Research Laboratories, University of Tasmania, 13 St. Johns Avenue, New Town, TAS, 7008, Australia
| | - Tamilarasan Thangavel
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, New Town Research Laboratories, University of Tasmania, 13 St. Johns Avenue, New Town, TAS, 7008, Australia
| | - Alieta Eyles
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, New Town Research Laboratories, University of Tasmania, 13 St. Johns Avenue, New Town, TAS, 7008, Australia
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 98, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Robert S Tegg
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, New Town Research Laboratories, University of Tasmania, 13 St. Johns Avenue, New Town, TAS, 7008, Australia
| | - David S Nichols
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 74, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Ross Corkrey
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 98, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Calum R Wilson
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, New Town Research Laboratories, University of Tasmania, 13 St. Johns Avenue, New Town, TAS, 7008, Australia
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Soler M, Verdaguer R, Fernández-Piñán S, Company-Arumí D, Boher P, Góngora-Castillo E, Valls M, Anticó E, Molinas M, Serra O, Figueras M. Silencing against the conserved NAC domain of the potato StNAC103 reveals new NAC candidates to repress the suberin associated waxes in phellem. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 291:110360. [PMID: 31928669 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Both suberin and its associated waxes contribute to the formation of apoplastic barriers that protect plants from the environment. Some transcription factors have emerged as regulators of the suberization process. The potato StNAC103 gene was reported as a repressor of suberin polyester and suberin-associated waxes deposition because its RNAi-mediated downregulation (StNAC103-RNAi) over-accumulated suberin and associated waxes in the tuber phellem concomitantly with the induction of representative biosynthetic genes. Here, to explore if other genes of the large NAC gene family participate to this repressive function, we extended the silencing to other NAC members by targeting the conserved NAC domain of StNAC103 (StNAC103-RNAi-c). Transcript profile of the StNAC103-RNAi-c phellem indicated that StNAC101 gene was an additional potential target. In comparison with StNAC103-RNAi, the silencing with StNAC103-RNAi-c construct resulted in a similar effect in suberin but yielded an increased load of associated waxes in tuber phellem, mainly alkanes and feruloyl esters. Globally, the chemical effects in both silenced lines are supported by the transcript accumulation profile of genes involved in the biosynthesis, transport and regulation of apoplastic lipids. In contrast, the genes of polyamine biosynthesis were downregulated. Altogether these results point out to StNAC101 as a candidate to repress the suberin-associated waxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marçal Soler
- Laboratori del Suro, Biology Department, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, E-17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Roger Verdaguer
- Laboratori del Suro, Biology Department, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, E-17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sandra Fernández-Piñán
- Laboratori del Suro, Biology Department, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, E-17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Dolors Company-Arumí
- Laboratori del Suro, Biology Department, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, E-17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pau Boher
- Laboratori del Suro, Biology Department, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, E-17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Elsa Góngora-Castillo
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Marc Valls
- Genetics Department, Universitat de Barcelona and Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB). Edifici CRAG, Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Enriqueta Anticó
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, E-17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marisa Molinas
- Laboratori del Suro, Biology Department, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, E-17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Olga Serra
- Laboratori del Suro, Biology Department, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, E-17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mercè Figueras
