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Widorn L, Zabolotski Y, Mueller RS. A prospective study evaluating the correlation between local weather conditions, pollen counts and pruritus of dogs with atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2024. [PMID: 38887962 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine atopic dermatitis (cAD) is a hereditary, generally pruritic and predominantly T-cell-driven inflammatory skin disease, involving an interplay between skin barrier abnormalities, allergen sensitisation and microbial dysbiosis. The individual immunological response is predominantly against environmental allergens, including mite antigens; mould spores; and pollen from grasses, trees and weeds. Airborne pollens show fluctuating patterns during the year. OBJECTIVE The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the influence of local pollen concentrations and weather conditions on the clinical signs of atopic dogs, and to investigate any possible correlations with the results of intradermal testing (IDT). MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-seven privately owned atopic dogs in Bavaria were surveyed from 1 April to 30 November 2021. Owners were asked to record pruritus using a validated Visual Analog Scale (PVAS) score and the weekly medication of their dog. Furthermore, weather data, including pollen count, rainfall, relative humidity, hours of sunshine and temperature from the dog's location were collected daily. RESULTS Of the evaluated parameters, only humidity and medication scores correlated positively with the PVAS scores of the atopic dogs. There was no correlation between specific pollen counts and PVAS scores of dogs with positive IDT reactions to that pollen. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The outcome of this study highlights the importance of a careful interpretation of positive IDT results in dogs with cAD and questions the validity of airborne pollen trap methodology in representing pollen exposure for dogs at ground level.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Widorn
- Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Y Zabolotski
- Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ralf S Mueller
- Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Hörner-Schmid L, Palić J, Mueller RS, Schulz B. Serum Allergen-Specific Immunoglobulin E in Cats with Inflammatory Bronchial Disease. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3226. [PMID: 37893950 PMCID: PMC10603667 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of feline inflammatory bronchial disease is poorly understood. This study compares the degree of allergen-specific serum IgE responses between cats with feline asthma, chronic bronchitis, mixed inflammation, and clinically healthy cats (HCs). The retrospective case-control study used serum from eighteen cats with eosinophilic inflammation (EI), ten with neutrophilic inflammation (NI), six with mixed inflammation (MI), and fourteen HCs. Affected cats were categorized into groups based on bronchoalveolar lavage cytology. The measurement of IgE for 34 different allergens including fungal organisms, weeds, grasses, trees, mites, and insects was performed using an indirect ELISA. Positive reactions to allergens were detected in the serum of 17/18 cats with EI, 8/10 with NI, 6/6 with MI, and 11/14 HCs (p = 0.364). When overall positive reactions were compared between groups, cats with MI (p = <0.01) had significantly more positive reactions against mite allergens than HCs. Blood eosinophils inversely correlated with the absolute amount of allergen-specific serum IgE expressed in ELISA absorbance units (EAs) (p = 0.014). Sensitization against dust mites seems to be more prevalent in cats with MI. However, positive IgE reactions can be observed in healthy and diseased cats, and, therefore, need to be interpreted in the light of clinical findings and environmental conditions of individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jelena Palić
- Vet Med Labor GmbH Division of IDEXX Laboratories, 70806 Kornwestheim, Germany
| | - Ralf S. Mueller
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, University of Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Bianka Schulz
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, University of Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
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Weitzer T, Mueller R. The safety of rush immunotherapy in the management of canine atopic dermatitis-230 cases. Vet Dermatol 2023; 34:385-392. [PMID: 37157908 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The duration of the induction phase of allergen-specific immunotherapy conventionally is a period of several weeks, during which the volume of an allergen solution, administered by injection, is gradually increased until the maintenance dose is reached. In rush immunotherapy (RIT), the induction period is abbreviated to achieve a faster improvement in clinical signs of atopic dermatitis (AD) compared to conventional immunotherapy. OBJECTIVE The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the safety of RIT in 230 dogs with AD and report any adverse effects (AE). ANIMALS Two hundred thirty client-owned dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Medical records of dogs receiving RIT between 2012 and 2021 were analysed and observed AE were investigated. All dogs underwent RIT following a protocol of subcutaneous allergen extract injections, given hourly with an incrementally increasing volume from 0.1 to 1.0 mL. RESULTS Adverse effects were documented in 6 of 230 (2.6%) dogs. Five of these dogs (2.2%) showed mild gastrointestinal signs (1 of 5 vomiting, 4 of 5 diarrhoea) and one patient an increase in body temperature by 1.5°C. These occurred at different stages of the RIT protocol. All AE were graded as mild and self-limiting. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Based on these data, supervised RIT in dogs appears to be a safe procedure to achieve the maintenance dose of allergen immunotherapy earlier with infrequent and mild AE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Weitzer
- Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ralf Mueller
- Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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van Amersfort K, Vernooij JCM, van der Lee A. Efficacy of short-term combination of intralymphatic allergen immunotherapy and lokivetmab treatment in canine atopic dermatitis: A double-blinded, controlled, randomised study. Vet Dermatol 2023; 34:373-384. [PMID: 37186491 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) is an effective therapy for canine atopic dermatitis (cAD). Intralymphatic immunotherapy (ILIT) is potentially beneficial in decreasing time to clinical effectiveness. OBJECTIVE To compare clinical efficacy of six monthly ILIT injections combined with three monthly injections of lokivetmab (LVM) with monthly LVM monotherapy at Day (D)168. To monitor dogs treated with ILIT for an additional six months of subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT). ANIMALS Thirty-six client-owned dogs with cAD. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this double-blinded, randomised study, dogs received either six monthly injections of ILIT combined with three monthly LVM injections (ILIT group) or six monthly LVM injections (LVM group). Monthly evaluations with pruritus Visual Analogue Scale (pVAS), Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index, 4th iteration (CADESI-04) and medication scores (MS) were undertaken. Owners completed a Quality of Life (QoL) questionnaire. Treatment success was predefined as ≥50% reduction in pVAS and CADESI-04 score ≤ 10. After D168, the ILIT group continued with SCIT until subjective assessment at 12 months. RESULTS The treatment benchmark at D168 was achieved by 11.1% of the ILIT group and 11.8% of LVM group. A significant decrease in mean pVAS and CADESI scores was observed in both groups (p < 0.001). The ILIT group had a trend towards higher MS compared to LVM. QoL was better in LVM (p = 0.01). At 12 months subjective good-to-excellent response in 77.8% of dogs in the ILIT/SCIT group was seen. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The efficacy of this ILIT protocol was comparable with LVM monotherapy at six months. When ILIT was continued with SCIT, a favourable response was seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly van Amersfort
- IVC Evidensia Netherlands, Evidensia Dierenziekenhuis Arnhem, Arnhem, the Netherlands
| | | | - Annette van der Lee
- IVC Evidensia Netherlands, Evidensia Dierenziekenhuis Arnhem, Arnhem, the Netherlands
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Mueller RS, Zablotski Y, Baumann K, Boehm T, Kasper B, Klinger C, Monke M, Udraite-Vovk L, Weitzer T, Gedon NKY. A randomised, double-blinded comparison between subcutaneous rush and intralympathic allergen immunotherapy induction in atopic dogs. Vet Dermatol 2023; 34:91-98. [PMID: 36424528 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common skin diseases in small animal practice. Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is the only curative treatment for the disease, and oral, subcutaneous and intralymphatic administration of allergens are commonly employed. OBJECTIVES To compare the efficacy of AIT following an induction phase with intralymphatic injections (ILIT) or rush immunotherapy (RIT). ANIMALS Fifty privately owned dogs with AD. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a double-blinded study, dogs were randomly assigned to either four monthly ILIT of allergen extract or RIT with five injections administered subcutaneously at hourly intervals on the first day. They were assessed by validated scores; Canine Atopic Dermatitis Lesion Index (CADLI) and pruritus Visual Analog Scale (PVAS) at the beginning of the study and after 1, 3, 6 and 12 months. The latter were performed daily for 7 days before each revisit. Medication scores and a total clinical score were calculated and compared between each group and time point. RESULTS There was no significant difference in CADLI and PVAS scores, or CADLI and medication scores between groups at any of the time points. A significant improvement with both ILIT and RIT was seen in total and pruritus scores, respectively. An owner global assessment of good-to-excellent treatment efficacy was seen in 40% of the dogs; total scores improved by 27% and 35% in the RIT and ILIT group, respectively. Adverse effects were not seen. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Induction of AIT can be conducted either as RIT or ILIT with no loss in efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf S Mueller
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yuri Zablotski
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Baumann
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Teresa Boehm
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bettina Kasper
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Maarten Monke
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Tamara Weitzer
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Natalie K Y Gedon
