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Picolo M, de Araújo Nobre MA, Salvado F, Barroso H. Association of Herpesvirus and Periodontitis: A Clinical and Laboratorial Case-Control Study. Eur J Dent 2023; 17:1300-1308. [PMID: 37295456 PMCID: PMC10756839 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1761423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A significant influence of the Herpesviridae family in the progression of periodontal disease has been suggested. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential association of four Herpesviruses (HSV-1, HSV-2, cytomegalovirus [CMV], and Epstein-Barr virus [EBV]) with periodontal disease using a qualitative test for evaluating the presence or absence of viral DNA in crevicular fluid samples of both healthy periodontal patients and periodontal compromised patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS A case-control study was conducted in 100 participants at a university clinic. A qualitative test was used for evaluating the presence/absence of viral DNA in crevicular fluid samples of both healthy periodontal patients and periodontal compromised patients, and considering the periodontitis staging (stage II, stage III, and stage IV) and grading (grade A, grade B, and grade C). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The distribution of the same exposure variables to the periodontitis staging and grading was compared using Chi-square, Fisher's exact, and Gamma tests depending on the variable characteristics. The significance level was set at 5%. The association of the variables: age, sex, diabetes, smoking, alcohol, and oral hygiene was also considered. RESULTS The prevalence of Herpesviridae family virus DNA was 6% for the periodontal healthy group and 60% for the periodontitis group (roughly 60% on periodontitis stages II, III, and IV, p <0.001; and twofold increase in moderate and rapid progression grades compared with the slow progression grade, p <0.001). HSV1 DNA was prevalent in all periodontitis stages and grades. HSV 2, EBV, and CMV DNA had increasing prevalence rates in more severe stages (stages III and IV, p <0.001); while considering periodontitis grade, HSV2 (p = 0.001), CMV (p = 0.019) and EBV (p <0.001) DNA were prevalent only in grades B and C, with EBV DNA registering a marked prevalence in grade C. CONCLUSION A significant different distribution of Herpesviridae virus DNA per each stage of disease was registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Picolo
- Mestrado Integrado de Medicina Dentária, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Caparica, Portugal
| | - Miguel A. de Araújo Nobre
- Clínica Universitária de Estomatologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
- Research and Development Department, Maló Clinic, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Francisco Salvado
- Clínica Universitária de Estomatologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM) – Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Caparica Portugal
| | - Helena Barroso
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM) – Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Caparica Portugal
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2
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Rezazadeh F, Shojaei R, Jamalidoust M, Khosropanah H, Tabesh A, Tayebi Khorami E. Effect of periodontal surgery on the salivary Herpes simplex virus-1 levels-a pilot study. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2023; 13:482-485. [PMID: 37293582 PMCID: PMC10245326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Herpes simplex viruses (HSV) are one of the most important groups of human pathogenic viruses. The prominent characteristic of this virus is latency and the ability to reactivate. One of the possible factors for reactivation of this virus is dental procedures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the salivary level of Herpes simplex viruses, before and after periodontal (crown lengthening) surgery and its relation with age and sex. Materials and methods 30 HSV seropositive patients, who needed the crown lengthening surgery and accepted to cooperate in this research, were included as experimental group of this study. Unstimulated Saliva samples of the patients were collected in 1.5 ml micro-tubes, before and 24 h after the surgery, and were analyzed by Premix EX taq probe qpcr, using PCR real-time method. Results No significant statistical differences were observed in the salivary level of HSV before and after crown lengthening procedure (p = 0.18). However, the level of HSV in saliva after surgery was significantly higher than its level before surgery in women as compared to men (p = 0.003). The differences in virus level did not have any significant relationship with patients' age (p = 0.9). Conclusion It seems that periodontal (crown lengthening) surgery does not affect the level of HSV in saliva yet, but it could be one of the stimulators of increased HSV level after surgery in women as compared to men; but age does not play an important role in changes of level of virus before and after the surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Rezazadeh
- Oral and Dental Disease Research Center, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Medicine, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Rana Shojaei
- Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Marzieh Jamalidoust
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hengameh Khosropanah
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Tabesh
- Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Elham Tayebi Khorami
- Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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3
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Brahim Belhaouari D, Baudoin JP, Lagier JC, Monnet-Corti V, La Scola B, Antezack A. Microscopic observations of SARS-CoV-2 like particles in different oral samples. Eur J Oral Sci 2022; 130:e12903. [PMID: 36404273 PMCID: PMC10099536 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The emerging coronavirus pneumonia epidemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 infection has spread rapidly around the world. The main routes of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 are currently recognised as aerosol/droplet inhalation. However, the involvement of the oral cavity in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is poorly known. The current data indicates the presence of viral RNA in oral samples, suggesting the implication of saliva in SARS-CoV-2 transmission, however, no direct observation of SARS-CoV-2 particles in different oral samples has been reported. In this study, we investigated whether particles of SARS-CoV-2 were present in oral samples collected from three symptomatic COVID-19 patients. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the correlative strategy of light microscopy and electron microscopy and immunofluorescence staining, we showed the presence of SARS-like particles in RT-qPCR SARS-CoV-2-positive saliva, dental plaque and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples. In the saliva samples, we demonstrated the presence of epithelial oral cells with morphogenetic features of SARS-CoV-2 infected cells. Inside those cells, vacuoles filled with nascent particles were observed, suggesting the potential infection and replication of SARS-CoV-2 in oral tissues. Our results corroborate previous studies and confirm that the oral cavity may be a potential niche for SARS-CoV-2 infection and a potential source of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djamal Brahim Belhaouari
- IRD, AP-HM, IHU Méditerranée Infection, MEPHI, Aix Marseille Univ, Marseille, France.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Baudoin
- IRD, AP-HM, IHU Méditerranée Infection, MEPHI, Aix Marseille Univ, Marseille, France.,Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille, Hopital Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Lagier
- IRD, AP-HM, IHU Méditerranée Infection, MEPHI, Aix Marseille Univ, Marseille, France.,Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille, Hopital Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Virginie Monnet-Corti
- IRD, AP-HM, IHU Méditerranée Infection, MEPHI, Aix Marseille Univ, Marseille, France.,Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille, Hopital Timone, Marseille, France.,Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales, Ecole de Médecine Dentaire, Aix Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard La Scola
- IRD, AP-HM, IHU Méditerranée Infection, MEPHI, Aix Marseille Univ, Marseille, France.,Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille, Hopital Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Angéline Antezack
- IRD, AP-HM, IHU Méditerranée Infection, MEPHI, Aix Marseille Univ, Marseille, France.,Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille, Hopital Timone, Marseille, France.,Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales, Ecole de Médecine Dentaire, Aix Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
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4
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Teles F, Collman RG, Mominkhan D, Wang Y. Viruses, periodontitis, and comorbidities. Periodontol 2000 2022; 89:190-206. [PMID: 35244970 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Seminal studies published in the 1990s and 2000s explored connections between periodontal diseases and systemic conditions, revealing potential contributions of periodontal diseases in the initiation or worsening of systemic conditions. The resulting field of periodontal medicine led to the publication of studies indicating that periodontal diseases can influence the risk of systemic conditions, including adverse pregnancy outcomes, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, as well as Alzheimer disease and cancers. In general, these studies hypothesized that the periodontal bacterial insult and/or the associated proinflammatory cascade could contribute to the pathogenesis of these systemic diseases. While investigations of the biological basis of the connections between periodontal diseases and systemic conditions generally emphasized the bacteriome, it is also biologically plausible, under an analogous hypothesis, that other types of organisms may have a similar role. Human viruses would be logical "suspects" in this role, given their ubiquity in the oral cavity, association with periodontal diseases, and ability to elicit strong inflammatory response, compromise immune responses, and synergize with bacteria in favor of a more pathogenic microbial consortium. In this review, the current knowledge of the role of viruses in connecting periodontal diseases and systemic conditions is examined. We will also delve into the mechanistic basis for such connections and highlight the importance of those relationships in the management and treatment of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Teles
