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Segovia R, Díaz-Lobo M, Cajal Y, Vilaseca M, Rabanal F. Linker-Free Synthesis of Antimicrobial Peptides Using a Novel Cleavage Reagent: Characterisation of the Molecular and Ionic Composition by nanoESI-HR MS. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041310. [PMID: 37111798 PMCID: PMC10141159 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficient preparation of novel bioactive peptide drugs requires the availability of reliable and accessible chemical methodologies together with suitable analytical techniques for the full characterisation of the synthesised compounds. Herein, we describe a novel acidolytic method with application to the synthesis of cyclic and linear peptides involving benzyl-type protection. The process consists of the in situ generation of anhydrous hydrogen bromide and a trialkylsilyl bromide that acts as protic and Lewis acid reagents. This method proved to be useful to effectively remove benzyl-type protecting groups and cleave Fmoc/tBu assembled peptides directly attached to 4-methylbenzhydrylamine (MBHA) resins with no need for using mild trifluoroacetic acid labile linkers. The novel methodology was successful in synthesising three antimicrobial peptides, including the cyclic compound polymyxin B3, dusquetide, and RR4 heptapeptide. Furthermore, electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is successfully used for the full characterisation of both the molecular and ionic composition of the synthetic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roser Segovia
- Section of Organic Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Díaz-Lobo
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), BIST (The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yolanda Cajal
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Vilaseca
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), BIST (The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Rabanal
- Section of Organic Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Rodrigues ACJ, Bortoleti BTDS, Carloto ACM, Silva TF, Concato VM, Gonçalves MD, Tomiotto-Pelissier F, Detoni MB, Diaz-Roa A, Júnior PIDS, Costa IN, Conchon-Costa I, Bidoia DL, Miranda-Sapla MM, Pavanelli WR. Larval excretion/secretion of dipters of Lucilia cuprina species induces death in promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis. Pathog Dis 2021; 79:6339274. [PMID: 34347083 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftab040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease that affects millions of people around the world. Larval excretion/secretion (ES) of the larvae of flies of the Calliphoridae family has microbicidal activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, in addition to some species of Leishmania. Our study aimed at assessing the in vitro efficacy of Lucilia cuprina larval ES against the promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis, elucidating possible microbicidal mechanisms and routes of death involved. Larval ES was able to inhibit the viability of L. amazonensis at all concentrations, induce morphological and ultrastructural changes in the parasite, retraction of the cell body, roughness of the cytoplasmic membrane, leakage of intracellular content, ROS production increase, induction of membrane depolarization, and mitochondrial swelling, the formation of cytoplasmic lipid droplets and phosphatidylserine exposure, thus indicating the possibility of apoptosis-like death. To verify the efficacy of larval ES on amastigote forms, we performed a phagocytic assay, measurement of total ROS, and NO. Treatment using larval ES reduced the percentage of infection and the number of amastigotes per macrophage of lineage J774A.1 at all concentrations, increasing the production of ROS and TNF-α, thus indicating possible pro-inflammatory immunomodulation and oxidative damage. Therefore, treatment using larval ES is effective at inducing the death of promastigotes and amastigotes of L. amazonensis even at low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Jacob Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center for Biological Sciences State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Amanda Cristina Machado Carloto
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center for Biological Sciences State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Taylon Felipe Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center for Biological Sciences State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Virgínia Márcia Concato
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center for Biological Sciences State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Manoela Daiele Gonçalves
- Biotransformation and Phytochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Exact Sciences, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Tomiotto-Pelissier
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Postgraduate Program, Carlos Chagas Institute, (ICC/Fiocruz/PR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Mariana Barbosa Detoni
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center for Biological Sciences State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Andrea Diaz-Roa
- Special Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Instituto Butantan, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Idessania Nazareth Costa
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center for Biological Sciences State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Ivete Conchon-Costa
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center for Biological Sciences State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Danielle Lazarin Bidoia
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center for Biological Sciences State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Milena Menegazzo Miranda-Sapla
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center for Biological Sciences State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Wander Rogério Pavanelli
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Department of Pathological Sciences, Center for Biological Sciences State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
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3
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Exploring the synthesis and characterization of fac-Re(CO)3L complexes using diethylenetriamine derivative functionalized at the central nitrogen. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2021.120291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4
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Winkler DFH. Automated Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2021; 2103:59-94. [PMID: 31879919 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0227-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of solid-phase peptide synthesis by Bruce Merrifield paved the way for a synthesis carried out by machines. Automated peptide synthesis is a fast and convenient way of synthesizing many peptides simultaneously. This chapter tries to give a general guidance for the development of synthesis protocols for the peptide synthesizer. It also provides some suggestions for the modification of the synthesized peptides. Additionally, many examples of possible challenges during and after the synthesis are given in order to support the reader in finding the best synthesis strategy. Numerous references are given to many of the described matters.
