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Wang S, Zhan J, Zhou X, He C, Wei P, Yi T. Design and Application of an In Situ Traceable Nitric Oxide Donor for Promoting the Healing of Wound Infections. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2400922. [PMID: 38800965 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202400922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Therapies for wound infections require medications with antibacterial and wound-healing functions. However, it remains a challenge to produce a single drug that can perform dual functions. Nitric oxide (NO), with its antibacterial and wound-healing activities, is an ideal solution to address this challenge. However, many controlled-release strategies for NO rely on external probes for tracing the release in situ, making it difficult to precisely assess the location and magnitude. To address this issue, this study describes a novel NO donor, DHU-NO1, capable of efficiently releasing NO under mild conditions (450 nm illumination). Simultaneously, DHU-NO1 generates the fluorophore Azure B (AZB), which enables direct, non-consumptive tracing of the NO release by monitoring the fluorescence and absorption changes in AZB. Given that NO can be conveniently traced, the amount of released NO can be controlled during biological applications, thereby allowing both functions of NO to be performed. When applied to the affected area, DHU-NO1, illuminated by both a simple light-emitting diode (LED) light source and natural light, achieves significant antibacterial effects against wound infections and promotes wound healing in mice. This study offers a novel and effective approach for treating wound infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Jiexiang Zhan
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhou
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Chuanglong He
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Peng Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Tao Yi
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
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2
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Chernyshova EV, Potanina DV, Sadovnikova IS, Krutskikh EP, Volodina DE, Samoylova NA, Gureev AP. The study of the protective effect of mitochondrial uncouplers during acute toxicity of the fungicide difenoconazole in different organs of mice. BIOMEDITSINSKAIA KHIMIIA 2024; 70:41-51. [PMID: 38450680 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20247001041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Pesticides represent a serious problem for agricultural workers due to their neurotoxic effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of pharmacological oxidative phosphorylation uncouplers to reduce the effect of the difenoconazole fungicide on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of various organs in mice. Injections of difenoconazole caused cognitive deficits in mice, and the protonophore 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) and Azur I (AzI), a demethylated metabolite of methylene blue (MB), prevented the deterioration of cognitive abilities in mice induced by difenoconazole. Difenoconazole increased the rate of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, likely through inhibition of complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. After intraperitoneal administration of difenoconazole lungs, testes and midbrain were most sensitive to the accumulation of mtDNA damage. In contrast, the cerebral cortex and hippocampus were not tolerant to the effects of difenoconazole. The protonophore 2,4-DNP reduced the rate of ROS formation and significantly reduced the amount of mtDNA damage caused by difenoconazole in the midbrain, and partially, in the lungs and testes. MB, an alternative electron carrier capable of bypassing inhibited complex I, had no effect on the effect of difenoconazole on mtDNA, while its metabolite AzI, a demethylated metabolite of MB, was able to protect the mtDNA of the midbrain and testes. Thus, mitochondria-targeted therapy is a promising approach to reduce pesticide toxicity for agricultural workers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - A P Gureev
- Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia; Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, Voronezh, Russia
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3
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Gupta R, Kumar G, Gupta R. Encapsulation-Led Adsorption of Neutral Dyes and Complete Photodegradation of Cationic Dyes and Antipsychotic Drugs by Lanthanide-Based Macrocycles. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:7682-7699. [PMID: 35543424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Molecular architectures offering large cavities can accommodate guest molecules, while their compositional engineering allows tunability of the band gap to support photocatalysis using visible light. In this work, two lanthanide (Ln)-based macrocycles, synthesized using a cobalt-based metalloligand and offering large rectangular cavities, exhibited selective adsorption of neutral dyes over both anionic and cationic dyes. Both Ln macrocycles illustrated complete photodegradation of cationic dyes using visible light without the use of any oxidant. Both Ln macrocycles exhibited complete photodegradation of not only cationic dyes but also a few phenothiazine-based antipsychotic drugs. Photocatalysis involved the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which was corroborated with the band gap of two Ln macrocycles. These results were supported by radical scavenger studies and the quantitative estimation of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. Complete photodegradation of both dyes and drugs was confirmed by spectral studies, while the generation of CO2 and N2 gases was established by gas chromatography. Importantly, Ln macrocycles were able to distinguish between the neutral dyes that were quantitatively adsorbed and the cationic dyes/drugs that were completely photodegraded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchika Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Gulshan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Rajeev Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
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4
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Sochacka J, Pacholczyk M, Jeleń M, Morak-Młodawska B, Pluta K. Interaction of new tri-, tetra-, and pentacyclic azaphenothiazine derivatives with calf thymus DNA: Spectroscopic and molecular docking studies. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 262:120105. [PMID: 34245970 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Azaphenothiazines (AZA), modified phenothiazine derivatives, have been reported to exhibit a wide spectrum of biological activities, including anticancer activities, but the mechanisms of their interactions with biomolecules are not fully recognized. In this work, the mode of interaction of selected AZA with calf thymus DNA was investigated using UV-Vis absorption, fluorescence spectroscopy (competition experiment with ethidium bromide, quenching of fluorescence) and molecular docking. The investigated AZA represent dipyrido[3,4-b;3'4'-e][1,4]thiazine, quino[3,2-b]benzo[1,4]thiazine and diquino[3,2-b;2',3'-e][1,4]thiazine possessing tricyclic, tetracyclic and pentacyclic ring system with the additional N,N-dimethylaminopropyl group at the nitrogen atom in the 1,4 thiazine ring. The results obtained from spectroscopic studies showed that AZA bind to DNA by insertion of a fragment of the fused rings system between the base pair stack in the double helix of DNA. In addition, the number of rings in the AZA structures seemed to be related to the strength of the interaction, because pentacyclic AZA (binding constant Kb = 6.31 × 106 L/mol) demonstrated 10-fold higher affinity towards DNA than the tetracyclic AZA and about 100-fold higher affinity than that of tricyclic AZA. The molecular docking results showed that the binding mode of AZA to DNA helix was an intercalation mode with the partial insertion of one planar part of the AZA structure (the pyridine or quinoline ring) into the neighboring bases of one of the DNA chains with additional hydrogen bonding with the minor groove through the positively charged N,N-dimethylaminopropyl group. Chemical potential (μ), chemical hardness (ƞ), electronegativity (χ) and the value of electrons transferred from one system to another (ΔN) calculated from the HOMO and LUMO energies by the density functional theory method indicated that AZA acted as the electron acceptors to the DNA bases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Sochacka
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Marcin Pacholczyk
- Silesian University of Technology, Department of Systems Biology and Engineering, Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronics and Computer Science, Akademicka 16, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Jeleń
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Beata Morak-Młodawska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Krystian Pluta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
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Venancio-Brochi JC, Pereira LM, Calil FA, Teixeira O, Baroni L, Abreu-Filho PG, Braga GÚL, Nonato MC, Yatsuda AP. Glutathione reductase: A cytoplasmic antioxidant enzyme and a potential target for phenothiazinium dyes in Neospora caninum. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 187:964-975. [PMID: 34310993 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neospora caninum causes heavy losses related to abortions in bovine cattle. This parasite developed a complex defense redox system, composed of enzymes as glutathione reductase (GR). Methylene blue (MB) impairs the activity of recombinant form of Plasmodium GR and inhibits the parasite proliferation in vivo and in vitro. Likewise, MB and its derivatives inhibits Neospora caninum proliferation, however, whether the MB mechanism of action is correlated to GR function remains unclear. Therefore, here, N. caninum GR (NcGR) was characterized and its potential inhibitors were determined. NcGR was found in the tachyzoite cytosol and has a similar structure and sequence compared to its homologs. We verified the in vitro activity of rNcGR (875 nM) following NADPH absorbance at 340 nM (100 mM KH2PO4, pH 7.5, 1 mM EDTA, ionic strength: 600 mM, 25 °C). rNcGR exhibited a Michaelian behavior (Km(GSSG):0.10 ± 0.02 mM; kcat(GSSG):0.076 ± 0.003 s-1; Km(NADPH):0.006 ± 0.001 mM; kcat(NADPH): 0.080 ± 0.003 s-1). The IC50 of MB,1,9-dimethyl methylene blue, new methylene blue, and toluidine blue O on rNcGR activity were 2.1 ± 0.2 μM, 11 ± 2 μM, 0.7 ± 0.1 μM, and 0.9 ± 0.2 μM, respectively. Our results suggest the importance of NcGR in N. caninum biology and antioxidant mechanisms. Moreover, data presented here strongly suggest that NcGR is an important target of phenothiazinium dyes in N. caninum proliferation inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Cabestre Venancio-Brochi