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Herrmann I, Mamo LB, Holmes J, Mohammed JP, Murphy KM, Bizikova P. Long-term effects of ciclosporin and oclacitinib on mediators of tolerance, regulatory T-cells, IL-10 and TGF-β, in dogs with atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2023; 34:107-114. [PMID: 36482868 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dogs often are managed with allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) and concurrent dosages of ciclosporin (CSA) or oclacitinib to alleviate their clinical signs. Both drugs might affect proper tolerance induction by inhibiting regulatory T-cell (Treg) induction. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES We evaluated Treg cell numbers and serum interleukin (IL)-10 and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)1 levels in dogs diagnosed with atopic dermatitis (AD) and successfully treated with either CSA or oclacitinib for nine or more months. ANIMALS We included 15 dogs receiving oclacitinib, 14 dogs treated with CSA, 15 healthy dogs, 13 dogs with untreated moderate-to-severe AD and 15 atopic dogs controlled with AIT. MATERIALS AND METHODS Peripheral blood CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ T-cell percentages were determined using flow cytometry. Serum concentrations of IL-10 and TGF-β1 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The percentage of Treg cells in the CSA group was significantly lower in comparison with the healthy group (p = 0.0003), the nontreated AD group (p = 0.0056) or the AIT group (p = 0.0186). There was no significant difference in Treg cell percentages between the CSA and oclacitinib groups, nor between the oclacitinib and the healthy, nontreated AD or AIT-treated dogs. No significant differences were detected in IL-10 and TGF-β1 serum concentrations between the five groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Lower Treg cell percentages in the CSA-treated dogs suggest an impact of this drug on this cell population; however, it does not necessarily mean that it diminishes tolerance. Functionality and cytokine production may be more important than the number of Treg cells. Further studies evaluating the treatment outcome of dogs receiving AIT and concurrent drugs are needed to show clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Herrmann
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lisa B Mamo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jenny Holmes
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Javid P Mohammed
- Flow Cytometry & Cell Sorting Core, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - K Marcia Murphy
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Petra Bizikova
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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THE USE OF INTRADERMAL ALLERGY TESTING FOR ALLERGIC DERMATITIS IN PTEROPID BATS AND TREATMENT WITH ALLERGEN SPECIFIC IMMUNOTHERAPY: A CASE SERIES. J Zoo Wildl Med 2022; 52:1298-1308. [PMID: 34998303 DOI: 10.1638/2020-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This case series describes the diagnosis of allergic dermatitis and management with allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) based on intradermal allergy testing (IDAT) and adjunctive medical therapy in six pteropid bats; five large flying foxes (Pteropus vampyrus); and one variable flying fox (Pteropus hypomelanus). The cases ranged from 2 to 15 yr of age at the time of presentation. Clinical signs varied between individuals and included moist ulcerative cutaneous lesions in nonhaired skin, blepharoconjunctivitis, alopecia, and pruritus. All bats underwent IDAT under general anesthesia, and reactive allergens included a mixture of grasses, trees, weeds, and biting insects. Three of the six cases (50%) had reformulation of the ASIT before control of clinical signs was seen, and two bats were treated with the addition of oclacitinib (Apoquel). Severe adverse effects were not identified; however, one bat had self-limiting swelling at the immunotherapy injection site. All six cases showed improvement of clinical signs and perceived comfort level, including in subsequent allergy seasons.
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Tham HL, Olivry T. Determination of the efficacy rate and time-to-efficacy of subcutaneous immunotherapy in dogs with atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2021; 33:155-e44. [PMID: 34883529 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) is reported to have a success rate of 50-70% when given for up to 12 months to dogs with atopic dermatitis (AD). How soon ASIT is clinically effective is unclear. OBJECTIVES To compare the efficacy rate (ER) and time-to-efficacy (TTE) of various types of subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) administered using conventional dosing regimens using the methodology of a critically appraised topic. METHODS AND MATERIALS Three databases were searched to extract information on the ER and TTE of SCIT in dogs with AD. Herein, "efficacy" was defined as a ≥50% reduction in pruritus and/or skin lesions, and the TTE as the time needed to achieve such a reduction. RESULTS We selected 12 publications including 194 dogs. The ER was significantly higher with the polymerised allergoids coupled with nonoxidized mannan than for the "classic" aqueous and alum-precipitated SCIT types. A TTE of three months or shorter was seen in a significantly higher proportion of dogs receiving mannan-couple allergoids, pullulan-conjugated Der f 2 or tyrosine-adjuvanted than aqueous or alum-precipitated SCIT; with the latter two formulations, the TTE might be nine months or longer in ≤20% of atopic dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In spite of the low number of articles available for review and small number of enrolled dogs, novel SCIT regimens appear to have a faster - and possibly higher - efficacy than the currently available aqueous or alum-precipitated formulations. A standardisation of outcome measures for ASIT clearly is needed to allow a more meaningful comparison between SCIT types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng L Tham
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Thierry Olivry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Mallmann S, Klinger CJ, Claßen J, Wagner I, Klima A, Castelletti N, Müller RS. Clinical relevance of intradermal test results in atopic dogs. TIERAERZTLICHE PRAXIS AUSGABE KLEINTIERE HEIMTIERE 2021; 49:349-356. [PMID: 34670310 DOI: 10.1055/a-1584-4965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
TOPIC AND AIMS Canine atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory and pruritic skin disease and in most cases associated with IgE antibodies against environmental allergens. To date, the only causative therapeutic option is allergen immunotherapy (AIT). Offending allergens for AIT can be identified by intradermal testing (IDT) or serum allergen-specific IgE testing. The aim of the study was to evaluate positive IDT results considering the atopic dogs' clinical history. MATERIAL AND METHODS An IDT was performed on 48 atopic dogs and their owners completed a detailed questionnaire about the seasonal course of their pruritus. Results of IDT were correlated with the seasonal occurrence of pruritus. RESULTS The most common positive IDT reactions were observed to mite allergens (33.3-62.5 %). Prevalence of positive reactions to individual tree, grass and weed pollen ranged between 8.3 % and 25 %. Moulds and epithelial allergens produced positive reactions in only 0-6.3 %. A correlation between positive IDT reactions and course of pruritus could neither be found for perennial nor for seasonal allergens. CONCLUSION The evaluation of IDT reactions may not be an optimal method for identification of clinically relevant allergens in canine AD. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The results of this study emphasise the importance of considering clinical history in addition to allergy test results in the formulation of an allergen extract for desensitisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Mallmann
- Small Animal Medicine Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph J Klinger
- Small Animal Medicine Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Janine Claßen
- Small Animal Medicine Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Iris Wagner
- Small Animal Medicine Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich
| | - Andre Klima
- Statistical consulting unit StaBLab, Department of Statistics, LMU Munich
| | - Noemi Castelletti
- Statistical consulting unit StaBLab, Department of Statistics, LMU Munich
| | - Ralf S Müller
- Small Animal Medicine Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich
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Lo Feudo CM, Stucchi L, Alberti E, Conturba B, Zucca E, Ferrucci F. Intradermal Testing Results in Horses Affected by Mild-Moderate and Severe Equine Asthma. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11072086. [PMID: 34359214 PMCID: PMC8300230 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Equine asthma is a respiratory syndrome sharing several similarities with human asthma and represents the most common cause of chronic coughing in horses. Based on the severity and recurrence of the conditions, it is classified as mild-moderate or severe equine asthma. Although a precise pathogenetic mechanism has not yet been identified, it is generally agreed that environmental allergens behave as triggers of a hypersensitivity response (HR), culminating in asthmatic exacerbations. In human medicine, the skin prick test is considered the gold standard of allergy testing; similarly, in equine medicine, intradermal testing is used to identify hypersensitivities to specific allergens. The present study describes and compares the results of intradermal testing in horses affected by either mild-moderate or severe equine asthma to evaluate the responsiveness of asthmatic horses and to identify the most frequently involved allergens. Type-I HR was shown to play a major role in the pathogenesis of severe equine asthma, while type-IV HR seems to be involved mostly in milder forms. Insects represented the antigens inducing the most frequent and strongest reactions among asthmatic horses, followed by Dermatophagoides spp. and dog epithelium; these allergens should therefore be considered for avoidance strategies and the future development of desensitizing allergen-specific immunotherapy. Abstract Equine asthma is an inflammatory respiratory disorder, classified as mild-moderate (MEA) and severe (SEA). SEA is characterized by recurrent exacerbations, consisting of dyspnea, coughing and exercise intolerance; MEA causes poor performance, occasional cough and mucus hypersecretion. Although a precise pathogenesis is not completely understood, allergic mechanisms are considered an important pathophysiological feature of equine asthma. In equine medicine, intradermal testing (IDT) is effective in identifying hypersensitivity to specific allergens. However, to date, the studies about IDT in asthmatic horses obtained contradictory results. This study aims to evaluate IDT responses in MEA and SEA horses and to identify the most significant allergens. Thirty-eight asthmatic horses were enrolled and underwent IDT using 50 allergens; reactions were evaluated at 30 min, 4, 24 and 48 h and were assigned a score from 0 to 4. In SEA horses, the most frequent and strongest reactions were observed at 30 min and 4 h, suggesting the involvement of type I hypersensitivity; in MEA horses, also type IV hypersensitivity seemed to play a major role. Insects, Dermatophagoides spp. and dog epithelium induced in MEA and SEA horses the most significant hypersensitivity responses and could therefore be considered as the main allergenic antigens in our geographic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Maria Lo Feudo
- Equine Sports Medicine Laboratory “Franco Tradati”, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (C.M.L.F.); (E.A.); (E.Z.)
| | - Luca Stucchi
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.S.); (B.C.)