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine & School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ronald G Collman
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dana Mominkhan
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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5
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Vinel A, Al Halabi A, Roumi S, Le Neindre H, Millavet P, Simon M, Cuny C, Barthet JS, Barthet P, Laurencin-Dalicieux S. Non-surgical Periodontal Treatment: SRP and Innovative Therapeutic Approaches. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1373:303-327. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-96881-6_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Butt RT, Janjua OS, Qureshi SM, Shaikh MS, Guerrero-Gironés J, Rodríguez-Lozano FJ, Zafar MS. Dental Healthcare Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:11008. [PMID: 34769526 PMCID: PMC8583530 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The hustle and bustle of the planet Earth have come to a halt thanks to the novel coronavirus. The virus has affected approximately 219 million people globally; taken the lives of 4.55 million patients as of September 2021; and created an ambiance of fear, social distancing, and economic instability. The purpose of this review article is to trace the historical origin and evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus is highly contagious with a unique feature of rapid mutations-the scientific research is paving the way for discoveries regarding novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) diagnosis, features, prevention, and vaccination. The connections between the coronavirus pandemic and dental practices are essential because COVID-19 is transmitted by aerosols, fomites, and respiratory droplets, which are also produced during dental procedures, putting both the patient and the dentist at risk. The main emphasis of this paper is to highlight the psychological, economic, and social impact of this pandemic on dental practices throughout the world and under what circumstances and guidelines can dental health care be provided. In the current situation of the pandemic, an appropriate screening tool must be established either by using rapid molecular testing or saliva point-of-care technology, which will be effective in identifying as well as isolating the potential contacts and carriers in hopes to contain and mitigate infection. The blessing in disguise is that this virus has united the leaders, scientists, health care providers, and people of all professions from all around the world to fight against a common enemy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Tariq Butt
- General Dental Practitioner, Al-Noor Clinics, Okara 56000, Pakistan;
| | - Omer Sefvan Janjua
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, PMC Dental Institute, Faisalabad Medical University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Sana Mehmood Qureshi
- Department of Oral Pathology, PMC Dental Institute, Faisalabad Medical University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Saad Shaikh
- Department of Oral Biology, Sindh Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi 75510, Pakistan;
| | - Julia Guerrero-Gironés
- Gerodontology and Special Care Dentistry Unit, Hospital Morales Meseguer, Medicine School, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Francisco J. Rodríguez-Lozano
- Gerodontology and Special Care Dentistry Unit, Hospital Morales Meseguer, Medicine School, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
- Cellular Therapy and Hematopoietic Transplant Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia, Clinical University Hospital Virgen de laArrixaca, University of Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Muhammad Sohail Zafar
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al Madinah, Al Munawwarah 41311, Saudi Arabia; or
- Department of Dental Materials, Islamic International Dental College, Riphah International University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
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7
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Clinical Manifestations and Epigenetic Regulation of Oral Herpesvirus Infections. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040681. [PMID: 33920978 PMCID: PMC8071331 DOI: 10.3390/v13040681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity is often the first site where viruses interact with the human body. The oral epithelium is a major site of viral entry, replication and spread to other cell types, where chronic infection can be established. In addition, saliva has been shown as a primary route of person-to-person transmission for many viruses. From a clinical perspective, viral infection can lead to several oral manifestations, ranging from common intraoral lesions to tumors. Despite the clinical and biological relevance of initial oral infection, little is known about the mechanism of regulation of the viral life cycle in the oral cavity. Several viruses utilize host epigenetic machinery to promote their own life cycle. Importantly, viral hijacking of host chromatin-modifying enzymes can also lead to the dysregulation of host factors and in the case of oncogenic viruses may ultimately play a role in promoting tumorigenesis. Given the known roles of epigenetic regulation of viral infection, epigenetic-targeted antiviral therapy has been recently explored as a therapeutic option for chronic viral infection. In this review, we highlight three herpesviruses with known roles in oral infection, including herpes simplex virus type 1, Epstein–Barr virus and Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. We focus on the respective oral clinical manifestations of these viruses and their epigenetic regulation, with a specific emphasis on the viral life cycle in the oral epithelium.
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8
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Gupta S, Mohindra R, Chauhan P, Singla V, Goyal K, Sahni V, Gaur R, Verma D, Ghosh A, Soni R, Suri V, Bhalla A, Singh M. SARS-CoV-2 Detection in Gingival Crevicular Fluid. J Dent Res 2021; 100:187-193. [PMID: 33138663 PMCID: PMC7642823 DOI: 10.1177/0022034520970536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the pathophysiology of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection remains a significant challenge of our times. The gingival crevicular fluid being representative of systemic status and having a proven track record of detecting viruses and biomarkers forms a logical basis for evaluating the presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The study aimed to assess gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) for evidence of SARS-CoV-2 in 33 patients who were deemed to be COVID-19 positive upon nasopharyngeal sampling. An attempt was also made to comparatively evaluate it with saliva in terms of its sensitivity, as a diagnostic fluid for SARS-CoV-2. GCF and saliva samples were collected from 33 COVID-19-confirmed patients. Total RNA was extracted using NucliSENS easyMAG (bioMérieux) and eluted in the elution buffer. Envelope gene (E gene) of SARS-CoV-2 and human RNase P gene as internal control were detected in GCF samples by using the TRUPCR SARS-CoV-2 RT qPCR kit V-2.0 (I) in an Applied Biosystems 7500 real-time machine. A significant majority of both asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic patients exhibited the presence of the novel coronavirus in their GCF samples. Considering the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the nasopharyngeal swab sampling as gold standard, the sensitivity of GCF and saliva, respectively, was 63.64% (confidence interval [CI], 45.1% to 79.60%) and 64.52% (CI, 45.37% to 80.77%). GCF was found to be comparable to saliva in terms of its sensitivity to detect SARS-CoV-2. Saliva samples tested positive in 3 of the 12 patients whose GCF tested negative, and likewise GCF tested positive for 2 of the 11 patients whose saliva tested negative on real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The results establish GCF as a possible mode of transmission of SARS-CoV-2, which is the first such report in the literature, and also provide the first quantifiable evidence pointing toward a link between the COVID-19 infection and oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Gupta
- Unit of Periodontics, Oral Health
Sciences Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER),
Chandigarh, India
| | - R. Mohindra
- Department of Internal Medicine, PGIMER,
Chandigarh, India
| | - P.K. Chauhan
- Department of Virology, PGIMER,
Chandigarh, India
| | - V. Singla
- Department of Internal Medicine, PGIMER,
Chandigarh, India
| | - K. Goyal
- Department of Virology, PGIMER,
Chandigarh, India
| | - V. Sahni
- Dr. Harvansh Singh Judge Institute of
Dental Sciences & Hospital, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - R. Gaur
- Department of Virology, PGIMER,
Chandigarh, India
| | - D.K. Verma
- Department of Virology, PGIMER,
Chandigarh, India
| | - A. Ghosh
- Department of Virology, PGIMER,
Chandigarh, India
| | - R.K. Soni
- Department of Internal Medicine, PGIMER,
Chandigarh, India
| | - V. Suri
- Department of Internal Medicine, PGIMER,
Chandigarh, India
| | - A. Bhalla
- Department of Internal Medicine, PGIMER,
Chandigarh, India
| | - M.P. Singh
- Department of Virology, PGIMER,
Chandigarh, India
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9