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5
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Colombo R, Mingozzi M, Belvisi L, Arosio D, Piarulli U, Carenini N, Perego P, Zaffaroni N, De Cesare M, Castiglioni V, Scanziani E, Gennari C. Synthesis and biological evaluation (in vitro and in vivo) of cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) peptidomimetic-paclitaxel conjugates targeting integrin αVβ3. J Med Chem 2012; 55:10460-74. [PMID: 23140358 DOI: 10.1021/jm301058f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A small library of integrin ligand-paclitaxel conjugates 10-13 was synthesized with the aim of using the tumor-homing cyclo[DKP-RGD] peptidomimetics for site-directed delivery of the cytotoxic drug. All the paclitaxel-RGD constructs 10-13 inhibited biotinylated vitronectin binding to the purified αVβ3 integrin receptor at low nanomolar concentration and showed in vitro cytotoxic activity against a panel of human tumor cell lines similar to that of paclitaxel. Among the cell lines, the cisplatin-resistant IGROV-1/Pt1 cells expressed high levels of integrin αVβ3, making them attractive to be tested in in vivo models. cyclo[DKP-f3-RGD]-PTX 11 displayed sufficient stability in physiological solution and in both human and murine plasma to be a good candidate for in vivo testing. In tumor-targeting experiments against the IGROV-1/Pt1 human ovarian carcinoma xenotransplanted in nude mice, compound 11 exhibited a superior activity compared with paclitaxel, despite the lower (about half) molar dosage used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Colombo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, I-20133, Milan, Italy
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6
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The potential of antimicrobial peptides as biocides. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:6566-96. [PMID: 22072905 PMCID: PMC3210996 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12106566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides constitute a diverse class of naturally occurring antimicrobial molecules which have activity against a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms. Antimicrobial peptides are exciting leads in the development of novel biocidal agents at a time when classical antibiotics are under intense pressure from emerging resistance, and the global industry in antibiotic research and development stagnates. This review will examine the potential of antimicrobial peptides, both natural and synthetic, as novel biocidal agents in the battle against multi-drug resistant pathogen infections.
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Isidro-Llobet
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Stathopoulos P, Papas S, Tsikaris V. C-terminalN-alkylated peptide amides resulting from the linker decomposition of the Rink amide resin. A new cleavage mixture prevents their formation. J Pept Sci 2006; 12:227-32. [PMID: 16103992 DOI: 10.1002/psc.706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Decomposition of the resin linkers during TFA cleavage of the peptides in the Fmoc strategy leads to alkylation of sensitive amino acids. The C-terminal amide alkylation, reported for the first time, is shown to be a major problem in peptide amides synthesized on the Rink amide resin. This side reaction occurs as a result of the Rink amide linker decomposition under TFA treatment of the peptide resin. The use of 1,3-dimethoxybenzene in a cleavage cocktail prevents almost quantitatively formation of C-terminal N-alkylated peptide amides. Oxidized by-product in the tested Cys- and Met-containing peptides were not observed, even if thiols were not used in the cleavage mixture.