| | - Elena Alberti
- Equine Sports Medicine Laboratory “Franco Tradati”, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (C.M.L.F.); (E.A.); (E.Z.)
| | - Bianca Conturba
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.S.); (B.C.)
| | - Enrica Zucca
- Equine Sports Medicine Laboratory “Franco Tradati”, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (C.M.L.F.); (E.A.); (E.Z.)
| | - Francesco Ferrucci
- Equine Sports Medicine Laboratory “Franco Tradati”, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (C.M.L.F.); (E.A.); (E.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-025-033-4146
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11
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Mueller RS, Nuttall T, Prost C, Schulz B, Bizikova P. Treatment of the feline atopic syndrome - a systematic review. Vet Dermatol 2021; 32:43-e8. [PMID: 33470011 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feline allergic skin disease and asthma occur regularly in small animal practice. OBJECTIVES To provide evidence-based recommendations for small animal practitioners on the treatment of feline atopic syndrome (FAS). METHODS AND MATERIALS The authors reviewed the literature available before February 2020, prepared a detailed evidence-based literature review and made recommendations based on the evaluated evidence. RESULTS Sixty-six papers and abstracts were identified describing treatment interventions for FAS and evaluated to establish treatment recommendations. For many treatment options, the papers were retrospective, open studies or case reports. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In this review, there was good evidence for the efficacy of systemic glucocorticoids and ciclosporin, and limited evidence for the efficacy of topical glucocorticoids, oclacitinib and allergen-specific immunotherapy in feline atopic skin syndrome. Evidence pointed to low-to-moderate efficacy for antihistamines, fatty acids and palmitoyl ethanolamide. In feline asthma, there was good evidence for the efficacy of oral and inhaled glucocorticoids, and limited evidence of moderate efficacy for allergen-specific immunotherapy. Evidence supported low-to-moderate efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells, inhaled lidocaine and oclacitinib as treatments for feline asthma. For almost all therapeutic options (with the exception of glucocorticoids and ciclosporin), more randomised controlled trials are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf S Mueller
- Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tim Nuttall
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, EH25 9RG, UK
| | | | - Bianka Schulz
- Small Animal Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Petra Bizikova
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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12
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Foj R, Carrasco I, Clemente F, Scarampella F, Calvet A, Prats A, Vivancos S, Brazís P, Puigdemont A. Clinical efficacy of sublingual allergen-specific immunotherapy in 22 cats with atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2021; 32:67-e12. [PMID: 33399258 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) has been deployed in humans and dogs; to the best of the authors' knowledge, there are no published studies about the use of SLIT in cats. OBJECTIVES Evaluate the clinical efficacy of SLIT in atopic cats sensitized to dust and storage mites, assessing immunological changes associated with SLIT treatment. ANIMALS Twenty-two client-owned cats with clinical signs compatible with feline atopic dermatitis (fAD) and serum allergen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E against house dust and storage mites. METHODS AND MATERIALS Prospective, multicentre, open-label clinical trial. Individualized mite-specific SLIT was administered orally for 12 months. All cats underwent clinical examination to record SCORing feline allergic dermatitis (SCORFAD), pruritus Visual Analog Scale (pVAS) and serum allergen-specific IgE and IgG, every three months for 12 months. RESULTS Sixteen of 22 cats (73%) completed the study and three of six cats withdrawn from the study were included in an intention-to-treat analysis. SCORFAD and pVAS values decreased significantly from baseline (T0) to the third month of treatment (P = 0.0004 and P = 0.0013, respectively), with median total values ranging from 19 (6-44) (T0) to 2.5 (0-17) (T12) (P = 0.0001), and from 8 (6-10) (T0) to 2.3 (0-8) (T12) (P = 0.0001), respectively. Allergen-specific IgE values decreased significantly from the ninth month (T9) of treatment (P = 0.0032), with median scores decreasing from 56 (12-729) (T0) to 34 (0-158) (T12) (P = 0.0208). No significant differences in allergen-specific IgG values were observed throughout the study. No adverse effects related to the use of SLIT were reported. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Sublingual immunotherapy should be considered a rapid, effective, safe and well-tolerated treatment in cats with feline atopic dermatitis fAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Foj
- Laboratorios LETI S.L.U., Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes 184, Barcelona, 08038, Spain
| | - Isaac Carrasco
- Departament de Farmacologia,Terapèutica i Toxicologia. Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08913, Spain
| | - Federica Clemente
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Associato San Luca, Piazza della Pace, 4, Bologna, 40134, Italy
| | - Fabia Scarampella
- Studio Dermatologico Veterinario, Via Giancarlo Sismondi, 62, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Anna Calvet
- Clínica Felina Barcelona, Carrer Marquès del Campo Sagrado, 12, Barcelona, 08015, Spain
| | - Ana Prats
- Clínica Felina Barcelona, Carrer Marquès del Campo Sagrado, 12, Barcelona, 08015, Spain
| | - Susana Vivancos
- Laboratorios LETI S.L.U., Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes 184, Barcelona, 08038, Spain
| | - Pilar Brazís
- Laboratorios LETI S.L.U., Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes 184, Barcelona, 08038, Spain
| | - Anna Puigdemont
- Departament de Farmacologia,Terapèutica i Toxicologia. Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08913, Spain
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Flanagan S, Schick A, Lewis TP, Chu Tater K, Rishniw M. A survey of primary care practitioners' referral habits and recommendations of allergen-specific immunotherapy for canine and feline patients with atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2020; 32:106-e21. [PMID: 33275300 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A recent pilot study of primary care veterinarians' attitudes regarding canine atopic dermatitis and initiation of allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) revealed several barriers to specialist referral (in the USA) and use of ASIT as a treatment modality. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES The primary objective was to collect data on referral habits and ASIT practices among a much larger cohort of primary care veterinarians located around the world, and to explore barriers to referral and management of atopic diseases of dogs and cats with ASIT. METHODS AND MATERIALS An online survey, administered through the Veterinary Information Network (VIN, Davis, CA, USA), asked participants to self-report their referral habits and immunotherapy recommendations, and rate barriers and motivating factors using Likert-scale responses. RESULTS Of 827 survey responses, 97.6% identified as primary care practitioners. A larger number of practitioners (84.5%) reported seeing atopic dogs often, compared with atopic cats (9.7%). Fewer of these veterinarians (56.6%) referred atopic cats for specialist care, compared to atopic dogs (73.5%). Timely communication, sharing long-term management of the case, and provision of local continuing education were identified as factors associated with increased willingness to refer. A higher proportion of practitioners reported recommending ASIT for dogs (44.3%) than for cats (16.0%). Only 56.0% of respondents considered success rates of ASIT to be acceptable, while 27.9% were neutral on the topic. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Dermatology specialists might build stronger relationships with referring veterinarians through timely case follow-up and provision of continuing education regarding the long-term benefits of ASIT and symptomatic management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Flanagan
- Dermatology for Animals, 86 W. Juniper Ave, Gilbert, AZ, 85233, USA.,Dermatology for Animals, 22,595 N. Scottsdale Rd, Scottsdale, AZ, 85255, USA
| | - Anthea Schick
- Dermatology for Animals, 22,595 N. Scottsdale Rd, Scottsdale, AZ, 85255, USA
| | - Thomas P Lewis
- Dermatology for Animals, 86 W. Juniper Ave, Gilbert, AZ, 85233, USA
| | - Kathy Chu Tater
- Veterinary Information Network, 777 West Covell Boulevard, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Mark Rishniw
- Veterinary Information Network, 777 West Covell Boulevard, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 602 Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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van Eeden ME, Vientós-Plotts AI, Cohn LA, Reinero CR. Serum allergen-specific IgE reactivity: is there an association with clinical severity and airway eosinophilia in asthmatic cats? J Feline Med Surg 2020; 22:1129-1136. [PMID: 32167403 PMCID: PMC10814376 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20907178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of serum allergen-specific IgE testing in cats with a clinical diagnosis of asthma and to determine if the number of allergens with positive IgE reactivity and magnitude of positive IgE responses would be associated with the severity of clinical signs or airway eosinophilia. METHODS Medical records from 2008 to 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Inclusion required a diagnosis of feline asthma based on consistent clinicopathologic features and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cytology with >10% eosinophils; additionally, cats needed to have the results of serum allergen-specific IgE tests. RESULTS Eighteen cases satisfied the inclusion criteria. Median age was 5 years and the most common presenting clinical sign was cough (n = 10/18). Most cats lived exclusively indoors (n = 13/18). The median percentage of BAL eosinophils was 47%. Serum allergen-specific IgE testing supported an underlying allergic etiology in 14/18 (78%) cats, with all but one having polysensitization. The severity of clinical signs and magnitude of airway eosinophilia did not correlate with the degree of positive IgE reactivity. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study identified a strong association between the identification of allergen-specific IgE and cats with asthma, and the majority of these cats were polysensitized. However, larger numbers of allergens with positive IgE reactivity or magnitude of IgE reactivity were not significantly associated with clinical severity or airway eosinophilia. Knowledge of positive allergen-specific IgE results could guide allergen avoidance, regardless of the magnitude of IgE reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E van Eeden
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Aida I Vientós-Plotts
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Leah A Cohn
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Carol R Reinero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
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15