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Luiz Miguel Pereira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Felipe Antunes Calil
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, School of Medicine, 92093-0669 La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Olívia Teixeira
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Luciana Baroni
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Péricles Gama Abreu-Filho
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Úbida Leite Braga
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Nonato
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Ana Patrícia Yatsuda
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
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Dabholkar N, Gorantla S, Dubey SK, Alexander A, Taliyan R, Singhvi G. Repurposing methylene blue in the management of COVID-19: Mechanistic aspects and clinical investigations. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:112023. [PMID: 34399199 PMCID: PMC8352658 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the most recent coronaviruses, which has infected humans, and caused the disease COVID-19. The World Health Organization has declared COVID-19 as a pandemic in March 2020. The SARS-CoV-2 enters human hosts majorly via the respiratory tract, affecting the lungs first. In few critical cases, the infection progresses to failure of the respiratory system known as acute respiratory distress syndrome acute respiratory distress syndrome may be further associated with multi-organ failure and vasoplegic shock. Currently, the treatment of COVID-19 involves use of antiviral and anti-cytokine drugs. However, both the drugs have low efficacy because they cannot inhibit the production of free radicals and cytokines at the same time. Recently, some researchers have reported the use of methylene blue (MB) in COVID-19 management. MB has been used since a long time as a therapeutic agent, and has been approved by the US FDA for the treatment of other diseases. The additional advantage of MB is its low cost. MB is a safe drug when used in the dose of < 2 mg/kg. In this review, the applicability of MB in COVID-19 and its mechanistic aspects have been explored and compiled. The clinical studies have been explained in great detail. Thus, the potential of MB in the management of COVID-19 has been examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Dabholkar
- Industrial Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Srividya Gorantla
- Industrial Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Dubey
- Medical Research, R&D Healthcare Division, Emami Ltd, Kolkata, India
| | - Amit Alexander
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam 781101, India
| | - Rajeev Taliyan
- Industrial Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India
| | - Gautam Singhvi
- Industrial Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani, Pilani Campus, Rajasthan, India.
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7
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Arylamine Analogs of Methylene Blue: Substituent Effect on Aggregation Behavior and DNA Binding. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115847. [PMID: 34072560 PMCID: PMC8198855 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of new phenothiazine derivatives, analogs of Methylene Blue, is of particular interest in the design of new drugs, as well as in the development of a new generation of agents for photodynamic therapy. In this study, two new derivatives of phenothiazine, i.e., 3,7-bis(4-aminophenylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium chloride dihydrochloride (PTZ1) and 3,7-bis(4-sulfophenylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium chloride (PTZ2), are synthesized for the first time and characterized by NMR, IR spectroscopy, HRMS and elemental analysis. The interaction of the obtained compounds PTZ1 and PTZ2 with salmon sperm DNA is investigated. It is shown by UV-Vis spectroscopy and DFT calculations that substituents in arylamine fragments play a crucial role in dimer formation and interaction with DNA. In the case of PTZ1, two amine groups promote H-aggregate formation and DNA interactions through groove binding and intercalation. In the case of PTZ2, sulfanilic acid fragments prevent any dimer formation and DNA binding due to electrostatic repulsion. DNA interaction mechanisms are studied and confirmed by UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopy in comparison with Methylene Blue. The obtained results open significant opportunities for the development of new drugs and photodynamic agents.
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Haouzi P, McCann M, Tubbs N. Azure B as a novel cyanide antidote: Preclinical in-vivo studies. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:1459-1464. [PMID: 33194557 PMCID: PMC7645636 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We have determined the effects of azure B (AzB), the main demethylated metabolite of methylene blue (MB), on a model of lethal cyanide intoxication. Our rationale was the following: AzB 1- possesses redox properties very similar to those of MB, which is a potent cyanide antidote, 2- may present a higher intracellular diffusibility than MB, 3- is already present in commercially available solutions of MB, and 4- appears very quickly in the blood after MB administration. AzB could therefore be a member of the phenothiazium chromophore family of interest to treat cyanide intoxication. We found, in spontaneously breathing urethane sedated rats, that AzB mimicked the effects of MB by increasing metabolism, ventilation and cardiac contractility up to 30-40 mg/kg. AzB had a lethal toxicity when the dose of 60 mg/kg was reached. Doses of AzB were therefore chosen in keeping with these data and the doses of MB previously used against cyanide intoxication (4-20 mg/kg) in the rat - doses corresponding to those used in humans to treat methemoglobinemia. KCN, infused at the rate of 0.375 mg/kg/min iv for 13 min, was fatal within 15 min in 100 % of our un-anesthetized rats. AzB at the dose of 4 mg/kg (n = 5) or 10 mg/kg (n = 5) administered 3 min into cyanide infusion allowed 100 % of the animals to survive with no clinical sequelae. The onset of coma was also significantly delayed and no apnea or gasping occurred. At the dose of 20 mg/kg, AzB was much less effective. At 4 mg/kg, the antidotal effects of AzB were significantly better than those produced by MB at the same dose and were not different from the effects produced by 20 mg/kg MB. We conclude that AzB is a potent cyanide antidote at relatively low doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Haouzi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Marissa McCann
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Nicole Tubbs
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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Haouzi P, McCann M, Tubbs N, Judenherc-Haouzi A, Cheung J, Bouillaud F. Antidotal Effects of the Phenothiazine Chromophore Methylene Blue Following Cyanide Intoxication. Toxicol Sci 2020; 170:82-94. [PMID: 30907955 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study was aimed at (1) determining the efficacy of the dye methylene blue (MB), following a rapidly lethal cyanide (CN) intoxication in un-sedated rats; (2) clarifying some of the mechanisms responsible for the antidotal properties produced by this potent cyclic redox dye. Sixty-nine awake rats acutely intoxicated by CN (IP, KCN 7 mg/kg) received saline, MB (20 mg/kg) or hydroxocobalamin (HyCo, 150 mg/kg) when in deep coma. Survival in this model was very low, reaching 9% at 60 min without any treatment. Methylene blue significantly increased survival (59%, p < .001) at 60 min, versus 37% with HyCo (p < .01). In addition, 8 urethane-anesthetized rats were exposed to a sublethal CN intoxication (KCN, 0.75 mg/kg/min IV for 4 min); they received MB (20 mg/kg, IV) or saline, 5 min after the end of CN exposure. All MB-treated rats displayed a significant reduction in hyperlactacidemia, a restoration of pyruvate/lactate ratio-a marker of NAD/NADH ratio-and an increase in CO2 production, a marker of the activity of the TCA cycle. These changes were also associated with a 2-fold increase in the pool of CN in red cells. Based on series of in vitro experiments, looking at the effects of MB on NADH, as well as the redox effects of MB on hemoglobin and cytochrome c, we hypothesize that the antidotal properties of MB can in large part be accounted for by its ability to readily restore NAD/NADH ratio and to cyclically re-oxidize then reduce the iron in hemoglobin and the electron chain complexes. All of these effects can account for the rapid antidotal properties of this dye following CN poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Haouzi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Marissa McCann
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Nicole Tubbs
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Annick Judenherc-Haouzi
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph Cheung
- Center of Translational Medicine and Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Frederic Bouillaud
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016-CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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Onoabedje EA, Ayogu JI, Odoh AS. Recent Development in Applications of Synthetic Phenoxazines and Their Related Congeners: A Mini‐Review. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202001932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Efeturi A. Onoabedje
- Department of Pure and Industrial ChemistryUniversity of Nigeria Nsukka Enugu State Nigeria
| | - Jude I. Ayogu
- Department of Pure and Industrial ChemistryUniversity of Nigeria Nsukka Enugu State Nigeria
