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Li Q, Long YL, He YW, Long H, Xiao ZP, Li YL, Yang WZ, Jiang LP, Gao W, Zou C. Intrathecal morphine delivery at prepontine cistern to control refractory cancer-related pain: a case report of extensive metastatic and refractory cancer pain. BMC Anesthesiol 2024; 24:77. [PMID: 38408913 PMCID: PMC10895834 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-024-02426-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive metastatic and refractory cancer pain is common, and exhibits a dissatisfactory response to the conventional intrathecal infusion of opioid analgesics. CASE PRESENTATION The present study reports a case of an extensive metastatic esophageal cancer patient with severe intractable pain, who underwent translumbar subarachnoid puncture with intrathecal catheterization to the prepontine cistern. After continuous infusion of low-dose morphine, the pain was well-controlled with a decrease in the numeric rating scale (NRS) of pain score from 9 to 0, and the few adverse reactions to the treatment disappeared at a low dose of morphine. CONCLUSIONS The patient achieved a good quality of life during the one-month follow-up period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Department of Pain and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Yan-Ling Long
- Department of Pain and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Yun-Wu He
- Department of Pain and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Hui Long
- Department of Pain and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Zhen-Ping Xiao
- Department of Pain and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Yong-Lin Li
- Department of Pain and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Wu-Zhou Yang
- Department of Pain and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Li-Ping Jiang
- Department of Pain and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Pain and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Cong Zou
- Department of Pain and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
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Reddy P, Vasudeva J, Shah D, Prajapati JN, Harikumar N, Barik A. A Deep-Learning Driven Investigation of the Circuit Basis for Reflexive Hypersensitivity to Thermal Pain. Neuroscience 2023; 530:158-172. [PMID: 37640138 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Objectively measuring animal behavior is vital to understanding the neural circuits underlying pain. Recent progress in machine vision has presented unprecedented scope in behavioral analysis. Here, we apply DeepLabCut (DLC) to dissect mouse behavior on the thermal-plate test - a commonly used paradigm to ascertain supraspinal contributions to noxious thermal sensation and pain hypersensitivity. We determine the signature characteristics of the pattern of mouse movement and posture in 3D in response to a range of temperatures from innocuous to noxious on the thermal-plate test. Next, we test how acute chemical and chronic inflammatory injuries sensitize mouse behaviors. Repeated exposure to noxious temperatures on the thermal plate can induce learning. In this study, we design a novel assay and formulate an analytical pipeline to facilitate the dissection of plasticity mechanisms in pain circuits in the brain. Last, we record and test how activating Tacr1 expressing PBN neurons (PBNTacr1) - a population responsive to sustained noxious stimuli- affects mouse behavior on the thermal plate test. Taken together, we demonstrate that by tracking a single body part of a mouse, we can reveal the behavioral signatures of mice exposed to noxious surface temperatures, report the alterations of the same when injured, and determine if a molecularly and anatomically defined pain-responsive circuit plays a role in the reflexive hypersensitivity to thermal pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prannay Reddy
- Center for Neuroscience, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Gulmohar Marg, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Jayesh Vasudeva
- Center for Neuroscience, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Gulmohar Marg, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Devanshi Shah
- Center for Neuroscience, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Gulmohar Marg, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Jagat Narayan Prajapati
- Center for Neuroscience, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Gulmohar Marg, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Nikhila Harikumar
- Center for Neuroscience, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Gulmohar Marg, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Arnab Barik
- Center for Neuroscience, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Gulmohar Marg, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India.
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Effects of remifentanil on the noxiously stimulated somatosensory evoked potentials recorded at the spinal cord in dogs and cats. Res Vet Sci 2023; 158:13-16. [PMID: 36898954 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) in dogs and cats to compare the effect of remifentanil on the action potentials evoked by peripheral noxious stimulation in the spinal cord. Five healthy dogs and five healthy cats underwent general anaesthesia induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane. Each animals received all dosage of a constant-rate infusion of remifentanil at 0 (control), 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 μg/kg/min. The hair of the dorsal foot of a hind limb was clipped and an intraepidermal stimulation electrode that could selectively stimulate the nociceptive Aδ and C fibres was attached. An electrical stimulus was generated by a portable peripheral nerve testing device. The evoked potentials were recorded by two needle electrodes inserted subcutaneously in the dorsal midline between the lumbar vertebra: L3-L4 and L4-L5. Bimodal waveforms were obtained by electrical stimulation in control dogs and cats. The inhibitory effect of remifentanil was evaluated by comparing the changes in the N1P2 and P2N2 amplitudes. The N1P2 amplitude was depressed by remifentanil in a dose-dependent manner in dogs, but it showed no remifentanil-induced changes in cats. While the P2N2 amplitude was also depressed in a dose-dependent manner in dogs, it showed milder remifentanil-induced effects in cats. The N1P2 and P2N2 amplitudes observed herein are assumed to represent the evoked potentials derived from the Aδ and C fibres, respectively. Thus, the inhibitory effect of remifentanil on nociceptive transmission at the spinal cord was much weaker in cats, especially for transmissions possibly derived from Aδ fibres.
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Rudolph KS, Cloutier M, Stackhouse S. Pain inhibition-the unintended benefit of electrically elicited muscle strengthening contractions. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2023; 24:131. [PMID: 36803339 PMCID: PMC9938574 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-023-06243-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is effective in muscle strengthening after orthopedic injury particularly when muscle activation failure is present, but the associated pain can be a barrier. Pain itself can produce a pain inhibitory response called Conditioned Pain Modulation (CPM). CPM is often used in research studies to assess the state of the pain processing system. However, the inhibitory response of CPM could make NMES more tolerable to patients and could improve functional outcomes in people with pain. This study compares the pain-inhibitory effect of NMES compared to volitional contractions and noxious electrical stimulation (NxES). METHODS Healthy participants, 18-30 years of age experienced 3 conditions: 10 NMES contractions, 10 bursts of NxES on the patella, and 10 volitional contractions on the right knee. Pressure pain thresholds (PPT) were measured before and after each condition in both knees and the middle finger. Pain was reported on an 11-point VAS. Repeated measures ANOVAs with 2 factors: site and time were performed for each condition followed by post-hoc paired t-tests, with Bonferroni correction. RESULTS Pain ratings were higher in the NxES condition compared to NMES (p = .000). No differences in PPTs prior to each condition were observed but PPTs were significantly higher in the right and left knees after the NMES contractions (p = .000, p = .013, respectively) and after the NxES (p = .006, P-.006, respectively). Pain during NMES and NxES did not correlate with pain inhibition (p > .05). Self-reported pain sensitivity correlated with pain during NxES. CONCLUSION NxES and NMES produced higher PPTs in both knees but not in the finger, suggesting that the mechanisms responsible for the reduction in pain are located in the spinal cord and local tissues. Pain reduction was elicited during the NxES and NMES conditions regardless of the self-reported pain ratings. When NMES is used for muscle strengthening significant pain reduction can also occur, which is an unintended benefit of the intervention that could improve functional outcomes in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S. Rudolph
- grid.266826.e0000 0000 9216 5478Department of Physical Therapy, University of New England, 716 Stevens Ave., Portland, ME 04103 USA
| | - Matthew Cloutier
- grid.266826.e0000 0000 9216 5478College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, 11 Hills Beach Road, Biddeford, ME 04005 USA
| | - Scott Stackhouse
- grid.266826.e0000 0000 9216 5478Department of Physical Therapy, University of New England, 716 Stevens Ave., Portland, ME 04103 USA
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Martins D, Veronese M, Turkheimer FE, Howard MA, Williams SCR, Dipasquale O. A candidate neuroimaging biomarker for detection of neurotransmission-related functional alterations and prediction of pharmacological analgesic response in chronic pain. Brain Commun 2021; 4:fcab302. [PMID: 35169702 PMCID: PMC8833258 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a world-wide clinical challenge. Response to analgesic treatment is limited and difficult to predict. Functional MRI has been suggested as a potential solution. However, while most analgesics target specific neurotransmission pathways, functional MRI-based biomarkers are not specific for any neurotransmitter system, limiting our understanding of how they might contribute to predict treatment response. Here, we sought to bridge this gap by applying Receptor-Enriched Analysis of Functional Connectivity by Targets to investigate whether neurotransmission-enriched functional connectivity mapping can provide insights into the brain mechanisms underlying chronic pain and inter-individual differences in analgesic response after a placebo or duloxetine. We performed secondary analyses of two openly available resting-state functional MRI data sets of 56 patients with chronic knee osteoarthritis pain who underwent pre-treatment brain scans in two clinical trials. Study 1 (n = 17) was a 2-week single-blinded placebo pill trial. Study 2 (n = 39) was a 3-month double-blinded randomized trial comparing placebo to duloxetine, a dual serotonin–noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor. Across two independent studies, we found that patients with chronic pain present alterations in the functional circuit related to the serotonin transporter, when compared with age-matched healthy controls. Placebo responders in Study 1 presented with higher pre-treatment functional connectivity enriched by the dopamine transporter compared to non-responders. Duloxetine responders presented with higher pre-treatment functional connectivity enriched by the serotonin and noradrenaline transporters when compared with non-responders. Neurotransmission-enriched functional connectivity mapping might hold promise as a new mechanistic-informed biomarker for functional brain alterations and prediction of response to pharmacological analgesia in chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Martins
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Mattia Veronese
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Federico E. Turkheimer
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Matthew A. Howard
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Steve C. R. Williams
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Ottavia Dipasquale
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
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Iacovides S, Kamerman P, Baker FC, Mitchell D. Why It Is Important to Consider the Effects of Analgesics on Sleep: A Critical Review. Compr Physiol 2021; 11:2589-2619. [PMID: 34558668 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We review the known physiological mechanisms underpinning all of pain processing, sleep regulation, and pharmacology of analgesics prescribed for chronic pain. In particular, we describe how commonly prescribed analgesics act in sleep-wake neural pathways, with potential unintended impact on sleep and/or wake function. Sleep disruption, whether pain- or drug-induced, negatively impacts quality of life, mental and physical health. In the context of chronic pain, poor sleep quality heightens pain sensitivity and may affect analgesic function, potentially resulting in further analgesic need. Clinicians already have to consider factors including efficacy, abuse potential, and likely side effects when making analgesic prescribing choices. We propose that analgesic-related sleep disruption should also be considered. The neurochemical mechanisms underlying the reciprocal relationship between pain and sleep are poorly understood, and studies investigating sleep in those with specific chronic pain conditions (including those with comorbidities) are lacking. We emphasize the importance of further work to clarify the effects (intended and unintended) of each analgesic class to inform personalized treatment decisions in patients with chronic pain. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1-31, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Iacovides
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Peter Kamerman
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Fiona C Baker
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Human Sleep Research Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Duncan Mitchell
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Martucci KT, Weber KA, Mackey SC. Spinal Cord Resting State Activity in Individuals With Fibromyalgia Who Take Opioids. Front Neurol 2021; 12:694271. [PMID: 34421798 PMCID: PMC8371264 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.694271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain coincides with myriad functional alterations throughout the brain and spinal cord. While spinal cord mechanisms of chronic pain have been extensively characterized in animal models and in vitro, to date, research in patients with chronic pain has focused only very minimally on the spinal cord. Previously, spinal cord functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) identified regional alterations in spinal cord activity in patients (who were not taking opioids) with fibromyalgia, a chronic pain condition. Here, in patients with fibromyalgia who take opioids (N = 15), we compared spinal cord resting-state fMRI data vs. patients with fibromyalgia not taking opioids (N = 15) and healthy controls (N = 14). We hypothesized that the opioid (vs. non-opioid) patient group would show greater regional alterations in spinal cord activity (i.e., the amplitude of low frequency fluctuations or ALFF, a measure of regional spinal cord activity). However, we found that regional spinal cord activity in the opioid group was more similar to healthy controls, while regional spinal cord activity in the non-opioid group showed more pronounced differences (i.e., ventral increases and dorsal decreases in regional ALFF) vs. healthy controls. Across patient groups, self-reported fatigue correlated with regional differences in spinal cord activity. Additionally, spinal cord functional connectivity and graph metrics did not differ among groups. Our findings suggest that, contrary to our main hypothesis, patients with fibromyalgia who take opioids do not have greater alterations in regional spinal cord activity. Thus, regional spinal cord activity may be less imbalanced in patients taking opioids compared to patients not taking opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine T. Martucci
- Human Affect and Pain Neuroscience Laboratory, Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kenneth A. Weber
- Systems Neuroscience and Pain Laboratory, Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Sean C. Mackey
- Systems Neuroscience and Pain Laboratory, Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