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Puletic M, Popovic B, Jankovic S, Brajovic G. Detection rates of periodontal bacteria and herpesviruses in different forms of periodontal disease. Microbiol Immunol 2020; 64:815-824. [PMID: 33107981 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim was to investigate the detection rates of periodontal bacteria (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Prevotella intermedia, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans) and herpesviruses (herpes simplex virus-1 [HSV-1], cytomegalovirus [CMV], and Epstein-Barr virus [EBV]) in different forms and severity of periodontal disease, and to compare them with those in periodontally healthy subjects. One hundred and twenty-nine patients participated in the study: 39 diagnosed with periodontal abscess (PA), 33 with necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis (NUP), 27 with chronic periodontitis (CP), and 30 participants with healthy periodontal tissue represented a healthy control group. All patients with periodontal disease (PA, NUP, and CP) were also divided into two groups according to the severity of their disease: moderate and severe periodontitis. The subgingival samples were collected from the periodontitis active sites and the detection of microorganisms was performed by end-point polymerase chain reaction analyses. The results revealed significantly higher detection rates of P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, and P. intermedia in all three groups of patients with periodontitis than in healthy participants. The highest detection rate of A. actinomycetemcomitans was noticed in CP, which was significantly higher than that in PA, NUP, and healthy control. The occurrence of EBV was significantly higher in NUP than in CP and healthy participants. CMV was detected significantly more frequently in PA and NUP than in CP and healthy participants. Comparisons among healthy participants and patients with moderate and severe periodontitis showed significantly higher detection rates of EBV and CMV in patients with severe forms of periodontitis than in healthy participants and those with moderate periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miljan Puletic
- Clinic for Periodontology and Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branka Popovic
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sasa Jankovic
- Clinic for Periodontology and Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gavrilo Brajovic
- Department of Physiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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10
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Xiang Z, Koo H, Chen Q, Zhou X, Liu Y, Simon-Soro A. Potential implications of SARS-CoV-2 oral infection in the host microbiota. J Oral Microbiol 2020; 13:1853451. [PMID: 33312449 PMCID: PMC7711743 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2020.1853451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity, as the entry point to the body, may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection that has caused a global outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Available data indicate that the oral cavity may be an active site of infection and an important reservoir of SARS-CoV-2. Considering that the oral surfaces are colonized by a diverse microbial community, it is likely that viruses have interactions with the host microbiota. Patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 may have alterations in the oral and gut microbiota, while oral species have been found in the lung of COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, interactions between the oral, lung, and gut microbiomes appear to occur dynamically whereby a dysbiotic oral microbial community could influence respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases. However, it is unclear whether SARS-CoV-2 infection can alter the local homeostasis of the resident microbiota, actively cause dysbiosis, or influence cross-body sites interactions. Here, we provide a conceptual framework on the potential impact of SARS-CoV-2 oral infection on the local and distant microbiomes across the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts ('oral-tract axes'), which remains largely unexplored. Studies in this area could further elucidate the pathogenic mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 and the course of infection as well as the clinical symptoms of COVID-19 across different sites in the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenting Xiang
- Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, Department of Orthodontics, Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry and Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease & Human Saliva Laboratory & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hyun Koo
- Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, Department of Orthodontics, Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry and Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Qianming Chen
- Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease & Human Saliva Laboratory & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, Department of Orthodontics, Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry and Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aurea Simon-Soro
- Biofilm Research Labs, Levy Center for Oral Health, Department of Orthodontics, Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry and Community Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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11
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Fernandes Matuck B, Dolhnikoff M, Maia GVA, Isaac Sendyk D, Zarpellon A, Costa Gomes S, Duarte-Neto AN, Rebello Pinho JR, Gomes-Gouvêa MS, Sousa SCM, Mauad T, Saldiva PHDN, Braz-Silva PH, da Silva LFF. Periodontal tissues are targets for Sars-Cov-2: a post-mortem study. J Oral Microbiol 2020; 13:1848135. [PMID: 33391625 PMCID: PMC7717160 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2020.1848135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The ability of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 to spread is one of the determinants of the COVID-19 pandemic status. Until June 2020, global COVID-19 cases surpassed 10 million. Asymptomatic patients, with no respiratory impairment, are believed to be responsible for more than 80% of the transmission. Other viruses have been consistently detected in periodontal tissues. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in periodontal tissue. Methods: We conducted video-endoscope minimally invasive post-mortem biopsy in seven fatal cases of COVID-19, using a regular endoscope video system associated with a smartphone to locate periodontal tissue. We analyzed the samples using RT-PCR, to identify the SARS-CoV-2 RNA and histopathological analysis. Results: The seven studied autopsies with positive laboratory tests for COVID-19 included 57.14% of female patients at the average age of 47.4 (range 8 to 74). In five cases, periodontal tissue was positive for SARS-CoV-2 (RT-PCR). Histopathologic analyses showed morphologic alterations in the keratinocytes of the junctional epithelium, a vacuolization of the cytoplasm and nucleus and nuclear pleomorphism. Conclusion: We presented a biomolecular analysis obtained from minimally invasive autopsies. This is the first study to demonstrate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in periodontal tissue in COVID-19 positive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marisa Dolhnikoff
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gilvan V. A. Maia
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Isaac Sendyk
- Department of Stomatology, Division of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda Zarpellon
- Department of Stomatology, Division of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sara Costa Gomes
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - João Renato Rebello Pinho
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Sao Paulo, Department of Gastroenterology, LIM-07, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michele Soares Gomes-Gouvêa
- Institute of Tropical Medicine of Sao Paulo, Department of Gastroenterology, LIM-07, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Suzana C.O. M. Sousa
- Department of Stomatology, Division of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thais Mauad
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo H. Braz-Silva
- Department of Stomatology, Division of General Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Institue of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Badran Z, Gaudin A, Struillou X, Amador G, Soueidan A. Periodontal pockets: A potential reservoir for SARS-CoV-2? Med Hypotheses 2020; 143:109907. [PMID: 32504927 PMCID: PMC7833827 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal pockets are the major clinical manifestation of Periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory oral disease affecting the teeth-supporting tissues and has high prevalence in the adult population. Periodontal pockets are ideal environments for subgingival bacterial biofilms, that interact with the supragingival oral cavity, mucosal tissues of the pocket and a peripheral circulatory system. Periodontal pockets have been found to harbor viral species such as the Herpes simplex viruses' family. Recently, the SARS-CoV-2 has gained major interest of the scientific/medical community as it caused a global pandemic (Covid-19) and paralyzed the globe with high figures of infected people worldwide. This virus behavior is still partially understood, and by analyzing some of its features we hypothesized that periodontal pocket could be a favorable anatomical niche for the virus and thus acting as a reservoir for SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahi Badran
- Department of Periodontology (Rmes U1229, UIC 11), Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Nantes (CHU de Nantes), Nantes, France; Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Alexis Gaudin
- Department of Endodontics (Rmes U1229, UIC 11), Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Nantes (CHU de Nantes), Nantes, France
| | - Xavier Struillou
- Department of Periodontology (Rmes U1229, UIC 11), Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Nantes (CHU de Nantes), Nantes, France
| | - Gilles Amador
- Department of Dental Public Health (UPRES EA 3826, UIC 11), Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Nantes (CHU de Nantes), Nantes, France
| | - Assem Soueidan
- Department of Periodontology (Rmes U1229, UIC 11), Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Nantes (CHU de Nantes), Nantes, France.