- Laboratori del Suro, Biology Department, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, E-17071, Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Mnich E, Bjarnholt N, Eudes A, Harholt J, Holland C, Jørgensen B, Larsen FH, Liu M, Manat R, Meyer AS, Mikkelsen JD, Motawia MS, Muschiol J, Møller BL, Møller SR, Perzon A, Petersen BL, Ravn JL, Ulvskov P. Phenolic cross-links: building and de-constructing the plant cell wall. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:919-961. [PMID: 31971193 DOI: 10.1039/c9np00028c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Covering: Up to 2019Phenolic cross-links and phenolic inter-unit linkages result from the oxidative coupling of two hydroxycinnamates or two molecules of tyrosine. Free dimers of hydroxycinnamates, lignans, play important roles in plant defence. Cross-linking of bound phenolics in the plant cell wall affects cell expansion, wall strength, digestibility, degradability, and pathogen resistance. Cross-links mediated by phenolic substituents are particularly important as they confer strength to the wall via the formation of new covalent bonds, and by excluding water from it. Four biopolymer classes are known to be involved in the formation of phenolic cross-links: lignins, extensins, glucuronoarabinoxylans, and side-chains of rhamnogalacturonan-I. Lignins and extensins are ubiquitous in streptophytes whereas aromatic substituents on xylan and pectic side-chains are commonly assumed to be particular features of Poales sensu lato and core Caryophyllales, respectively. Cross-linking of phenolic moieties proceeds via radical formation, is catalyzed by peroxidases and laccases, and involves monolignols, tyrosine in extensins, and ferulate esters on xylan and pectin. Ferulate substituents, on xylan in particular, are thought to be nucleation points for lignin polymerization and are, therefore, of paramount importance to wall architecture in grasses and for the development of technology for wall disassembly, e.g. for the use of grass biomass for production of 2nd generation biofuels. This review summarizes current knowledge on the intra- and extracellular acylation of polysaccharides, and inter- and intra-molecular cross-linking of different constituents. Enzyme mediated lignan in vitro synthesis for pharmaceutical uses are covered as are industrial exploitation of mutant and transgenic approaches to control cell wall cross-linking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Mnich
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Xin A, Herburger K. Mini Review: Transport of Hydrophobic Polymers Into the Plant Apoplast. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:590990. [PMID: 33488642 PMCID: PMC7817615 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.590990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The plant apoplast contains the four hydrophobic polymer, lignin, suberin, cutin, and cutan, that are crucial for stress resistance, controlling solute diffusion, and strengthening the cell wall. Some of these polymers are widely used in industry and daily life products, such as all wood-containing goods (lignin) and wine cork (suberin). Despite the importance of these polymers, several aspects of their formation remain unknown. This mini review highlights technical bottlenecks in the current research and summarizes recent insights into the precursor transmembrane transport, an essential step in the polymer formation. We also briefly discuss how some of the remaining knowledge gaps can be closed and how a better understanding of these biopolymers will benefit other research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anzhou Xin
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Herburger
- Section for Plant Glycobiology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Klaus Herburger,
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Wei X, Lu W, Mao L, Han X, Wei X, Zhao X, Xia M, Xu C. ABF2 and MYB transcription factors regulate feruloyl transferase FHT involved in ABA-mediated wound suberization of kiwifruit. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:305-317. [PMID: 31559426 PMCID: PMC6913711 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Suberin is a cell-wall biopolymer with aliphatic and aromatic domains that is synthesized in the wound tissues of plants in order to restrict water loss and pathogen infection. ω-hydroxyacid/fatty alcohol hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (FHT) is required for cross-linking of the aliphatic and aromatic domains. ABA is known to play a positive role in suberin biosynthesis but it is not known how it interacts with FHT. In this study, the kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) AchnFHT gene was isolated and was found to be localized in the cytosol. Transient overexpression of AchnFHT in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana induced massive production of ferulate, ω-hydroxyacids, and primary alcohols, consistent with the in vitro ability of AchnFHT to catalyse acyl-transfer from feruloyl-CoA to ω-hydroxypalmitic acid and 1-tetradecanol. A regulatory function of four TFs (AchnABF2, AchnMYB4, AchnMYB41, and AchnMYB107) on AchnFHT was identified. These TFs localized in the nucleus and directly interacted with the AchnFHT promoter in yeast one-hybrid assays. Dual-luciferase analysis indicated that AchnABF2, AchnMYB41, and AchnMYB107 activated the AchnFHT promoter while AchnMYB4 repressed it. These findings were supported by the results of transient overexpression in N. benthamiana, in which AchnABF2, AchnMYB41, and AchnMYB107 induced expression of suberin biosynthesis genes (including FHT) and accumulation of suberin monomers, whilst AchnMYB4 had the opposite effect. Exogenous ABA induced the expression of AchnABF2, AchnMYB41, AchnMYB107, and AchnFHT and induced suberin monomer formation, but it inhibited AchnMYB4 expression. In addition, fluridone (an inhibitor of ABA biosynthesis) was found to counter the inductive effects of ABA. Activation of suberin monomer biosynthesis by AchnFHT was therefore controlled in a coordinated way by both repression of AchnMYB4 and promotion of AchnABF2, AchnMYB41, and AchnMYB107.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Wei