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Sun C, Wang YT, Dai YJ, Liu ZH, Yang J, Cheng ZQ, Dong DS, Wang CF, Zhao GL, Lu GJ, Song T, Jin Y, Sun LL, Kaye AD, Urits I, Viswanath O, Sun YH. Intrathecal Morphine Delivery at Cisterna Magna to Control Refractory Cancer-Related Pain: A Prospective Cohort Study. PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY BULLETIN 2020; 50:48-66. [PMID: 33633417 PMCID: PMC7901124 DOI: pmid/33633417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background For patients suffering from primary or metastatic cancer above the middle thoracic vertebrae, refractory pain management still remains a great challenge. Theoretically, inserting a catheter tip into the cisterna magna may be a promising solution. However, at present, there have been no reliable data regarding this novel technique. We therefore investigated the efficacy and safety of an advanced approach for pain relief in a specific population. Methods Thirty participants from two hospitals received the intrathecal deliveries of opioid to either one of two sites: cisterna magna (n = 15) or lower thoracic region (n = 15). Pain relief (visual analogue scale, VAS), quality of life (short form (36) health survey, SF-36) as well as depression (self-rating depression scale, SDS) were assessed in the follow-up visits and compared between the two groups. Results Patients receiving intrathecal morphine delivery to cisterna magna achieved greater pain improvement indicated as significant decrease of VAS scores at day 1 and 7, and achieved better improvement in physical function (day 7 and 30), role physical (day 7 and 30), body pain (day 7, 30 and 90), general health (day 7, 30 and 90), vitality (day 7, 30 and 90), social function (day 90), role emotional (day 7 and 90), mental health (day 7, 30 and 90) and SDS (day 1 and 7). Conclusions Intrathecal morphine delivery to cisterna magna might be an effective and safe technique for patients suffering from cancer at the middle thoracic vertebrae or above to control refractory pain. Trial registration: No. ChiCTR-ONN-17010681.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Sun
- Dr. Sun, Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of the PLA Airforce, Beijing, China. Liu, Yang, Zhao, Lu, Anesthesia and Operation Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China. Wang, Department of Emergency, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Dai, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Cheng, Jin, Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine Center Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China. Dong, Wang, Song, Department of Pain medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese Medical University, China. Sun, Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Kaye, Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neurosciences, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA. Urits, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Viswanath, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Valley Pain Consultants - Envision Physician Services, Phoenix, AZ; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Department of Anesthesiology, Phoenix, AZ; Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Omaha, NE. Prof. Sun, Department of Comprehensive treatment, the second Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Tong Wang
- Dr. Sun, Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of the PLA Airforce, Beijing, China. Liu, Yang, Zhao, Lu, Anesthesia and Operation Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China. Wang, Department of Emergency, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Dai, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Cheng, Jin, Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine Center Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China. Dong, Wang, Song, Department of Pain medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese Medical University, China. Sun, Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Kaye, Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neurosciences, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA. Urits, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Viswanath, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Valley Pain Consultants - Envision Physician Services, Phoenix, AZ; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Department of Anesthesiology, Phoenix, AZ; Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Omaha, NE. Prof. Sun, Department of Comprehensive treatment, the second Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Jie Dai
- Dr. Sun, Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of the PLA Airforce, Beijing, China. Liu, Yang, Zhao, Lu, Anesthesia and Operation Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China. Wang, Department of Emergency, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Dai, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Cheng, Jin, Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine Center Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China. Dong, Wang, Song, Department of Pain medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese Medical University, China. Sun, Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Kaye, Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neurosciences, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA. Urits, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Viswanath, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Valley Pain Consultants - Envision Physician Services, Phoenix, AZ; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Department of Anesthesiology, Phoenix, AZ; Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Omaha, NE. Prof. Sun, Department of Comprehensive treatment, the second Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Liu
- Dr. Sun, Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of the PLA Airforce, Beijing, China. Liu, Yang, Zhao, Lu, Anesthesia and Operation Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China. Wang, Department of Emergency, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Dai, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Cheng, Jin, Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine Center Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China. Dong, Wang, Song, Department of Pain medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese Medical University, China. Sun, Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Kaye, Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neurosciences, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA. Urits, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Viswanath, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Valley Pain Consultants - Envision Physician Services, Phoenix, AZ; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Department of Anesthesiology, Phoenix, AZ; Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Omaha, NE. Prof. Sun, Department of Comprehensive treatment, the second Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Dr. Sun, Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of the PLA Airforce, Beijing, China. Liu, Yang, Zhao, Lu, Anesthesia and Operation Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China. Wang, Department of Emergency, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Dai, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Cheng, Jin, Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine Center Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China. Dong, Wang, Song, Department of Pain medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese Medical University, China. Sun, Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Kaye, Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neurosciences, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA. Urits, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Viswanath, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Valley Pain Consultants - Envision Physician Services, Phoenix, AZ; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Department of Anesthesiology, Phoenix, AZ; Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Omaha, NE. Prof. Sun, Department of Comprehensive treatment, the second Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhu-Qiang Cheng
- Dr. Sun, Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of the PLA Airforce, Beijing, China. Liu, Yang, Zhao, Lu, Anesthesia and Operation Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China. Wang, Department of Emergency, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Dai, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Cheng, Jin, Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine Center Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China. Dong, Wang, Song, Department of Pain medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese Medical University, China. Sun, Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Kaye, Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neurosciences, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA. Urits, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Viswanath, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Valley Pain Consultants - Envision Physician Services, Phoenix, AZ; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Department of Anesthesiology, Phoenix, AZ; Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Omaha, NE. Prof. Sun, Department of Comprehensive treatment, the second Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dao-Song Dong
- Dr. Sun, Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of the PLA Airforce, Beijing, China. Liu, Yang, Zhao, Lu, Anesthesia and Operation Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China. Wang, Department of Emergency, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Dai, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Cheng, Jin, Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine Center Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China. Dong, Wang, Song, Department of Pain medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese Medical University, China. Sun, Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Kaye, Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neurosciences, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA. Urits, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Viswanath, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Valley Pain Consultants - Envision Physician Services, Phoenix, AZ; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Department of Anesthesiology, Phoenix, AZ; Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Omaha, NE. Prof. Sun, Department of Comprehensive treatment, the second Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng-Fu Wang
- Dr. Sun, Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of the PLA Airforce, Beijing, China. Liu, Yang, Zhao, Lu, Anesthesia and Operation Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China. Wang, Department of Emergency, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Dai, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Cheng, Jin, Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine Center Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China. Dong, Wang, Song, Department of Pain medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese Medical University, China. Sun, Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Kaye, Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neurosciences, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA. Urits, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Viswanath, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Valley Pain Consultants - Envision Physician Services, Phoenix, AZ; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Department of Anesthesiology, Phoenix, AZ; Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Omaha, NE. Prof. Sun, Department of Comprehensive treatment, the second Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Li Zhao
- Dr. Sun, Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of the PLA Airforce, Beijing, China. Liu, Yang, Zhao, Lu, Anesthesia and Operation Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China. Wang, Department of Emergency, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Dai, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Cheng, Jin, Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine Center Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China. Dong, Wang, Song, Department of Pain medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese Medical University, China. Sun, Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Kaye, Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neurosciences, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA. Urits, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Viswanath, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Valley Pain Consultants - Envision Physician Services, Phoenix, AZ; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Department of Anesthesiology, Phoenix, AZ; Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Omaha, NE. Prof. Sun, Department of Comprehensive treatment, the second Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Gui-Jun Lu
- Dr. Sun, Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of the PLA Airforce, Beijing, China. Liu, Yang, Zhao, Lu, Anesthesia and Operation Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China. Wang, Department of Emergency, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Dai, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Cheng, Jin, Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine Center Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China. Dong, Wang, Song, Department of Pain medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese Medical University, China. Sun, Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Kaye, Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neurosciences, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA. Urits, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Viswanath, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Valley Pain Consultants - Envision Physician Services, Phoenix, AZ; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Department of Anesthesiology, Phoenix, AZ; Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Omaha, NE. Prof. Sun, Department of Comprehensive treatment, the second Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Song
- Dr. Sun, Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of the PLA Airforce, Beijing, China. Liu, Yang, Zhao, Lu, Anesthesia and Operation Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China. Wang, Department of Emergency, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Dai, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Cheng, Jin, Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine Center Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China. Dong, Wang, Song, Department of Pain medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese Medical University, China. Sun, Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Kaye, Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neurosciences, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA. Urits, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Viswanath, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Valley Pain Consultants - Envision Physician Services, Phoenix, AZ; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Department of Anesthesiology, Phoenix, AZ; Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Omaha, NE. Prof. Sun, Department of Comprehensive treatment, the second Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Jin
- Dr. Sun, Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of the PLA Airforce, Beijing, China. Liu, Yang, Zhao, Lu, Anesthesia and Operation Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China. Wang, Department of Emergency, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Dai, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Cheng, Jin, Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine Center Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China. Dong, Wang, Song, Department of Pain medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese Medical University, China. Sun, Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Kaye, Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neurosciences, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA. Urits, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Viswanath, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Valley Pain Consultants - Envision Physician Services, Phoenix, AZ; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Department of Anesthesiology, Phoenix, AZ; Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Omaha, NE. Prof. Sun, Department of Comprehensive treatment, the second Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Li Sun