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13
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Gaudin A, Badran Z, Chevalier V, Aubeux D, Prud'homme T, Amador del Valle G, Cloitre A. COVID-19 and Oral Fluids. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2020.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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14
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Salivary diagnostics in COVID-19: Future research implications. J Dent Sci 2020; 15:364-366. [PMID: 32328218 PMCID: PMC7177105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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15
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Emecen-Huja P, Danaher RJ, Dawson DR, Wang C, Kryscio RJ, Ebersole JL, Miller CS. Relationship between herpesviruses and periodontal disease progression. J Clin Periodontol 2020; 47:442-450. [PMID: 31860742 PMCID: PMC7096277 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the role of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and anaerobic bacteria in the progression of periodontitis. METHODS Eighty-one adults with generalized moderate to severe periodontitis were randomly assigned to: oral hygiene or scaling and root planning ± placebo or polyunsaturated fatty acids fish oil. Subgingival plaque samples collected from three healthy and three disease sites at weeks 0, 16, and 28 and from sites demonstrating disease progression were analysed for EBV, CMV, P. gingivalis (Pg), T. forsythia (Tf), and T. denticola (Td) DNA using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Cytomegalovirus was detected in 0.3% (4/1454) sites. EBV was present in 12.2% of healthy sites (89/728) and 27.6% disease sites (201/726; p < .0001), but was in low copy number. Disease progression occurred in 28.4% of participants (23/81) and developed predominantly at sites identified as diseased (75/78; 96.2%). CMV and EBV were not associated with disease progression (p = .13) regardless of treatment. In contrast, disease sites were associated with higher levels of Pg, Td, Tf, and total bacteria, and sites that exhibited disease progression were associated with an abundance of Td and Tf (p < .04). CONCLUSION Disease progression was associated with Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria; not EBV or CMV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chunmei Wang
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky
| | - Richard J. Kryscio
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Kentucky
| | - Jeffrey L. Ebersole
- Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky
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16
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Botero JE, Rodríguez‐Medina C, Jaramillo‐Echeverry A, Contreras A. Association between human cytomegalovirus and periodontitis: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. J Periodontal Res 2020; 55:551-558. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolina Rodríguez‐Medina
- Facultad de Odontología Universidad de Antioquia Medellín Colombia
- Facultad de Odontología Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia Medellín Colombia
| | - Adriana Jaramillo‐Echeverry
- UNICOC, Colegio Odontológico Colombiano Cali Colombia
- Escuela de Odontología Universidad del Valle Cali Colombia
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17
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Olivieri CV, Raybaud H, Tonoyan L, Abid S, Marsault R, Chevalier M, Doglio A, Vincent-Bugnas S. Epstein-Barr virus-infected plasma cells in periodontitis lesions. Microb Pathog 2020; 143:104128. [PMID: 32165332 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence supports that the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a putative periodontal pathogen, but little is known regarding EBV behavior in periodontitis. Here, EBV infection was monitored in saliva and periodontal pocket (PP), at baseline and 3 months after periodontal non-surgical therapy (p-NST) in 20 patients diagnosed with periodontitis. After the treatment, the patients with the improved periodontal condition (good responders) showed a significant decrease in salivary EBV load. In contrast, in poor responders, EBV load was slightly increased. Moreover, after the therapy, most patients showed clear signs of EBV infection in a deep PP (≥5 mm) selected as a study site. To investigate how EBV can persist in a PP, we further investigate cellular sites of viral replication in PP. We identified large amounts of infiltrated EBV-infected cells, mostly overlapping with CD138+ plasma cells (PC). EBV-infected PCs formed high-density clusters within the infiltrate and along the periodontal epithelium which were commonly associated with CD3+ T-cells and CD20+ B-cells to evoke diffuse ectopic lymphoid-like structures. Taking together, this study provides new insights to support a model where the periodontal condition may play a major role in oral EBV shedding. Since PC harbors the late productive phases of EBV replication, the periodontal condition may favor B-cell differentiation with possible amplification of periodontal EBV infection and viral spreading. PCs have long been recognized as pathogenic markers in inflammatory lesions. Our finding sheds new light on the role of EBV infection and PC in periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles V Olivieri
- MICORALIS, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Côte D'Azur, 5 Rue Du 22ième BCA, 06353, Nice, France
| | - Hélène Raybaud
- MICORALIS, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Côte D'Azur, 5 Rue Du 22ième BCA, 06353, Nice, France; Pôle Odontologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06000, Nice, France
| | - Lilit Tonoyan
- MICORALIS, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Côte D'Azur, 5 Rue Du 22ième BCA, 06353, Nice, France
| | - Sarah Abid
- MICORALIS, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Côte D'Azur, 5 Rue Du 22ième BCA, 06353, Nice, France
| | - Robert Marsault
- MICORALIS, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Côte D'Azur, 5 Rue Du 22ième BCA, 06353, Nice, France
| | - Marlène Chevalier
- MICORALIS, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Côte D'Azur, 5 Rue Du 22ième BCA, 06353, Nice, France
| | - Alain Doglio
- MICORALIS, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Côte D'Azur, 5 Rue Du 22ième BCA, 06353, Nice, France; Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire et Génique (UTCG), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06101, Nice, France.
| | - Séverine Vincent-Bugnas
- MICORALIS, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Côte D'Azur, 5 Rue Du 22ième BCA, 06353, Nice, France; Pôle Odontologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06000, Nice, France.
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Apu E, Shaikh M, Lone M, Kabir R. Periodontal connections to the coronavirus disease 2019: An unexplored novel path? ADVANCES IN HUMAN BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/aihb.aihb_72_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Abstract
Four billion individuals worldwide have a history of periodontitis, with the poorest people in society most affected. Periodontitis can lead to unsightly drifting of teeth and tooth loss that may interfere with the wellbeing of daily living and has also been linked to at least 57 medical diseases and disabilities. The etiology of severe periodontitis includes active herpesviruses, specific bacterial pathogens, and destructive immune responses, but herpesviruses seem to be the major pathogenic determinant. Periodontal herpesviruses that disseminate via the systemic circulation to nonoral sites may represent a major link between periodontitis and systemic diseases. Current treatment of periodontitis focuses almost exclusively on bacterial biofilm and will require revision. Periodontal therapy that targets both herpesviruses and bacterial pathogens can provide long-term clinical improvement and potentially reduces the risk of systemic diseases. Molecular diagnostic tests for periodontal pathogens may enable early microbial identification and preemptive therapy. This review details an efficient and reliable anti-infective treatment of severe periodontitis that can be carried out in minimal time with minimal cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen Slots
- School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Henrik Slots
- University of Nevada at Reno School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada.,St. George's School of Medicine, St. George, Grenada.,Renown Medical Center, Reno, Nevada
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20
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The Connection of Periodontal Disease and Diabetes Mellitus: The Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Oxidative Stress. SERBIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/sjecr-2019-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, a chronic disease considered by the World Health Organization to be an epidemic, is now recognized as one of the factors behind the onset of periodontal disease. The connection between periodontal disease, which is an irreversible inflammatory disease of the supporting tissue of the teeth, and systemic diseases is reflected in the existence of common risk factors, subgingival dental biofilm, as a constant source of proinflamma-tory cytokines synthesized intensely in inflammatory periodontium. Diabetes mellitus leads to increased oxidative stress in periodontal tissues causing worsening of the disease and periodontopathy exacerbates deficiency of pancreatic β-cells. The most important role in primary inflammatory response in the pathogenesis of periodontopathy is played by neutrophils. Neutrophils cause periodontium destruction by the release of enzymes (matrix metalloproteinases), cytotoxic substances (free radicals, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species) and the expression of membrane receptors. Matrix metalloproteinases within the “protease network” are critical to many physiological and pathological processes, including immunity, inflammation, bone resorption and wound healing. Matrix metalloproteinases levels are elevated in patients with metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus, which may contribute to more frequent complications. In this paper, the review of available literature data shows the correlation between periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus, as well as the role of matrix metalloproteinases and oxidative stress in these. In this regard, determining the value of matrix metalloproteinases may be helpful in the diagnosis of periodontal disease complicated by diabetes mellitus. Also, the parameters of oxidative stress could help to clarify the mechanisms of pathogenesis and etiology of periodontal disease, or indicate the potential benefit of antioxidant supplementation in these individuals. As the role of matrix metalloproteinases has not been fully clarified in the pathogenesis of periodontopathy, additional studies will be needed to indicate their importance.