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Lu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linchun Mao
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Xueyuan Han
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Xiaobo Wei
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhao
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming Xia
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Changjie Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Wei X, Mao L, Wei X, Xia M, Xu C. MYB41, MYB107, and MYC2 promote ABA-mediated primary fatty alcohol accumulation via activation of AchnFAR in wound suberization in kiwifruit. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:86. [PMID: 32528698 PMCID: PMC7261769 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-0309-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Wound damage triggers the accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA), which induces the expression of a large number of genes involved in wound suberization in plants. Fatty acyl-CoA reductase (FAR) catalyzes the generation of primary fatty alcohols by the reduction of fatty acids in suberin biosynthesis. However, the regulatory effects of transcription factors (TFs) on AchnFAR in response to ABA are unexplored. In this study, kiwifruit AchnFAR displayed a biological function analogous to that of FAR in transiently overexpressed tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) leaves. The positive role of TFs, including AchnMYB41, AchnMYB107, and AchnMYC2, in the regulation of AchnFAR was identified. The three TFs could individually bind to the AchnFAR promoter to activate gene transcription in yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase assays. Transient overexpression of TFs in tobacco leaves resulted in the upregulation of aliphatic synthesis genes (including FAR) and the increase in aliphatics, including primary alcohols, α,ω-diacids, ω-hydroxyacids, and fatty acids. Moreover, exogenous ABA treatment elevated TF-mediated AchnFAR expression and the accumulation of primary alcohols. Conversely, fluridone, an inhibitor of ABA biosynthesis, suppressed the expression of AchnFAR and TF genes and reduced the formation of primary alcohols. The results indicate that AchnMYB41, AchnMYB107, and AchnMYC2 activate AchnFAR transcription to promote ABA-mediated primary alcohol formation in wound suberization in kiwifruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Wei
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Linchun Mao
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, 315100 Ningbo, China
| | - Xiaobo Wei
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming Xia
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Changjie Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China
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Khalil M, Lerat S, Beaudoin N, Beaulieu C. The Plant Pathogenic Bacterium Streptomyces scabies Degrades the Aromatic Components of Potato Periderm via the β-Ketoadipate Pathway. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2795. [PMID: 31866970 PMCID: PMC6904314 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The outer potato periderm layer consists of dead suberized cells. Suberin, a protective biopolymer, is made of a polyaliphatic portion covalently linked to polyaromatic moieties. Evidence accumulates that Streptomyces scabies, the main causal agent of potato common scab, can degrade the suberin aliphatic part but its ability to degrade the aromatic portion has not been documented. This polyaromatic portion is mainly composed of cinnamic acids. In this study, two cinnamates (trans-ferulic or p-coumaric acids) were added to the culture medium of S. scabies strains EF-35 and 87.22. HPLC quantification revealed that both strains efficiently utilized these compounds. A proteomic study coupled with gene expression analysis led to the identification of putative catabolic pathways for cinnamates. Catabolism of both compounds appeared to occur via the β-ketoadipate pathway. Gene SCAB_15301, encoding for a putative vanillate monooxygenase, was partly deleted from S. scabies strain 87.22 genome. The mutant retained its ability to catabolize trans-ferulic acid into vanillate but lost its ability to further degrade the latter compound. When the wild-type mutant and complemented strains were grown in the presence of suberin-enriched potato periderm, accumulation of vanillic acid was observed only in the mutant culture medium. This work presents evidence that S. scabies can degrade not only the aliphatic part of suberin but also the constituents of suberin aromatic portion. This may provide ecological and pathological advantages to S. scabies as a saprophyte and pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Khalil