- Dr. Sun, Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of the PLA Airforce, Beijing, China. Liu, Yang, Zhao, Lu, Anesthesia and Operation Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China. Wang, Department of Emergency, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Dai, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Cheng, Jin, Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine Center Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China. Dong, Wang, Song, Department of Pain medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese Medical University, China. Sun, Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Kaye, Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neurosciences, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA. Urits, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Viswanath, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Valley Pain Consultants - Envision Physician Services, Phoenix, AZ; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Department of Anesthesiology, Phoenix, AZ; Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Omaha, NE. Prof. Sun, Department of Comprehensive treatment, the second Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Alan D Kaye
- Dr. Sun, Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of the PLA Airforce, Beijing, China. Liu, Yang, Zhao, Lu, Anesthesia and Operation Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China. Wang, Department of Emergency, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Dai, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Cheng, Jin, Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine Center Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China. Dong, Wang, Song, Department of Pain medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese Medical University, China. Sun, Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Kaye, Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neurosciences, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA. Urits, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Viswanath, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Valley Pain Consultants - Envision Physician Services, Phoenix, AZ; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Department of Anesthesiology, Phoenix, AZ; Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Omaha, NE. Prof. Sun, Department of Comprehensive treatment, the second Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ivan Urits
- Dr. Sun, Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of the PLA Airforce, Beijing, China. Liu, Yang, Zhao, Lu, Anesthesia and Operation Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China. Wang, Department of Emergency, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Dai, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Cheng, Jin, Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine Center Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China. Dong, Wang, Song, Department of Pain medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese Medical University, China. Sun, Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Kaye, Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neurosciences, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA. Urits, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Viswanath, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Valley Pain Consultants - Envision Physician Services, Phoenix, AZ; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Department of Anesthesiology, Phoenix, AZ; Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Omaha, NE. Prof. Sun, Department of Comprehensive treatment, the second Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Omar Viswanath
- Dr. Sun, Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of the PLA Airforce, Beijing, China. Liu, Yang, Zhao, Lu, Anesthesia and Operation Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China. Wang, Department of Emergency, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Dai, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Cheng, Jin, Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine Center Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China. Dong, Wang, Song, Department of Pain medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese Medical University, China. Sun, Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Kaye, Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neurosciences, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA. Urits, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Viswanath, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Valley Pain Consultants - Envision Physician Services, Phoenix, AZ; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Department of Anesthesiology, Phoenix, AZ; Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Omaha, NE. Prof. Sun, Department of Comprehensive treatment, the second Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Hai Sun
- Dr. Sun, Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of the PLA Airforce, Beijing, China. Liu, Yang, Zhao, Lu, Anesthesia and Operation Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China. Wang, Department of Emergency, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Dai, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Cheng, Jin, Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine Center Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China. Dong, Wang, Song, Department of Pain medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese Medical University, China. Sun, Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), China. Kaye, Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neurosciences, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA. Urits, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Viswanath, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA; Valley Pain Consultants - Envision Physician Services, Phoenix, AZ; University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Department of Anesthesiology, Phoenix, AZ; Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Omaha, NE. Prof. Sun, Department of Comprehensive treatment, the second Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
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9
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Hall EA, Sauer HE, Habashy C, Anghelescu DL. Methadone for Cancer Pain in Pediatric End-of-Life Care. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2020; 38:914-919. [PMID: 33000633 DOI: 10.1177/1049909120963641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goal of adequate pain control becomes increasingly salient for children with cancer and their families as the patients approach the end of life. Methadone is one option that is particularly desirable in end-of-life care given its long duration of action and NMDA antagonism that may help in controlling pain refractory to conventional opioids. The purpose of this study was to describe a single institution's experience with methadone for the treatment of cancer pain in pediatric end-of-life care. METHODS This retrospective, observational, single-center study included all patients during a 9-year period who died in the inpatient setting and were receiving methadone in their last 30 days of life. RESULTS Twenty patients were identified, 18 (90%) of whom received methadone for nociceptive pain. The median duration of methadone use was 32 days (range 2-323 days). Methadone doses ranged from 0.09 to 7.76 mg/kg per day. There were no instances of discontinuing methadone due to an increased QTc interval. No episodes of torsades de pointes were observed. CONCLUSION In patients with pediatric cancer who are nearing the end of life, methadone is a valuable adjunctive therapy to treat nociceptive and neuropathic pain and to prevent opioid-induced hyperalgesia and opioid tolerance. An individualized approach to dosage and route should be considered based on specific clinical circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Hall
- Department of Pharmaceutical Services, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Hannah E Sauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Services, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Catherine Habashy
- Division of Quality Life and Palliative Care, Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Doralina L Anghelescu
- Anesthesiology Division, Pediatric Medicine Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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10
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Holschneider DP, Wang Z, Chang H, Zhang R, Gao Y, Guo Y, Mao J, Rodriguez LV. Ceftriaxone inhibits stress-induced bladder hyperalgesia and alters cerebral micturition and nociceptive circuits in the rat: A multidisciplinary approach to the study of urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome research network study. Neurourol Urodyn 2020; 39:1628-1643. [PMID: 32578247 DOI: 10.1002/nau.24424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Emotional stress plays a role in the exacerbation and development of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS). Given the significant overlap of brain circuits involved in stress, anxiety, and micturition, and the documented role of glutamate in their regulation, we examined the effects of an increase in glutamate transport on central amplification of stress-induced bladder hyperalgesia, a core feature of IC/BPS. METHODS Wistar-Kyoto rats were exposed to water avoidance stress (WAS, 1 hour/day x 10 days) or sham stress, with subgroups receiving daily administration of ceftriaxone (CTX), an activator of glutamate transport. Thereafter, cystometrograms were obtained during bladder infusion with visceromotor responses (VMR) recorded simultaneously. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) mapping was performed by intravenous injection of [14 C]-iodoantipyrine during passive bladder distension. Regional CBF was quantified in autoradiographs of brain slices and analyzed in three dimensional reconstructed brains with statistical parametric mapping. RESULTS WAS elicited visceral hypersensitivity during bladder filling as demonstrated by a decreased pressure threshold and VMR threshold triggering the voiding phase. Brain maps revealed stress effects in regions noted to be responsive to bladder filling. CTX diminished visceral hypersensitivity and attenuated many stress-related cerebral activations within the supraspinal micturition circuit and in overlapping limbic and nociceptive regions, including the posterior midline cortex (posterior cingulate/anterior retrosplenium), somatosensory cortex, and anterior thalamus. CONCLUSIONS CTX diminished bladder hyspersensitivity and attenuated regions of the brain that contribute to nociceptive and micturition circuits, show stress effects, and have been reported to demonstrated altered functionality in patients with IC/BPS. Glutamatergic pharmacologic strategies modulating stress-related bladder dysfunction may be a novel approach to the treatment of IC/BPS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Los Angeles, California
| | - Huiyi Chang
- Department of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Reeve-Irvine Research Center, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yunliang Gao
- Department of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yumei Guo
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jackie Mao
- Department of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Larissa V Rodriguez
- Department of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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11
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μ-Opioid receptors in primary sensory neurons are involved in supraspinal opioid analgesia. Brain Res 2019; 1729:146623. [PMID: 31881186 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Both inhibiting ascending nociceptive transmission and activating descending inhibition are involved in the opioid analgesic effect. The spinal dorsal horn is a critical site for modulating nociceptive transmission by descending pathways elicited by opioids in the brain. μ-Opioid receptors (MORs, encoded by Oprm1) are highly expressed in primary sensory neurons and their central terminals in the spinal cord. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that MORs expressed in primary sensory neurons contribute to the descending inhibition and supraspinal analgesic effect induced by centrally administered opioids. We generated Oprm1 conditional knockout (Oprm1-cKO) mice by crossing AdvillinCre/+ mice with Oprm1flox/flox mice. Immunocytochemical labeling in Oprm1-cKO mice showed that MORs are completely ablated from primary sensory neurons and are profoundly reduced in the superficial spinal dorsal horn. Intracerebroventricular injection of morphine or fentanyl produced a potent analgesic effect in wild-type mice, but such an effect was significantly attenuated in Oprm1-cKO mice. Furthermore, the analgesic effect produced by morphine or fentanyl microinjected into the periaqueductal gray was significantly greater in wild-type mice than in Oprm1-cKO mice. Blocking MORs at the spinal cord level diminished the analgesic effect of morphine and fentanyl microinjected into the periaqueductal gray in both groups of mice. Our findings indicate that MORs expressed at primary afferent terminals in the spinal cord contribute to the supraspinal opioid analgesic effect. These presynaptic MORs in the spinal cord may serve as an interface between ascending inhibition and descending modulation that are involved in opioid analgesia.
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12
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Kaski SW, White AN, Gross JD, Trexler KR, Wix K, Harland AA, Prisinzano TE, Aubé J, Kinsey SG, Kenakin T, Siderovski DP, Setola V. Preclinical Testing of Nalfurafine as an Opioid-sparing Adjuvant that Potentiates Analgesia by the Mu Opioid Receptor-targeting Agonist Morphine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 371:487-499. [PMID: 31492823 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.255661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mu opioid receptor (MOR)-targeting analgesics are efficacious pain treatments, but notorious for their abuse potential. In preclinical animal models, coadministration of traditional kappa opioid receptor (KOR)-targeting agonists with MOR-targeting analgesics can decrease reward and potentiate analgesia. However, traditional KOR-targeting agonists are well known for inducing antitherapeutic side effects (psychotomimesis, depression, anxiety, dysphoria). Recent data suggest that some functionally selective, or biased, KOR-targeting agonists might retain the therapeutic effects of KOR activation without inducing undesirable side effects. Nalfurafine, used safely in Japan since 2009 for uremic pruritus, is one such functionally selective KOR-targeting agonist. Here, we quantify the bias of nalfurafine and several other KOR agonists relative to an unbiased reference standard (U50,488) and show that nalfurafine and EOM-salvinorin-B demonstrate marked G protein-signaling bias. While nalfurafine (0.015 mg/kg) and EOM-salvinorin-B (1 mg/kg) produced spinal antinociception equivalent to 5 mg/kg U50,488, only nalfurafine significantly enhanced the supraspinal analgesic effect of 5 mg/kg morphine. In addition, 0.015 mg/kg nalfurafine did not produce significant conditioned place aversion, yet retained the ability to reduce morphine-induced conditioned place preference in C57BL/6J mice. Nalfurafine and EOM-salvinorin-B each produced robust inhibition of both spontaneous and morphine-stimulated locomotor behavior, suggesting a persistence of sedative effects when coadministered with morphine. Taken together, these findings suggest that nalfurafine produces analgesic augmentation, while also reducing opioid-induced reward with less risk of dysphoria. Thus, adjuvant administration of G protein-biased KOR agonists like nalfurafine may be beneficial in enhancing the therapeutic potential of MOR-targeting analgesics, such as morphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane W Kaski
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (S.W.K., A.N.W., J.D.G., K.W., D.P.S., V.S.), Neuroscience, and Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry (V.S.), West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia; Department of Psychology, West Virginia University Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, Morgantown, West Virginia (K.R.T., S.G.K.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas School of Pharmacy, Lawrence, Kansas (T.E.P.); Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, The University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (A.A.H., J.A.); and Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.K.)
| | - Allison N White
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (S.W.K., A.N.W., J.D.G., K.W., D.P.S., V.S.), Neuroscience, and Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry (V.S.), West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia; Department of Psychology, West Virginia University Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, Morgantown, West Virginia (K.R.T., S.G.K.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas School of Pharmacy, Lawrence, Kansas (T.E.P.); Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, The University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (A.A.H., J.A.); and Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.K.)