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Physical and Chemical Science, University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand Private Bag 184
| | - Amaechi S. Odoh
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of ScienceTohoku University Sendai 980-8578 Japan
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11
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Haouzi P, McCann M, Wang J, Zhang XQ, Song J, Sariyer I, Langford D, Santerre M, Tubbs N, Haouzi-Judenherc A, Cheung JY. Antidotal effects of methylene blue against cyanide neurological toxicity: in vivo and in vitro studies. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1479:108-121. [PMID: 32374444 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine whether methylene blue (MB) could directly oppose the neurological toxicity of a lethal cyanide (CN) intoxication. KCN, infused at the rate of 0.375 mg/kg/min intravenously, produced 100% lethality within 15 min in unanaesthetized rats (n = 12). MB at 10 (n = 5) or 20 mg/kg (n = 5), administered 3 min into CN infusion, allowed all animals to survive with no sequelae. No apnea and gasping were observed at 20 mg/kg MB (P < 0.001). The onset of coma was also significantly delayed and recovery from coma was shortened in a dose-dependent manner (median of 359 and 737 seconds, respectively, at 20 and 10 mg/kg). At 4 mg/kg MB (n = 5), all animals presented faster onset of coma and apnea and a longer period of recovery than at the highest doses (median 1344 seconds, P < 0.001). MB reversed NaCN-induced resting membrane potential depolarization and action potential depression in primary cultures of human fetal neurons intoxicated with CN. MB restored calcium homeostasis in the CN-intoxicated human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line. We conclude that MB mitigates the neuronal toxicity of CN in a dose-dependent manner, preventing the lethal depression of respiratory medullary neurons and fatal outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Haouzi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Marissa McCann
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - JuFang Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xue-Qian Zhang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jianliang Song
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ilker Sariyer
- Department of Neurosciences, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Diane Langford
- Department of Neurosciences, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Maryline Santerre
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicole Tubbs
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Annick Haouzi-Judenherc
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph Y Cheung
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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12
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Genrikhs EE, Stelmashook EV, Voronkov DN, Novikova SV, Alexandrova OP, Fedorov AV, Isaev NK. The single intravenous administration of methylene blue after traumatic brain injury diminishes neurological deficit, blood-brain barrier disruption and decrease in the expression of S100 protein in rats. Brain Res 2020; 1740:146854. [PMID: 32339501 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The protective effect of methylene blue (MB) was investigated on the model of focal one-sided traumatic brain injury (TBI) of the sensorimotor cortex region from 1 to 7 days after the injury. TBI caused a reliable disruption of the functions of the limbs contralateral to injury focus, an increase in the expression of S100 protein and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability in the ipsilateral hemisphere. The single intravenous injection of MB (1 mg/kg body weight) 30 min after TBI significantly reduced the limb function impairment as well as a TBI-induced increase in the expression of inflammatory marker S100 protein, and BBB permeability. When modeling inflammation in vitro, MB was found to protect cultured neurons from the toxic effects of lipopolysaccharide. In conclusion, the preservation of blood-brain barrier and a decrease in the expression of S100 protein may be an important mechanism by means of which MB improves neurological outcome. Our data demonstrate that MB can be a very promising pharmacological compound with neuroprotective properties for TBI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena V Stelmashook
- Research Center of Neurology, Volokolamskoe Shosse 80, Moscow 125367, Russia
| | - Dmitriy N Voronkov
- Research Center of Neurology, Volokolamskoe Shosse 80, Moscow 125367, Russia
| | - Svetlana V Novikova
- Research Center of Neurology, Volokolamskoe Shosse 80, Moscow 125367, Russia
| | - Olga P Alexandrova
- Research Center of Neurology, Volokolamskoe Shosse 80, Moscow 125367, Russia
| | - Artem V Fedorov
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University Biological Faculty, Moscow 119234, Russia
| | - Nickolay K Isaev
- Research Center of Neurology, Volokolamskoe Shosse 80, Moscow 125367, Russia; M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University Biological Faculty, Moscow 119234, Russia.
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13
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Neuroprotective Effects of Methylene Blue In Vivo and In Vitro. Bull Exp Biol Med 2019; 167:455-459. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-019-04548-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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Sochr J, Nemčeková K, Černicová M, Campbell K, Milata V, Farkašová D, Labuda J. DNA Interaction with 17α‐Ethinylestradiol Studied Using Electrochemical Biosensors and Biosensing in Solution. ELECTROANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Sochr
- Slovak University of TechnologyFaculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Institute of Analytical Chemistry Radlinského 9 812 37 Bratislava Slovak Republic
| | - Katarína Nemčeková
- Slovak University of TechnologyFaculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Institute of Analytical Chemistry Radlinského 9 812 37 Bratislava Slovak Republic
| | - Monika Černicová
- Slovak University of TechnologyFaculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Institute of Analytical Chemistry Radlinského 9 812 37 Bratislava Slovak Republic
| | - Kirsty Campbell
- University of DundeeSchool of Life Science Dow St Dundee DD1 5EH United Kingdom
| | - Viktor Milata
- Slovak University of TechnologyFaculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Petrochemistry Radlinského 9 812 37 Bratislava Slovak Republic
| | - Dana Farkašová
- Slovak Medical University in Bratislava Limbová 12 833 03 Bratislava Slovak Republic
| | - Ján Labuda
- Slovak University of TechnologyFaculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Institute of Analytical Chemistry Radlinského 9 812 37 Bratislava Slovak Republic
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Haouzi P, Sonobe T, Judenherc-Haouzi A. Hydrogen sulfide intoxication induced brain injury and methylene blue. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 133:104474. [PMID: 31103557 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) remains a chemical hazard in the gas and farming industry. It is easy to manufacture from common chemicals and thus represents a potential threat for the civilian population. It is also employed as a method of suicide, for which incidence has recently increased in the US. H2S is a mitochondrial poison and exerts its toxicity through mechanisms that are thought to result from its high affinity to various metallo-proteins (such as - but not exclusively- the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase) and interactions with cysteine residues of proteins. Ion channels with critical implications for the cardiac and the brain functions appear to be affected very early during and following H2S exposure, an effect which is rapidly reversible during a light intoxication. However, during severe H2S intoxication, a coma, associated with a reduction in cardiac contractility, develops within minutes or even seconds leading to death by complete electro-mechanical dissociation of the heart. If the level of intoxication is milder, a rapid and spontaneous recovery of the coma occurs as soon as the exposure stops. The risk, although probably very small, of developing long-term debilitating motor or cognitive deficits is present. One of the major challenges impeding our effort to offer an effective treatment against H2S intoxication after exposure is that the pool of free/soluble H2S almost immediately disappears from the body preventing agents trapping free H2S (cobalt or ferric compounds) to play their protective role. This paper (1) presents and discusses the neurological symptoms and lesions observed in various animals models and in humans following an acute exposure to sub-lethal or lethal levels of H2S, (2) reviews the potential interest of methylene blue (MB), a potent cyclic redox dye - currently used for the treatment of methemoglobinemia - which has potential rescuing effects on the mitochondrial activity, as an antidote against sulfide intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Haouzi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
| | - Takashi Sonobe
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Annick Judenherc-Haouzi
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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16