- Département de Biologie, Centre SÈVE, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sylvain Lerat
- Département de Biologie, Centre SÈVE, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Beaudoin
- Département de Biologie, Centre SÈVE, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Carole Beaulieu
- Département de Biologie, Centre SÈVE, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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Keren-Keiserman A, Baghel RS, Fogelman E, Faingold I, Zig U, Yermiyahu U, Ginzberg I. Effects of Polyhalite Fertilization on Skin Quality of Potato Tuber. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1379. [PMID: 31737008 PMCID: PMC6831613 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The protective peel of potato tuber consists of periderm tissue, the outmost cell layers of which contain corky cell walls and are termed "skin". The skin protects the tuber from water loss and pathogen invasion, and its visual appearance is a highly important marketing factor. Physiological skin blemishes are of great concern, mainly russeting disorder and skinning injuries. We previously showed that application of calcium (Ca) reduces the rate and severity of skin russeting. Here, polyhalite fertilization was tested as an alternative source of Ca. The polyhalite mineral is a hydrated sulfate of potassium (K), Ca, and magnesium (Mg), and thus contains additional important nutrients that may contribute to skin quality. Furthermore, in view of the direct interaction of soil mineral elements with the tuber skin, we tested application of polyhalite at the end of the growth period, assuming that providing the mineral at the last stages of skin development may enhance its quality. Accordingly, polyhalite was applied at three time points: preplanting, in-season at around 3-4 weeks prior to haulm desiccation, and 2 days post-haulm desiccation. The experiments included several cultivars and locations. Data indicated that late application of polyhalite, after haulm desiccation, results in reduced concentrations of Ca and Mg and increased concentration of K in the tuber peel of fertilized plants compared to controls. Tuber appearance was improved, and the expression of FHT and CYP86A33, indicator genes for skin suberization, was significantly upregulated. Earlier applications of the polyhalite mineral did not alter mineral elements concentrations in the tuber peel compared to control plants. Overall, polyhalite fertilization positively affected tuber skin appearance and skin-related gene expression. However, the effect was moderate, and the mineral did not fully mitigate skin imperfections. The effect of polyhalite may be dependent on local conditions and cultivar type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Keren-Keiserman
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Ravi Singh Baghel
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Edna Fogelman
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Inna Faingold
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Gilat Research Center, Negev, Israel
| | - Uri Zig
- Hevel Maon Enterprises, Negev, Israel
| | - Uri Yermiyahu
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Gilat Research Center, Negev, Israel
| | - Idit Ginzberg
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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Schubert R, Grunewald S, von Sivers L, Hause B. Effects of Jasmonate on Ethylene Function during the Development of Tomato Stamens. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8080277. [PMID: 31405001 PMCID: PMC6724093 DOI: 10.3390/plants8080277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The phenotype of the tomato mutant jasmonate-insensitive1-1 (jai1-1) mutated in the JA-Ile co-receptor COI1 demonstrates JA function in flower development, since it is female-sterile. In addition, jai1-1 exhibits a premature anther dehydration and pollen release, being in contrast to a delayed anther dehiscence in the JA-insensitive Arabidopsis mutant coi1-1. The double mutant jai1-1 Never ripe (jai1-1 Nr), which is in addition insensitive to ethylene (ET), showed a rescue of the jai1-1 phenotype regarding pollen release. This suggests that JA inhibits a premature rise in ET to prevent premature stamen desiccation. To elucidate the interplay of JA and ET in more detail, stamen development in jai1-1 Nr was compared to wild type, jai1-1 and Nr regarding water content, pollen vitality, hormone levels, and accumulation of phenylpropanoids and transcripts encoding known JA- and ET-regulated genes. For the latter, RT-qPCR based on nanofluidic arrays was employed. The data showed that additional prominent phenotypic features of jai1-1, such as diminished water content and pollen vitality, and accumulation of phenylpropanoids were at least partially rescued by the ET-insensitivity. Hormone levels and accumulation of transcripts were not affected. The data revealed that strictly JA-regulated processes cannot be rescued by ET-insensitivity, thereby emphasizing a rather minor role of ET in JA-regulated stamen development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Schubert
