1
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Begum M, Nolan V, MacColl ADC. Ecological constraint, rather than opportunity, promotes adaptive radiation in three-spined stickleback ( Gasterosteus aculeatus) on North Uist. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9716. [PMID: 36644706 PMCID: PMC9831901 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The context and cause of adaptive radiations have been widely described and explored but why rapid evolutionary diversification does not occur in related evolutionary lineages has yet to be understood. The standard answer is that evolutionary diversification is provoked by ecological opportunity and that some lineages do not encounter the opportunity. Three-spined sticklebacks on the Scottish island of North Uist show enormous diversification, which seems to be associated with the diversity of aquatic habitats. Sticklebacks on the neighboring island of South Uist have not been reported to show the same level of evolutionary diversity, despite levels of environmental variation that we might expect to be similar to North Uist. In this study, we compared patterns of morphological and environmental diversity on North and South Uist. Ancestral anadromous sticklebacks from both islands exhibited similar morphology including size and bony "armor." Resident sticklebacks showed significant variation in armor traits in relation to pH of water. However, North Uist sticklebacks exhibited greater diversity of morphological traits than South Uist and this was associated with greater diversity in pH of the waters of lochs on North Uist. Highly acidic and highly alkaline freshwater habitats are missing, or uncommon, on South Uist. Thus, pH appears to act as a causal factor driving the evolutionary diversification of stickleback in local adaptation in North and South Uist. This is consistent with diversification being more associated with ecological constraint than ecological opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmuda Begum
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK,Zoology Section, Biological Research DivisionBangladesh Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (BCSIR)DhakaBangladesh
| | - Victoria Nolan
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
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2
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Swank S, Sanger TJ, Stuart YE. (Non)Parallel developmental mechanisms in vertebrate appendage reduction and loss. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:15484-15497. [PMID: 34824770 PMCID: PMC8601893 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Appendages have been reduced or lost hundreds of times during vertebrate evolution. This phenotypic convergence may be underlain by shared or different molecular mechanisms in distantly related vertebrate clades. To investigate, we reviewed the developmental and evolutionary literature of appendage reduction and loss in more than a dozen vertebrate genera from fish to mammals. We found that appendage reduction and loss was nearly always driven by modified gene expression as opposed to changes in coding sequences. Moreover, expression of the same genes was repeatedly modified across vertebrate taxa. However, the specific mechanisms by which expression was modified were rarely shared. The multiple routes to appendage reduction and loss suggest that adaptive loss of function phenotypes might arise routinely through changes in expression of key developmental genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Swank
- Department of BiologyLoyola University ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Thomas J. Sanger
- Department of BiologyLoyola University ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Yoel E. Stuart
- Department of BiologyLoyola University ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
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3
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Williams C, Kirby A, Marghoub A, Kéver L, Ostashevskaya-Gohstand S, Bertazzo S, Moazen M, Abzhanov A, Herrel A, Evans SE, Vickaryous M. A review of the osteoderms of lizards (Reptilia: Squamata). Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:1-19. [PMID: 34397141 PMCID: PMC9292694 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Osteoderms are mineralised structures consisting mainly of calcium phosphate and collagen. They form directly within the skin, with or without physical contact with the skeleton. Osteoderms, in some form, may be primitive for tetrapods as a whole, and are found in representatives of most major living lineages including turtles, crocodilians, lizards, armadillos, and some frogs, as well as extinct taxa ranging from early tetrapods to dinosaurs. However, their distribution in time and space raises questions about their evolution and homology in individual groups. Among lizards and their relatives, osteoderms may be completely absent; present only on the head or dorsum; or present all over the body in one of several arrangements, including non-overlapping mineralised clusters, a continuous covering of overlapping plates, or as spicular mineralisations that thicken with age. This diversity makes lizards an excellent focal group in which to study osteoderm structure, function, development and evolution. In the past, the focus of researchers was primarily on the histological structure and/or the gross anatomy of individual osteoderms in a limited sample of taxa. Those studies demonstrated that lizard osteoderms are sometimes two-layered structures, with a vitreous, avascular layer just below the epidermis and a deeper internal layer with abundant collagen within the deep dermis. However, there is considerable variation on this model, in terms of the arrangement of collagen