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Moya R, Ramió-Lluch L, Parody N, Brazis P, Puigdemont A, Carnés J. Specific Dermatophagoides farinae extract for canine immunotherapy. Vet Dermatol 2020; 32:131-e29. [PMID: 33112005 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine atopic dermatitis (cAD) is a pruritic allergic skin disease most often caused by Dermatophagoides farinae. Differences in the sensitization profile to D. farinae have been reported between people and dogs. However, allergic dogs traditionally have been treated with extracts intended for human immunotherapy. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To develop a specific allergen immunotherapy for veterinary practice enriched in canine major allergens and to demonstrate its in vitro efficacy. ANIMALS Twenty privately owned dogs, clinically diagnosed with cAD, and three healthy dogs. METHODS AND MATERIALS A veterinary D. farinae allergen extract was manufactured and characterized compared to D. farinae extract used for human immunotherapy. The protein profile was analysed by SDS-PAGE and size exclusion chromatography and Der f 15 and Der f 18 allergens quantified by mass spectrometry. The allergenic profile was studied by immunoblot and the biological potency by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-inhibition assays. The extract's capacity to induce cytokine production [interleukin (IL)-10, interferon (IFN)-Ɣ] by peripheral blood mononuclear cells also was evaluated. RESULTS The veterinary extract showed a higher content of high molecular weight proteins, preferentially recognized by atopic dog sera. The fold-increases in Der f 15 and Der f 18 with respect to the human extract were 2.07 ± 0.32 and 1.63 ± 0.15, respectively. The veterinary extract showed higher biological potency (0.062 versus 0.132 µg required for 50% inhibition of dogs sera) compared to the human extract and induced significantly higher levels of IL-10 (1,780 pg/mL) and IFN-Ɣ (50.4 pg/mL) with respect to the negative control. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE A veterinary D. farinae extract with a higher content of dog major allergens was developed and in vitro efficacy demonstrated by immunological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Moya
- R&D Allergy & Immunology Unit, Laboratorios LETI, S.L, Calle del Sol no. 5, Tres Cantos, Madrid, 28760, Spain
| | - Laura Ramió-Lluch
- Animal Health B.U, Laboratorios LETI, S.L, Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes 184, Barcelona, 08038, Spain
| | - Nuria Parody
- R&D Allergy & Immunology Unit, Laboratorios LETI, S.L, Calle del Sol no. 5, Tres Cantos, Madrid, 28760, Spain
| | - Pilar Brazis
- Animal Health B.U, Laboratorios LETI, S.L, Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes 184, Barcelona, 08038, Spain
| | - Anna Puigdemont
- Department of Therapeutic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici M, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Jerónimo Carnés
- R&D Allergy & Immunology Unit, Laboratorios LETI, S.L, Calle del Sol no. 5, Tres Cantos, Madrid, 28760, Spain
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16
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Ramió-Lluch L, Brazís P, Ferrer L, Puigdemont A. Allergen-specific immunotherapy in dogs with atopic dermatitis: is owner compliance the main success-limiting factor? Vet Rec 2020; 187:493. [PMID: 33082241 DOI: 10.1136/vr.106024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the efficacy of allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) to treat canine atopic dermatitis has been well established, it remains unclear why not all dogs show the same response to treatment. The goal of the study was to determine the relationship between duration of ASIT and two measurements of success: disease severity and concomitant medication sparing effect. METHODS Data were retrospectively compiled for 145 dogs with atopic dermatitis treated with ASIT. As a measure of treatment compliance, cases were stratified into dogs treated for less than 12 months or for at least 12 months. Treatment efficacy, defined as a reduction in disease severity score (scale 0-10), was compared between both groups, and correlations between treatment success and several related factors were examined. RESULTS ASIT treatment duration was strongly correlated with treatment efficacy. Animals treated for less than 12 months showed lower efficacy rates (22 per cent) than those treated for at least 12 months (65 per cent). Further, in animals treated for at least 12 months, concomitant medications were reduced more (87 per cent) than in animals treated for less than 12 months (39 per cent). CONCLUSION A lack of owner compliance emerged as the main factor explaining the reduced effectiveness of ASIT. To improve treatment adherence, veterinarians and owners need to be better informed about ASIT mechanisms of action before starting treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pilar Brazís
- Animal Health BU, Laboratorios Leti SL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Ferrer
- Animal Medicine and Surgery, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Anna Puigdemont
- Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
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17
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Flanagan S, Schick A, Lewis TP. A pilot study to identify perceived barrier and motivating factors of primary veterinarians in the USA for specialty referral and management of atopic dermatitis with allergen-specific immunotherapy. Vet Dermatol 2020; 31:371-e98. [PMID: 32416025 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) may decrease clinical signs and potential neosensitization in dogs with canine atopic dermatitis (cAD). Identification of barriers to referral and specialty level case management may improve clinical outcome and satisfaction for both clients and primary veterinarians. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES The objective of this cross-sectional, descriptive, survey-based pilot study was to identify factors influencing a veterinarian's decision to recommend dermatology referral and prescribe ASIT for management of cAD. METHODS AND MATERIALS An online survey was administered to small animal veterinarians through two veterinary associations in the western United States. Participants were asked to rate factors using Likert scales. RESULTS Of 60 responses, 18 (30%) rarely or never recommended ASIT. The top three factors against recommending ASIT included successful pharmaceutical management (100%), clients' concern for cost (94.4%) and veterinarians' perceptions that immunotherapy is unable to reduce pharmacological dependency (83.4%). The top three motivating factors included concerns for glucocorticoid adverse effects (83.3%), animal/owner quality of life (77.8%) and risk of antimicrobial resistant infection (55.6%). Results of the secondary objective revealed that 19 of 60 (31.7%) respondents rarely or never refer atopic pets to a dermatologist, citing cost of referral, availability of serological testing, and perception of limited benefits as the greatest barriers. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Numerous factors appear to influence decisions to recommend referral or ASIT for management of pets with cAD. Further work is needed to determine if these can be generalized to larger populations with a goal of providing suggestions to bridge these gaps and improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Flanagan
- Dermatology for Animals, 86 W. Juniper Ave, Gilbert, AZ, 85233, USA.,Dermatology for Animals, 22595 N. Scottsdale Rd, Scottsdale, AZ, 85255, USA
| | - Anthea Schick
- Dermatology for Animals, 22595 N. Scottsdale Rd, Scottsdale, AZ, 85255, USA
| | - Thomas P Lewis
- Dermatology for Animals, 86 W. Juniper Ave, Gilbert, AZ, 85233, USA
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18
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Fischer NM, Rostaher A, Favrot C. A comparative study of subcutaneous, intralymphatic and sublingual immunotherapy for the long-term control of dogs with nonseasonal atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2020; 31:365-e96. [PMID: 32537789 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) is the only causative treatment of canine atopic dermatitis (cAD). Different routes for administration of ASIT have been used; however, comparative studies are lacking. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES The present study compared the efficacy and safety of subcutaneous (SCIT), intralymphatic (ILIT) and sublingual (SLIT) immunotherapy. ANIMALS 30 atopic dogs were included and allocation to three groups (SCIT, n = 8; ILIT, n = 12; SLIT, n = 10) was determined by the owners. METHODS AND MATERIALS ASIT was administered using routine protocols. The pruritus Visual Analog Scale (PVAS), canine atopic dermatitis extent and severity index (CADESI), concurrent medications and adverse events were recorded initially and one, three, six and 12 months later. The main outcome measure was return to a normal status, which included CADESI <12, PVAS <2.5 and medication score <10. RESULTS Drop-outs were distributed evenly and 23 dogs finished the study (SCIT, n = 6; ILIT, n = 10; SLIT, n = 7). Adverse reactions to treatment were rare. At the start of the study, the three groups were homogeneous with respect to clinical signs and concurrent medications. After 12 months of ASIT, the CADESI and PVAS had decreased with a stable medication score in the ILIT and SCIT groups (P < 0.05), while all three scores had increased in the SLIT group. Return to normal state was achieved in one of six (17%) dogs receiving SCIT, in six of 10 (60%) dogs receiving ILIT and in one of seven (14%) dogs receiving SLIT. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE These findings suggest that SCIT and ILIT improved clinical signs of cAD, whereas ILIT had a much higher return to normal rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina M Fischer
- Dermatology Unit, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ana Rostaher
- Dermatology Unit, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claude Favrot
- Dermatology Unit, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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Fischer NM, Müller RS. Allergen Specific Immunotherapy in Canine Atopic Dermatitis: an Update. CURRENT DERMATOLOGY REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13671-019-00276-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Marteles D, Verde MT, Conde T, Pereboom D, Casanova Á, Villanueva-Saz S, Ortín A, Fernández A. Effects of allergen-specific immunotherapy on peripheral blood regulatory T cells and serum concentrations of cytokines and immunoglobulins in horses with allergic dermatitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 74:105674. [PMID: 31195188 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) on the immunological responses of horses. Blood samples were taken from thirty-two horses with allergic dermatitis treated with ASIT and 10 healthy control horses at 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months to investigate the evolution of the percentage of regulatory T cells (Treg) in the peripheral blood and the serum levels of cytokines and immunoglobulins. Clinical improvement was appreciated by the majority of the horses' owners (56.6%). No effect of ASIT on CD4+CD25High Treg cells was found during the one year treatment period. No differences in the percentage of CD4+ T cells were observed between the groups, and no effects of ASIT over time were observed. The percentage of CD25+ T cells was always higher in the ASIT group (17.9 ± 11.3%) than in the control group (7.3 ± 4.4%, p < 0.001). We did not detect any effect of ASIT on the serum levels of TGF-β, IL-10 and IFN-γ or on the serum concentrations of IgA and IgG4. A reduction in the serum levels of total IgE in the horses with allergic dermatitis was observed at the 6th month (p < 0.05), but increased again at the end of the study. The results indicate that immunotherapy was insufficient to induce significant changes that could indicate T cell tolerance, a shift in cytokine production to more protective Th1 cells. More studies are needed with new vaccine compositions and administration protocols to improve the immunological responses of the horses with allergic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Marteles
- Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, Zaragoza University, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Teresa Verde
- Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, Zaragoza University, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, Zaragoza University, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Tomás Conde
- Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, Zaragoza University, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Desirée Pereboom
- Pharmacology and Physiology Department, Medicine Faculty, Zaragoza University, SAI de Citomica 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Álvaro Casanova
- Pharmacology and Physiology Department, Medicine Faculty, Zaragoza University, SAI de Citomica 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Sergio Villanueva-Saz
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, Zaragoza University, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Pharmacology and Physiology Department, Medicine Faculty, Zaragoza University, SAI de Citomica 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Aurora Ortín
- Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, Zaragoza University, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Antonio Fernández
- Animal Pathology Department, Veterinary Faculty, Zaragoza University, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, Zaragoza University, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.