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Stephan Grunewald
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Lea von Sivers
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Bettina Hause
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Figueiredo R, Araújo P, Llerena JPP, Mazzafera P. Suberin and hemicellulose in sugarcane cell wall architecture and crop digestibility: A biotechnological perspective. Food Energy Secur 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Figueiredo
- Department of Plant Biology Institute of Biology State University of Campinas Campinas Brazil
| | - Pedro Araújo
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents Institute of Biology State University of Campinas Campinas Brazil
| | - Juan Pablo P. Llerena
- Department of Plant Biology Institute of Biology State University of Campinas Campinas Brazil
| | - Paulo Mazzafera
- Department of Plant Biology Institute of Biology State University of Campinas Campinas Brazil
- Department of Crop Science College of Agriculture Luiz de Queiroz University of São Paulo Piracicaba Brazil
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Wei X, Mao L, Lu W, Wei X, Han X, Guan W, Yang Y, Zha M, Xu C, Luo Z. Three Transcription Activators of ABA Signaling Positively Regulate Suberin Monomer Synthesis by Activating Cytochrome P450 CYP86A1 in Kiwifruit. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1650. [PMID: 31998339 PMCID: PMC6967411 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Wound attack stimulates accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA) that activates a number of genes associated with wound suberization of plants. Cytochrome P450 fatty acid ω-hydroxylase CYP86A1 catalyzes ω-hydroxylation of fatty acids to form the ω-functionalized monomers that play a pivotal role in suberin synthesis. However, the transcriptional regulation of ABA signaling on AchnCYP86A1 has not been characterized in kiwifruit. In this study, AchnCYP86A1, a kiwifruit homolog of Arabidopsis AtCYP86A1, was isolated. AchnCYP86A1-overexpressed N. benthamiana leaves displayed that the AchnCYP86A1 functioned as a fatty acid ω-hydroxylase associated with synthesis of suberin monomer. The regulatory function of three transcription factors (TFs, including AchnMYC2, AchnMYB41 and AchnMYB107) on AchnCYP86A1 was identified. All the three TFs were localized in nucleus and could individually interact with AchnCYP86A1 promoter to activate gene expression in yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase assays. The findings were further demonstrated in transient overexpressed N. benthamiana, in which all TFs notably elevated the expression of aliphatic synthesis genes including CYP86A1 and the accumulation of ω-hydroxyacids, α, ω-diacids, fatty acids and primary alcohols. Moreover, exogenous ABA induced the expression of AchnMYC2, AchnMYB41 and AchnMYB107 that promoted AchnCYP86A1 involving in suberin monomer formation. Contrary to the inductive effects of ABA, however, fluridone (an inhibitor of ABA biosynthesis) inhibited the three TFs expression and suberin monomer formation. These results indicate that AchnMYC2, AchnMYB41 and AchnMYB107 positively regulate suberin monomer synthesis by activating AchnCYP86A1 promoter in response to ABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Wei
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linchun Mao
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
- *Correspondence: Linchun Mao,
| | - Wenjing Lu
- Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobo Wei
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xueyuan Han
- School of Life Sciences, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Weiliang Guan
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yajie Yang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng Zha
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Changjie Xu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zisheng Luo
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Agro-Food Processing, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Wunderling A, Ripper D, Barra-Jimenez A, Mahn S, Sajak K, Targem MB, Ragni L. A molecular framework to study periderm formation in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 219:216-229. [PMID: 29611875 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