fibres, presence of extra tissues, and/or a cancellous bone core bordered by cortices. Moreover, there is a lack of consensus on the contribution, if any, of osteoblasts in osteoderm development, despite research describing patterns of resorption and replacement that would suggest both osteoclast and osteoblast involvement. Key to this is information on development, but our understanding of the genetic and skeletogenic processes involved in osteoderm development and patterning remains minimal. The most common proposition for the presence of osteoderms is that they provide a protective armour. However, the large morphological and distributional diversity in lizard osteoderms raises the possibility that they may have other roles such as biomechanical reinforcement in response to ecological or functional constraints. If lizard osteoderms are primarily for defence, whether against predators or conspecifics, then this 'bony armour' might be predicted to have different structural and/or mechanical properties compared to other hard tissues (generally intended for support and locomotion). The cellular and biomineralisation mechanisms by which osteoderms are formed could also be different from those of other hard tissues, as reflected in their material composition and nanostructure. Material properties, especially the combination of malleability and resistance to impact, are of interest to the biomimetics and bioinspired material communities in the development of protective clothing and body armour. Currently, the literature on osteoderms is patchy and is distributed across a wide range of journals. Herein we present a synthesis of current knowledge on lizard osteoderm evolution and distribution, micro- and macrostructure, development, and function, with a view to stimulating further work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Williams
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.,Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114-116, Aarhus C, DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Alexander Kirby
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Arsalan Marghoub
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, U.K
| | - Loïc Kéver
- Département Adaptations du Vivant, UMR 7179 MECADEV C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N., Bâtiment d'Anatomie Comparée, 55 rue Buffon, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Sonya Ostashevskaya-Gohstand
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, U.K
| | - Sergio Bertazzo
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Mehran Moazen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, U.K
| | - Arkhat Abzhanov
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, U.K
| | - Anthony Herrel
- Département Adaptations du Vivant, UMR 7179 MECADEV C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N., Bâtiment d'Anatomie Comparée, 55 rue Buffon, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Susan E Evans
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Matt Vickaryous
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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4
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Sanderson S, Derry AM, Hendry AP. Phenotypic stability in scalar calcium of freshwater fish across a wide range of aqueous calcium availability in nature. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:6053-6065. [PMID: 34141202 PMCID: PMC8207426 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial environmental gradients can promote adaptive differences among conspecific populations as a result of local adaptation or phenotypic plasticity. Such divergence can be opposed by various constraints, including gene flow, limited genetic variation, temporal fluctuations, or developmental constraints. We focus on the constraint that can be imposed when some populations are found in locations characterized by low levels of an essential nutrient. We use scales of wild fish to investigate phenotypic effects of spatial variation in a potentially limiting nutrient-calcium. If scale calcium (we use "scalar" calcium for consistency with the physiology literature) simply reflects environmental calcium availability, we expect higher levels of scalar calcium in fish from calcium-rich water, compared to fish from calcium-poor water. To consider this "passive response" scenario, we analyzed scalar calcium concentrations from three native fish species (Lepomis gibbosus, Percina caprodes, and Perca flavescens) collected at multiple sites across a dissolved calcium gradient in the Upper St. Lawrence River. Contradicting the "passive response" scenario, we did not detect strong or consistent relationships between scalar calcium and water calcium. Instead, for a given proportional increase in water calcium across the wide environmental gradient, the corresponding proportional change in scalar calcium was much smaller. We thus favor the alternative "active homeostasis" scenario, wherein fish from calcium-poor water are better able to uptake, mobilize, and deposit calcium than are fish from calcium-rich water. We further highlight the importance of studying functional traits, such as scales, in their natural setting as opposed to only laboratory studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Sanderson
- Redpath Museum and Department of BiologyMcGill UniversityMontréalQCCanada
| | - Alison M. Derry
- Département des Sciences BiologiquesUniversité du Québec à MontréalMontréalQCCanada
| | - Andrew P. Hendry
- Redpath Museum and Department of BiologyMcGill UniversityMontréalQCCanada
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5