| | - Joshua D Gross
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (S.W.K., A.N.W., J.D.G., K.W., D.P.S., V.S.), Neuroscience, and Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry (V.S.), West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia; Department of Psychology, West Virginia University Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, Morgantown, West Virginia (K.R.T., S.G.K.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas School of Pharmacy, Lawrence, Kansas (T.E.P.); Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, The University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (A.A.H., J.A.); and Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.K.)
| | - Kristen R Trexler
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (S.W.K., A.N.W., J.D.G., K.W., D.P.S., V.S.), Neuroscience, and Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry (V.S.), West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia; Department of Psychology, West Virginia University Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, Morgantown, West Virginia (K.R.T., S.G.K.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas School of Pharmacy, Lawrence, Kansas (T.E.P.); Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, The University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (A.A.H., J.A.); and Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.K.)
| | - Kim Wix
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (S.W.K., A.N.W., J.D.G., K.W., D.P.S., V.S.), Neuroscience, and Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry (V.S.), West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia; Department of Psychology, West Virginia University Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, Morgantown, West Virginia (K.R.T., S.G.K.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas School of Pharmacy, Lawrence, Kansas (T.E.P.); Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, The University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (A.A.H., J.A.); and Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.K.)
| | - Aubrie A Harland
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (S.W.K., A.N.W., J.D.G., K.W., D.P.S., V.S.), Neuroscience, and Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry (V.S.), West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia; Department of Psychology, West Virginia University Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, Morgantown, West Virginia (K.R.T., S.G.K.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas School of Pharmacy, Lawrence, Kansas (T.E.P.); Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, The University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (A.A.H., J.A.); and Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.K.)
| | - Thomas E Prisinzano
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (S.W.K., A.N.W., J.D.G., K.W., D.P.S., V.S.), Neuroscience, and Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry (V.S.), West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia; Department of Psychology, West Virginia University Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, Morgantown, West Virginia (K.R.T., S.G.K.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas School of Pharmacy, Lawrence, Kansas (T.E.P.); Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, The University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (A.A.H., J.A.); and Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.K.)
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (S.W.K., A.N.W., J.D.G., K.W., D.P.S., V.S.), Neuroscience, and Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry (V.S.), West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia; Department of Psychology, West Virginia University Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, Morgantown, West Virginia (K.R.T., S.G.K.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas School of Pharmacy, Lawrence, Kansas (T.E.P.); Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, The University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (A.A.H., J.A.); and Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.K.)
| | - Steven G Kinsey
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (S.W.K., A.N.W., J.D.G., K.W., D.P.S., V.S.), Neuroscience, and Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry (V.S.), West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia; Department of Psychology, West Virginia University Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, Morgantown, West Virginia (K.R.T., S.G.K.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas School of Pharmacy, Lawrence, Kansas (T.E.P.); Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, The University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (A.A.H., J.A.); and Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.K.)
| | - Terry Kenakin
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (S.W.K., A.N.W., J.D.G., K.W., D.P.S., V.S.), Neuroscience, and Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry (V.S.), West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia; Department of Psychology, West Virginia University Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, Morgantown, West Virginia (K.R.T., S.G.K.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas School of Pharmacy, Lawrence, Kansas (T.E.P.); Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, The University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (A.A.H., J.A.); and Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.K.)
| | - David P Siderovski
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (S.W.K., A.N.W., J.D.G., K.W., D.P.S., V.S.), Neuroscience, and Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry (V.S.), West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia; Department of Psychology, West Virginia University Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, Morgantown, West Virginia (K.R.T., S.G.K.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas School of Pharmacy, Lawrence, Kansas (T.E.P.); Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, The University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (A.A.H., J.A.); and Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.K.)
| | - Vincent Setola
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (S.W.K., A.N.W., J.D.G., K.W., D.P.S., V.S.), Neuroscience, and Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry (V.S.), West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia; Department of Psychology, West Virginia University Eberly College of Arts and Sciences, Morgantown, West Virginia (K.R.T., S.G.K.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas School of Pharmacy, Lawrence, Kansas (T.E.P.); Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, The University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (A.A.H., J.A.); and Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (T.K.)
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13
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Gross JD, Kaski SW, Schmidt KT, Cogan ES, Boyt KM, Wix K, Schroer AB, McElligott ZA, Siderovski DP, Setola V. Role of RGS12 in the differential regulation of kappa opioid receptor-dependent signaling and behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:1728-1741. [PMID: 31141817 PMCID: PMC6785087 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0423-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Kappa opioid receptor (KOR) agonists show promise in ameliorating disorders, such as addiction and chronic pain, but are limited by dysphoric and aversive side effects. Clinically beneficial effects of KOR agonists (e.g., analgesia) are predominantly mediated by heterotrimeric G protein signaling, whereas β-arrestin signaling is considered central to their detrimental side effects (e.g., dysphoria/aversion). Here we show that Regulator of G protein Signaling-12 (RGS12), via independent signaling mechanisms, simultaneously attenuates G protein signaling and augments β-arrestin signaling downstream of KOR, exhibiting considerable selectivity in its actions for KOR over other opioid receptors. We previously reported that RGS12-null mice exhibit increased dopamine transporter-mediated dopamine (DA) uptake in the ventral (vSTR), but not dorsal striatum (dSTR), as well as reduced psychostimulant-induced hyperlocomotion; in the current study, we found that these phenotypes are reversed following KOR antagonism. Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry studies of dopamine (DA) release and reuptake suggest that striatal disruptions to KOR-dependent DAergic neurotransmission in RGS12-null mice are restricted to the nucleus accumbens. In both ventral striatal tissue and transfected cells, RGS12 and KOR are seen to interact within a protein complex. Ventral striatal-specific increases in KOR levels and KOR-induced G protein activation are seen in RGS12-null mice, as well as enhanced sensitivity to KOR agonist-induced hypolocomotion and analgesia-G protein signaling-dependent behaviors; a ventral striatal-specific increase in KOR levels was also observed in β-arrestin-2-deficient mice, highlighting the importance of β-arrestin signaling to establishing steady-state KOR levels in this particular brain region. Conversely, RGS12-null mice exhibited attenuated KOR-induced conditioned place aversion (considered a β-arrestin signaling-dependent behavior), consistent with the augmented KOR-mediated β-arrestin signaling seen upon RGS12 over-expression. Collectively, our findings highlight a role for RGS12 as a novel, differential regulator of both G protein-dependent and -independent signaling downstream of KOR activation.
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MESH Headings
- 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer/pharmacology
- Animals
- Avoidance Learning/drug effects
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Dopamine/metabolism
- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-/pharmacology
- Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine/pharmacology
- Female
- Locomotion/drug effects
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Nucleus Accumbens/drug effects
- Nucleus Accumbens/metabolism
- RGS Proteins/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Synaptic Transmission/drug effects
- Ventral Striatum/drug effects
- Ventral Striatum/metabolism
- beta-Arrestins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Gross
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, 3048 HSN, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, 64 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26508, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9229, USA
- Department of Behavioral Medicine & Psychiatry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9229, USA
| | - Shane W Kaski
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, 3048 HSN, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, 64 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26508, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9229, USA
- Department of Behavioral Medicine & Psychiatry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9229, USA
| | - Karl T Schmidt
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies and Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Cogan
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies and Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Kristen M Boyt
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies and Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Kim Wix
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, 3048 HSN, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, 64 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26508, USA
| | - Adam B Schroer
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, 3048 HSN, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, 64 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26508, USA
| | - Zoe A McElligott
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies and Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - David P Siderovski
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, 3048 HSN, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, 64 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26508, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9229, USA.
| | - Vincent Setola
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, 3048 HSN, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, 64 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26508, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9229, USA
- Department of Behavioral Medicine & Psychiatry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9229, USA
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14
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Role of Nociceptor Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) in Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia and Hyperalgesic Priming. J Neurosci 2019; 39:6414-6424. [PMID: 31209174 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0966-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to analgesia, opioids produce opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) and neuroplasticity characterized by prolongation of inflammatory-mediator-induced hyperalgesia (hyperalgesic priming). We evaluated the hypothesis that hyperalgesia and priming induced by opioids are mediated by similar nociceptor mechanisms. In male rats, we first evaluated the role of nociceptor Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in OIH and priming induced by systemic low-dose morphine (LDM, 0.03 mg/kg). Intrathecal oligodeoxynucleotide antisense to TLR4 mRNA (TLR4 AS-ODN) prevented OIH and prolongation of prostaglandin E2 hyperalgesia (priming) induced by LDM. In contrast, high-dose morphine (HDM, 3 mg/kg) increased nociceptive threshold (analgesia) and induced priming, neither of which was attenuated by TLR4 AS-ODN. Protein kinase C ε (PKCε) AS-ODN also prevented LDM-induced hyperalgesia and priming, whereas analgesia and priming induced by HDM were unaffected. Treatment with isolectin B4 (IB4)-saporin or SSP-saporin (which deplete IB4+ and peptidergic nociceptors, respectively), or their combination, prevented systemic LDM-induced hyperalgesia, but not priming. HDM-induced priming, but not analgesia, was markedly attenuated in both saporin-treated groups. In conclusion, whereas OIH and priming induced by LDM share receptor and second messenger mechanisms in common, action at TLR4 and signaling via PKCε, HDM-induced analgesia, and priming are neither TLR4 nor PKCε dependent. OIH produced by LDM is mediated by both IB4+ and peptidergic nociceptors, whereas priming is not dependent on the same population. In contrast, priming induced by HDM is mediated by both IB4+ and peptidergic nociceptors. Implications for the use of low-dose opioids combined with nonopioid analgesics and in the treatment of opioid use disorder are discussed.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) and priming are common side effects of opioid agonists such as morphine, which acts at μ-opioid receptors. We demonstrate that OIH and priming induced by systemic low-dose morphine (LDM) share action at Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and signaling via protein kinase C ε (PKCε) in common, whereas systemic high-dose morphine (HDM)-induced analgesia and priming are neither TLR4 nor PKCε dependent. OIH produced by systemic LDM is mediated by isolectin B4-positive (IB4+) and peptidergic nociceptors, whereas priming is dependent on a different class of nociceptors. Priming induced by systemic HDM is, however, mediated by both IB4+ and peptidergic nociceptors. Our findings may provide useful information for the use of low-dose opioids combined with nonopioid analgesics to treat pain and opioid use disorders.