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Huhmann R, Mueller RS. A cream containing omega‐3‐fatty acids, humectants and emollients as an aid in the treatment of equineCulicoideshypersensitivity. Vet Dermatol 2019; 30:155-e46. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Huhmann
- Tierarztpraxis am Schlagbaum Am Schlagbaum 2a 59192 Bergkamen Germany
| | - Ralf S. Mueller
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine LMU Munich Veterinaerstraße 13 80539 Muenchen Germany
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23
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Banovic F, Tarigo J, Gordon H, Barber JP, Gogal RM. Immunomodulatory in vitro
effects of oclacitinib on canine T-cell proliferation and cytokine production. Vet Dermatol 2018; 30:17-e6. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frane Banovic
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery; University of Georgia; 2200 College Station Road Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - Jaime Tarigo
- Department of Pathology; University of Georgia; 2200 College Station Road Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - Hannah Gordon
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery; University of Georgia; 2200 College Station Road Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - James P. Barber
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery; University of Georgia; 2200 College Station Road Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - Robert M. Gogal
- Department of Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia; 2200 College Station Road Athens GA 30602 USA
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Gedon NKY, Mueller RS. Atopic dermatitis in cats and dogs: a difficult disease for animals and owners. Clin Transl Allergy 2018; 8:41. [PMID: 30323921 PMCID: PMC6172809 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-018-0228-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review article is to give an overview of atopic dermatitis in companion animals and of recent developments including knowledge on immunological background, novel treatment options and difficulties in disease management. The prevalence of hypersensitivities seems to be increasing. The pathogenetic mechanisms are not fully understood, yet multiple gene abnormalities and altered immunological processes are involved. In dogs and cats, the diagnosis of atopic dermatitis is based on history, clinical examination and exclusion of other differential diagnoses. Intradermal testing or testing for serum allergen-specific Immunoglobulin E is only used to identify allergens for inclusion in the extract for allergen immunotherapy. Symptomatic therapy includes glucocorticoids, ciclosporin, essential fatty acids and antihistamines. A selective janus kinase 1 inhibitor and a caninized monoclonal interleukin-31 antibody are the newest options for symptomatic treatment, although longterm effects still need to be assessed. The chronic and often severe nature of the disease, the costly diagnostic workup, frequent clinical flares and lifelong treatment are challenging for owners, pets and veterinarians. Patience and excellent communication skills are needed to achieve a good owner compliance and satisfactory clinical outcome for the animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Katharina Yvonne Gedon
- Small Animal Medicine Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Veterinaerstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Ralf Steffen Mueller
- Small Animal Medicine Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, Veterinaerstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
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Mueller RS, Jensen‐Jarolim E, Roth‐Walter F, Marti E, Janda J, Seida AA, DeBoer D. Allergen immunotherapy in people, dogs, cats and horses - differences, similarities and research needs. Allergy 2018; 73:1989-1999. [PMID: 29675865 DOI: 10.1111/all.13464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In human patients with seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis sensitized to grass pollen, the first successful allergen immunotherapy (AIT) was reported in 1911. Today, immunotherapy is an accepted treatment for allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis and hypersensitivities to insect venom. AIT is also used for atopic dermatitis and recently for food allergy. Subcutaneous, epicutaneous, intralymphatic, oral and sublingual protocols of AIT exist. In animals, most data are available in dogs where subcutaneous AIT is an accepted treatment for atopic dermatitis. Initiating a regulatory response and a production of "blocking" IgG antibodies with AIT are similar mechanisms in human beings and dogs with allergic diseases. Although subcutaneous immunotherapy is used for atopic dermatitis in cats, data for its efficacy are sparse. There is some evidence for successful treatment of feline asthma with AIT. In horses, most studies evaluate the effect of AIT on insect hypersensitivity with conflicting results although promising pilot studies have demonstrated the prophylaxis of insect hypersensitivity with recombinant antigens of biting midges (Culicoides spp.). Optimizing AIT using allergoids, peptide immunotherapy, recombinant allergens and new adjuvants with the different administration types of allergen extracts will further improve compliance and efficacy of this proven treatment modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. S. Mueller
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - E. Jensen‐Jarolim
- The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Medical University Vienna Vienna Austria
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research Center of Pathophysiology Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University Vienna Austria
| | - F. Roth‐Walter
- The Interuniversity Messerli Research Institute University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Medical University Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - E. Marti
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - J. Janda
- Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Czech Republic
| | - A. A. Seida
- Immunology and Microbiology Department Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cairo University Giza Egypt
| | - D. DeBoer
- School of Veterinary Medicine University of Wisconsin Madison WI USA
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Abrams SB, Brock GN, Palettas M, Bolner ML, Moore-Sowers T, Plunkett GA, Cole LK, Diaz SF, Lorch G. An evaluation of veterinary allergen extract content and resultant canine intradermal threshold concentrations. Vet Dermatol 2018; 29:496-e167. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie B. Abrams
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; The Ohio State University; 601 Vernon L. Tharp St. Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Guy N. Brock
- Center for Biostatistics; Department of Biomedical Informatics; The Ohio State University; 1800 Cannon Dr. Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Marilly Palettas
- Center for Biostatistics; Department of Biomedical Informatics; The Ohio State University; 1800 Cannon Dr. Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | | | | | | | - Lynette K. Cole
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; The Ohio State University; 601 Vernon L. Tharp St. Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Sandra F. Diaz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; The Ohio State University; 601 Vernon L. Tharp St. Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Gwendolen Lorch
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; The Ohio State University; 601 Vernon L. Tharp St. Columbus OH 43210 USA
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Souza CP, Rosychuk RAW, Contreras ET, Schissler JR, Simpson AC. A retrospective analysis of the use of lokivetmab in the management of allergic pruritus in a referral population of 135 dogs in the western USA. Vet Dermatol 2018; 29:489-e164. [PMID: 30141223 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa P. Souza
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science; Colorado State University; 300 West Drake Road Fort Collins CO 80525 USA
| | - Rod A. W. Rosychuk
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science; Colorado State University; 300 West Drake Road Fort Collins CO 80525 USA
| | - Elena T. Contreras
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science; Colorado State University; 300 West Drake Road Fort Collins CO 80525 USA
| | - Jennifer R. Schissler
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science; Colorado State University; 300 West Drake Road Fort Collins CO 80525 USA
| | - Andrew C. Simpson
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science; Colorado State University; 300 West Drake Road Fort Collins CO 80525 USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Kotnik
- University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Gerbičeva 60, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Klier J, Geis S, Steuer J, Geh K, Reese S, Fuchs S, Mueller RS, Winter G, Gehlen H. A comparison of nanoparticullate CpG immunotherapy with and without allergens in spontaneously equine asthma-affected horses, an animal model. Immun Inflamm Dis 2018; 6:81-96. [PMID: 29094511 PMCID: PMC5818452 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION New therapeutic strategies to modulate the immune response of human and equine allergic asthma are still under extensive investigation. Immunomodulating agents stimulating T-regulatory cells offer new treatment options beyond conventional symptomatic treatment or specific immunotherapy for human and equine allergic airway diseases, with the goal of a homoeostatic T-helper cell balance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a nebulized gelatin nanoparticle-CpG formulation (CpG-GNP) with and without specific allergens for the treatment of spontaneous allergic equine asthma as a model for human asthma. METHODS Twenty equine asthma-affected horses were treated either with CpG-GNP alone or CpG-GNP with allergens. Two specific allergens were selected for each horse based on history and an in-vitro test. Each horse received seven administrations of the respective nebulized composition and was examined before treatment, immediately after and 6 weeks after the treatment course. RESULTS Clinical parameters such as breathing rate, indirect interpleural measurement, arterial blood gases, amount of tracheal mucus and percentage of neutrophils and cytokines in tracheal washes and serum samples were evaluated. Treatment with CpG-GNP alone as well as in combinations with relevant allergens resulted in clinical improvement of nasal discharge, breathing rate, amount of secretion and viscosity, neutrophil percentage and partial oxygen pressure directly after and 6 weeks after treatment. There were no significant differences between the two treatments in clinical parameters or local cytokine profiles in the tracheal wash fluid (IL-10, IFN-g, and IL-17). IL-4 concentrations decreased significantly in both groups. CONCLUSION Nonspecific CpG-GNP-based immunotherapy shows potential as a treatment for equine and possibly also human allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Klier
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary MedicineEquine Clinic, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Sabine Geis