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Garcia-Elfring A, Paccard A, Thurman TJ, Wasserman BA, Palkovacs EP, Hendry AP, Barrett RDH. Using seasonal genomic changes to understand historical adaptation to new environments: Parallel selection on stickleback in highly-variable estuaries. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:2054-2064. [PMID: 33713378 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parallel evolution is considered strong evidence for natural selection. However, few studies have investigated the process of parallel selection as it plays out in real time. The common approach is to study historical signatures of selection in populations already well adapted to different environments. Here, to document selection under natural conditions, we study six populations of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) inhabiting bar-built estuaries that undergo seasonal cycles of environmental changes. Estuaries are periodically isolated from the ocean due to sandbar formation during dry summer months, with concurrent environmental shifts that resemble the long-term changes associated with postglacial colonization of freshwater habitats by marine populations. We used pooled whole-genome sequencing to track seasonal allele frequency changes in six of these populations and search for signatures of natural selection. We found consistent changes in allele frequency across estuaries, suggesting a potential role for parallel selection. Functional enrichment among candidate genes included transmembrane ion transport and calcium binding, which are important for osmoregulation and ion balance. The genomic changes that occur in threespine stickleback from bar-built estuaries could provide a glimpse into the early stages of adaptation that have occurred in many historical marine to freshwater transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Garcia-Elfring
- Department of Biology, Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Antoine Paccard
- Department of Biology, Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,McGill University Genome Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Timothy J Thurman
- Department of Biology, Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ben A Wasserman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Eric P Palkovacs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Andrew P Hendry
- Department of Biology, Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rowan D H Barrett
- Department of Biology, Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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6
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Hudson CM, Lucek K, Marques DA, Alexander TJ, Moosmann M, Spaak P, Seehausen O, Matthews B. Threespine Stickleback in Lake Constance: The Ecology and Genomic Substrate of a Recent Invasion. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.611672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive species can be powerful models for studying contemporary evolution in natural environments. As invading organisms often encounter new habitats during colonization, they will experience novel selection pressures. Threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus complex) have recently colonized large parts of Switzerland and are invasive in Lake Constance. Introduced to several watersheds roughly 150 years ago, they spread across the Swiss Plateau (400–800 m a.s.l.), bringing three divergent hitherto allopatric lineages into secondary contact. As stickleback have colonized a variety of different habitat types during this recent range expansion, the Swiss system is a useful model for studying contemporary evolution with and without secondary contact. For example, in the Lake Constance region there has been rapid phenotypic and genetic divergence between a lake population and some stream populations. There is considerable phenotypic variation within the lake population, with individuals foraging in and occupying littoral, offshore pelagic, and profundal waters, the latter of which is a very unusual habitat for stickleback. Furthermore, adults from the lake population can reach up to three times the size of adults from the surrounding stream populations, and are large by comparison to populations globally. Here, we review the historical origins of the threespine stickleback in Switzerland, and the ecomorphological variation and genomic basis of its invasion in Lake Constance. We also outline the potential ecological impacts of this invasion, and highlight the interest for contemporary evolution studies.
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7
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Archambeault SL, Durston DJ, Wan A, El-Sabaawi RW, Matthews B, Peichel CL. Phosphorus limitation does not drive loss of bony lateral plates in freshwater stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Evolution 2020; 74:2088-2104. [PMID: 32537747 PMCID: PMC7773418 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Connecting the selective forces that drive the evolution of phenotypes to their underlying genotypes is key to understanding adaptation, but such connections are rarely tested experimentally. Threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) are a powerful model for such tests because genotypes that underlie putatively adaptive traits have been identified. For example, a regulatory mutation in the Ectodysplasin (Eda) gene causes a reduction in the number of bony armor plates, which occurs rapidly and repeatedly when marine sticklebacks invade freshwater. However, the source of selection on plate loss in freshwater is unknown. Here, we tested whether dietary reduction of phosphorus can account for selection on plate loss due to a growth advantage of low-plated fish in freshwater. We crossed marine fish heterozygous for the 16 kilobase freshwater Eda haplotype and compared the growth of offspring with different genotypes under contrasting levels of dietary phosphorus in both saltwater and freshwater. Eda genotype was not associated with growth differences in any treatment, or with mechanisms that could mitigate the impacts of phosphorus limitation, such as differential phosphorus deposition, phosphorus excretion, or intestine length. This study highlights the importance of experimentally testing the putative selective forces acting on phenotypes and their underlying genotypes in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie L. Archambeault