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15
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Jordan CJ, Humburg B, Rice M, Bi GH, You ZB, Shaik AB, Cao J, Bonifazi A, Gadiano A, Rais R, Slusher B, Newman AH, Xi ZX. The highly selective dopamine D 3R antagonist, R-VK4-40 attenuates oxycodone reward and augments analgesia in rodents. Neuropharmacology 2019; 158:107597. [PMID: 30974107 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prescription opioid abuse is a global crisis. New treatment strategies for pain and opioid use disorders are urgently required. We evaluated the effects of R-VK4-40, a highly selective dopamine (DA) D3 receptor (D3R) antagonist, on the rewarding and analgesic effects of oxycodone, the most commonly abused prescription opioid, in rats and mice. Systemic administration of R-VK4-40 dose-dependently inhibited oxycodone self-administration and shifted oxycodone dose-response curves downward in rats. Pretreatment with R-VK4-40 also dose-dependently lowered break-points for oxycodone under a progressive-ratio schedule. To determine whether a DA-dependent mechanism underlies the impact of D3 antagonism in reducing opioid reward, we used optogenetic approaches to examine intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) maintained by optical activation of ventral tegmental area (VTA) DA neurons in DAT-Cre mice. Photoactivation of VTA DA in non-drug treated mice produced robust ICSS behavior. Lower doses of oxycodone enhanced, while higher doses inhibited, optical ICSS. Pretreatment with R-VK4-40 blocked oxycodone-enhanced brain-stimulation reward. By itself, R-VK4-40 produced a modest dose-dependent reduction in optical ICSS. Pretreatment with R-VK4-40 did not compromise the antinociceptive effects of oxycodone in rats, and R-VK4-40 alone produced mild antinociceptive effects without altering open-field locomotion or rotarod locomotor performance. Together, these findings suggest R-VK4-40 may permit a lower dose of prescription opioids for pain management, potentially mitigating tolerance and dependence, while diminishing reward potency. Hence, development of R-VK4-40 as a therapy for the treatment of opioid use disorders and/or pain is currently underway. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'New Vistas in Opioid Pharmacology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe J Jordan
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Bree Humburg
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Myra Rice
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Guo-Hua Bi
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Zhi-Bing You
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Anver Basha Shaik
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Jianjing Cao
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Alessandro Bonifazi
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Alexandra Gadiano
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Rana Rais
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Barbara Slusher
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
| | - Zheng-Xiong Xi
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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16
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Takai N, Miyajima N, Tonomura M, Abe K. Relationship between receptor occupancy and the antinociceptive effect of mu opioid receptor agonists in male rats. Brain Res 2017; 1680:105-109. [PMID: 29269051 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The analgesic mechanisms of mu opioid receptor (MOR) agonists, including receptor occupancy at the site of action, are not completely understood. The aims of the present study were to evaluate: (i) receptor occupancy in the rat brain after administration of MOR agonists; (ii) the relationship between occupancy and the antinociceptive effect. Morphine (2 or 4 mg/kg) or oxycodone (1 or 3 mg/kg) was subcutaneously administered to rats. The antinociceptive effect of these drugs was measured by the hot-plate test. MOR occupancy in the thalamus was assessed by conducting an ex vivo receptor binding assay using [3H] [D-Ala2, N-MePhe4, Gly-ol]-enkephalin, followed by autoradiographic analysis. Both drugs produced antinociception in a dose-dependent manner, and these effects disappeared after the time point at which the maximal effect was elicited. Thalamic MOR occupancy was observed in a dose-dependent manner at the time point at which maximal antinociception was elicited, and relatively low occupancy was observed when the antinociceptive effect was decreasing. Good correlation between thalamic MOR occupancy and the antinociceptive effect was observed. These findings provide direct evidence for the receptor occupancy of MOR agonists at the site of action and its relationship with the analgesic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Takai
- Biomarker R&D Department, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
| | | | - Misato Tonomura
- Biomarker R&D Department, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
| | - Kohji Abe
- Biomarker R&D Department, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
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17
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de la Puente B, Zamanillo D, Romero L, Vela JM, Merlos M, Portillo-Salido E. Pharmacological sensitivity of reflexive and nonreflexive outcomes as a correlate of the sensory and affective responses to visceral pain in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13428. [PMID: 29044171 PMCID: PMC5647413 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13987-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain encompasses both sensory and affective dimensions which can be differentially modulated by drugs. Here, we compare the pharmacological sensitivity of the sensory and affective responses using acetic acid-induced abdominal writhings (sensory-reflexive outcome) and acetic acid-induced depression of reward seeking behaviour (RSB, affective-nonreflexive outcome) to a highly palatable food in mice. We found that the expression of RSB critically depends on factors such as sex and previous knowledge and type of the food stimulus. Intraperitoneal administration of acetic acid (iAA) produced a long-lasting (beyond the resolution of writhing behaviour) and concentration-dependent decrease on both appetitive-approach and consummatory dimensions of RSB. Ibuprofen and diclofenac were much more potent in reversing AA-induced changes in RSB: latency to eat (ED50 = 2 and 0.005 mg/kg, intraperinoneally, respectively) and amount consumed (ED50 = 11 and 0.1 mg/kg) than in AA-induced writhing (ED50 = 123 and 60 mg/kg). Morphine and duloxetine inhibited the writhing response (ED50 = 0.8 and 6 mg/kg, respectively) but not the AA-induced changes in RSB. Caffeine was ineffective in both AA-induced writhing and RSB changes. Overall, this study characterized a preclinical mouse model of hedonic deficits induced by pain that can be used to assess affective responses as well as complementary classic reflexive approaches in the evaluation of candidate analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Zamanillo
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Development, ESTEVE, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luz Romero
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Development, ESTEVE, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M Vela
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Development, ESTEVE, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Merlos
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Development, ESTEVE, Barcelona, Spain
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18
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de la Puente B, Romero-Alejo E, Vela JM, Merlos M, Zamanillo D, Portillo-Salido E. Changes in saccharin preference behavior as a primary outcome to evaluate pain and analgesia in acetic acid-induced visceral pain in mice. J Pain Res 2015; 8:663-73. [PMID: 26504405 PMCID: PMC4605237 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s91230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Reflex-based procedures are important measures in preclinical pain studies that evaluate stimulated behaviors. These procedures, however, are insufficient to capture the complexity of the pain experience, which is often associated with the depression of several innate behaviors. While recent studies have made efforts to evidence the suppression of some positively motivated behaviors in certain pain models, they are still far from being routinely used as readouts for analgesic screening. Here, we characterized and compared the effect of the analgesic ibuprofen (Ibu) and the stimulant, caffeine, in assays of acute pain-stimulated and pain-depressed behavior. Intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid (AA) served as a noxious stimulus to stimulate a writhing response or depress saccharin preference and locomotor activity (LMA) in mice. AA injection caused the maximum number of writhes between 5 and 20 minutes after administration, and writhing almost disappeared 1 hour later. AA-treated mice showed signs of depression-like behaviors after writhing resolution, as evidenced by reduced locomotion and saccharin preference for at least 4 and 6 hours, respectively. Depression-like behaviors resolved within 24 hours after AA administration. A dose of Ibu (40 mg/kg) – inactive to reduce AA-induced abdominal writhing – administered before or after AA injection significantly reverted pain-induced saccharin preference deficit. The same dose of Ibu also significantly reverted the AA-depressed LMA, but only when it was administered after AA injection. Caffeine restored locomotion – but not saccharin preference – in AA-treated mice, thus suggesting that the reduction in saccharin preference – but not in locomotion – was specifically sensitive to analgesics. In conclusion, AA-induced acute pain attenuated saccharin preference and LMA beyond the resolution of writhing behavior, and the changes in the expression of hedonic behavior, such as sweet taste preference, can be used as a more sensitive and translational model to evaluate analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz de la Puente
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Discovery and Preclinical Development, ESTEVE, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elizabeth Romero-Alejo
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Discovery and Preclinical Development, ESTEVE, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Miguel Vela
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Discovery and Preclinical Development, ESTEVE, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Merlos
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Discovery and Preclinical Development, ESTEVE, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Zamanillo
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Discovery and Preclinical Development, ESTEVE, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Portillo-Salido
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Discovery and Preclinical Development, ESTEVE, Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Spinal and supraspinal N-methyl-d-aspartate and melanocortin-1 receptors contribute to a qualitative sex difference in morphine-induced hyperalgesia. Physiol Behav 2015; 147:364-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Abstract
In the last decade, preclinical investigations of electroacupuncture mechanisms on persistent tissue injury (inflammatory), nerve injury (neuropathic), cancer, and visceral pain have increased. These studies show that electroacupuncture activates the nervous system differently in health than in pain conditions, alleviates both sensory and affective inflammatory pain, and inhibits inflammatory and neuropathic pain more effectively at 2 to 10 Hz than at 100 Hz. Electroacupuncture blocks pain by activating a variety of bioactive chemicals through peripheral, spinal, and supraspinal mechanisms. These include opioids, which desensitize peripheral nociceptors and reduce proinflammatory cytokines peripherally and in the spinal cord, and serotonin and norepinephrine, which decrease spinal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit GluN1 phosphorylation. Additional studies suggest that electroacupuncture, when combined with low dosages of conventional analgesics, provides effective pain management which can forestall the side effects of often-debilitating pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixin Zhang
- Assistant Professor, Center for Integrative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lixing Lao
- Professor, Center for Integrative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ke Ren
- Professor, Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, Dental School, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Brian M. Berman
- Professor, Center for Integrative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
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Zhang RX, Zhang M, Li A, Pan L, Berman BM, Ren K, Lao L. DAMGO in the central amygdala alleviates the affective dimension of pain in a rat model of inflammatory hyperalgesia. Neuroscience 2013; 252:359-66. [PMID: 23994597 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pain has sensory-discriminative and emotional-affective dimensions. Recent studies show that the affective component can be assessed with a conditioned place avoidance (CPA) test. We hypothesized that systemic morphine before a post-conditioning test would more potently attenuate the affective aspect compared to the sensory component and that [d-Ala2-N-Me-Phe4, Gly-ol5]-enkephalin (DAMGO), a μ-selective opioid receptor agonist, injected into the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) would reduce established CPA. A rat model of inflammatory pain, produced by a complete Freund adjuvant (CFA) injection into the hind paw, was combined with a CPA test. Three experiments were performed on adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Systemic morphine (0.5 or 1.0mg/kg) in Experiment 1, intrathecal (i.t.) morphine (2.5 μg/rat) in Experiment 2, and intra-CeA DAMGO (7.7-15.4 ng/0.4 μl) in Experiment 3 were given to CFA-injected rats (n=6-8/group) prior to a post-conditioning test. Saline-injected rats were used as control. Time spent in a pain-paired compartment was recorded twice, before conditioning and after a post-conditioning test. Paw withdrawal latency (PWL) to a noxious thermal stimulus was measured before experiment at day-1 and after the post-conditioning test; hyperalgesia was defined as a decrease in PWL. The data showed that CFA-injected rats had significantly negative CPA compared to those of saline-injected rats (P<0.05). Low-dosage systemic morphine significantly (P<0.05) reduced CFA-induced CPA but had no effect on PWL. I.t. morphine did not inhibit the display of CPA but significantly increased PWL, suppressing hyperalgesia (P<0.05). Intra-CeA DAMGO significantly inhibited the display of CPA compared to saline (P<0.05) but had no effect on PWL. The data demonstrate that morphine attenuates the affective component more powerfully than it does the sensory and suggests that the sensory and the emotional-affective dimensions are underpinned by different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R-X Zhang