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary MedicineEquine Clinic, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityMunichGermany
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic, Surgery and RadiologyFree University of BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Jeanette Steuer
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary MedicineEquine Clinic, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityMunichGermany
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic, Surgery and RadiologyFree University of BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Katharina Geh
- Department of PharmacyPharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Sven Reese
- Department of Veterinary Science, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and EmbryologyLudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Sebastian Fuchs
- Department of PharmacyPharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Ralf S. Mueller
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Small Animal Medicine ClinicLudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Gerhard Winter
- Department of PharmacyPharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityMunichGermany
| | - Heidrun Gehlen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic, Surgery and RadiologyFree University of BerlinBerlinGermany
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Timm K, Mueller RS, Nett-Mettler CS. Long-term effects of intralymphatic immunotherapy (ILIT) on canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2018; 29:123-e49. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Timm
- vetderm.ch; Ennetseeklinik für Kleintiere AG; Rothusstrasse 2 6331 Hünenberg Switzerland
| | - Ralf S. Mueller
- Zentrum für klinische Tiermedizin; LMU Munich; Veterinaerstrasse 13 80539 Munich Germany
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Herrmann I, Einhorn L, Panakova L. Gender aspects in allergies of pets - A secondary publication and update. World Allergy Organ J 2017; 10:42. [PMID: 29308109 PMCID: PMC5746012 DOI: 10.1186/s40413-017-0172-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergies need not only affect humans; this multifactorial and complex disease can also affect animals. Comparative allergology investigates the many similarities between the pathogenesis, clinics, diagnosis, and therapy of the disorders in humans and pet animals. In contrast to human allergy research, the veterinary field lacks access to a central database, which means there are no cohort studies published. This limits not only the research on breed and regional differences in allergies, but also further studies on the impact of gender in allergies of domestic animals. Moreover, domestic cats, dogs and male horses are castrated in most cases, which neutralises any effects of sexual hormones. In this review article a few interesting findings regarding gender aspects in companion animals were extracted from current literature. In summary, there is a lack of data on gender effects on allergies in cats, dogs or horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Herrmann
- Comparative Medicine, The interuniversity Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Clinics of Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Einhorn
- Comparative Medicine, The interuniversity Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lucia Panakova
- Clinics of Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Kawano K, Mizuno T. A pilot study of the effect of pullulan-conjugated Der f 2 allergen-specific immunotherapy on canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Dermatol 2017; 28:583-e141. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kouji Kawano
- Primo Animal Hospital Tokyo Animal Allergy Medical Center (AAMC); 1-28-7 Shakujiimachi Nerima-Ku Tokyo 177-0041 Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics; The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science; Yamaguchi University; 1677-1 Yoshida Yamaguchi Yamaguchi 753-8515 Japan
| | - Takuya Mizuno
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics; The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science; Yamaguchi University; 1677-1 Yoshida Yamaguchi Yamaguchi 753-8515 Japan
- Biomedical Science Center for Translational Research; The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science; Yamaguchi University; 1677-1 Yoshida Yamaguchi Yamaguchi 753-8515 Japan
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Åberg L, Varjonen K, Åhman S. Results of allergen-specific immunotherapy in atopic dogs with Malassezia hypersensitivity: a retrospective study of 16 cases. Vet Dermatol 2017; 28:633-e157. [PMID: 28748560 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypersensitivity reactions to Malassezia spp have been shown to occur in dogs with atopic dermatitis (AD) and to cause exacerbation of clinical signs. Improvement of clinical signs following use of antifungal medication is seen with both Malassezia overgrowth or Malassezia hypersensitivity (MHS). Subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) is considered a safe and effective treatment for management of canine AD. Adverse effects are considered rare. OBJECTIVES To report on the use of SCIT with Malassezia extracts in mono-sensitized dogs. ANIMALS Sixteen client owned dogs diagnosed with MHS and treated with SCIT. METHODS A retrospective review of medical records of atopic dogs diagnosed with MHS, mono-sensitized for Malassezia allergens on intradermal test and treated with SCIT for more than 10 months. Efficacy was measured by decreasing use of anti-inflammatory and antifungal medication by ≥50% and by decreasing pruritus by ≥50% as assessed by owners, using a pruritus score. RESULTS Good response to SCIT was seen in nine of 16 cases (56%) with both a reduction in use of anti-inflammatory and antifungal medication as well as a reduction in pruritus scores by ≥50%. No adverse effects were reported. CONCLUSION Allergen-specific immunotherapy was a safe treatment for dogs with Malassezia hypersensitivity. The efficacy of Malassezia immunotherapy corresponds well to the results of previous studies of immunotherapy with other environmental allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liselotte Åberg
- Djurakuten i Stor-Stockholm AB, Kungstensgatan 58, 113 29, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katarina Varjonen
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Small Animal Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Susanne Åhman
- Djurakuten i Stor-Stockholm AB, Kungstensgatan 58, 113 29, Stockholm, Sweden
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Soria I, Alvarez J, Manzano AI, López-Relaño J, Cases B, Mas-Fontao A, Cañada FJ, Fernández-Caldas E, Casanovas M, Jiménez-Barbero J, Palomares O, Viñals-Flórez LM, Subiza JL. Mite allergoids coupled to nonoxidized mannan from Saccharomyces cerevisae efficiently target canine dendritic cells for novel allergy immunotherapy in veterinary medicine. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 190:65-72. [PMID: 28778325 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We have recently reported that grass pollen allergoids conjugated with nonoxidized mannan of Saccharomyces cerevisae using glutaraldehyde results in a novel hypoallergenic mannan-allergen complex with improved properties for allergen vaccination. Using this approach, human dendritic cells show a better allergen uptake and cytokine profile production (higher IL-10/IL-4 ratio) for therapeutic purposes. Here we aim to address whether a similar approach can be extended to dogs using canine dendritic cells. Six healthy Spanish Greyhound dogs were used as blood donors to obtain canine dendritic cells (DC) derived from peripheral blood monocytes. Allergens from Dermatophagoides farinae mite were polymerized and conjugated with nonoxidized mannan. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), immunoblotting and IgE-ELISA inhibition studies were conducted to evaluate the main characteristics of the allergoid obtained. Mannan-allergen conjugate and controls were assayed in vitro for canine DC uptake and production of IL-4 and IL-10. The results indicate that the conjugation of D. farinae allergens with nonoxidized mannan was feasible using glutaraldehyde. The resulting product was a polymerized structure showing a high molecular weight as detected by NMR and SDS-PAGE analysis. The mannan-allergen conjugate was hypoallergenic with a reduced reactivity with specific dog IgE. An increase in both allergen uptake and IL-10/IL-4 ratio was obtained when canine DCs were incubated with the mannan-allergen conjugate, as compared with the control allergen preparations (unmodified D. farinae allergens and oxidized mannan-allergen conjugate). We conclude that hypoallergenic D. farinae allergens coupled to nonoxidized mannan is a novel allergen preparation suitable for canine allergy immunotherapy targeting dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana I Manzano
- Inmunotek S.L., Alcalá de Henares, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan López-Relaño
- Inmunotek S.L., Alcalá de Henares, Spain; Experimental Unit, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Enrique Fernández-Caldas
- Inmunotek S.L., Alcalá de Henares, Spain; Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, USA
| | | | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Madrid, Spain; CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Oscar Palomares
- Dpto. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Wagner I, Geh KJ, Hubert M, Winter G, Weber K, Classen J, Klinger C, Mueller RS. Preliminary evaluation of cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotides bound to gelatine nanoparticles as immunotherapy for canine atopic dermatitis. Vet Rec 2017; 181:118. [PMID: 28526774 DOI: 10.1136/vr.104230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN) are a promising new immunotherapeutic treatment option for canine atopic dermatitis (AD). The aim of this uncontrolled pilot study was to evaluate clinical and immunological effects of gelatine nanoparticle (GNP)-bound CpG ODN (CpG GNP) on atopic dogs. Eighteen dogs with AD were treated for 8 weeks (group 1, n=8) or 18 weeks (group 2, n=10). Before inclusion and after 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks (group 1+2), 8 weeks, 12 weeks and 16 weeks (group 2) 75 µg CpG ODN/dog (bound to 1.5 mg GNP) were injected subcutaneously. Pruritus was evaluated daily by the owner. Lesions were evaluated and serum concentrations and mRNA expressions of interferon-γ, tumour necrosis factor-α, transforming growth factor-β, interleukin (IL) 10 and IL-4 (only mRNA expression) were determined at inclusion and after 8 weeks (group 1+2) and 18 weeks (group 2). Lesions and pruritus improved significantly from baseline to week 8. Mean improvements from baseline to week 18 were 23 per cent and 44 per cent for lesions and pruritus, respectively, an improvement of ≥50 per cent was seen in six out of nine and three out of six dogs, respectively. IL-4 mRNA expression decreased significantly. The results of this study show a clinical improvement of canine AD with CpG GNP comparable to allergen immunotherapy. Controlled studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Wagner
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - K J Geh
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology & Biopharmaceutics, LMU Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - M Hubert