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Divisions of Basic Sciences and Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Alex Wan
- Aquaculture Nutrition and Aquafeed Research Unit (ANARU), Carna Research Station, Ryan Institute, NUI Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Blake Matthews
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Catherine L. Peichel
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Divisions of Basic Sciences and Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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8
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Rind K, Rodriguez-Barucg Q, Nicolas D, Cucchi P, Lignot JH. Morphological and physiological traits of Mediterranean sticklebacks living in the Camargue wetland (Rhone river delta). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2020; 97:51-63. [PMID: 32166744 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) living at the southern limit of the species distribution range could possess specific morphological and physiological traits that enable these fish to live at the threshold of their physiological capacities. Morphological analysis was carried out on samples of sticklebacks living in different saline habitats of the Camargue area (Rhone delta, northern Mediterranean coast) obtained from 1993 to 2017. Salinity acclimation capacities were also investigated using individuals from freshwater-low salinity drainage canals and from mesohaline-euryhaline lagoons. Fish were maintained in laboratory conditions at salinity values close to those of their respective habitats: low salinity (LS, 5‰) or seawater (SW, 30‰). Fish obtained from a mesohaline brackish water lagoon (BW, 15‰) were acclimated to SW or LS. Oxygen consumption rates and branchial Na+ /K+ -ATPase (NKA) activity (indicator of fish osmoregulatory capacity) were measured in these LS or SW control fish and in individuals subjected to abrupt SW or LS transfers. At all the studied locations, only the low-plated "leiurus" morphotype showed no spatial or temporal variations in their body morphology. Gill rakers were only longer and denser in fish sampled from the LS-freshwater (FW) drainage canals. All fish presented similar physiological capacities. Oxygen consumption rates were not influenced by salinity challenge except in SW fish transferred to LS immediately and 1 h after transfer. However, and as expected, gill NKA activity was salinity dependent. Sticklebacks of the Camargue area sampled from habitats with contrasted saline conditions are homogenously euryhaline, have low oxygen consumption rates and do not appear to experience significantly greater metabolic costs when challenged with salinity. However, an observed difference in gill raker length and density is most probably related to the nutritional condition of their habitat, indicating that individuals can rapidly acclimatize to different diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Rind
- Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Shaheed Benazirabad, Nawabshah, Pakistan
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9
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Heckwolf MJ, Meyer BS, Häsler R, Höppner MP, Eizaguirre C, Reusch TBH. Two different epigenetic information channels in wild three-spined sticklebacks are involved in salinity adaptation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz1138. [PMID: 32219167 PMCID: PMC7083608 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz1138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic inheritance has been proposed to contribute to adaptation and acclimation via two information channels: (i) inducible epigenetic marks that enable transgenerational plasticity and (ii) noninducible epigenetic marks resulting from random epimutations shaped by selection. We studied both postulated channels by sequencing methylomes and genomes of Baltic three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) along a salinity cline. Wild populations differing in salinity tolerance revealed differential methylation (pop-DMS) at genes enriched for osmoregulatory processes. A two-generation experiment demonstrated that 62% of these pop-DMS were noninducible by salinity manipulation, suggesting that they are the result of either direct selection or associated genomic divergence at cis- or trans-regulatory sites. Two-thirds of the remaining inducible pop-DMS increased in similarity to patterns detected in wild populations from corresponding salinities. The level of similarity accentuated over consecutive generations, indicating a mechanism of transgenerational plasticity. While we can attribute natural DNA methylation patterns to the two information channels, their interplay with genomic variation in salinity adaptation is still unresolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J. Heckwolf
- Marine Evolutionary Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Britta S. Meyer
- Marine Evolutionary Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Robert Häsler
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Marc P. Höppner
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christophe Eizaguirre
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Thorsten B. H. Reusch