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Haouzi P, Tubbs N, Cheung J, Judenherc-Haouzi A. Methylene Blue Administration During and After Life-Threatening Intoxication by Hydrogen Sulfide: Efficacy Studies in Adult Sheep and Mechanisms of Action. Toxicol Sci 2019; 168:443-459. [PMID: 30590764 PMCID: PMC6516679 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to toxic levels of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) produces an acute cardiac depression that can be rapidly fatal. We sought to characterize the time course of the cardiac effects produced by the toxicity of H2S in sheep, a human sized mammal, and to describe the in vivo and in vitro antidotal properties of methylene blue (MB), which has shown efficacy in sulfide intoxicated rats. Infusing NaHS (720 mg) in anesthetized adult sheep produced a rapid dilation of the left ventricular with a decrease in contractility, which was lethal within about 10 min by pulseless electrical activity. MB (7 mg/kg), administered during sulfide exposure, maintained cardiac contractility and allowed all of the treated animals to recover. At a dose of 350 mg NaHS, we were able to produce an intoxication, which led to a persistent decrease in ventricular function for at least 1 h in nontreated animals. Administration of MB, 3 or 30 min after the end of exposure, whereas all free H2S had already vanished, restored cardiac contractility and the pyruvate/lactate (P/L) ratio. We found that MB exerts its antidotal effects through at least 4 different mechanisms: (1) a direct oxidation of free sulfide; (2) an increase in the pool of "trapped" H2S in red cells; (3) a restoration of the mitochondrial substrate-level phosphorylation; and (4) a rescue of the mitochondrial electron chain. In conclusion, H2S intoxication produces acute and long persisting alteration in cardiac function in large mammals even after all free H2S has vanished. MB exerts its antidotal effects against life-threatening sulfide intoxication via multifarious properties, some of them unrelated to any direct interaction with free H2S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Haouzi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicole Tubbs
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph Cheung
- Center of Translational Medicine
- Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Annick Judenherc-Haouzi
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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17
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Lu G, Nagbanshi M, Goldau N, Mendes Jorge M, Meissner P, Jahn A, Mockenhaupt FP, Müller O. Efficacy and safety of methylene blue in the treatment of malaria: a systematic review. BMC Med 2018; 16:59. [PMID: 29690878 PMCID: PMC5979000 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-018-1045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylene blue (MB) was the first synthetic antimalarial to be discovered and was used during the late 19th and early 20th centuries against all types of malaria. MB has been shown to be effective in inhibiting Plasmodium falciparum in culture, in the mouse model and in rhesus monkeys. MB was also shown to have a potent ex vivo activity against drug-resistant isolates of P. falciparum and P. vivax. In preclinical studies, MB acted synergistically with artemisinin derivates and demonstrated a strong effect on gametocyte reduction in P. falciparum. MB has, thus, been considered a potentially useful partner drug for artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT), particularly when elimination is the final goal. The aim of this study was to review the scientific literature published until early 2017 to summarise existing knowledge on the efficacy and safety of MB in the treatment of malaria. METHODS This systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines. Studies reporting on the efficacy and safety of MB were systematically searched for in relevant electronic databases according to a pre-designed search strategy. The search (without language restrictions) was limited to studies of humans published until February 2017. RESULTS Out of 474 studies retrieved, a total of 22 articles reporting on 21 studies were eligible for analysis. The 21 included studies that reported data on 1504 malaria patients (2/3 were children). Older studies were case series and reports on MB monotherapy while recent studies were mainly controlled trials of combination regimens. MB was consistently shown to be highly effective in all endemic areas and demonstrated a strong effect on P. falciparum gametocyte reduction and synergy with ACT. MB treatment was associated with mild urogenital and gastrointestinal symptoms as well as blue coloration of urine. In G6PD-deficient African individuals, MB caused a slight but clinically non-significant haemoglobin reduction. CONCLUSIONS More studies are needed to define the effects of MB in P. falciparum malaria in areas outside Africa and against P. vivax malaria. Adding MB to ACT could be a valuable approach for the prevention of resistance development and for transmission reduction in control and elimination programs. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION This study is registered at PROSPERO (registration number CRD42017062349 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lu
- Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, China.,Institute of Public Health, Medical School, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Nagbanshi
- Institute of Public Health, Medical School, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - N Goldau
- Institute of Public Health, Medical School, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Mendes Jorge
- Institute of Public Health, Medical School, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - P Meissner
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - A Jahn
- Institute of Public Health, Medical School, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - F P Mockenhaupt
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - O Müller
- Institute of Public Health, Medical School, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Haq I, Raj A. Biodegradation of Azure-B dye by Serratia liquefaciens and its validation by phytotoxicity, genotoxicity and cytotoxicity studies. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 196:58-68. [PMID: 29291515 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The azo dyes in textile industry are a major source of environmental pollution and cause serious threat to aquatic flora and fauna. The present study aims to evaluate the potential of previously isolated lignin peroxidase (LiP) enzyme producing Serratia liquefaciens in degradation of Azure-B (AB) dye. S. liquefaciens showed rapid decolourisation of AB dye (100 mg L-1) in mineral salt medium (MSM) supplemented with 0.2% glucose and yeast extract, and more than 90% dye decolourisation was observed at 48 h when incubated at 30 °C. Decolourisation conditions were optimized by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) using Box-Behnken Designs (BBD). The dye degradation was further confirmed by ATR-FTIR and GC-MS analysis. Toxicological studies of untreated (UT) and bacterial treated (BT) AB dye solutions were studied by using phytotoxicity, genotoxicity and cytotoxicity endpoints. Phytotoxicity assay using Vigna radiata indicated that bacterial treatment led to detoxification of AB dye. Genotoxicity assay with Allium cepa showed that pure AB dye solutions significantly reduced mitotic index (MI) and induced various chromosomal abnormalities (CAs) like c-mitosis, stickiness, chromosome break, anaphase bridges, vagrant chromosomes and binucleated and micronucleated cell in the root tip cells, whereas, bacterial treated solutions induced relatively less genotoxicity in nature. Improved cell survivability (%) was also noted in kidney cell line (NRK-52E) after S. liquefaciens treated dye solutions than the pure dye solutions. The findings suggest that S. liquefaciens could be a potential bacterium for azo dye degradation, as it is effective in lowering of toxic effects of AB dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izharul Haq
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhay Raj
- Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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19
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Haouzi P, Gueguinou M, Sonobe T, Judenherc-Haouzi A, Tubbs N, Trebak M, Cheung J, Bouillaud F. Revisiting the physiological effects of methylene blue as a treatment of cyanide intoxication. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2018; 56:828-840. [PMID: 29451035 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2018.1429615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although methylene blue (MB) had long been proposed to counteract the effects of cyanide (CN) intoxication, research on its mechanisms of action and efficacy has been abandoned for decades. Recent studies on the benefits of MB in post-anoxic injuries have prompted us to reexamine the relevance of this historical observation. METHODS Our study was performed in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats and on HEK293T epithelial cells. First, the effects and toxicity of MB (0-80 mg/kg) on circulation and metabolism were established in four urethane-anesthetized rats. Then nine rats received a lethal infusion of a solution of KCN (0.75 mg/kg/min) and were treated by either saline or MB, at 20 mg/kg, a dose that we found to be innocuous in rat and to correspond to a dose of about 4 mg/kg in humans. MB was also administered 5 min after the end of a sub-lethal exposure to CN in a separate group of 10 rats. In addition, ATP/ADP ratio, ROS production, mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) and cellular O2 consumption rate (OCR) were determined in HEK293T cells exposed to toxic levels of CN (200 µM for 10 min) before and after applying a solution containing MB (1-100 µM for 10 min). RESULTS Methylene blue was found to be innocuous up to 50 mg/kg. KCN infusion (0.75 mg/kg/min) killed all animals within 7-8 min. MB (20 mg/kg) administered at the same time restored blood pressure, cardiac contractility and limited O2 deficit, allowing all the animals to survive, without any significant methemoglobinemia. When administered 5 min after a non-lethal CN intoxication, MB sped up the recovery of lactate and O2 deficit. Finally, MB was able to decrease the production of ROS and restore the ATP/ADP ratio, Δψm as well as OCR of epithelial cells intoxicated by CN. CONCLUSIONS The present observations should make us consider the potential interest of MB in the treatment of CN intoxication. The mechanisms of the antidotal properties of MB cannot be accounted for by the creation of a cyanomethemoglobinemia, rather its protective effects appears to be related to the unique properties of this redox dye, which, depending on the dose, could directly oppose some of the consequences of the metabolic depression produced by CN at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Haouzi
- a Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA
| | - Maxime Gueguinou
- b Department of Physiology , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA
| | - Takashi Sonobe
- a Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA
| | - Annick Judenherc-Haouzi
- d Heart and Vascular Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA
| | - Nicole Tubbs