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology & Biopharmaceutics, LMU Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - G Winter
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology & Biopharmaceutics, LMU Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - K Weber
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - J Classen
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - C Klinger
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - R S Mueller
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
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Plant JD, Neradilek MB. Effectiveness of regionally-specific immunotherapy for the management of canine atopic dermatitis. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:4. [PMID: 28056956 PMCID: PMC5216569 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0917-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Canine atopic dermatitis is a common pruritic skin disease often treated with allergen immunotherapy (AIT). AIT in dogs traditionally begins with attempting to identify clinically relevant environmental allergens. Current allergen testing methodologies and immunotherapy techniques in dogs are not standardized. Immunotherapy with a mixture of allergenic extracts selected based on regional aerobiology rather than intradermal tests or serum IgE assays has been described. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of regionally-specific immunotherapy in dogs with atopic dermatitis. The medical records of a veterinary dermatology referral clinic were searched for dogs with atopic dermatitis that began regionally-specific subcutaneous immunotherapy from June, 2010 to May, 2013. An overall assessment of treatment effectiveness (excellent, good, fair, or poor) was assigned based upon changes in pruritus severity, lesion severity, and the reduction in concurrent medication(s) during a follow-up period of at least 270 days. Baseline characteristics that might predict treatment success were analyzed with the Spearman’s correlation and the Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results Of the 286 dogs that began regionally-specific immunotherapy (RESPIT) during a 3 year period, 103 met the inclusion criteria. The overall response to RESPIT was classified as excellent in 19%, good in 38%, fair in 25%, and poor in 18% of dogs. The response classification correlated significantly with a reduction in pruritus severity (r = 0.72, p < 0.001) and lesion severity (r = 0.54, p < 0.001), but not with the dogs’ baseline characteristics. Adverse reactions were reported in 7/286 (2.4%) of treated dogs. Conclusions Under the conditions of this study, RESPIT was safe and effective for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon D Plant
- SkinVet Clinic, 15800 Upper Boones Ferry Road, Suite 120, Lake Oswego, 97035, OR, USA.
| | - Moni B Neradilek
- The Mountain-Whisper-Light Statistics, 1827 23rd Avenue East, Seattle, 98112, WA, USA
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Müller M, Linek M, Löwenstein C, Röthig A, Doucette K, Thorstensen K, Mueller R. Evaluation of cyclosporine-sparing effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of canine atopic dermatitis. Vet J 2016; 210:77-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mizuno T. A brighter future for dogs with immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia. Vet J 2016; 209:1-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
Allergic diseases in animals are increasingly gaining importance in veterinary practice and as research models. For intradermal testing and allergen immunotherapy, a good knowledge of relevant allergens for the individual species is of great importance. Currently, the knowledge about relevant veterinary allergens is based on sensitization rates identified by intradermal testing or serum testing for allergen-specific IgE; crude extracts are the basis for most evaluations. Only a few studies provide evidence about the molecular structure of (particularly) dust mite, insect and mould allergens in dogs and horses, respectively. In those species, some major allergens differ from those in humans. This position paper summarizes the current knowledge about relevant allergens in dogs, cats and horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Mueller
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - J Janda
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - E Jensen-Jarolim
- Comparative Medicine, Messerli Research-Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Rhyner
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, Davos, Switzerland
| | - E Marti
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Jensen-Jarolim E, Einhorn L, Herrmann I, Thalhammer JG, Panakova L. Pollen Allergies in Humans and their Dogs, Cats and Horses: Differences and Similarities. Clin Transl Allergy 2015; 5:15. [PMID: 25852853 PMCID: PMC4387677 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-015-0059-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Both humans and their most important domestic animals harbor IgE and a similar IgE receptor repertoire and expression pattern. The same cell types are also involved in the triggering or regulation of allergies, such as mast cells, eosinophils or T-regulatory cells. Translational clinical studies in domestic animals could therefore help cure animal allergies and at the same time gather knowledge relevant to human patients. Dogs, cats and horses may spontaneously and to different extents develop immediate type symptoms to pollen allergens. The skin, nasal and bronchial reactions, as well as chronic skin lesions due to pollen are in principle comparable to human patients. Pollen of various species most often causes allergic rhinitis in human patients, whereas in dogs it elicits predominantly eczematous lesions (canine atopic dermatitis), in horses recurrent airway obstruction or hives as well as pruritic dermatitis, and in cats bronchial asthma and so-called cutaneous reactive patterns (eosinophilic granuloma complex, head and neck pruritus, symmetric self-induced alopecia). In human allergy-specific IgE detection, skin tests or other allergen provocation tests should be completed. In contrast, in animals IgE and dermal tests are regarded as equally important and may even replace each other. However, for practical and economic reasons intradermal tests are most commonly performed in a specialized practice. As in humans, in dogs, cats and horses allergen immunotherapy leads to significant improvement of the clinical symptoms. The collected evidence suggests that canines, felines and equines, with their spontaneous allergies, are attractive model patients for translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Jensen-Jarolim
- Comparative Medicine, Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, c/o Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Währinger G. 18-20, Vienna, 1090 Austria
| | - Lukas Einhorn
- Comparative Medicine, Messerli Research Institute of the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University Vienna and University Vienna, c/o Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Währinger G. 18-20, Vienna, 1090 Austria
| | - Ina Herrmann
- Dermatology Unit, Clinics of Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johann G Thalhammer
- Dermatology Unit, Clinics of Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lucia Panakova
- Dermatology Unit, Clinics of Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Schumann J, Basiouni S, Gück T, Fuhrmann H. Treating canine atopic dermatitis with unsaturated fatty acids: the role of mast cells and potential mechanisms of action. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2014; 98:1013-20. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Schumann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - S. Basiouni
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
- Department of Clinical Pathology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Benha University; Moshtohor Toukh Qalioubeya Egypt
| | - T. Gück
- Hills Pet Nutrition; Hamburg Germany
| | - H. Fuhrmann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
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Plant JD, Neradelik MB, Polissar NL, Fadok VA, Scott BA. Agreement between allergen-specific IgE assays and ensuing immunotherapy recommendations from four commercial laboratories in the USA. Vet Dermatol 2014; 25:15-e6. [PMID: 24461034 PMCID: PMC4209119 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine allergen-specific IgE assays in the USA are not subjected to an independent laboratory reliability monitoring programme. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the agreement of diagnostic results and treatment recommendations of four serum IgE assays commercially available in the USA. METHODS Replicate serum samples from 10 atopic dogs were submitted to each of four laboratories for allergen-specific IgE assays (ACTT(®) , VARL Liquid Gold, ALLERCEPT(®) and Greer(®) Aller-g-complete(®) ). The interlaboratory agreement of standard, regional panels and ensuing treatment recommendations were analysed with the kappa statistic (κ) to account for agreement that might occur merely by chance. Six comparisons of pairs of laboratories and overall agreement among laboratories were analysed for ungrouped allergens (as tested) and also with allergens grouped according to reported cross-reactivity and taxonomy. RESULTS The overall chance-corrected agreement of the positive/negative test results for ungrouped and grouped allergens was slight (κ = 0.14 and 0.13, respectively). Subset analysis of the laboratory pair with the highest level of diagnostic agreement (κ = 0.36) found slight agreement (κ = 0.13) for ungrouped plants and fungi, but substantial agreement (κ = 0.71) for ungrouped mites. The overall agreement of the treatment recommendations was slight (κ = 0.11). Altogether, 85.1% of ungrouped allergen treatment recommendations were unique to one laboratory or another. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Our study indicated that the choice of IgE assay may have a major influence on the positive/negative results and ensuing treatment recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon D Plant
- SkinVet Clinic, 15800 SW Upper Boones Ferry Road, Suite 120, Lake Oswego, OR, 97035, USA
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Jassies-van der Lee A, Rutten V, Spiering R, van Kooten P, Willemse T, Broere F. The immunostimulatory effect of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides on peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy dogs and dogs with atopic dermatitis. Vet J 2013; 200:103-8. [PMID: 24461202 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing cytosine phosphatidyl guanine-rich DNA sequences (CpG ODN) can promote T-helper type 1 (Th1) responses, reduce T-helper type 2 (Th2) responses and/or favour regulatory T cell (Treg) responses in vitro and in vivo in humans and animals, by acting via Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). Since CpG ODN can be used as immune-modulators for canine atopic dermatitis (AD), the aim of the current study was to investigate their immunostimulatory potential on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and their subsets, from AD and healthy dogs. Expression of TLR9 and cytokine mRNA in CpG ODN-stimulated and unstimulated cells was assessed by real-time quantitative PCR. Stimulation of PBMC with CpG class C ODN upregulated mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-6, interferon (IFN)-γ and IL-12p40 in AD dogs (P<0.05). It also stimulated IFN-γ protein secretion by PBMC of atopic and healthy dogs as measured by ELISA. In healthy dogs only, CpG class C ODN stimulated IFN-α mRNA production by CD21(+) cells, and IL-10, IL-13 and IFN-γ mRNA production by CD3(+) cells. Increased expression of TLR9 mRNA was only observed in CD3(+) cells from AD dogs. No significantly increased gene expression was found in the CD11c(+) subset upon stimulation, for those genes evaluated. The results indicate that PBMC of healthy and atopic dogs are sensitive to stimulation with CpG ODN class C, with a resulting Th1 cytokine response in AD dogs and a mixed Th1/Th2/Treg cytokine response in healthy dogs. From this study, little evidence was found to support the use of CpG ODN class C for therapeutic purposes in dogs affected with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Jassies-van der Lee