- Marine Evolutionary Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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10
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Heckwolf MJ, Meyer BS, Döring T, Eizaguirre C, Reusch TBH. Transgenerational plasticity and selection shape the adaptive potential of sticklebacks to salinity change. Evol Appl 2018; 11:1873-1885. [PMID: 30459835 PMCID: PMC6231470 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In marine climate change research, salinity shifts have been widely overlooked. While widespread desalination effects are expected in higher latitudes, salinity is predicted to increase closer to the equator. We took advantage of the steep salinity gradient of the Baltic Sea as a space-for-time design to address effects of salinity change on populations. Additionally, genetic diversity, a prerequisite for adaptive responses, is reduced in Baltic compared to Atlantic populations. On the one hand, adaptive transgenerational plasticity (TGP) might buffer the effects of environmental change, which may be of particular importance under reduced genetic variation. On the other hand, physiological trade-offs due to environmental stress may hamper parental provisioning to offspring thereby intensifying the impact of climate change across generations (nonadaptive TGP). Here, we studied both hypothesis of adaptive and nonadaptive TGP in the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) fish model along the strong salinity gradient of the Baltic Sea in a space-for-time experiment. Each population tolerated desalination well, which was not altered by parental exposure to low salinity. Despite a common marine ancestor, populations locally adapted to low salinity lost their ability to cope with fully marine conditions, resulting in lower survival and reduced relative fitness. Negative transgenerational effects were evident in early life stages, but disappeared after selection via mortality occurred during the first 12-30 days posthatch. Modeling various strengths of selection, we showed that nonadaptive transgenerational plasticity accelerated evolution by increasing directional selection within the offspring generation. Qualitatively, when genetic diversity is large, we predict that such effects will facilitate rapid adaptation and population persistence, while below a certain threshold populations suffer a higher risk of local extinction. Overall, our results suggest that transgenerational plasticity and selection are not independent of each other and thereby highlight a current gap in TGP studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J. Heckwolf
- Evolutionary Ecology of Marine FishesGEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research KielKielGermany
| | - Britta S. Meyer
- Evolutionary Ecology of Marine FishesGEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research KielKielGermany
| | - Talisa Döring
- Evolutionary Ecology of Marine FishesGEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research KielKielGermany
| | | | - Thorsten B. H. Reusch
- Evolutionary Ecology of Marine FishesGEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research KielKielGermany
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11
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Dammark KB, Ferchaud AL, Hansen MM, Sørensen JG. Heat tolerance and gene expression responses to heat stress in threespine sticklebacks from ecologically divergent environments. J Therm Biol 2018; 75:88-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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12
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Gibbons TC, McBryan TL, Schulte PM. Interactive effects of salinity and temperature acclimation on gill morphology and gene expression in threespine stickleback. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2018; 221:55-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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13
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Low temperature and low salinity drive putatively adaptive growth differences in populations of threespine stickleback. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16766. [PMID: 29196675 PMCID: PMC5711929 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16919-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Colonisation can expose organisms to novel combinations of abiotic and biotic factors and drive adaptive divergence. Yet, studies investigating the interactive effects of multiple abiotic factors on the evolution of physiological traits remain rare. Here we examine the effects of low salinity, low temperature, and their interaction on the growth of three North American populations of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). In north-temperate freshwater habitats, stickleback populations experience a combination of low salinity and low winter temperatures that are not experienced by the ancestral marine and anadromous populations. Here we show that both salinity and temperature, and their interaction, have stronger negative effects on marine and anadromous populations than a freshwater population. Freshwater stickleback showed only a ~20% reduction in specific growth rate when exposed to 4 °C, while marine and anadromous stickleback showed sharp declines (82% and 74% respectively) under these conditions. The modest decreases in growth in freshwater stickleback in fresh water in the cold strongly suggest that this population has the capacity for physiological compensation to offset the negative thermodynamic effects of low temperature on growth. These results are suggestive of adaptive evolution in response to the interactive effects of low salinity and low temperature during freshwater colonisation.