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21
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Zuo Y, Whitbeck JC, Haila GJ, Hakim AA, Rothlauf PW, Eisenberg RJ, Cohen GH, Krummenacher C. Saliva enhances infection of gingival fibroblasts by herpes simplex virus 1. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223299. [PMID: 31581238 PMCID: PMC6776388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral herpes is a highly prevalent infection caused by herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). After an initial infection of the oral cavity, HSV-1 remains latent in sensory neurons of the trigeminal ganglia. Episodic reactivation of the virus leads to the formation of mucocutaneous lesions (cold sores), but asymptomatic reactivation accompanied by viral shedding is more frequent and allows virus spread to new hosts. HSV-1 DNA has been detected in many oral tissues. In particular, HSV-1 can be found in periodontal lesions and several studies associated its presence with more severe periodontitis pathologies. Since gingival fibroblasts may become exposed to salivary components in periodontitis lesions, we analyzed the effect of saliva on HSV-1 and -2 infection of these cells. We observed that human gingival fibroblasts can be infected by HSV-1. However, pre-treatment of these cells with saliva extracts from some but not all individuals led to an increased susceptibility to infection. Furthermore, the active saliva could expand HSV-1 tropism to cells that are normally resistant to infection due to the absence of HSV entry receptors. The active factor in saliva was partially purified and comprised high molecular weight complexes of glycoproteins that included secretory Immunoglobulin A. Interestingly, we observed a broad variation in the activity of saliva between donors suggesting that this activity is selectively present in the population. The active saliva factor, has not been isolated, but may lead to the identification of a relevant biomarker for susceptibility to oral herpes. The presence of a salivary factor that enhances HSV-1 infection may influence the risk of oral herpes and/or the severity of associated oral pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zuo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - J. Charles Whitbeck
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gabriel J. Haila
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Abraham A. Hakim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Paul W. Rothlauf
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Roselyn J. Eisenberg
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gary H. Cohen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Claude Krummenacher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey, United States of America
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22
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Matic Petrovic S, Radunovic M, Barac M, Kuzmanovic Pficer J, Pavlica D, Arsic Arsenijevic V, Pucar A. Subgingival areas as potential reservoirs of different Candida spp in type 2 diabetes patients and healthy subjects. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210527. [PMID: 30629672 PMCID: PMC6328191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this cross-sectional observational study was to compare the prevalence of different oral Candida spp. in patients with Type 2 Diabetes and chronic periodontitis in two oral sites: dorsal surface of the tongue and subgingival area. In order to determine subgingival areas as potential reservoirs of yeasts, this study aimed to find differences in the yeasts' detection between the dorsum of the tongue, as the oral site most commonly inhabited with microorganisms, and subgingival samples. Additionally, potential predictors for the yeasts prevalence were determined. MATERIAL AND METHODS Subjects (N = 146) were divided into four groups: group A- healthy individuals without periodontitis, group B- healthy individuals with chronic periodontitis, group C- Type 2 Diabetes patients with good glycoregulation and Chronic periodontitis and group D- Type 2 Diabetes patients with poor glycoregulation and Chronic periodontitis. Samples were obtained from the tongue by swabbing. Subgingival plaque samples were taken by paper points and periodontal curette. Isolation and identification of different Candida spp. was done using ChromAgar medium. In addition, germ-tube production and carbohydrate assimilation tests were performed. RESULTS The prevalence of Candida spp. was higher in diabetics with poor glycoregulation. The most frequently isolated species was Candida albicans followed by Candida glabrata and Candida tropicalis. In 15.6% of cases, Candida spp. was present in the subgingival area while absent on the tongue. Multivariate regression model showed that HbA1c was Candida spp. predictor for both locations. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirmed that there are Candida spp. carriers among subjects with clinically healthy oral mucosa. Also, this study identified subgingival areas as potential reservoirs of these pathogenic species. Glycoregulation has been recognized as a positive predictor factor of Candida spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Matic Petrovic
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Radunovic
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- * E-mail: (AP); (MR)
| | - Milena Barac
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jovana Kuzmanovic Pficer
- Department for Medical Statistics and Informatics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dusan Pavlica
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Ana Pucar
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- * E-mail: (AP); (MR)
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Ivanovska-Stojanoska M, Popovska M, Anastasovska V, Kocova M, Zendeli-Bedzeti L, Dimova C, Taseva A. Detection of Virus Herpes Simplex Type 1 in Patients with Chronic Periodontal Disease. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018; 6:1737-1741. [PMID: 30338001 PMCID: PMC6182537 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2018.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontal disease is an inflammatory-destructive condition of the supporting tissues of the teeth. Microorganisms found in the dental plaque were considered to be the primary local etiologic factor responsible for the periodontal destruction. It is also evident that herpes simplex viruses may have an impact in the etiopathogenesis of periodontal disease. AIM This study has been made with the aim to analyse the prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in the dental plaque (supra- and subgingival) of patients with the chronic periodontal disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study comprised a total of 89 patients with chronic periodontal disease divided into two groups (patients with moderate and severe periodontitis). Supragingival dental plaque samples were taken with sterile cotton (supragingival), and subgingival dental plaque samples were taken with paper absorbents. Samples were subjected to extraction of DNA and further analysis with multiplex PCR for the presence of herpes viral DNA. RESULTS HSV-1 virus was detected In 24.7% of all patients included in the study. HSV-1 was detected in 22.2% of patients with the moderate stage of the disease, of which in all (100%) in the supragingival plaque samples and only 16.7% in subgingival plaque samples. In two patients HSV-1 was concomitantly detected in supra and subgingival plaque samples. In patients with advanced stage of the disease, the HSV-1 virus was detected in 28.6% patients. In two of the patients, HSV-1 was concomitantly detected in supra and subgingival plaque samples. Statistically, a significant difference was found in HSV-1 positive patients with a moderate stage of disease, between the presence of the virus in subgingival (100%) and subgingival (16.7%) dental plaque samples, p < 0.05. CONCLUSION Herpes simplex viruses type 1 are present in supragingival and subgingival dental plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Ivanovska-Stojanoska
- University Dental Clinical Centre St. Panteleimon, Department of Oral Pathology and Periodontology, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Mirjana Popovska
- Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Faculty of Dentistry, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Violeta Anastasovska
- University Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Mirjana Kocova
- University Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Lidita Zendeli-Bedzeti
- University Dental Clinical Centre St. Panteleimon, Department of Oral Pathology and Periodontology, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Cena Dimova
- University "Goce Delchev", Faculty of Dentistry, Shtip, Republic of Macedonia
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Mombelli A. Microbial colonization of the periodontal pocket and its significance for periodontal therapy. Periodontol 2000 2017; 76:85-96. [PMID: 29193304 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to evaluate strategies for periodontal therapy from the perspective of periodontal disease being a consequence of microbial colonization of the periodontal pocket environment. In classic bacterial infections the diversity of the microbiota decreases as the disease develops. In most cases of periodontitis, however, the diversity of the flora increases. Most incriminating bacteria are thought to harm tissues significantly only if present in high numbers over prolonged periods of time. Clinical trials have repeatedly demonstrated that scaling and root planing, a procedure that aims to remove subgingival bacterial deposits by scraping on the tooth surface within the periodontal pocket, is effective. At present, for the therapy of any form of periodontal disease, there exists no protocol with proven superiority, in terms of efficiency or effectiveness, over scaling and root planing plus systemic amoxicillin and metronidazole. Some exponents advocate rationing these drugs for patients with a specific microbial profile. However, the evidence for any benefit of bacteriology-assisted clinical protocols is unsatisfactory. Treated sites are subject to recolonization with a microbiota similar to that present before therapy. The degree and speed of recolonization depends on the treatment protocol, the distribution patterns of periodontal microorganisms elsewhere in the oral cavity and the quality of the patient's oral hygiene. To limit the use of antibiotics and to avoid accumulation of harmful effects by repeated therapy, further efforts must be made to optimize procedures addressing the microbial colonization and recolonization of the periodontal pocket.
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Gao Z, Lv J, Wang M. Epstein-Barr virus is associated with periodontal diseases: A meta-analysis based on 21 case-control studies. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e5980. [PMID: 28178139 PMCID: PMC5312996 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000005980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Some controversies still exist between the detection of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)'s DNA and risks of periodontal diseases. Hence, a comprehensive meta-analysis on all available literatures was performed to clarify the relationship between EBV and preidontitis.A comprehensive search was conducted within the PUBMED, EMBASE, and WANFANG databases up to October 10th, 2016 according to inclusion and exclusion criteria and finally 21 case-control literatures were obtained. The outcomes including odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the strength of associations. Publication bias was determined by Begg or Egger test. Sensitivity analysis was used to investigate reliability and stability of the results.According to the data from included trials, the association between overall increased risks of periodontitis and the detection of EBV was significant (OR = 6.199, 95% CI = 3.119-12.319, P < 0.001). In the disease-type analysis, the pooled ORs for chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis were 6.586 (95% CI = 3.042-14.262, P < 0.001) and 8.361 (95% CI = 2.109-33.143, P = 0.003), respectively. In the subgroup analysis of ethnicity, our results suggested that high EBV-detecting frequencies were correlated with increased risks of periodontitis in Asians, Europeans, and Americans (P < 0.001). Subgroup analysis by the sample type showed that subgingival plaque (SgP) samples and tissue samples were available for EBV detecting (P < 0.001). Detecting EBV of samples in ≥5 (6) mm sites of periodontal pockets were easier than in ≤3-mm sites (P = 0.023).This meta-analysis indicates that high frequent detection of EBV correlates with increased risk of periodontal diseases. SgP and tissue are available for detecting EBV in patients of periodontitis. At last, our results suggest that detecting EBV of samples in =5 (6) mm sites of periodontal pockets are more sensitive than in ≤3-mm sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Gao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dongfeng Stomatology Hospital. The Genetal Hospital of Dongfeng, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Juan Lv
- Department of Stomatology, HuaGuo Hospital of Dongfeng Auto Corporation, Shiyan, China
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Shah R, Mehta DS. Prevalence of herpesviruses in gingivitis and chronic periodontitis: relationship to clinical parameters and effect of treatment. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2016; 20:279-85. [PMID: 27563201 PMCID: PMC4976548 DOI: 10.4103/0972-124x.179896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assess the prevalence of herpesviruses in healthy subjects, gingivitis, and chronic periodontitis patients, to assess the relationship between the prevalence of herpesviruses and periodontal clinical parameters, and to evaluate the effect of phase-I therapy on the level of viral detection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hundred patients consisting of 20 healthy subjects, 40 gingivitis, and 40 chronic periodontitis were included in the study. Clinical parameters recorded included plaque index, gingival index, sulcus bleeding index, probing depth, and clinical attachment level. The gingivitis and chronic periodontitis patients received phase-I periodontal therapy including oral hygiene instructions, full mouth scaling for gingivitis patients and scaling and root planing for chronic periodontitis patients. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was collected, and the presence of herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), HSV-2, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Recording of periodontal parameters as well as GCF collection was performed at baseline and 6 weeks postphase-I therapy. RESULTS At baseline, the levels of HSV-1 and EBV detection were lower in healthy controls as compared to gingivitis (P < 0.05) and chronic periodontitis cases (P < 0.001). Phase-I therapy led to reduction in the amount of HSV-1 and EBV in gingivitis patients (P < 0.05) and for HSV-1, human cytomegalovirus and EBV in chronic periodontitis patients (P < 0.05) in comparison to baseline. The prevalence of EBV in chronic periodontitis patients was positively associated with increased gingival index, probing depth and loss of clinical attachment (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Higher prevalence of HSV-1 and EBV viruses in GCF of gingivitis and chronic periodontitis suggests a strong association between these viruses and periodontal diseases and periodontal therapy can lead to a reduction in herpesviruses at infected sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rucha Shah
- Department of Periodontics, Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Davangere, Karnataka, India
| | - Dhoom Singh Mehta
- Department of Periodontics, Bapuji Dental College and Hospital, Davangere, Karnataka, India
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Escalona L, Veitía D, Correnti M. Detection of EBV, CMV and HSV-1 in subgingival samples of HIV positive and negative patients with chronic periodontitis. JOURNAL OF ORAL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.17126/joralres.2016.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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A novel species of torque teno mini virus (TTMV) in gingival tissue from chronic periodontitis patients. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26739. [PMID: 27221159 PMCID: PMC4879676 DOI: 10.1038/srep26739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A new species of torque teno mini virus, named TTMV-222, was detected in gingival tissue from periodontitis patients using a viral metagenomics method. The 2803-nucleotide genome of TTMV-222 is closely related to TTMV1-CBD279, with 62.6% overall nucleotide similarity. Genetic analyses of the new virus genome revealed a classic genomic organization but a weak identity with known sequences. The prevalence of TTMV-222 in the periodontitis group (n = 150) was significantly higher than that in the healthy group (n = 150) (p = 0.032), suggesting that the new virus may be associated with inflammation in chronic periodontitis patients. However, this finding requires further investigation.