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9
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Choi H, Murray TF, Aldrich JV. Synthesis and evaluation of derivatives of leucine enkephalin as potential affinity labels for δ opioid receptors. Biopolymers 2003; 71:552-7. [PMID: 14635095 DOI: 10.1002/bip.10533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
As part of an effort to develop peptide-based affinity labels for opioid receptors, [Leu(5)]enkephalin (LeuEnk) and DTLET (Tyr-D-Thr-Gly-Phe-Leu-Thr), potent agonists for delta receptors, were selected as the parent peptides for further modification. The affinity label derivatives were prepared using standard Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis in conjunction with Fmoc-Phe(p-NHAlloc) (Fmoc: 9-flourenylmethoxycarbonyl;) and selective modification of the p-amino group on this residue. The electrophilic isothiocyanate and bromoacetamide groups were introduced into the para position of Phe(4); the corresponding free amine-containing peptides were also prepared for comparison. The pure peptides were evaluated in radioligand binding assays using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing delta and micro opioid receptors. Modification of Phe(4) in LeuEnk and DTLET significantly decreased delta-receptor binding affinity (40 to >2,000-fold). Among the synthesized analogues, [Phe(p-NH(2))(4)]DTLET showed the highest delta-receptor binding affinity (IC(50) = 39 nM) and enhanced selectivity for delta receptors compared to DTLET while other derivatives exhibited much lower delta receptor affinity. The differences in affinities between the two series of analogues and between the derivatives of LeuEnk and N,N-dibenzyl[Leu(5)]Enk reported previously suggest subtle differences in interactions of Phe(4) with delta receptors depending on other modifications in the sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heekyung Choi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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10
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Shin SY, Yokoyama T, Takenouchi T, Munekata E. The chemical synthesis and binding affinity to the EGF receptor of the EGF-like domain of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF). J Pept Sci 2003; 9:244-50. [PMID: 12725245 DOI: 10.1002/psc.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF), which belongs to the EGF-family of growth factors, was isolated from the conditioned medium of macrophage-like cells. To investigate the effect of N- and C-terminal residues of the EGF-like domain of HB-EGF in the binding affinity to the EGF receptor on A431 cell. We synthesized HB-EGF(44-86) corresponding to the EGF-like domain of HB-EGF and its N- or C-terminal truncated peptides. Thermolytic digestion demonstrated three disulfide bond pairings of the EGF-like domain in HB-EGF is consistent with that of human-EGF and human-TGF-alpha. HB-EGF(44-86) showed high binding affinity to EGF-receptor, like human-EGF. The truncation of the C-terminal Leu86 residue from HB-EGF(44-86), HB-EGF(45-86) or HB-EGF(46-86) caused a drastic reduction in the binding affinity to the EGF receptor. These results suggest that the EGF-like domain of HB-EGF plays an important role in the binding to the EGF receptor, and its C-terminal Leu86 residue is necessary for binding with the EGF-receptor. In addition, the deletion of the two N-terminal residues (Asp44-Pro45) from HB-EGF(44-86) caused a 10-fold decrease in relative binding affinity to the EGF receptor. This indicates that the two N-terminal residues of the EGF-like domain of HB-EGF are necessary for its optimal binding affinity to the EGF receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Yub Shin
- Department of Bio-Materials, Graduate School and Research Center for Proteineous Materials, Chosun University, Kwangju 501-759, Korea.