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14
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Hughes LC, Somoza GM, Nguyen BN, Bernot JP, González-Castro M, Díaz de Astarloa JM, Ortí G. Transcriptomic differentiation underlying marine-to-freshwater transitions in the South American silversides Odontesthes argentinensis and O. bonariensis (Atheriniformes). Ecol Evol 2017; 7:5258-5268. [PMID: 28770064 PMCID: PMC5528240 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salinity gradients are critical habitat determinants for freshwater organisms. Silverside fishes in the genus Odontesthes have recently and repeatedly transitioned from marine to freshwater habitats, overcoming a strong ecological barrier. Genomic and transcriptomic changes involved in this kind of transition are only known for a few model species. We present new data and analyses of gene expression and microbiome composition in the gills of two closely related silverside species, marine O. argentinensis and freshwater O. bonariensis and find more than three thousand transcripts differentially expressed, with osmoregulatory/ion transport genes and immune genes showing very different expression patterns across species. Interspecific differences also involve more than one thousand transcripts with nonsynonymous SNPs in the coding sequences, most of which were not differentially expressed. In addition to characterizing gill transcriptomes from wild‐caught marine and freshwater fishes, we test experimentally the response to salinity increases by O. bonariensis collected from freshwater habitats. Patterns of expression in gill transcriptomes of O. bonariensis exposed to high salinity do not resemble O. argentinensis mRNA expression, suggesting lack of plasticity for adaptation to marine conditions in this species. The diversity of functions associated with both the differentially expressed set of transcripts and those with sequence divergence plus marked microbiome differences suggest that multiple abiotic and biotic factors in marine and freshwater habitats are driving transcriptomic differences between these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily C Hughes
- Department of Biological Sciences The George Washington University Washington DC USA
| | - Gustavo M Somoza
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM) Chascomús Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Bryan N Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences The George Washington University Washington DC USA.,Computational Biology Institute The George Washington University Washington DC USA
| | - James P Bernot
- Computational Biology Institute The George Washington University Washington DC USA.,Institute for Biomedical Sciences The George Washington University Washington DC USA
| | - Mariano González-Castro
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina.,Grupo de Biotaxonomía Morfológica y molecular de peces IIMyC-CONICET Universidad Nacional de Mar del PlataMar del Plata Argentina
| | - Juan Martín Díaz de Astarloa
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina.,Grupo de Biotaxonomía Morfológica y molecular de peces IIMyC-CONICET Universidad Nacional de Mar del PlataMar del Plata Argentina
| | - Guillermo Ortí
- Department of Biological Sciences The George Washington University Washington DC USA
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15
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Gibbons TC, Metzger DCH, Healy TM, Schulte PM. Gene expression plasticity in response to salinity acclimation in threespine stickleback ecotypes from different salinity habitats. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:2711-2725. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor C. Gibbons
- Biodiversity Research Centre and Department of Zoology; University of British Columbia; 6270 University Blvd Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - David C. H. Metzger
- Biodiversity Research Centre and Department of Zoology; University of British Columbia; 6270 University Blvd Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Timothy M. Healy
- Biodiversity Research Centre and Department of Zoology; University of British Columbia; 6270 University Blvd Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Patricia M. Schulte
- Biodiversity Research Centre and Department of Zoology; University of British Columbia; 6270 University Blvd Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
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16
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Hansson TH, Fischer B, Mazzarella AB, Voje KL, Vøllestad LA. Lateral plate number in low-plated threespine stickleback: a study of plasticity and heritability. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:3154-60. [PMID: 27096076 PMCID: PMC4829041 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the threespine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus model system, phenotypes are often classified into three morphs according to lateral plate number. Morph identity has been shown to be largely genetically determined, but substantial within-morph variation in plate number exists. In this study, we test whether plate number has a plastic component in response to salinity in the low-plated morph using a split-clutch experiment where families were split in two, one half raised in water at 0 and the other at 30 ppt salt. We find a small salinity-induced plastic effect on plate number in an unexpected direction, opposite to what we predicted: Fish raised in freshwater on average have slightly more plates than fish raised in saltwater. Our results confirm that heritability of plate number is high. Additionally, we find that variance in plate number at the family level can be predicted from other family level traits, which might indicate that epistatic interactions play a role in creating the observed pattern of lateral plate number variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truls H Hansson
- Department of Biosciences Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis University of Oslo PO Box 1066 Blindern N-0316 Oslo Norway
| | - Barbara Fischer