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Otero RA, Nascimento FNN, Souza IPR, Silva RC, Lima RS, Robaina TF, Câmara FP, Santos N, Castro GF. LACK OF ASSOCIATION BETWEEN HERPESVIRUS DETECTION IN SALIVA AND GINGIVITIS IN HIV‑INFECTED CHILDREN. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016. [PMID: 26200962 PMCID: PMC4544246 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652015000300007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to compare the detection of human herpesviruses (HHVs) in
the saliva of HIV-infected and healthy control children, and to evaluate associations
between viral infection and gingivitis and immunodeficiency. Saliva samples were
collected from 48 HIV-infected and 48 healthy control children. Clinical and
laboratory data were collected during dental visits and from medical records. A
trained dentist determined gingival indices and extension of gingivitis. Saliva
samples were tested for herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2),
varicella zoster virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV) by
nested polymerase chain reaction assays. Thirty-five HIV-infected and 16 control
children had gingivitis. Seventeen (35.4%) HIV-infected children and 13 (27%) control
children were positive for HHVs. CMV was the most commonly detected HHV in both
groups (HIV-infected, 25%; control, 12.5%), followed by HSV-1 (6.2% in both groups)
and HSV-2 (HIV-infected, 4.2%; control, 8.3%). The presence of HHVs in saliva was not
associated with the presence of gingivitis in HIV-1-infected children
(p = 0.104) or healthy control children (p =
0.251), or with immunosuppression in HIV-infected individuals (p =
0.447). Gingivitis was correlated with HIV infection (p = 0.0001).
These results suggest that asymptomatic salivary detection of HHVs is common in
HIV-infected and healthy children, and that it is not associated with gingivitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata A Otero
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Flávia N N Nascimento
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ivete P R Souza
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raquel C Silva
- Department of Virology, Microbiology Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo S Lima
- Department of Virology, Microbiology Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tatiana F Robaina
- Department of Virology, Microbiology Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernando P Câmara
- Department of Virology, Microbiology Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Norma Santos
- Department of Virology, Microbiology Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gloria F Castro
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Joshi VM, Bhat KG, Katti SS, Kugaji MS, Ingalgi PS. Prevalence of Herpesvirus and Correlation with Clinical Parameters in Indian Subjects with Chronic Periodontitis. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015; 16:915-920. [PMID: 26718301 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The identification of new uncultured species and viruses supports the possibility of combination of the herpes-virus-bacterial periodontal infection for periodontitis. The paucity of data and studies with larger sample size in Indian subjects provides an unclear picture of the presence of the herpesvirus in this population. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a cross-sectional study consisting of 100 each in the healthy group and chronic periodontitis (CP) group. The subgingival plaque was collected and polymerase chain reaction was performed post deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extraction by using specific primers for human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The data were analyzed using Fisher's exact test, Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman's coefficient correlation. RESULTS Human cytomegalovirus and EBV viruses were significantly higher in the CP group as compare to the healthy group. A higher percentage of those with CMV positive had EBV also positive (28.3%) compared to only 9.1% of CMV negative being EBV positive in the CP group. When both the healthy and CP group in total was compared, there was a significant correlation with all clinical parameters. CONCLUSION Both the viruses dominated in disease as compared to health were similar to the earlier findings. The CP group had higher pocket depth and clinical attachment loss in the virus positive subjects. These findings could suggest that virus serves as a prelude to the disease and the combination of the two viruses could play a role in the pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Mahableshwar Joshi
- Professor, Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Maratha Mandal's NGH Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belgaum, Karnataka, India, Rs No. 47A/2, Bauxite Road, Belgaum, Karnataka, India Phone: 91-9620127630, e-mail:
| | - Kishore Gajanan Bhat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Maratha Mandal's NGH Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
| | - Sandeep Suresh Katti
- Department of Periodontics, Maratha Mandal's NGH Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belgaum, Karnataka India
| | - Manohar Suresh Kugaji
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Maratha Mandal's NGH Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
| | - Preeti Shivaji Ingalgi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Maratha Mandal's NGH Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
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Slots J. Periodontal herpesviruses: prevalence, pathogenicity, systemic risk. Periodontol 2000 2015; 69:28-45. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kazi MMAG, Bharadwaj R, Bhat K, Happy D. Association of Herpes Viruses with Mild, Moderate and Severe Chronic Periodontitis. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:DC05-8. [PMID: 26393126 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/13781.6187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Periodontal disease is an inflammatory condition of the supporting tissues of the teeth. It is a multi-factorial and multi-etiological infectious disease process. Recent evidences shows that human herpes viruses could be putative pathogens. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association of Herpes viruses especially Herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1 and 2), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in patients with chronic periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 75 patients with periodontitis were included in the study (25 each with mild, moderate and severe periodontitis) with ethical approval and informed consent. Sub gingival plaque sample was collected and subjected to extraction of DNA and further analysis with multiplex Polymerase chain reaction for the presence of herpes viral DNA. The collected data was entered in the excel sheet format. It was subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS software. The Chi-Square statistical tests was applied and p-value<0.05 was taken as significant. RESULTS The overall association of HSV-1, HSV-2, EBV and CMV was 28%, 32%, 30.66% and 37.33% respectively in the present study from the cases of chronic periodontitis. CONCLUSION Epstein Barr viruses were detected from all types of cases of chronic periodontitis in the present study. Though, EBV was not significantly associated with periodontitis; they were significantly increased in severe periodontitis. Herpes viruses were significantly associated with periodontal disease, more so with severe periodontal disease. They could thus be playing a role in increasing the severity of the disease. Therapeutic and prophylactic intervention planned against these viruses could decrease the tooth loss associated with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mukhit Abdul Gaffar Kazi
- Medical Microbiology and Faculty student (PhD) Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Sinhgad Dental College and Hospital , Pune, India
| | - Renu Bharadwaj
- Professor and Head, Department of Microbiology, B. J. Medical College and Hospital , Pune, India
| | - Kishore Bhat
- Professor and Head, Department of Microbiology, Maratha Mandal dental College , Belgaum, India
| | - Daisy Happy
- Assistant Professor, Department of Periodontology, Sinhgad Dental College and Hospital , Pune, India
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Khosropanah H, Karandish M, Ziaeyan M, Jamalidoust M. Quantification of Epstein-Barr Virus and Human Cytomegalovirus in Chronic Periodontal Patients. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e18691. [PMID: 26322203 PMCID: PMC4548403 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.8(5)2015.18691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although studies focused mainly on the identification of periopathogenic bacteria, recent reports have suggested that various herpes viruses may also be involved in the occurrence and progression of different forms of periodontal diseases. Objectives: This study aimed to compare the prevalence and load of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in subgingival tissue specimens between chronic periodontitis and healthy sites. Patients and Methods: A total of 60 samples from the systematically healthy patients with chronic periodontitis participated in this study (mean age, 35 ± 7). Clinical periodontal evaluation included the plaque index (PI) (Loe and Silness), bleeding on probing (BOP) (O’Leary), bleeding index, periodontal pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level measurement. Tissue specimens harvested from > 6 mm periodontal pockets and from ≤ 3 mm sulcus depth in a quadrant of the same patient using periodontal curettes. Moreover, the unstimulated whole saliva was gathered as a shedding medium. A Taq-man Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction assay was used to identify genomic copies of periodontal HCMV and EBV. Data were analyzed by the Wilcoxon-signed ranks and Friedman tests using the SPSS 16 software. Results: Out of 60 samples of subgingival tissues taken from the patients with chronic periodontitis, EBV count was the highest in saliva and the least in the tissue sample with PD < 3 mm (P < 0.05). The highest HCMV count was in saliva and tissue samples with PD > 6 mm (P < 0.05). Conclusions: According to the results of this study, quantification of HCMV and EBV observed in this study is high in periodontal tissue samples of severe chronic periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengameh Khosropanah