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11
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12
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Choi H, Murray TF, Aldrich JV. Synthesis and evaluation of potential affinity labels derived from endomorphin-2. THE JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE RESEARCH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PEPTIDE SOCIETY 2003; 61:58-62. [PMID: 12492899 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3011.2003.00029.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to identify potential peptide-based affinity labels for opioid receptors, endomorphin-2 (Tyr-Pro-Phe-PheNH2), a potent and selective endogenous ligand for mu-opioid receptors, was chosen as the parent peptide for modification. The tetrapeptide analogs were prepared using standard Fmoc-solid phase peptide synthesis in conjunction with incorporation of Fmoc-Phe(p-NHAlloc) and modification of the p-amino group. The electrophilic groups isothiocyanate and bromoacetamide were introduced into the para position on either Phe3 or Phe4; the corresponding free amine-containing peptides were also prepared for comparison. The peptides bearing an affinity label group and their free amine analogs were evaluated in a radioligand-binding assay using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing mu- and delta-opioid receptors. Modification on Phe4 was better tolerated than on Phe3 for mu-receptor binding. Among the analogs tested, [Phe(p-NH2)4]endomorphin-2 showed the highest affinity (IC50 = 37 nm) for mu-receptors. The Phe(p-NHCOCH2Br)4 analog displayed the highest mu-receptor affinity (IC50 = 158 nm) among the peptides containing an affinity label group. Most of the compounds exhibited negligible binding affinity for delta-receptors, similar to the parent peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Choi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA
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13
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Choi H, Murray TF, Aldrich JV. Dermorphin-based potential affinity labels for mu-opioid receptors. THE JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE RESEARCH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PEPTIDE SOCIETY 2003; 61:40-5. [PMID: 12472847 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3011.2003.20030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dermorphin and [Lys7]dermorphin, selective micro -opioid receptor ligands originating from amphibian skin, have been modified with various electrophiles in either the 'message' or 'address' sequences as potential peptide-based affinity labels for micro -receptors. Introduction of the electrophilic isothiocyanate and bromoacetamide groups on the para position of Phe3 and Phe5 was accomplished by incorporating Fmoc-Phe(p-NHAlloc) into the peptide followed by selective deprotection and modification. The corresponding amine-containing peptides were also prepared. The pure peptides were evaluated in radioligand binding experiments using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing micro - and delta-opioid receptors. In dermorphin, introduction of the electrophilic groups in the 'message' domain lowered the binding affinity by > 1000-fold; only [Phe(p-NH2)3]dermorphin retained nanomolar affinity for micro -receptors. Modifications in the 'address' region of both dermorphin and [Lys7]dermorphin were relatively well tolerated. In particular, [Phe(p-NH2)5,Lys7]dermorphin showed similar affinity to dermorphin, with almost 2-fold higher selectivity for micro -receptors. [Phe(p-NHCOCH2Br)5]- and [Phe(p-NHCOCH2Br)5,Lys7]dermorphin exhibited relatively high affinity (IC50 = 27.7 and 15.1 nm, respectively) for micro -receptors. However, neither of these peptides inhibited [3H]DAMGO binding in a wash-resistant manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Choi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA
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14
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Greathouse DV, Goforth RL, Crawford T, Van Der Wel PC, Killian JA. Optimized aminolysis conditions for cleavage of N-protected hydrophobic peptides from solid-phase resins. THE JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE RESEARCH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PEPTIDE SOCIETY 2001; 57:519-27. [PMID: 11437955 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3011.2001.00849.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Solid-phase synthesis and aminolysis cleavage conditions were optimized to obtain N- and C-terminally protected hydrophobic peptides with both high quality and yield. Uncharged 'WALP' peptides, consisting of a central (Leu-Ala)n repeating unit (where n = 5, 10.5 or 11.5) flanked on both sides by Trp 'anchors', and gramicidin A (gA) were synthesized using 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl chemistry from either Wang or Merrifield resins. For WALP peptides, the N-terminal amino acid was capped by coupling N-acetyl- or N-formyl-Ala or -Gly to the peptide/resin or by formylation of the completed peptide/resin with para-nitrophenylformate (p-NPF). N-Terminal acetyl- or formyl-Ala racemized when coupled as an HOBt-ester to the resin-bound peptide, but not when the peptide was formylated with p-NPF. Racemization was avoided at the last step by completing the peptide with acetyl- or formyl-Gly. For both WALP peptides and gA, cleavage conditions using ethanolamine or ethylenediamine were optimized as functions of solvent, time, temperature and resin type. For WALP peptides, maximum yields of highly pure peptide were obtained by cleavage with 20% ethanolamine or ethylenediamine in 80% dichloromethane for 48 h at 24 degrees C. N-Acetyl-protected WALP peptides consistently gave higher yields than those protected with N-formyl. For gA, cleavage with 20% ethanolamine or ethylenediamine in 80% dimethylformamide for 48 h at 24 degrees C gave excellent results. For both WALP peptides and gA, decreasing the cleavage time to 4 h and increasing the temperature to 40-55 degrees C resulted in significantly lower yields. The inclusion of hexafluoroisopropanol in the cleavage solvent mixture did not improve yields for either gA or WALP peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Greathouse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.