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Victor Rutten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Rachel Spiering
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter van Kooten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ton Willemse
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Femke Broere
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Ginel PJ, Hernández E, Lucena R, Blanco B, Novales M, Mozos E. Allergen-specific immunotherapy in horses with insect bite hypersensitivity: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Vet Dermatol 2013; 25:29-e10. [PMID: 24267396 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) is a common cause of pruritus in horses, but there are few controlled studies on the efficacy of allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT). Atopic dermatitis and IBH can present with overlapping clinical signs; multiple insect and environmental allergens could be indicated in these horses to achieve effective hyposensitization. Although the success of ASIT using Culicoides spp. whole-body extracts is controversial, there are no controlled studies published that clearly show benefit from this form of therapy. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of ASIT in horses with IBH using commercially available extracts and tests. ANIMALS Twenty horses with seasonal pruritus and positive intradermal reactions to a whole Culicoides extract. METHODS An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test (Allercept(®) ) was used to detect concurrent allergen-specific IgE for other insects and environmental allergens. The ASIT was formulated by adding the relevant serologically positive allergens to the Culicoides extract. After randomization, 10 horses received ASIT and the rest a placebo solution. Clinical response was assessed every 4 months during 1 year using a clinical scoring system based on the severity of four clinical signs at 10 different body regions. Horses were not stabled and, to minimize dropouts, an insect repellent was used weekly in both groups. RESULTS Differences in clinical scores between groups were nonsignificant at any re-evaluation, while both groups improved to a similar extent, probably due to the insecticide treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Using commercially available extracts and tests, we could not demonstrate a beneficial effect of 1 year multiple ASIT in nonstabled horses with IBH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J Ginel
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
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Eichenseer M, Johansen C, Mueller RS. Efficacy of dimetinden and hydroxyzine/chlorpheniramine in atopic dogs: a randomised, controlled, double-blinded trial. Vet Rec 2013; 173:423. [PMID: 24114734 PMCID: PMC3920467 DOI: 10.1136/vr.101907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Antihistaminic drugs are commonly used as symptomatic therapy of atopic dermatitis in dogs. Unfortunately, their clinical benefit is largely unsubstantiated. In a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial, the influence of dimetinden and of a combination of chlorpheniramine and hydroxyzine on pruritus and lesions was evaluated in 19 dogs. They were treated with either product or a placebo orally for 14 days, each time followed by a 14-day washout period. Before and after each period, the dogs were examined and the Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index (CADESI) determined by a clinician, and the pruritus and general condition by the owner. Dimetinden improved the pruritus significantly (P=0.014) but not the CADESI (P=0.087), the combination of hydroxyzine and chlorpheniramine improved the CADESI (P=0.049) and pruritus (P=0.05) significantly. Ten of 17 dogs improved by more than 25 per cent in pruritus with the combination of hydroxyzine and chlorpheniramine, 12 of 18 with dimetindenmaleate and only 2 of 19 with placebo. Antihistamines can help to reduce pruritus in atopic dogs, but in most cases, the improvement is limited and additional treatment may be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Eichenseer
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich 80539, Germany
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Abstract
Horses develop many skin and respiratory disorders that have been attributed to allergy. These disorders include pruritic skin diseases, recurrent urticaria, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and reactive airway disease. Allergen-specific IgE has been detected in these horses, and allergen-specific immunotherapy is used to ameliorate clinical signs. The best understood atopic disease in horses is insect hypersensitivity, but the goal of effective treatment with allergen-specific immunotherapy remains elusive. In this review, updates in pathogenesis of allergic states and a brief mention of the new data on what is known in humans and dogs and how that relates to equine allergic disorders are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie A Fadok
- Dermatology Department, North Houston Veterinary Specialists, 1646 Spring Cypress Road #100, Spring, TX 77388, USA.
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Prélaud AR, Fuchs S, Weber K, Winter G, Coester C, Mueller RS. In vitro effects of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides delivered by gelatin nanoparticles on canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells of atopic and healthy dogs - a pilot study. Vet Dermatol 2013; 24:494-e117. [PMID: 23826658 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) oligodeoxynucleotides offer a novel promising immunotherapeutic approach for atopic dermatitis (AD) both in humans and animals. Gelatin nanoparticles (GNP) enhance and prolong CpG-associated immunomodulatory effects and minimize adverse effects both in vitro and in vivo. Information about the effects of this combination in dogs is lacking. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate immunological effects of CpG coupled to GNP on canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in vitro. ANIMALS Eight dogs with AD, diagnosed by standard criteria and with a concurrent immediate hypersensitivity to house dust mites were included. Control samples were taken from eight healthy, age-matched control dogs without history or evidence of cutaneous or systemic illness. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy and allergic dogs were incubated with CpG-GNP and the uptake of CpG-GNP was demonstrated using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Cell culture supernatant concentrations of interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-4, IL-6 and IL-10 were measured by Canine Cytokine Milliplex. RESULTS No significant changes in IFN-γ and IL-4 were found when comparing PBMCs incubated with CpG and CpG-GNP with the negative controls in atopic and healthy dogs. Interleukin-6 was not detected in any of the groups. However, a statistically significant increase in IL-10 concentration was found after 24 h stimulation with CpG-GNP compared with CpG alone both in atopic and healthy dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE As IL-10 is considered an immunosuppressive cytokine playing a key role in peripheral tolerance; the reported CpG-GNP formulation could be a new approach in allergy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rostaher Prélaud
- Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland; Small Animal Medicine Clinic, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University, 80539, Munich, Germany
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Buckley L, Schmidt V, McEwan N, Nuttall T. Cross-reaction and co-sensitization among related and unrelated allergens in canine intradermal tests. Vet Dermatol 2013; 24:422-7, e91-2. [PMID: 23745529 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intradermal tests are used to identify allergens for avoidance and immunotherapy in atopic dogs. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To evaluate cross-reaction or co-sensitization among 53 intradermal test allergens. ANIMALS Six hundred and fifty-one client-owned dogs with atopic dermatitis. METHODS Intradermal tests were performed with 53 house dust/storage mite, epidermal, insect, tree, weed and grass pollen and mould allergens. Pairwise comparisons were used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs), 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and statistical significance for the results of each allergen pair, with significance at P < 0.0006 (Holm-Bonferroni correction to reduce the false-detection rate). RESULTS Apart from cotton, cockroach, red clover, grain smut and Penicillium, the results for the allergens within each group were statistically associated [ORs from 4.7 (CI 2.5-8.9) to 1229.4 (CI 166.5-1795.1); P = 0.0005 to P < 0.0001]. Excluding red clover and cotton, 94% of results between tree, weed and grass pollens were also statistically associated [ORs from 8.3 (CI 3.6-24.7) to 117 (CI 29.1-341); P = 0.0005 to P < 0.0001]. In contrast, few allergens from unrelated groups were statistically associated [ORs from 0.12 (CI 0.03-1.1) to 27.7 (CI 0.2-93); P = 1.0 to P < 0.0001]. The mean (SD) of the log e transformed ORs for the related and statistically associated allergens [5.3 (1.3)] was significantly greater than those for related but nonstatistically associated [1.7 (1.6)] or unrelated allergens [1.4 (1.4); P < 0.0001]. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE This suggests that there is cross-reaction or co-sensitization between related allergens. This could have implications for allergen selection in testing and immunotherapy, but further studies are required to differentiate cross-reaction from co-sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buckley
- The University of Liverpool School of Veterinary Science, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire, CH64 7TE, UK
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Abstract
Canine atopic dermatitis is a complex multifactorial disease. Here, Tim Nuttall, Maarja Uri and Richard Halliwell, representing three generations of veterinary dermatologists, describe the research underpinning our understanding of the condition and highlight its relevance to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Nuttall
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
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