- Periodontology Department, Dental School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Maryam Karandish
- Orthodontic Department, Dental School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Maryam Karandish, Orthodontic Department, Dental School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9173376586, E-mail:
| | - Mazyar Ziaeyan
- Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
| | - Marzieh Jamalidoust
- Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran
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MATIĆ PETROVIĆ S, CIMBALJEVIĆ M, RADUNOVIĆ M, KUZMANOVIĆ PFIĆER J, JOTIĆ A, PUCAR A. Detection and sampling methods for isolation of Candidaspp. from oral cavities in diabetics and non-diabetics. Braz Oral Res 2015; 29:S1806-83242015000100272. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2015.vol29.0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Shivaprasad BM, Pradeep AR. Correlation of the interleukin-29 levels in crevicular fluid and plasma with the genetic polymorphism in chronic and aggressive periodontitis patients. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:37-44. [PMID: 25255471 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) on the Interleukin (IL-29) quantity in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and plasma of chronic and aggressive periodontitis patients. DESIGN Patients with periodontal health (n=30), chronic generalized periodontitis (n=30) and generalized aggressive periodontitis (n=30) were subjected to IL-29 quantity estimation in GCF and plasma using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and was correlated with IL-29 SNP (rs30461) using polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS IL-29 concentration in GCF and plasma was highest in aggressive periodontitis patients (114.17 ± 95.07pg/ml and 149.69 ± 109.90pg/ml respectively). The least concentration was found in subjects with healthy periodontium (47.50 ± 37.75pg/ml and 54.52 ± 37.53pg/ml) and in chronic periodontitis it was found to be 65.01 ± 41.26pg/ml and 81.17 ± 46.23pg/ml. The difference in the quantity of IL-29 in GCF and plasma among different groups was statistically significant (p<0.001 and p<0.001 respectively). rs30461 polymorphism of IL-29 analysis revealed that difference in the prevalence of A/A, A/G and G/G genotype among three groups was not statistically significant (p=0.097). CONCLUSION Increased quantity of IL-29 in GCF and plasma of subjects with periodontitis suggests a role in pathogenesis of periodontitis and the SNP (rs30461) is not related to susceptibility to periodontitis in this population of Indian individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Shivaprasad
- Ph.D Research Scholar, Department of Periodontology, Government Dental College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India; Reader, Department of Periodontology, Rajarajeswari Dental College and Hospital, Bangalore, India.
| | - A R Pradeep
- Professor and Head, Department of Periodontology, Government Dental College and Research Institute, Bangalore, India.
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Teles R, Teles F, Frias-Lopez J, Paster B, Haffajee A. Lessons learned and unlearned in periodontal microbiology. Periodontol 2000 2014; 62:95-162. [PMID: 23574465 PMCID: PMC3912758 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal diseases are initiated by bacterial species living in polymicrobial biofilms at or below the gingival margin and progress largely as a result of the inflammation elicited by specific subgingival species. In the past few decades, efforts to understand the periodontal microbiota have led to an exponential increase in information about biofilms associated with periodontal health and disease. In fact, the oral microbiota is one of the best-characterized microbiomes that colonize the human body. Despite this increased knowledge, one has to ask if our fundamental concepts of the etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases have really changed. In this article we will review how our comprehension of the structure and function of the subgingival microbiota has evolved over the years in search of lessons learned and unlearned in periodontal microbiology. More specifically, this review focuses on: (i) how the data obtained through molecular techniques have impacted our knowledge of the etiology of periodontal infections; (ii) the potential role of viruses in the etiopathogenesis of periodontal diseases; (iii) how concepts of microbial ecology have expanded our understanding of host-microbe interactions that might lead to periodontal diseases; (iv) the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases; and (v) the impact of these evolving concepts on therapeutic and preventive strategies to periodontal infections. We will conclude by reviewing how novel systems-biology approaches promise to unravel new details of the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases and hopefully lead to a better understanding of their mechanisms.
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Armitage GC. Learned and unlearned concepts in periodontal diagnostics: a 50-year perspective. Periodontol 2000 2014; 62:20-36. [PMID: 23574462 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the past 50 years, conceptual changes in the field of periodontal diagnostics have paralleled those associated with a better scientific understanding of the full spectrum of processes that affect periodontal health and disease. Fifty years ago, concepts regarding the diagnosis of periodontal diseases followed the classical pathology paradigm. It was believed that the two basic forms of destructive periodontal disease were chronic inflammatory periodontitis and 'periodontosis'- a degenerative condition. In the subsequent 25 years it was shown that periodontosis was an infection. By 1987, major new concepts regarding the diagnosis and pathogenesis of periodontitis included: (i) all cases of untreated gingivitis do not inevitably progress to periodontitis; (ii) progression of untreated periodontitis is often episodic; (iii) some sites with untreated periodontitis do not progress; (iv) a rather small population of specific bacteria ('periodontal pathogens') appear to be the main etiologic agents of chronic inflammatory periodontitis; and (v) tissue damage in periodontitis is primarily caused by inflammatory and immunologic host responses to infecting agents. The concepts that were in place by 1987 are still largely intact in 2012. However, in the decades to come, it is likely that new information on the human microbiome will change our current concepts concerning the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of periodontal diseases.
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Abstract
Periodontitis is a complex infectious disease that affects low-income individuals disproportionately. Periodontitis is associated with specific bacterial species and herpesviruses, and successful prevention and treatment of the disease is contingent upon effective control of these pathogens. This article presents an efficacious, highly safe, minimally invasive, practical and low-cost periodontal therapy that involves professional and patient-administered mechanical therapy and antimicrobial agents. The major components are scaling for calculus removal, periodontal pocket irrigation with potent antiseptics, and treatment with systemic antibiotics for advanced disease. Povidone-iodine and sodium hypochlorite have all the characteristics for becoming the first-choice antiseptics in the management of periodontal diseases. Both agents show excellent antibacterial and antiviral properties, are readily available throughout the world, have been safely used in periodontal therapy for decades, offer significant benefits for individuals with very limited financial resources, and are well accepted by most dental professionals and patients. Four per cent chlorhexidine applied with a toothbrush to the most posterior part to the tongue dorsum can markedly reduce or eliminate halitosis in most individuals. Systemic antibiotics are used to treat periodontopathic bacteria that are not readily reached by topical therapy, such as pathogens within gingival tissue, within furcation defects, at the base of periodontal pockets, and on the tongue, tonsils and buccal mucosae. Valuable antibiotic therapies are amoxicillin-metronidazole (250 mg of amoxicillin and 250 mg of metronidazole, three times daily for 8 days) for young and middle-aged patients, and ciprofloxacin-metronidazole (500 mg of each, twice daily for 8 days) for elderly patients and for patients in developing countries who frequently harbor enteric rods subgingivally. Scaling to remove dental calculus and the prudent use of inexpensive antimicrobial agents can significantly retard or arrest progressive periodontitis in the great majority of patients.