- a Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA
| | - Mohamed Trebak
- b Department of Physiology , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA
| | - Joseph Cheung
- c Department of Medicine , Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University , Philadelphia , PA , USA.,e Center of Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Frederic Bouillaud
- f Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016-CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France
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Mukherjee M, Jana J, Chatterjee S. A Small Molecule Impedes Insulin Fibrillation: Another New Role of Phenothiazine Derivatives. ChemistryOpen 2018; 7:68-79. [PMID: 29318099 PMCID: PMC5754551 DOI: 10.1002/open.201700131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein misfolding is interrelated to several diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases and type II diabetes. Misfolded/unfolded proteins produce soluble oligomers that accumulate into "amyloid plaques". Inhibition of amyloid-plaque formation by those misfolded/unfolded proteins will lead to the invention of new therapeutic approaches for amyloid-related diseases. Herein, methylene blue (MB), a well-defined drug against multiple diseases and disorders, is used to impede insulin fibrillation. In this study, we perform an array of in vitro experiments to monitor the effects of MB on the fibrillation of bovine insulin. Our results confirm that MB distresses the kinetics of insulin fibrillation by interacting with insulin in its monomeric form. A thioflavin T assay indicates that insulin fibrillation is interrupted upon the addition of MB. The same results are confirmed by circular dichroism, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). According to the DLS data, the insulin fibrils are 800 nm in diameter, and the addition of MB reduces the size of the fibrils, which remain 23 nm in size, and this indicates that no fibrillation of insulin occurs in the presence of MB. This data is also supported by SEC. Saturation transfer difference NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate the interactions between insulin and MB at the atomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghomukta Mukherjee
- Department of BiophysicsBose Institute, P 1/12 CIT, Scheme VII MKankurgachiKolkata700054India
| | - Jagannath Jana
- Department of BiophysicsBose Institute, P 1/12 CIT, Scheme VII MKankurgachiKolkata700054India
| | - Subhrangsu Chatterjee
- Department of BiophysicsBose Institute, P 1/12 CIT, Scheme VII MKankurgachiKolkata700054India
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Vasko P, Hurmalainen J, Mansikkamäki A, Peuronen A, Mailman A, Tuononen HM. Synthesis of new hybrid 1,4-thiazinyl-1,2,3-dithiazolyl radicals via Smiles rearrangement. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:16004-16008. [PMID: 29116268 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt03243a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The condensation reaction of 2-aminobenzenethiols and 3-aminopyrazinethiols with 2-amino-6-fluoro-N-methylpyridinium triflate afforded thioether derivatives that were found to undergo Smiles rearrangement and cyclocondensation with sulphur monochloride to yield new hybrid 1,4-thiazine-1,2,3-dithiazolylium cations. The synthesized cations were readily reduced to the corresponding stable neutral radicals with spin densities delocalized over both 1,4-thiazinyl and 1,2,3-dithiazolyl moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Vasko
- Department of Chemistry, NanoScience Centre, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
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22
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H2O2 dynamics in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174837. [PMID: 28369083 PMCID: PMC5378400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide is an important antimicrobial agent but is also crucially involved in redox signaling and pathogen-host cell interactions. As a basis for systematically investigating intracellular H2O2 dynamics and regulation in living malaria parasites, we established the genetically encoded fluorescent H2O2 sensors roGFP2-Orp1 and HyPer-3 in Plasmodium falciparum. Both ratiometric redox probes as well as the pH control SypHer were expressed in the cytosol of blood-stage parasites. Both redox sensors showed reproducible sensitivity towards H2O2 in the lower micromolar range in vitro and in the parasites. Due to the pH sensitivity of HyPer-3, we used parasites expressing roGFP2-Orp1 for evaluation of short-, medium-, and long-term effects of antimalarial drugs on H2O2 levels and detoxification in Plasmodium. None of the quinolines or artemisinins tested had detectable direct effects on the H2O2 homeostasis at pharmacologically relevant concentrations. However, pre-treatment of the cells with antimalarial drugs or heat shock led to a higher tolerance towards exogenous H2O2. The systematic evaluation and comparison of the two genetically encoded cytosolic H2O2 probes in malaria parasites provides a basis for studying parasite-host cell interactions or drug effects with spatio-temporal resolution while preserving cell integrity.
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Seripa D, Solfrizzi V, Imbimbo BP, Daniele A, Santamato A, Lozupone M, Zuliani G, Greco A, Logroscino G, Panza F. Tau-directed approaches for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: focus on leuco-methylthioninium. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 16:259-77. [PMID: 26822031 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2016.1140039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Small molecular weight compounds able to inhibit formation of tau oligomers and fibrils have already been tested for Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment. The most advanced tau aggregation inhibitor (TAI) is methylthioninium (MT), a drug existing in equilibrium between a reduced (leuco-methylthioninium) and oxidized form (MT(+)). MT chloride (also known as methylene blue) was investigated in a 24-week Phase II study in 321 mild-to-moderate AD patients at the doses of 69, 138, and 228 mg/day. This trial failed to show significant positive effects of MT in the overall patient population. The dose of 138 mg/day showed potential benefits on cognitive performance of moderately affected patients and cerebral blood flow in mildly affected patients. A follow-up compound (TRx0237) claimed to be more bioavailable and less toxic than MT, is now being developed. Phase III clinical trials on this novel TAI in AD and in the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia are underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Seripa
- a Geriatric Unit & Laboratory of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences , IRCCS 'Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza' , San Giovanni Rotondo , Foggia , Italy
| | - Vincenzo Solfrizzi
- b Geriatric Medicine-Memory Unit and Rare Disease Centre , University of Bari Aldo Moro , Bari , Italy
| | - Bruno P Imbimbo
- c Research & Development Department , Chiesi Farmaceutici , Parma , Italy
| | - Antonio Daniele
- d Institute of Neurology , Catholic University of Sacred Heart , Rome , Italy
| | - Andrea Santamato
- e Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Section, 'OORR' Hospital , University of Foggia , Foggia , Italy
| | - Madia Lozupone
- f Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medicine, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs , University of Bari Aldo Moro , Bari , Italy
| | - Giovanni Zuliani
- g Department of Medical Science, Section of Internal and Cardiopulmonary Medicine , University of Ferrara
| | - Antonio Greco
- a Geriatric Unit & Laboratory of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences , IRCCS 'Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza' , San Giovanni Rotondo , Foggia , Italy
| | - Giancarlo Logroscino
- f Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medicine, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs , University of Bari Aldo Moro , Bari , Italy.,h Department of Clinical Research in Neurology , University of Bari Aldo Moro, 'Pia Fondazione Cardinale G. Panico' , Tricase , Lecce , Italy
| | - Francesco Panza
- a Geriatric Unit & Laboratory of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences , IRCCS 'Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza' , San Giovanni Rotondo , Foggia , Italy.,f Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medicine, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs , University of Bari Aldo Moro , Bari , Italy.,h Department of Clinical Research in Neurology , University of Bari Aldo Moro, 'Pia Fondazione Cardinale G. Panico' , Tricase , Lecce , Italy
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Tau-Centric Targets and Drugs in Clinical Development for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:3245935. [PMID: 27429978 PMCID: PMC4939203 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3245935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The failure of several Phase II/III clinical trials in Alzheimer's disease (AD) with drugs targeting β-amyloid accumulation in the brain fuelled an increasing interest in alternative treatments against tau pathology, including approaches targeting tau phosphatases/kinases, active and passive immunization, and anti-tau aggregation. The most advanced tau aggregation inhibitor (TAI) is methylthioninium (MT), a drug existing in equilibrium between a reduced (leuco-methylthioninium) and oxidized form (MT+). MT chloride (methylene blue) was investigated in a 24-week Phase II clinical trial in 321 patients with mild to moderate AD that failed to show significant positive effects in mild AD patients, although long-term observations (50 weeks) and biomarker studies suggested possible benefit. The dose of 138 mg/day showed potential benefits on cognitive performance of moderately affected AD patients and cerebral blood flow in mildly affected patients. Further clinical evidence will come from the large ongoing Phase III trials for the treatment of AD and the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia on a new form of this TAI, more bioavailable and less toxic at higher doses, called TRx0237. More recently, inhibitors of tau acetylation are being actively pursued based on impressive results in animal studies obtained by salsalate, a clinically used derivative of salicylic acid.