During secondary growth in most eudicots and gymnosperms, the periderm replaces the epidermis as the frontier tissue protecting the vasculature from biotic and abiotic stresses. Despite its importance, the mechanisms underlying periderm establishment and formation are largely unknown. The herbaceous Arabidopsis thaliana undergoes secondary growth, including periderm formation in the root and hypocotyl. Thus, we focused on these two organs to establish a framework to study periderm development in a model organism. We identified a set of characteristic developmental stages describing periderm growth from the first cell division in the pericycle to the shedding of the cortex and epidermis. We highlight that two independent mechanisms are involved in the loosening of the outer tissues as the endodermis undergoes programmed cell death, whereas the epidermis and the cortex are abscised. Moreover, the phellem of Arabidopsis, as in trees, is suberized, lignified and peels off. In addition, putative regulators from oak and potato are also expressed in the Arabidopsis periderm. Collectively, the periderm of Arabidopsis shares many characteristics/features of woody and tuberous periderms, rendering Arabidopsis thaliana an attractive model for cork biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wunderling
- ZMBP-Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Ripper
- ZMBP-Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Azahara Barra-Jimenez
- ZMBP-Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Mahn
- ZMBP-Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Sajak
- ZMBP-Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mehdi Ben Targem
- ZMBP-Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Laura Ragni
- ZMBP-Center for Plant Molecular Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
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Woolfson KN, Haggitt ML, Zhang Y, Kachura A, Bjelica A, Rey Rincon MA, Kaberi KM, Bernards MA. Differential induction of polar and non-polar metabolism during wound-induced suberization in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:931-942. [PMID: 29315972 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Wound-induced suberin deposition involves the temporal and spatial coordination of phenolic and fatty acid metabolism. Phenolic metabolism leads to both soluble metabolites that accumulate as defense compounds as well as hydroxycinnamoyl derivatives that form the basis of the poly(phenolic) domain found in suberized tissue. Fatty acid metabolism involves the biosynthesis of very-long-chain fatty acids, 1-alkanols, ω-hydroxy fatty acids and α,ω-dioic acids that form a poly(aliphatic) domain, commonly referred to as suberin. Using the abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis inhibitor fluridone (FD), we reduced wound-induced de novo biosynthesis of ABA in potato tubers, and measured the impact on the expression of genes involved in phenolic metabolism (StPAL1, StC4H, StCCR, StTHT), aliphatic metabolism (StCYP86A33, StCYP86B12, StFAR3, StKCS6), metabolism linking phenolics and aliphatics (StFHT) or acyl chains and glycerol (StGPAT5, StGPAT6), and in the delivery of aliphatic monomers to the site of suberization (StABCG1). In FD-treated tissue, both aliphatic gene expression and accumulation of aliphatic suberin monomers were delayed. Exogenous ABA restored normal aliphatic suberin deposition in FD-treated tissue, and enhanced aliphatic gene expression and poly(aliphatic) domain deposition when applied alone. By contrast, phenolic metabolism genes were not affected by FD treatment, while FD + ABA and ABA treatments slightly enhanced the accumulation of polar metabolites. These data support a role for ABA in the differential induction of phenolic and aliphatic metabolism during wound-induced suberization in potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathlyn N Woolfson
- Department of Biology and the Biotron, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Meghan L Haggitt
- Department of Biology and the Biotron, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Yanni Zhang
- Department of Biology and the Biotron, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Alexandra Kachura
- Department of Biology and the Biotron, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Anica Bjelica
- Department of Biology and the Biotron, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - M Alejandra Rey Rincon
- Department of Biology and the Biotron, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Karina M Kaberi
- Department of Biology and the Biotron, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Mark A Bernards
- Department of Biology and the Biotron, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
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Han X, Lu W, Wei X, Li L, Mao L, Zhao Y. Proteomics analysis to understand the ABA stimulation of wound suberization in kiwifruit. J Proteomics 2018; 173:42-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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50
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Ferreira D, Isca VM, Leal P, Seca AM, Silva H, de Lourdes Pereira M, Silva AM, Pinto DC. Salicornia ramosissima : Secondary metabolites and protective effect against acute testicular toxicity. ARAB J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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