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Ouellette AJ, Darmoul D, Tran D, Huttner KM, Yuan J, Selsted ME. Peptide localization and gene structure of cryptdin 4, a differentially expressed mouse paneth cell alpha-defensin. Infect Immun 1999; 67:6643-51. [PMID: 10569786 PMCID: PMC97078 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.12.6643-6651.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/1999] [Accepted: 09/17/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Paneth cells in crypts of the small intestine express antimicrobial peptides, including alpha-defensins, termed cryptdins in mice. Of the known Paneth cell alpha-defensins, the cryptdin 4 gene is unique, because it is inactive in the duodenum and expressed at maximal levels in the distal small bowel (D. Darmoul and A. J. Ouellette, Am. J. Physiol. 271:G68-G74, 1996). With a cryptdin 4-specific antibody, immunohistochemical staining of ileal Paneth cells was strong and specific for cytoplasmic granules, demonstrating that this microbicidal peptide is a secretory product of Paneth cells in the distal small intestine. Consistent with the pattern of cryptdin 4 mRNA distribution along the length of the gut, the cryptdin 4 peptide was not detected in duodenum. Structurally, the cryptdin 4 gene resembles other Paneth cell alpha-defensin genes. Its two exons, transcriptional start site, intron, splice sites, and 3' flanking sequences are characteristic of the highly conserved mouse alpha-defensin genes. However, in the region upstream of the transcriptional initiation site, the cryptdin 4 gene contains a repeated 130-bp element that is unique to this alpha-defensin gene. Every independent cryptdin 4 genomic clone examined carries the repeated element, which contains putative recognition sequences for TF-IID-EIIA, cMyc-RS-1, and IgHC.2/CuE1.1; the repeat proximal to the start of transcription replaces DNA at the corresponding position in other mouse alpha-defensin genes. We speculate that this unique duplicated element may have a cis-acting regulatory role in the positional specificity of cryptdin 4 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Ouellette
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.
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16
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Angeletti
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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18
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Guy CA, Fields GB. Trifluoroacetic acid cleavage and deprotection of resin-bound peptides following synthesis by Fmoc chemistry. Methods Enzymol 1997; 289:67-83. [PMID: 9353718 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(97)89044-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C A Guy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455-0392, USA
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19
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An optimized Boc synthesis of indolicidin. Int J Pept Res Ther 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02443553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Vorherr T, Trzeciak A, Bannwarth W. Application of the allyloxycarbonyl protecting group for the indole of Trp in solid-phase peptide synthesis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1996; 48:553-8. [PMID: 8985788 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1996.tb00874.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and stability of allyloxycarbonyl (Aloc) indole-protected Trp derivatives and their application in solid-phase peptide synthesis are reported. The study shows that the Aloc protection on the indole moiety is suitable for orthogonal protection in the Fmoc/tBu strategy if the Fmoc group is cleaved with DBU. Several tryptophan-containing peptides have been synthesized including dynorphin A-(1-13), which has been intensively studied with respect to side reactions during the final TFA cleavage procedure. The results demonstrate the protective function of the Aloc group on the Trp during final deprotection. Furthermore, it could be demonstrated that Trp(Aloc)-containing peptides can be isolated and that the Aloc group can then be removed in a second step. The synthesis of phosphorylated delta sleep inducing peptide (P-DSIP) using the global phosphorylation approach provides another example in which Trp indole protection by Aloc prevents the formation of oxidative side products.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Vorherr
- PRPC, F. Hoffmann La-Roche Ltd., Basle, Switzerland
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21