- Center for Integrative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Granmo M, Jensen T, Schouenborg J. Nociceptive transmission to rat primary somatosensory cortex--comparison of sedative and analgesic effects. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53966. [PMID: 23320109 PMCID: PMC3540052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CO(2)-laser C-fibre evoked cortical potentials (LCEPs) is a potentially useful animal model for studies of pain mechanisms. A potential confounding factor when assessing analgesic effects of systemically administered drugs using LCEP is sedation. This study aims to clarify: 1) the relation between level of anaesthesia and magnitude of LCEP, 2) the effects of a sedative and an analgesic on LCEP and dominant EEG frequency 3) the effects of a sedative and analgesic on LCEP when dominant EEG frequency is kept stable. LCEP and EEG were recorded in isoflurane/nitrous-oxide anaesthetized rats. Increasing isoflurane level gradually reduced LCEPs and lowered dominant EEG frequencies. Systemic midazolam (10 μmol/kg) profoundly reduced LCEP (19% of control) and lowered dominant EEG frequency. Similarly, morphine 1 and 3 mg/kg reduced LCEP (39%, 12% of control, respectively) and decreased EEG frequency. When keeping the dominant EEG frequency stable, midazolam caused no significant change of LCEP. Under these premises, morphine at 3 mg/kg, but not 1 mg/kg, caused a significant LCEP reduction (26% of control). In conclusion, the present data indicate that the sedative effects should be accounted for when assessing the analgesic effects of drug. Furthermore, it is suggested that LCEP, given that changes in EEG induced by sedation are compensated for, can provide information about the analgesic properties of systemically administrated drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Granmo
- Neuronano Research Center, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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23
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Kumar R, Reeta K, Ray SB. Antinociceptive effect of intrathecal loperamide: Role of mu-opioid receptor and calcium channels. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 696:77-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Massa H, Lacoh CM, Vutskits L. Effects of morphine on the differentiation and survival of developing pyramidal neurons during the brain growth spurt. Toxicol Sci 2012; 130:168-79. [PMID: 22843570 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Although morphine is frequently administered to treat procedural pain in neonates and young children, little is known about the effects of this drug on developing neural circuitry during the brain growth spurt. Here we systematically explored the impact of morphine on neuronal survival and differentiation during the peak synaptogenic period. By focusing on the rat medial prefrontal cortex, we show that single bolus ip injections of morphine, although it induces deep sedation and analgesia, do not entrain apoptosis in this cortical region either at postnatal day 7 or at postnatal day 15. Iontophoretic single cell injections of Lucifer Yellow followed by semiautomatic neuronal arbor tracing revealed that repeated daily administration of this drug between postnatal days 7 and 15 or 15 and 20 did not interfere with dendritic development of layer 5 pyramidal neurons. Confocal microscopic analysis of dendritic spines at the aforementioned distinct stages of the brain growth spurt demonstrated that neither single bolus nor repeated administration of morphine affected the density of these postsynaptic structures. Altogether, these preclinical rodent experimental observations argue against overt neurotoxic effects of morphine exposure during the brain growth spurt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horace Massa
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Intensive Care, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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25
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Pharmacological management of persistent pain in older persons. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2012; 12:S21-9. [PMID: 21396598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Drugs without a strong evidence base and outside of recommendations are too often prescribed for older adults. Established guidelines such as Beers criteria have identified both specific medications and certain drug classes as inappropriate for older adults, primarily due to adverse effects. Age-related physiological changes in distribution, metabolism, and elimination often alter the effects of pharmacotherapies in older adults. When designing a therapeutic program, all elements contributing to the pathophysiology of painful conditions should be considered, as well as the mechanisms of action of analgesic drug classes. Both appropriate and inappropriate medications for older adults are detailed herein, as well as their contraindications and potential drug-drug or drug-disease interactions. The number needed to treat (NNT) can be useful in considering efficacy, while the safety of a pharmacotherapy is indicated by the calculated number needed to harm (NNH). The NNT is a measure describing the number of patients who require treatment for every 1 who reaches the therapeutic goal, and the NNH describes the number of participants who manifest side effects; these can further be segregated into numbers who withdraw from studies due to intolerable side effects. These parameters, along with a patient's comorbidities and concomitant medications, should be considered when selecting an analgesic and dose regimen. In addition, practitioners should avoid prescribing multiple-drug therapies that have overlapping pharmacodynamics or that may have an adverse pharmacokinetic interaction.
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Ruttenl K, Vry J, Robens A, Tzschentke TM, Kam EL. Dissociation of rewarding, anti-aversive and anti-nociceptive effects of different classes of anti-nociceptives in the rat. Eur J Pain 2012; 15:299-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2010.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Iwamoto T, Takasugi Y, Higashino H, Ito H, Koga Y, Nakao S. Antinociceptive action of carbamazepine on thermal hypersensitive pain at spinal level in a rat model of adjuvant-induced chronic inflammation. J Anesth 2010; 25:78-86. [PMID: 21113631 DOI: 10.1007/s00540-010-1046-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Systemic carbamazepine, a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker, has been reported to dose-dependently reduce inflammatory hyperalgesia. However, the antinociceptive effects of carbamazepine on the spinal cord in inflammatory conditions are unclear. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antinociceptive effects of carbamazepine on the spinal cord in a chronic inflammatory condition. METHODS In Sprague-Dawley rats, a chronic inflammatory condition was induced by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) inoculation into the tail. Tail flick (TF) latencies were measured following intraperitoneal carbamazepine, or intrathecal carbamazepine or tetrodotoxin injection in intact rats and in the chronic inflammatory rats. From the values of TF latency at 60 min after drug injection, the effective dose required to produce 50% response (ED(50)) of each drug was derived. RESULTS Carbamazepine attenuated thermal responses with both systemic and intrathecal administration. The effect was more evident in rats with chronic inflammation than in intact rats; the ED(50s) of intraperitoneal carbamazepine in intact and inflamed rats were 12.39 and 1.54 mg/kg, and those of intrathecal carbamazepine were 0.311 and 0.048 nmol, respectively. Intrathecal tetrodotoxin also clearly inhibited the response, with ED(50s) of 1.006 pmol in intact rats and 0.310 pmol in inflamed rats. The relative potencies of intrathecal carbamazepine versus tetrodotoxin for inhibition were approximately 1:150-1:300 in intact and inflamed rats. CONCLUSION These results indicate that the inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels, at least tetrodotoxin-sensitive channels, may contribute to the antinociceptive effect of carbamazepine on CFA-induced inflammatory pain, since lower doses of intrathecal carbamazepine and tetrodotoxin attenuated thermal responses to a greater extent in inflamed rats than in intact rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsushige Iwamoto
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohno-higashi, Osaka-sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
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Ray SB, Yaksh TL. Spinal antinociceptive action of loperamide is mediated by opioid receptors in the formalin test in rats. Neurosci Lett 2008; 448:260-2. [PMID: 18973791 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Revised: 10/17/2008] [Accepted: 10/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Opioids like morphine produce antinociception after intrathecal administration. Being hydrophilic in nature, morphine also spreads rostrally which leads to respiratory depression. Loperamide has been reported to produce antinociception after both intracisternal and intrathecal administration. It is also hydrophobic, which could restrict its diffusion in the spinal canal. However, the mechanism of its antinociceptive action after intrathecal administration is not definitely known. In the present study, the antinociceptive effect of loperamide was evaluated by the formalin test. It significantly inhibited Phase II flinching behavior. This antinociceptive effect was reversed by pre-administration of naloxone indicating that it was predominantly due to activation of opioid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Basu Ray
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Of California - San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0818, USA.
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30
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van der Kam EL, De Vry J, Schiene K, Tzschentke TM. Differential effects of morphine on the affective and the sensory component of carrageenan-induced nociception in the rat. Pain 2007; 136:373-379. [PMID: 17825490 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2007.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2007] [Revised: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pain is generally considered to have a sensory and an affective component. Clinical research has suggested that morphine more potently attenuates the affective component as compared to the sensory component. Because preclinical nociception models typically focus on the sensory component of nociception, and do not assess the affective component, it is unclear whether this potency difference of morphine can also be found in preclinical models. We therefore adapted the place conditioning paradigm to investigate negative affect accompanying carrageenan-induced (0.5% intraplantar) inflammatory nociception in rats. We found that carrageenan produced clear conditioned place aversion (CPA). Morphine (0.01-10mg/kg i.p.) dose-dependently reduced carrageenan-induced CPA with a minimal effective dose (MED) of 0.03mg/kg. Since morphine has a rewarding effect by itself, morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) was also investigated. Morphine induced CPP with a MED of 1mg/kg, suggesting that the rewarding effect of morphine was not responsible for reducing carrageenan-induced CPA. We also demonstrated that morphine reduced carrageenan-induced mechanical nociception as assessed in the Randall Selitto paradigm with a MED of 1mg/kg. It is concluded that the CPA model allows for an assessment of the negative affective component of carrageenan-induced nociception. Moreover, morphine was able to reduce the affective component of nociception at doses that did not affect the sensory component of nociception, and this effect was not due to its rewarding properties. The fact that this finding mirrors the clinical situation validates the use of the CPA model for assessing the affective component of nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Louise van der Kam
- Grünenthal GmbH, Preclinical Research and Development, Department of Pharmacology, Zieglerstrasse 6, 52078 Aachen, Germany
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31
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Abstract
The discovery of the endogenous systems of analgesia has produced a large amount of research aimed at investigating their biochemical and neurophysiological mechanisms and their neuroanatomical localization. Nevertheless, the neurobiological acquisitions on these mechanisms have not been paralleled by behavioural correlates in humans--in other words, by the understanding of when and how these endogenous mechanisms of analgesia are activated. Until recent times one of the most studied behavioural correlates of endogenous analgesia was stress-induced analgesia, in which the activation of endogenous opioid systems is known to be involved. By contrast, today the placebo analgesic effect represents one of the best-described situations in which this endogenous opioid network is naturally activated in humans. Therefore, not only is placebo research helpful towards improving clinical trial design and medical practice, but it also provides us with a better understanding of the endogenous mechanisms of analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Benedetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Clinical and Applied Physiology Programme, University of Turin Medical School, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125 Turin, Italy.