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Ambili R, Preeja C, Archana V, Nisha KJ, Seba A, Reejamol MK. Viruses: are they really culprits for periodontal disease? A critical review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 5:179-87. [DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ranjith Ambili
- Department of Periodontics; PMS College of Dental Science and Research; Kerala India
| | - Chandran Preeja
- Department of Periodontics; PMS College of Dental Science and Research; Kerala India
| | - Vilasan Archana
- Department of Periodontics; PMS College of Dental Science and Research; Kerala India
| | | | - Abraham Seba
- Department of Periodontics; PMS College of Dental Science and Research; Kerala India
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The prevalence of human herpes viruses in the saliva of chronic periodontitis patients compared to oral health providers and healthy controls. Arch Virol 2013; 158:1221-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1609-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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41
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Stein JM, Said Yekta S, Kleines M, Ok D, Kasaj A, Reichert S, Schulz S, Scheithauer S. Failure to detect an association between aggressive periodontitis and the prevalence of herpesviruses. J Clin Periodontol 2012; 40:1-7. [PMID: 23163882 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) have been suspected to play a causal role in periodontitis pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of these viruses in subgingival plaque samples of Caucasian patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis compared to periodontally healthy controls. METHODS A total of 65 patients with aggressive periodontitis and 65 unmatched controls from Germany were investigated in the study. Subgingival plaque samples were analysed for the presence of HSV-1, EBV and HCMV by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assays. Viral antibody titres were determined quantitatively by immunosorbent assays. RESULTS DNA of HSV-1 and HCMV were detected in 1.5% of the patients and controls, whereas EBV DNA was present in 10.8% and 13.9% respectively. Detection rates of serum IgG against HSV-1 (76.1% versus 73.9%), EBV (98.5% versus 96.9%), HCMV (47.7% versus 46.2%) and IgM levels against HSV-1 (6.2% versus 1.5%), EBV (0% versus 0%), HCMV (0% versus 1.5%) did not significantly differ between patients and controls. CONCLUSION The data of our study do not suggest any contribution of HSV-1, EBV or HCMV to aggressive periodontitis in a German population. Ethnic and methodological aspects might have caused conflicting results of previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal M Stein
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.
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Bertoldi C, Pellacani C, Lalla M, Consolo U, Pinti M, Cortellini P, Cossarizza A. Herpes Simplex I virus impairs regenerative outcomes of periodontal regenerative therapy in intrabony defects. A pilot study. J Clin Periodontol 2012; 39:385-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2012.01850.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Bertoldi
- Department of Specialistic Surgeries Head-Neck; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena; Italy
| | - Chiara Pellacani
- Department of Specialistic Surgeries Head-Neck; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena; Italy
| | - Michele Lalla
- Chair of Statistics; Department of Political Economy; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena; Italy
| | - Ugo Consolo
- Department of Specialistic Surgeries Head-Neck; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena; Italy
| | - Marcello Pinti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena; Italy
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Thomasini RL, Bonon SH, Durante P, Costa SCB. Correlation of cytomegalovirus and human herpesvirus 7 with CD3+ and CD3+ CD4+ cells in chronic periodontitis patients. J Periodontal Res 2011; 47:114-20. [PMID: 21895663 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2011.01413.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Human chronic periodontitis is an inflammatory process characterized by dense accumulation of immune cells in the periodontal tissue. The periodontitis can lead to loss of teeth in the patient and the pathogenesis of this disease is not completely known. This study tested the hypothesis that chronic periodontitis-affected sites can harbor betaherpesviruses and that viruses are linked to a profile of the inflammatory infiltrate. MATERIAL AND METHODS Biopsies of periodontal tissue were taken from periodontitis-affected patients and from healthy subjects. Immunohistochemistry was performed to count CD19(+) B cells, CD3(+) total T cells, T-CD4(+) and T-CD8(+) cell subsets, and PCR was performed to detect cytomegalovirus and human herpesvirus 6 and 7 in the samples. One slide of each sample was stained with Giemsa for histopathological examination and to evaluate the quality of the cellular infiltrate. RESULTS As expected, tissues collected from healthy subjects presented no significant level of inflammatory infiltration and were therefore excluded from immunostaining procedures. Results showed that CD19(+) B cells were in higher number than CD3(+) T cells in the periodontitis-affected tissue, but this was not statistically significant. The T-CD4(+) lymphocyte subset was significantly higher than the T-CD8(+) lymphocyte subset (p = 0.004) in the samples. Cytomegalovirus and human herpesvirus 7 were found at periodontitis-affected sites, but not in tissue collected from healthy subjects (p = 0.04 and p = 0.04, respectively). Human herpesvirus 6 was rarely detected. We found a correlation between cytomegalovirus and lower CD19(+) /CD3(+) ratios (ratio < 0.9, p = 0.003) and between human herpesvirus 7 and lower CD19(+) /CD3(+) ratios (ratio < 0.9, p = 0.003) and higher CD4(+) /CD8(+) ratios (ratio > 1.1, p = 0.002). CONCLUSION This study shows that cytomegalovirus and human herpesvirus 7 can be present at periodontitis-affected sites but are uncommon at healthy periodontal sites. Moreover, our data suggest that cytomegalovirus can be related to an inflammatory infiltrate with predominance of CD3(+) T cells, whereas human herpesvirus 7 can be associated with an infiltrate with predominance of T-CD4(+) cells. However, further studies are necessary to support this hypothesis. Herpesviruses could play a role in human chronic periodontitis by modulation of the T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Thomasini
- Department of Clinical Medicine, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Casarin RCV, Duarte PM, Santos VR, Lima JA, Gagnon G, Casati MZ, Gonçalves RB. Influence of glycemic control on Epstein-Bar and Cytomegalovirus infection in periodontal pocket of type 2 diabetic subjects. Arch Oral Biol 2010; 55:902-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Söder B, Yakob M, Meurman JH, Andersson LC, Klinge B, Söder PÖ. Periodontal disease may associate with breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 127:497-502. [PMID: 20960226 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-1221-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The main purpose was to evaluate the association between periodontal disease and the incidence of breast cancer in a prospective study of 3273 randomly selected subjects aged 30-40 years at baseline. Breast cancer incidence was registered from 1985 to 2001 according to the WHO International Classification of Diseases criteria. At baseline, 1676 individuals also underwent a clinical oral examination (Group A) whereas 1597 subjects were not clinically examined but were registered (Group B). The associations between breast cancer, periodontal disease, and missing molars were determined using multiple logistic regression models with several background variables and known risk factors for cancer. In total 26 subjects in group A and 15 subjects in group B had breast cancer. The incidence of breast cancer was 1.75% in subjects who had periodontal disease and/or any missing molars, and 0 in subjects who had periodontal disease but had no missing molars. For periodontally healthy subjects with no missing teeth the breast cancer incidence was 1%. For group B the respective incidence was 0.94%. Female gender (odds ratio (OR) 13.08) and missing any molar in the mandible (OR 2.36) were explanatory variables for breast cancer. Of the subjects with periodontal disease and any missing molars in the mandible 5.5% had breast cancer in comparison to 0.5% of the subjects who had periodontal disease but no missing molars in the mandible (P < 0.02). Chronic periodontal disease indicated by missing molars seemed to associate statistically with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitta Söder
- Department of Dental Medicine, Division of Periodontology, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
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Grinde B, Olsen I. The role of viruses in oral disease. J Oral Microbiol 2010; 2. [PMID: 21523232 PMCID: PMC3084576 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v2i0.2127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The focus has traditionally been on bacteria and fungi when discussing microbiological aspects of oral disease. Viruses are probably more involved in diseases associated with the oral cavity than has been previously thought. The role of several viruses in ulceration is well known, but viruses of the herpes family may play a role in periodontitis, and papillomaviruses are probably involved in oral cancer. This review offers a brief introduction to virology before discussing the role of the more relevant viruses in oral disease. As to clinical application, it is concluded that the anti-herpes medication may, in some cases, be relevant in treating periodontitis, while papillomavirus vaccine would be expected to decrease the prevalence of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn Grinde
- Department of Virology, Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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