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In vitro photoinactivation of bovine mastitis related pathogens. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2016; 13:276-281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Sonobe T, Chenuel B, Cooper TK, Haouzi P. Immediate and Long-Term Outcome of Acute H2S Intoxication Induced Coma in Unanesthetized Rats: Effects of Methylene Blue. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131340. [PMID: 26115032 PMCID: PMC4482667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute hydrogen sulfide (H2S) poisoning produces a coma, the outcome of which ranges from full recovery to severe neurological deficits. The aim of our study was to 1--describe the immediate and long-term neurological effects following H2S-induced coma in un-anesthetized rats, and 2--determine the potential benefit of methylene blue (MB), a compound we previously found to counteract acute sulfide cardiac toxicity. METHODS NaHS was administered IP in un-sedated rats to produce a coma (n = 34). One minute into coma, the rats received MB (4 mg/kg i.v.) or saline. The surviving rats were followed clinically and assigned to Morris water maze (MWM) and open field testing then sacrificed at day 7. RESULTS Sixty percent of the non-treated comatose rats died by pulseless electrical activity. Nine percent recovered with neurological deficits requiring euthanasia, their brain examination revealed major neuronal necrosis of the superficial and middle layers of the cerebral cortex and the posterior thalamus, with variable necrosis of the caudate putamen, but no lesions of the hippocampus or the cerebellum, in contrast to the typical distribution of post-ischemic lesions. The remaining animals displayed, on average, a significantly less effective search strategy than the control rats (n = 21) during MWM testing. Meanwhile, 75% of rats that received MB survived and could perform the MWM test (P<0.05 vs non-treated animals). The treated animals displayed a significantly higher occurrence of spatial search than the non-treated animals. However, a similar proportion of cortical necrosis was observed in both groups, with a milder clinical presentation following MB. CONCLUSION In conclusion, in rats surviving H2S induced coma, spatial search patterns were used less frequently than in control animals. A small percentage of rats presented necrotic neuronal lesions, which distribution differed from post-ischemic lesions. MB dramatically improved the immediate survival and spatial search strategy in the surviving rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sonobe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Bruno Chenuel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Timothy K. Cooper
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America
| | - Philippe Haouzi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kasimova KR, Sadasivam M, Landi G, Sarna T, Hamblin MR. Potentiation of photoinactivation of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria mediated by six phenothiazinium dyes by addition of azide ion. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 13:1541-8. [PMID: 25177833 DOI: 10.1039/c4pp00021h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (APDI) using phenothiazinium dyes is mediated by reactive oxygen species consisting of a combination of singlet oxygen (quenched by azide), hydroxyl radicals and other reactive oxygen species. We recently showed that addition of sodium azide paradoxically potentiated APDI of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria using methylene blue as the photosensitizer, and this was due to electron transfer to the dye triplet state from azide anion, producing azidyl radical. Here we compare this effect using six different homologous phenothiazinium dyes: methylene blue, toluidine blue O, new methylene blue, dimethylmethylene blue, azure A, and azure B. We found both significant potentiation (up to 2 logs) and also significant inhibition (>3 logs) of killing by adding 10 mM azide depending on Gram classification, washing the dye from the cells, and dye structure. Killing of E. coli was potentiated with all 6 dyes after a wash, while S. aureus killing was only potentiated by MB and TBO with a wash and DMMB with no wash. More lipophilic dyes (higher log P value, such as DMMB) were more likely to show potentiation. We conclude that the Type I photochemical mechanism (potentiation with azide) likely depends on the microenvironment, i.e. higher binding of dye to bacteria. Bacterial dye-binding is thought to be higher with Gram-negative compared to Gram-positive bacteria, when unbound dye has been washed away, and with more lipophilic dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamola R Kasimova
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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Sonobe T, Haouzi P. H2S induced coma and cardiogenic shock in the rat: Effects of phenothiazinium chromophores. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2015; 53:525-39. [PMID: 25965774 DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2015.1043440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) intoxication produces an acute depression in cardiac contractility-induced circulatory failure, which has been shown to be one of the major contributors to the lethality of H2S intoxication or to the neurological sequelae in surviving animals. Methylene blue (MB), a phenothiazinium dye, can antagonize the effects of the inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport chain, a major effect of H2S toxicity. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether MB could affect the immediate outcome of H2S-induced coma in un-anesthetized animals. Second, we sought to characterize the acute cardiovascular effects of MB and two of its demethylated metabolites-azure B and thionine-in anesthetized rats during lethal infusion of H2S. MATERIALS AND METHODS First, MB (4 mg/kg, intravenous [IV]) was administered in non-sedated rats during the phase of agonal breathing, following NaHS (20 mg/kg, IP)-induced coma. Second, in 4 groups of urethane-anesthetized rats, NaHS was infused at a rate lethal within 10 min (0.8 mg/min, IV). Whenever cardiac output (CO) reached 40% of its baseline volume, MB, azure B, thionine, or saline were injected, while sulfide infusion was maintained until cardiac arrest occurred. RESULTS Seventy-five percent of the comatose rats that received saline (n = 8) died within 7 min, while all the 7 rats that were given MB survived (p = 0.007). In the anesthetized rats, arterial, left ventricular pressures and CO decreased during NaHS infusion, leading to a pulseless electrical activity within 530 s. MB produced a significant increase in CO and dP/dtmax for about 2 min. A similar effect was produced when MB was also injected in the pre-mortem phase of sulfide exposure, significantly increasing survival time. Azure B produced an even larger increase in blood pressure than MB, while thionine had no effect. CONCLUSION MB can counteract NaHS-induced acute cardiogenic shock; this effect is also produced by azure B, but not by thionine, suggesting that the presence of methyl groups is a prerequisite for producing this protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sonobe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine , Hershey, PA , USA
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Das RS, Singh B, Mandal A, Banerjee R, Mukhopadhyay S. Kinetics of palladium nano-particles catalyzed reduction of Methylene Green by hydrazine: Role of induction period in determining mechanistic pathway. Inorganica Chim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Smith CJ, Wang D, Sgambelluri A, Kramer RS, Gagnon DJ. Serotonin syndrome following methylene blue administration during cardiothoracic surgery. J Pharm Pract 2015; 28:207-11. [PMID: 25613051 DOI: 10.1177/0897190014568389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite its favorable safety profile, there have been reports of methylene blue-induced encephalopathy and serotonin syndrome in patients undergoing parathyroidectomy. We report a case of serotonin syndrome following methylene blue administration in a cardiothoracic surgery patient. CASE REPORT A 59-year-old woman taking preoperative venlafaxine and trazodone was given a single dose of 2 mg/kg methylene blue (167 mg) during a planned coronary artery bypass and mitral valve repair. Postoperatively, she was febrile to 38.7°C and developed full-body tremors, rhythmic twitching of the perioral muscles, slow conjugate roving eye movements, and spontaneous movements of the upper extremities. Electroencephalography revealed generalized diffuse slowing consistent with toxic encephalopathy, and a computed tomography scan showed no acute process. The patient's symptoms were most consistent with a methylene blue-induced serotonin syndrome. Her motor symptoms resolved within 48 hours and she was eventually discharged home. DISCUSSION Only 2 cases of methylene blue-induced serotonin syndrome during cardiothoracic surgery have been described in the literature, with this report representing the third case. Methylene blue and its metabolite, azure B, are potent, reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase A which is responsible for serotonin metabolism. Concomitant administration of methylene blue with serotonin-modulating agents may precipitate serotonin syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dorothy Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME, USA
| | | | - Robert S Kramer
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME, USA
| | - David J Gagnon
- Department of Pharmacy, Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME, USA