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Clarke RW. Synaptic mechanisms in nociception: emerging targets for centrally-acting analgesics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.4.2.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Liu JG, Rovnaghi CR, Garg S, Anand KJS. Opioid receptor desensitization contributes to thermal hyperalgesia in infant rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 491:127-36. [PMID: 15140629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2004] [Accepted: 03/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Central nociceptive processing includes spinal and supraspinal neurons, but the supraspinal mechanisms mediating changes in pain threshold remain unclear. We investigated the role of forebrain neurons in capsaicin-induced hyperalgesia. Long-Evans rat pups at 21 days were randomized to undisturbed control group, or to receive tactile stimulation, saline injection (0.9% w/v) or capsaicin injection (0.01% w/v) applied to each paw at hourly intervals. Thermal paw withdrawal latency was measured 1 h later, forebrains were removed and purified forebrain neuronal membranes were assayed for adenylyl cyclase activity and opioid receptor function. Capsaicin-injected rats had decreased thermal latency (P < 0.0001) compared to the other groups. Neuronal membranes showed increased basal (P = 0.0003) and forskolin-stimulated (P=0.0002) adenylyl cyclase activity in the capsaicin group compared to other groups. The selective mu-opioid receptor agonist, [D-Ala2, N-Me-Phe4, Gly5-ol]enkephalin (DAMGO) was less effective in inhibiting adenylyl cyclase activity in the capsaicin group (P < 0.001) compared to other groups. These effects were naloxone-reversible and pertussis toxin-sensitive (P < 0.01) in the control, tactile stimulation and saline injection groups but not in the capsaicin group. Binding capacity and affinity for micro-opioid receptors were similar in all four groups, suggesting that receptor downregulation was not involved. Exposure to DAMGO increased [35S]GTPgammaS binding to neuronal membranes from the control, tactile and saline groups (P<0.001) in a naloxone-reversible and pertussis toxin-sensitive manner (P < 0.01) but not in the capsaicin group, suggesting mu-opioid receptor desensitization. Dose responses to systemic morphine were also reduced in the capsaicin group compared to the tactile group (P < 0.05). Capsaicin-induced hyperalgesia in 21-day-old rats was associated with an uncoupling of micro-opioid receptors in the forebrain. Opioid receptor desensitization in the forebrain may reduce opioidergic inputs to the descending inhibitory controls, associated with behavioral hyperalgesia and reduced responsiveness to morphine analgesia in capsaicin-injected young rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Gen Liu
- Pain Neurobiology Laboratory, Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, 1120 Marshall Street, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
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35
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Lo WC, Jackson E, Merriman A, Harris J, Clarke RW. 5-HT receptors involved in opioid-activated descending inhibition of spinal withdrawal reflexes in the decerebrated rabbit. Pain 2004; 109:162-71. [PMID: 15082138 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2004.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2003] [Revised: 01/12/2004] [Accepted: 01/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The role of 5-HT(1B/1D), 5-HT(2) and 5-HT(3) receptors in mediating descending inhibition of spinal reflexes activated by application of fentanyl to the fourth ventricle has been studied in rabbits decerebrated under N(2)O/isoflurane anaesthesia. In the control state, intraventricular fentanyl (3-30 microg kg(-1)) depressed, to an equal extent, short- and long-latency reflexes in the medial gastrocnemius muscle nerve evoked by electrical stimulation of all sural nerve afferents. Inhibition of reflexes resulted from a decreased base line excitability in the reflex pathway accompanied by a reduction in the rate of temporal summation of responses. Fentanyl-induced suppression of short- and long-latency reflexes was significantly reduced after intrathecal administration of the selective 5-HT(2)-receptor antagonist ICI 170,809 (300 microg). The same dose of the selective 5-HT(1B/1D) blocker GR 127,935 reduced inhibition from intraventricular fentanyl only for long-latency reflexes (i.e. those parts of the response for which the afferent drive is provided mainly by Adelta and C-fibre afferents). The 5-HT(3) antagonist tropisetron (also 300 microg intrathecal) did not significantly alter the descending inhibition of reflexes evoked by fentanyl. Both GR 127,935 and tropisetron reduced temporal summation of reflexes per se, effects that were reversed by intraventricular fentanyl. These data suggest that the descending pathway(s) activated by intraventricular fentanyl liberate 5-HT in the spinal cord to inhibit withdrawal reflexes by acting at 5-HT(2) and 5-HT(1B/1D), but not 5-HT(3) receptors. 5-HT(1B/1D), and to a lesser extent 5-HT(3) receptors also appear to have a role in modulating temporal summation of reflexes evoked by repetitive stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Caroline Lo
- School of Biosciences and Institute of Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leics Ler SRD LE12 5RD, UK
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36
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Hudspith M, Munglani R. Sites of Analgesic Action. Pain 2003. [DOI: 10.1201/9780203911259.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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37
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Treede RD. Pain and the Somatosensory Cortex. Pain 2003. [DOI: 10.1201/9780203911259.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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38
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Hall FS, Li XF, Goeb M, Roff S, Hoggatt H, Sora I, Uhl GR. Congenic C57BL/6 mu opiate receptor (MOR) knockout mice: baseline and opiate effects. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2003; 2:114-21. [PMID: 12884968 DOI: 10.1034/j.1601-183x.2003.00016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Homozygous mu-opioid receptor (MOR) knockout (KO) mice developed on a chimeric C57B6/129SV background lack morphine-induced antinociception, locomotion and reward. Therefore it appears that MOR largely mediates these morphine actions. However, one factor that could affect the extent of knockout deficits in morphine-induced behavior is the genetic background against which the gene deletion is expressed. To examine the effect of genetic background chimeric C57B6/129SV MOR knockout mice from the 15th generation of those developed in our laboratory were backcrossed for 10 successive generations with C57BL/6 mice, a strain which is more sensitive to many of the properties of morphine, to produce congenic MOR (con-MOR) KO mice. Heterozygote conMOR KO mice display attenuated morphine locomotion and reduced morphine analgesia compared to wild-type mice. Homozygote con-MOR KO mice display baseline hyperalgesia, no morphine place preference, no morphine analgesia and no morphine locomotion. These results are not qualitatively different from those observed in the MOR KO strain with a chimeric C57B6/129SV background, and suggest that although the strain has separate influences on these functions, it does not substantially interact with deletion of the mu opiate receptor gene.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesia
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Animals
- Animals, Congenic/genetics
- Animals, Congenic/physiology
- Chimera
- Choice Behavior/drug effects
- Choice Behavior/physiology
- Conditioning, Psychological/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL/genetics
- Mice, Inbred C57BL/physiology
- Mice, Knockout/genetics
- Mice, Knockout/physiology
- Morphine/pharmacology
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Motor Activity/physiology
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/genetics
- Space Perception/drug effects
- Space Perception/physiology
- Species Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- F S Hall
- Molecular Neurobiology Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, NIH/DHHS, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Tien D, Ohara PT, Larson AA, Jasmin L. Vagal afferents are necessary for the establishment but not the maintenance of kainic acid-induced hyperalgesia in mice. Pain 2003; 102:39-49. [PMID: 12620595 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3959(02)00336-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Systemic administration of a single, sub-convulsive dose (20mg/kg) of kainic acid (KA) produces long-term hyperalgesia. The robustness and reproducibility of this effect makes this a valuable model of chronic pain. However, the mechanism by which KA produces hyperalgesia remains unknown. We evaluated the role of vagal afferents on KA-induced hyperalgesia in mice by assessing the influence of bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy and of direct application of KA to vagal afferents on the development of hyperalgesia. The hot plate and tail flick tests were used to assess pain behavior. Central nervous system (CNS) activity evoked by acute administration of KA or exposure to a nociceptive stimulus was also determined by the immunocytochemical detection of Fos and of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (pErk). Mice exhibited a persistent hyperalgesia after either systemic application of KA or topical treatment with KA on vagal afferents. Vagotomy performed 2 weeks before the application of KA was able to prevent the establishment of hyperalgesia, but vagotomy performed 2 weeks after the application of KA was unable to reverse the already established hyperalgesia. This result establishes that vagal afferents are pivotal to the onset of hyperalgesia. Consistent with this, KA evoked the expression of Fos in vagal related areas of the brainstem, including the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and area postrema (AP), as well as widespread areas of the forebrain. Vagotomy selectively decreased KA-evoked Fos in the NTS while sparing that in other brain areas. In addition to hyperalgesia, weeks after KA treatment, stimulus induced pErk was increased in spinal nociceptive neurons and the medial hypothalamus, a phenomenon that was prevented by prior vagotomy. No signs of cell death were detected using in situ nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay and Nissl staining at 1, 5, 24, 36 h and 12 days post-KA. These findings suggest that the mechanism underlying KA-induced hyperalgesia is a long-term dysfunction of CNS areas that are activated by vagal afferents and involved in descending control of spinal nociceptive neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc Tien
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus, Box 0112, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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40
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Abstract
Methadone is not a new analgesic drug [69]. Several studies have demonstrated that methadone is a valid alternative to morphine, hydromorphone, and fentanyl for the treatment of cancer-related pain, and extensive reviews on the subject have been published in recent years [10,23,25,64,70,71]. Most people involved in pain therapy, however, are not well informed about the properties of methadone. The authors believe that the low cost of methadone paradoxically contributes to the limited knowledge of its characteristics and to the restricted therapeutic use of this drug. The low cost of methadone means there is little financial incentive for pharmaceutical companies to invest in research or to disseminate scientific information. Unfortunately, the lack of scientific information from pharmaceutical companies frequently results in a lack of knowledge on the part of physicians. Unless the existing approach changes, both culturally and politically, ignorance about methadone will persist among medical experts. The low cost of methadone, rather than being an advantage, will result in the limited exploitation of an effective drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Ripamonti
- Rehabilitation and Palliative Care Operative Unit, National Cancer Institute, Via Venezian, 1-20133 Milan, Italy.
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Cerda-Olmedo G, De Andrés J, Moliner S. Management of progressive pain in a patient with intramedullary chordoma of the spine. Clin J Pain 2002; 18:128-31. [PMID: 11882777 DOI: 10.1097/00002508-200203000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The case here presented adequately reflects the difficulties involved in the treatment of pain in patients where the neuropathic component of pain predominates, and shows the different therapeutic steps that may be taken-from surgery and radiotherapy, to the administration of different drugs via the spinal route, to, finally, the presently little-used option of a direct intraventricular access. CONCLUSIONS Spinal tumors are infrequent, but pose great difficulties for the management and control of the pain they cause. The utility of the spinal route as an early approach for the provision of adequate analgesia seems clear. However, it also appears to lose efficacy with time, and dose incrementing and/or the addition of drugs that enhance the analgesic action of morphine are not always effective. In such selected cases, the intraventricular route may constitute a useful alternative, allowing improved symptoms control with lower morphine doses, and the use of the system previously implanted for intrathecal spinal infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cerda-Olmedo
- Multidisciplinary Pain Management Center, Department of Anesthesia, Valencia University General Hospital, Valencia, Spain.
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Edwards RR, Doleys DM, Fillingim RB, Lowery D. Ethnic differences in pain tolerance: clinical implications in a chronic pain population. Psychosom Med 2001; 63:316-23. [PMID: 11292281 DOI: 10.1097/00006842-200103000-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although numerous studies have independently examined ethnic differences in clinical and experimental pain, few have investigated differences in both sensitivity to controlled noxious stimuli and clinical pain reports in the same sample. The present experiment examined the effects of ethnicity (African American vs. white) on experimental pain tolerance and adjustment to chronic pain. METHODS Three hundred thirty-seven (68 African American and 269 white) patients with chronic pain referred to a multidisciplinary treatment center participated in the study. In addition to completing a number of standardized questionnaires assessing adjustment to chronic pain, participants underwent a submaximal effort tourniquet procedure. This experimental pain procedure yields a measure of tolerance for a controlled noxious stimulus (ie, arm ischemia). RESULTS African American subjects reported higher levels of clinical pain as well as greater pain-related disability than white participants. In addition, substantial group differences were observed for ischemic pain tolerance, with African Americans demonstrating less tolerance than whites. Correlational analyses revealed a small but significant inverse relationship between ischemic pain tolerance and the reported severity of chronic pain. CONCLUSIONS Collectively these findings support previous research revealing ethnic differences in responses to both clinical and experimental pain. Moreover, the present results suggest that enhanced sensitivity to noxious stimuli on the part of African Americans may be associated with ethnic differences in reported clinical pain, although the magnitude of ethnic differences was much greater for ischemic pain tolerance than for clinical pain measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Edwards
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294-1170, USA.