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Facile reduction of peptide oxime endothelin antagonist during trialkylsilane/TFA cleavage after solid-phase synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00132973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Lescrinier T, Busson R, Rozenski J, Janssen G, Van Aerschot A, Herdewijn P. Incorporation of 5-hydroxytryptophan in oligopeptides. Tetrahedron 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(96)00301-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Thompson PE, Keah HH, Gomme PT, Stanton PG, Hearn MT. Synthesis of peptide amides using Fmoc-based solid-phase procedures on 4-methylbenzhydrylamine resins. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1995; 46:174-80. [PMID: 8567172 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1995.tb01333.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A two-step low-high protocol for the efficient synthesis of peptide amides is described. The protocol exploits the efficiency of Reagent K for side-chain deprotection with the capability of the hard acid trifluoromethane-sulfonic acid (TFSMA) for cleavage of the peptide from the benzhydrylamine resin. This procedure has proven to be an effective method for the synthesis of peptide amides. The formation of alpha-aminosuccinimide (Asu) derivatives were observed with aspartyl-containing peptides as a minor side reaction product of this procedure, but this Asp-->Asu rearrangement could be successfully suppressed by employing low temperature conditions. The N- to O-acyl rearrangement of threonine and/or serine residues also only occurred to a minor extent under these synthetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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24
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Scanlon MJ, Fairlie DP, Craik DJ, Englebretsen DR, West ML. NMR solution structure of the RNA-binding peptide from human immunodeficiency virus (type 1) Rev. Biochemistry 1995; 34:8242-9. [PMID: 7599117 DOI: 10.1021/bi00026a005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy has been used to solve the three-dimensional solution structure of a minimal RNA-binding domain of the Rev protein from the human immunodeficiency virus (type 1), an essential regulatory protein for viral replication. The presence of 10 arginine residues in the 17-residue peptide Rev34-50 caused significant problems in assignment of the NMR spectra. To improve spectral resolution, the peptide was synthesized with an alanine replacing a nonessential arginine and with selectively 15N-labeled residues. Contrary to Chou-Fasman modeling predictions an alpha-helix was detected in both water and 20% trifluoroethanol (TFE) and was found to span residues that constitute the RNA-binding and nuclear-localizing domains of Rev. The sequence-specific information provided by the NMR data gives a full description of the solution conformation of Rev34-50 which serves as a template for investigating binding of the peptide to RNA from the Rev response element (RRE). Preliminary modeling suggests that the helix can fit neatly into the expanded major groove of the RRE where interactions between the peptide side chains and the RNA can be identified. These data may aid the construction of a suitable pharmacophore model for the rational design of molecules that block Rev-RNA binding and inhibit HIV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Scanlon
- Centre for Drug Design and Development, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
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25
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Rovero P, Pegoraro S, Vigan� S, Bonelli F, Triolo A. Solid support-dependent alkylation of tryptophan residues in SPPS using a 2-methoxybenzyl alcohol-based linker. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00128533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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26
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Shin SY, Takenouchi T, Yokoyama T, Ohtaki T, Munekata E. Chemical synthesis and biological activity of the EGF-like domain of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE AND PROTEIN RESEARCH 1994; 44:485-90. [PMID: 7896508 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.1994.tb00186.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is a recently discovered member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family. This novel growth factor possesses the EGF-like domain in the carboxyl portion. In order to evaluate the biological function of the EGF-like domain in HB-EGF, human HB-EGF(44-86) corresponding to the EGF-like domain was synthesized by the solid-phase procedure using the Fmoc strategy. It was confirmed by amino acid microsequencing of cysteine-containing fragments derived from thermolytic digestion that the pattern of three disulfide bond pairings in synthetic HB-EGF(44-86) was consistent with that of EGF and transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha). The homogeneity of the synthetic peptide was confirmed by analytical RP-HPLC, amino acid analysis and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometer (FAB-MS). Compared with h-EGF, the EGF-like domain of human HB-EGF showed a comparable mitogenic activity in the proliferation of NIH/3T3 fibroblast cells. These results suggest that the EGF-like domain of human HB-EGF may play an important role in mitogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Shin
- Institute of Applied Biochemistry, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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27
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Fields CG, Fields GB. Minimization of tryptophan alkylation following 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl solid-phase peptide synthesis. Tetrahedron Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)61669-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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