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Craig RA, McCoy CP, Gorman SP, Jones DS. Photosensitisers - the progression from photodynamic therapy to anti-infective surfaces. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 12:85-101. [PMID: 25247277 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2015.962512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The application of light as a stimulus in pharmaceutical systems and the associated ability to provide precise spatiotemporal control over location, wavelength and intensity, allowing ease of external control independent of environmental conditionals, has led to its increased use. Of particular note is the use of light with photosensitisers. AREAS COVERED Photosensitisers are widely used in photodynamic therapy to cause a cidal effect towards cells on irradiation due to the generation of reactive oxygen species. These cidal effects have also been used to treat infectious diseases. The effects and benefits of photosensitisers in the treatment of such conditions are still being developed and further realised, with the design of novel delivery strategies. This review provides an overview of the realisation of the pharmaceutically relevant uses of photosensitisers, both in the context of current research and in terms of current clinical application, and looks to the future direction of research. EXPERT OPINION Substantial advances have been and are being made in the use of photosensitisers. Of particular note are their antimicrobial applications, due to absence of resistance that is so frequently associated with conventional treatments. Their potency of action and the ability to immobilise to polymeric supports is opening a wide range of possibilities with great potential for use in healthcare infection prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Craig
- Queen's University Belfast, School of Pharmacy , 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL , UK
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Sakai H, Li B, Lim WL, Iga Y. Red blood cells donate electrons to methylene blue mediated chemical reduction of methemoglobin compartmentalized in liposomes in blood. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:1301-10. [PMID: 24877769 DOI: 10.1021/bc500153x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Electron-energy-rich coenzymes in cells, NADH and NADPH, are re-energized repeatedly through the Embden-Meyerhof and pentose-phosphate glycolytic pathways, respectively. This study demonstrates extraction of their electron energies in red blood cells (RBCs) for in vivo extracellular chemical reactions using an electron mediator shuttling across the biomembrane. Hemoglobin-vesicles (HbVs) are an artificial oxygen carrier encapsulating purified and concentrated Hb solution in liposomes. Because of the absence of a metHb-reducing enzymatic system in HbV, HbO2 gradually autoxidizes to form metHb. Wistar rats received HbV suspension (10 mL/kg body weight) intravenously. At the metHb level of around 50%, methylene blue [MB(+); 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazinium chloride] was injected. The level of metHb quickly decreased to around 16% in 40 min, remaining for more than 5 h. In vitro mixing of HbV/MB(+) with RBCs recreated the in vivo metHb reduction, but not with plasma. NAD(P)H levels in RBCs decreased after metHb reduction. The addition of glucose facilitated metHb reduction. Liposome-encapsulated NAD(P)H, a model of RBC, reduced metHb in HbV in the presence of MB(+). These results indicate that (i) NAD(P)H in RBCs reacts with MB(+) to convert it to leukomethylene blue (MBH); (ii) MB(+) and MBH shuttle freely between RBC and HbV across the hydrophobic lipid membranes; and (iii) MBH is transferred into HbV and reduces metHb in HbV. Four other electron mediators with appropriate redox potentials appeared to be as effective as MB(+) was, indicating the possibility for further optimization of electron mediators. We established an indirect enzymatic metHb reducing system for HbV using unlimited endogenous electrons created in RBCs in combination with an effective electron mediator that prolongs the functional lifespan of HbV in blood circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Sakai
- Department of Chemistry, Nara Medical University , 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan
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Li H, Zhang R, Tang L, Zhang J, Mao Z. Evaluation of Bacillus sp. MZS10 for decolorizing Azure B dye and its decolorization mechanism. J Environ Sci (China) 2014; 26:1125-1134. [PMID: 25079643 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(13)60540-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate decolorization and detoxification of Azure B dye by a newly isolated Bacillus sp. MZS10 strain, the cultivation medium and decolorization mechanism of the isolate were investigated. The decolorization was discovered to be dependent on cell density of the isolate and reached 93.55% (0.04 g/L) after 14 hr of cultivation in a 5 L stirred-tank fermenter at 2.0 g/L yeast extract and 6.0 g/L soluble starch and a small amount of mineral salts. The decolorization metabolites were identified with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (UPLC-MS). A mechanism for decolorization of Azure B was proposed as follows: the C=N in Azure B was initially reduced to -NH by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-dependent quinone dehydrogenase, and then the -NH further combined with -OH derived from glucose to form a stable and colorless compound through a dehydration reaction. The phytotoxicity was evaluated for both Azure B and its related derivatives produced by Bacillus sp. MZS10 decolorization, indicating that the decolorization metabolites were less toxic than original dye. The decolorization efficiency and mechanism shown by Bacillus sp. MZS10 provided insight on its potential application for the bioremediation of the dye Azure B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixing Li
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang 473004, China
| | - Ruijing Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Lei Tang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhonggui Mao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Yaneva Z, Georgieva N. Study on the Physical Chemistry, Equilibrium, and Kinetic Mechanism of Azure A Biosorption byZea MaysBiomass. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2013.780242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Shelkovsky VS, Kosevich MV, Boryak OA, Chagovets VV, Shmigol IV, Pokrovskiy VA. Monomer/dimer dependent modulation of reduction of the cationic dye methylene blue in negatively charged nanolayers as revealed by mass spectrometry. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09592h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometric approach to differentiation of monomer or dimer form of cationic dye methylene blue adsorption at negatively charged nanolayers is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim S. Shelkovsky
- B.Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
- Kharkov, Ukraine
| | - Marina V. Kosevich
- B.Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
- Kharkov, Ukraine
| | - Oleg A. Boryak
- B.Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
- Kharkov, Ukraine
| | - Vitaliy V. Chagovets
- B.Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
- Kharkov, Ukraine
| | - Irina V. Shmigol
- Chuiko Institute of Surface Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
- Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Valerij A. Pokrovskiy
- Chuiko Institute of Surface Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
- Kyiv, Ukraine
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Belorgey D, Lanfranchi DA, Davioud-Charvet E. 1,4-naphthoquinones and other NADPH-dependent glutathione reductase-catalyzed redox cyclers as antimalarial agents. Curr Pharm Des 2013; 19:2512-28. [PMID: 23116403 DOI: 10.2174/1381612811319140003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The homodimeric flavoenzyme glutathione reductase catalyzes NADPH-dependent glutathione disulfide reduction. This reaction is important for keeping the redox homeostasis in human cells and in the human pathogen Plasmodium falciparum. Different types of NADPH-dependent disulfide reductase inhibitors were designed in various chemical series to evaluate the impact of each inhibition mode on the propagation of the parasites. Against malaria parasites in cultures the most potent and specific effects were observed for redox-active agents acting as subversive substrates for both glutathione reductases of the Plasmodium-infected red blood cells. In their oxidized form, these redox-active compounds are reduced by NADPH-dependent flavoenzyme-catalyzed reactions in the cytosol of infected erythrocytes. In their reduced forms, these compounds can reduce molecular oxygen to reactive oxygen species, or reduce oxidants like methemoglobin, the major nutrient of the parasite, to indigestible hemoglobin. Furthermore, studies on a fluorinated suicide-substrate of the human glutathione reductase indicate that the glutathione reductase-catalyzed bioactivation of 3-benzylnaphthoquinones to the corresponding reduced 3-benzoyl metabolites is essential for the observed antimalarial activity. In conclusion, the antimalarial lead naphthoquinones are suggested to perturb the major redox equilibria of the targeted cells. These effects result in developmental arrest of the parasite and contribute to the removal of the parasitized erythrocytes by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Belorgey
- European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), UMR7509 CNRS - Universite de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France.
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Abstract
Drugs that kill or inhibit the sexual stages of Plasmodium in order to prevent transmission are important components of malaria control programmes. Reducing gametocyte carriage is central to the control of Plasmodium falciparum transmission as infection can result in extended periods of gametocytaemia. Unfortunately the number of drugs with activity against gametocytes is limited. Primaquine is currently the only licensed drug with activity against the sexual stages of malaria parasites and its use is hampered by safety concerns. This shortcoming is likely the result of the technical challenges associated with gametocyte studies together with the focus of previous drug discovery campaigns on asexual parasite stages. However recent emphasis on malaria eradication has resulted in an upsurge of interest in identifying compounds with activity against gametocytes. This review examines the gametocytocidal properties of currently available drugs as well as those in the development pipeline and examines the prospects for discovery of new anti-gametocyte compounds.