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Neurophysiology of Cancer Pain: From the Laboratory to the Clinic. CURRENT REVIEW OF PAIN 2000; 3:214-225. [PMID: 10998677 DOI: 10.1007/s11916-999-0016-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pain is one of the most distressing symptoms associated with cancer. Basic science research has provided much insight into the mechanisms of peripheral and central pain and the actions of new drugs. Despite these advances, pain accompanying malignancy can be difficult to treat. Pain most commonly presents when the tumor has invaded somatic,visceral, or neural structures. An understanding of pain mechanisms is essential when deciding on the appropriate treatment. New therapeutic options have been developed and will hopefully provide clinicians with tools to successfully alleviate cancer pain.
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Harte SE, Lagman AL, Borszcz GS. Antinociceptive effects of morphine injected into the nucleus parafascicularis thalami of the rat. Brain Res 2000; 874:78-86. [PMID: 10936226 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02583-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The antinociceptive action of morphine microinjected into the nucleus parafascicularis thalami (nPf) on pain behaviors organized at different levels of the neuraxis was examined in the rat. Behaviors organized at spinal (spinal motor reflexes, SMRs), medullary (vocalizations during shock, VDSs), and forebrain (vocalization afterdischarges, VADs) levels were elicited by noxious tailshock. Morphine administered into nPf generated dose-dependent increases in thresholds of VDS and VAD, but failed to elevate SMR thresholds. Increases in vocalization thresholds were reversed in a dose-dependent manner by the microinjection of the mu-opiate receptor antagonist, methylnaloxonium, into nPf. Results are discussed in terms of the relative influence of nPf-administered morphine on nociceptive processing at spinal versus supraspinal levels of the neuraxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Harte
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, 71 W. Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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Casey KL, Svensson P, Morrow TJ, Raz J, Jone C, Minoshima S. Selective opiate modulation of nociceptive processing in the human brain. J Neurophysiol 2000; 84:525-33. [PMID: 10899224 DOI: 10.1152/jn.2000.84.1.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fentanyl, a mu-opioid receptor agonist, produces analgesia while leaving vibrotactile sensation intact. We used positron emission tomography (PET) to study the mechanisms mediating this specific effect in healthy, right-handed human males (ages 18-28 yr). Subjects received either painful cold (n = 11) or painless vibratory (n = 9) stimulation before and after the intravenous injection of fentanyl (1.5 microgram/kg) or placebo (saline). Compared with cool water (29 degrees C), immersion of the hand in ice water (1 degrees C) is painful and produces highly significant increases in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) within the contralateral second somatosensory (S2) and insular cortex, bilaterally in the thalamus and cerebellum, and medially in the cerebellar vermis. Responses just below the statistical threshold (3.5 < Z < 4.0) are seen in the contralateral anterior cingulate, ipsilateral insular cortex, and dorsal medial midbrain. The contralateral primary sensory cortex (S1) shows a trend of activation. Except for slight changes in intensity, this pattern is unchanged following a saline placebo injection. Fentanyl reduces the average visual analogue scale ratings of perceived pain intensity (47%) and unpleasantness (50%), reduces pain-related cardioacceleration, and has positive hedonic effects. After fentanyl, but not placebo, all cortical and subcortical responses to noxious cold are greatly reduced. Subtraction analysis [(innocuous water + fentanyl) - (innocuous water + no injection)] shows that fentanyl alone increases rCBF in the anterior cingulate cortex, particularly in the perigenual region. Vibration (compared with mock vibration) evokes highly significant rCBF responses in the contralateral S1 cortex in the baseline (no injection) and placebo conditions; borderline responses (3.5 < Z < 4. 0) are detected also in the contralateral thalamus. Fentanyl has no effect on the perceived intensity or unpleasantness of vibratory stimulation, which continues to activate contralateral S1. Fentanyl alone [(mock vibration + fentanyl) - (mock vibration + no injection)] again produces highly significant activation of the perigenual and mid-anterior cingulate cortex. A specific comparison of volumes of interest, developed from activation peaks in the baseline condition (no injection), shows that fentanyl strongly attenuates both the contralateral thalamic and S1 cortical responses to noxious cold stimulation (P < 0.048 and 0.007, respectively) but fails to affect significantly these responses to vibrotactile stimulation (P > 0.26 and 0.91, respectively). In addition, fentanyl, compared with placebo, produces a unique activation of the mid-anterior cingulate cortex during fentanyl analgesia, suggesting that this region of the cingulate cortex participates actively in mediating opioid analgesia. The results are consistent with a selective, fentanyl-mediated suppression of nociceptive spinothalamic transmission to the forebrain. This effect could be implemented directly at the spinal level, indirectly through cingulate corticofugal pathways, or by a combination of both mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Casey
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Abstract
The substantial increase in our collective knowledge of pain physiology and pharmacology over the past decade has had a significant effect on the practice of clinical veterinary medicine. An overview of the basic anatomical and physiologic components of nociceptive processing is presented, as well as a discussion of the sensitizing events that occur within the nervous system in acute and chronic pathologic pain states. The unique features of visceral and neuropathic pain are also outlined. With the goal of improving the success of our therapeutic interventions, the final section is devoted to the various classes of analgesic drugs and techniques, and how they are best incorporated into pain management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Lamont
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent basic science research has greatly added to our knowledge of pain mechanisms. Application of this knowledge to cancer pain syndromes has led to new and innovative approaches to cancer pain management. METHODS The mechanisms involved in the three main cancer pain syndromes (somatic, visceral, and neuropathic) are reviewed, and various therapeutic options are discussed. RESULTS Advances in knowledge in neurophysiology, neuroanatomy, and pharmacology have allowed a greater understanding of the peripheral and central mechanisms of pain. New drugs and interventional techniques based on this knowledge have improved the control of cancer pain. CONCLUSIONS Understanding the neurophysiology of cancer pain promotes use of the most appropriate palliative measures for pain control.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Regan
- Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Canada
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Clarke RW, Ward RE. The role of 5-HT(1A)-receptors in fentanyl-induced bulbospinal inhibition of a spinal withdrawal reflex in the rabbit. Pain 2000; 85:239-45. [PMID: 10692624 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3959(99)00272-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The sural to gastrocnemius withdrawal reflex is inhibited after injection of the OP(3) (micro)-receptor-selective opioid fentanyl into the fourth ventricle of decerebrated rabbits. This effect is abolished by complete section of the spinal cord but not by the selective alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist RX 821002 (Clarke RW, Parry-Baggott C, Houghton AK, Ogilvie J. The involvement of bulbo-spinal pathways in fentanyl-induced inhibition of spinal withdrawal reflexes in the decerebrated rabbit. Pain 1998;78:197-207). We have now investigated the role of 5-HT(1A) receptors in mediating the descending inhibition activated by intraventricular fentanyl. In the control state, intraventricular fentanyl (3-30 microgram/kg) inhibited gastrocnemius reflex responses to a median of 34% of pre-drug levels. After intrathecal administration of the selective 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist WAY-100635 (100 microgram), fentanyl reduced reflex responses to 83% of pre-fentanyl values, significantly less inhibition than in the control state. In a separate group of experiments, intravenous fentanyl (0.3-30 microgram/kg) depressed the sural-gastrocnemius reflex to 17% of pre-drug controls. This inhibition was not affected by intrathecal WAY-100635 (100 microgram), but combined administration of the 5-HT(1A) antagonist with RX 821002 (100 microgram) significantly reduced the effectiveness of i.v. fentanyl. After the highest dose reflexes were 37% of pre-fentanyl levels. These data show that the bulbospinal inhibition activated by fentanyl is mediated, at least in part, by activation of spinal 5-HT(1A) receptors. That blockade of these receptors failed to influence the inhibition induced by i.v. fentanyl might be taken to mean that the brain-stem action of fentanyl does not contribute significantly to the systemic actions of this opioid. A more probable explanation is that, in the preparation used in the present study, the bulbospinal and direct spinal actions of fentanyl occlude each other to produce an overall inhibition that is less than the sum of the two effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Clarke
- Division of Animal Physiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, UK.
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Sindrup SH, Andersen G, Madsen C, Smith T, Brøsen K, Jensen TS. Tramadol relieves pain and allodynia in polyneuropathy: a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Pain 1999; 83:85-90. [PMID: 10506675 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3959(99)00079-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
It is generally believed that opioids relieve neuropathic pain less effectively than nociceptive pain and that they have no effect on some of the key characteristics of neuropathic pain such as touch-evoked pain (allodynia). Tramadol is an analgesic drug acting directly on opioid receptors and indirectly on monoaminergic receptor systems. The aim of this trial was to determine whether tramadol relieved painful polyneuropathy and reduced allodynia. The study design was randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled and cross-over. After baseline observations, 45 patients were assigned to one of the two treatment sequences. The dose of tramadol slow-release tablets was titrated to at least 200 mg/day and at highest 400 mg/day. During the two treatment periods of 4 weeks duration, patients rated pain, paraesthesia and touch-evoked pain by use of 0-10 point numeric rating scales. Mechanical allodynia induced by stimulation with an electronic toothbrush was rated at the end of each treatment period with a similar scale. Thirty-four patients completed the study. Their ratings for pain (median 4 vs. 6, P=0.001), paraesthesia (4 vs. 6, P=0.001) and touch-evoked pain (3 vs. 5, P<0.001) were lower on tramadol than on placebo, as were their ratings of allodynia (0 vs. 4, P=0.012). The number needed to treat to obtain one patient with >/=50% pain relief was 4.3 (95% confidence interval 2.4-20). It is concluded that tramadol appears to relieve both ongoing pain symptoms and the key neuropathic pain feature allodynia in polyneuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Sindrup
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although numerous studies have reported ethnic differences in the prevalence and severity of clinical pain, little is known about how these differences affect the perception of experimental pain. The present experiment examined the effects of ethnicity (African American vs. white) on thermal pain responses in a healthy undergraduate population. METHODS Thirty white subjects (16 women and 14 men) and 18 African Americans (10 women and 8 men) participated in the study. Thermal testing included evaluation of the following: warmth thresholds, thermal pain thresholds, thermal pain tolerances, and magnitude estimates of both the intensity and unpleasantness of thermal pain (at 46 degrees, 47 degrees, 48 degrees, and 49 degrees C). RESULTS Although no group differences emerged for warmth thresholds, thermal pain thresholds, or pain intensity ratings, African Americans demonstrated lower thermal pain tolerances than whites. In addition, African Americans had smaller slopes and larger intercepts than whites for ratings of pain unpleasantness. Additional analyses suggested that these findings were a consequence of group differences in thermal pain unpleasantness ratings at the lowest temperatures assessed (46 degrees and 47 degrees C); at these temperatures, African Americans rated the stimuli as more unpleasant than whites. Finally, group differences in thermal pain tolerance and thermal pain unpleasantness ratings seemed to partially account for greater self-reported daily pain symptoms among African Americans. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these findings seem to suggest ethnic differences in the perception of the affective-motivational dimension of thermal pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Edwards
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294-1170, USA
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