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Bulic B, Pickhardt M, Mandelkow E. Progress and developments in tau aggregation inhibitors for Alzheimer disease. J Med Chem 2013; 56:4135-55. [PMID: 23484434 DOI: 10.1021/jm3017317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological approaches directed toward Alzheimer disease are diversifying in parallel with a growing number of promising targets. Investigations on the microtubule-associated protein tau yielded innovative targets backed by recent findings about the central role of tau in numerous neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we summarize the recent evolution in the development of nonpeptidic small molecules tau aggregation inhibitors (TAGIs) and their advancement toward clinical trials. The compounds are classified according to their chemical structures, providing correlative insights into their pharmacology. Overall, shared structure-activity traits are emerging, as well as specific binding modes related to their ability to engage in hydrogen bonding. Medicinal chemistry efforts on TAGIs together with encouraging in vivo data argue for successful translation to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bulic
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Functional Systems, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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Akoury E, Pickhardt M, Gajda M, Biernat J, Mandelkow E, Zweckstetter M. Mechanistic basis of phenothiazine-driven inhibition of Tau aggregation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:3511-5. [PMID: 23401175 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201208290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elias Akoury
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Akoury E, Pickhardt M, Gajda M, Biernat J, Mandelkow E, Zweckstetter M. Mechanismus der Phenothiazin-induzierten Hemmung der Tau-Aggregation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201208290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Bandounas L, Pinkse M, de Winde JH, Ruijssenaars HJ. Identification of a quinone dehydrogenase from a Bacillus sp. involved in the decolourization of the lignin-model dye, Azure B. N Biotechnol 2013; 30:196-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Brocklesby KL, Johns SC, Jones AE, Sharp D, Smith RB. Smart bandages--a colourful approach to early stage infection detection & control in wound care. Med Hypotheses 2012; 80:237-40. [PMID: 23245203 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
With the recent increase in bacterial resistance to conventional antibiotics, the early-stage detection and control of infection has become imperative in the fight against opportunistic pathogens in healthcare. The traditional β-lactam wonder-drugs (e.g. penicillin and cephalosporins), are rendered inactive due to enzymatic hydrolysis by bacterial β-lactamase enzymes as a bacterial defence mechanism. However, this deactivation mechanism produces different responses in the two aforementioned drugs - with the cephalosporins showing a molecular rearrangement mechanism which could be utilised for prodrug delivery. This unique mechanism could mean that inactive forms of cephalosporin antibiotics, once used as chemotherapeutics in oncology, could once again be used in the fight against disease as sensors to detect and treat bacterial colonisation. Therefore, we hypothesize that cephalosporin-dye bandages might provide an effective method to visually detect, and subsequently control, the early stages of an infection using photoantimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT).
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Why and How the Old Neuroleptic Thioridazine Cures the XDR-TB Patient. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2012; 5:1021-31. [PMID: 24280703 PMCID: PMC3816647 DOI: 10.3390/ph5091021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This mini-review provides the entire experimental history of the development of the old neuroleptic thioridazine (TZ) for therapy of antibiotic resistant pulmonary tuberculosis infections. TZ is effective when used in combination with antibiotics to which the initial Mycobacterium tuberculosis was resistant. Under proper cardiac evaluation procedures, the use of TZ is safe and does not produce known cardiopathy such as prolongation of QT interval. Because TZ is cheap, it should be considered for therapy of XDR and TDR-Mtb patients in economically disadvantaged countries.
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Lenglet S, Mach F, Montecucco F. Methylene blue: potential use of an antique molecule in vasoplegic syndrome during cardiac surgery. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2012; 9:1519-25. [PMID: 22103871 DOI: 10.1586/erc.11.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Vasoplegic syndrome is a common complication of cardiopulmonary bypass, appearing with an incidence ranging between 5 and 25%. It is characterized by significant hypotension, high or normal cardiac output and low systemic vascular resistance. This syndrome is hypothesized to be caused by the inflammation-mediated dysregulation of endothelial homeostasis and subsequent endothelial dysfunction. In vasoplegic syndrome, the inhibition of the nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway with concomitant administration with traditional ionotropes may represent a promising therapeutic option. Methylene blue, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase and guanylate cyclase, may contribute to the improvement of refractory hypotension associated with endothelial dysfunction in vasoplegia. In this article, we will update evidence on the potential therapeutic use of methylene blue in vasoplegic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Lenglet
- Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Foundation for Medical Research, Geneva University Hospitals, Avenue de la Roseraie 64, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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White gels: An easy way to preserve methylene blue stained gels. Anal Biochem 2012; 421:345-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Chan DSH, Yang H, Kwan MHT, Cheng Z, Lee P, Bai LP, Jiang ZH, Wong CY, Fong WF, Leung CH, Ma DL. Structure-based optimization of FDA-approved drug methylene blue as a c-myc G-quadruplex DNA stabilizer. Biochimie 2011; 93:1055-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Schirmer RH, Adler H, Pickhardt M, Mandelkow E. "Lest we forget you--methylene blue...". Neurobiol Aging 2011; 32:2325.e7-16. [PMID: 21316815 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Methylene blue (MB), the first synthetic drug, has a 120-year-long history of diverse applications, both in medical treatments and as a staining reagent. In recent years there was a surge of interest in MB as an antimalarial agent and as a potential treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), possibly through its inhibition of the aggregation of tau protein. Here we review the history and medical applications of MB, with emphasis on recent developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Heiner Schirmer
- Center of Biochemistry (BZH), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Baptista MS, Wainwright M. Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) for the treatment of malaria, leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis. Braz J Med Biol Res 2010; 44:1-10. [PMID: 21152709 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2010007500141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A photodynamic effect occurs when photosensitiser molecules absorb light and dissipate the absorbed energy by transferring it to biological acceptors (usually oxygen), generating an excess of reactive species that are able to force cells into death pathways. Several tropical diseases present physiopathological aspects that are accessible to the application of a photosensitiser and local illumination. In addition, disease may be transmitted through infected blood donations, and many of the aetiological agents associated with tropical diseases have been shown to be susceptible to the photodynamic approach. However, there has been no systematic investigation of the application of photoantimicrobial agents in the various presentations, whether to human disease or to the disinfection of blood products or even as photo-insecticides. We aim in this review to report the advances in the photoantimicrobial approach that are beneficial to the field of anti-parasite therapy and also have the potential to facilitate the development of low-cost/high-efficiency protocols for underserved populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Baptista
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
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Jonnalagadda SB, Pare BK. Oxidation of toluidine blue by chlorite in acid and mechanisms of the uncatalyzed and Ru(III)-catalyzed reactions: a kinetic approach. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:12162-7. [PMID: 21043529 DOI: 10.1021/jp1062644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The complex mechanism of the uncatalyzed and Ru(III)-catalyzed oxidation of toluidine blue [(7-amino-8-methylphenothiazin-3-ylidene)dimethyl ammonium chloride, TB(+)Cl(-)] (λ(max) = 626 nm) by acidic chlorite is elucidated by a kinetic approach. Both the uncatalyzed and catalyzed reactions had a first-order dependence on the initial ClO(2)(-) and H(+) concentrations ([ClO(2)(-)](0) and [H(+)](0), respectively). The catalyzed reaction had a first-order dependence on the initial Ru(III) concentration ([Ru(III)](0)). The overall reaction of toluidine blue and chlorite ion was as follows: TB(+) + 5ClO(2)(-) + H(+) = P + 2ClO(2) + 2HCOOH + 3Cl(-) + H(2)O, where P is (7-amino-8-methyl-5-sulfoxophenothiazin-3-ylidene)amine. Consistent with the experimental results, the pertinent reaction mechanisms are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreekanth B Jonnalagadda
- School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Chiltern Hills, P Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa.
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