- Department of Biosciences Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis University of Oslo PO Box 1066 Blindern N-0316 Oslo Norway; Department of Theoretical Biology University of Vienna Althanstrasse 141090 Vienna Austria; Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research Martinstrasse 12A-3400 Klosterneuburg Austria
| | - Anna B Mazzarella
- Department of Biosciences Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis University of Oslo PO Box 1066 Blindern N-0316 Oslo Norway
| | - Kjetil L Voje
- Department of Biosciences Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis University of Oslo PO Box 1066 Blindern N-0316 Oslo Norway
| | - Leif Asbjørn Vøllestad
- Department of Biosciences Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis University of Oslo PO Box 1066 Blindern N-0316 Oslo Norway
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17
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Gibbons TC, Rudman SM, Schulte PM. Responses to simulated winter conditions differ between threespine stickleback ecotypes. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:764-75. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor C. Gibbons
- Biodiversity Research Centre; Department of Zoology; University of British Columbia; 6270 University Blvd Vancouver BC Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Seth M. Rudman
- Biodiversity Research Centre; Department of Zoology; University of British Columbia; 6270 University Blvd Vancouver BC Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Patricia M. Schulte
- Biodiversity Research Centre; Department of Zoology; University of British Columbia; 6270 University Blvd Vancouver BC Canada V6T 1Z4
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18
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Zanella LN, DeFaveri J, Zanella D, Merilä J, Šanda R, Mrakovčić M. Does predation drive morphological differentiation among Adriatic populations of the three-spined stickleback? Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linda N. Zanella
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; University of Zagreb; Rooseveltov trg 6 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Jacquelin DeFaveri
- Ecological Genetic Research Unit; Department of Biological Sciences; University of Helsinki; PO Box 65 FI-00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Davor Zanella
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; University of Zagreb; Rooseveltov trg 6 10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Juha Merilä
- Ecological Genetic Research Unit; Department of Biological Sciences; University of Helsinki; PO Box 65 FI-00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Radek Šanda
- Department of Zoology; National Museum; Václavské nám. 68 11579 Praha 1 Czech Republic
| | - Milorad Mrakovčić
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; University of Zagreb; Rooseveltov trg 6 10000 Zagreb Croatia
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19
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Smith G, Smith C, Kenny JG, Chaudhuri RR, Ritchie MG. Genome-wide DNA methylation patterns in wild samples of two morphotypes of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Mol Biol Evol 2014; 32:888-95. [PMID: 25534027 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic marks such as DNA methylation play important biological roles in gene expression regulation and cellular differentiation during development. To examine whether DNA methylation patterns are potentially associated with naturally occurring phenotypic differences, we examined genome-wide DNA methylation within Gasterosteus aculeatus, using reduced representation bisulfite sequencing. First, we identified highly methylated regions of the stickleback genome, finding such regions to be located predominantly within genes, and associated with genes functioning in metabolism and biosynthetic processes, cell adhesion, signaling pathways, and blood vessel development. Next, we identified putative differentially methylated regions (DMRs) of the genome between complete and low lateral plate morphs of G. aculeatus. We detected 77 DMRs that were mainly located in intergenic regions. Annotations of genes associated with these DMRs revealed potential functions in a number of known divergent adaptive phenotypes between G. aculeatus ecotypes, including cardiovascular development, growth, and neuromuscular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Smith
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine
| | - Carl Smith
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| | - John G Kenny
- Centre for Genomic Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Roy R Chaudhuri
- Centre for Genomic Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Michael G Ritchie
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
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20
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Smith C, Spence R, Barber I, Przybylski M, Wootton RJ. The role of calcium and predation on plate morph evolution in the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Ecol Evol 2014; 4:3550-4. [PMID: 25478147 PMCID: PMC4224530 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
While the genetic basis to plate morph evolution of the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is well described, the environmental variables that select for different plate and spine morphs are incompletely understood. Using replicate populations of three-spined sticklebacks on North Uist, Scotland, we previously investigated the role of predation pressure and calcium limitation on the adaptive evolution of stickleback morphology and behavior. While dissolved calcium proved a significant predictor of plate and spine morph, predator abundance did not. Ecol. Evol., xxx, 2014 and xxx performed a comparable analysis to our own to address the same question. They failed to detect a significant effect of dissolved calcium on morphological evolution, but did establish a significant effect of predation; albeit in the opposite direction to their prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Smith
- School of Biology, University of St. Andrews St. Andrews, KY16 8LB, U.K
| | - Rowena Spence
- School of Biology, University of St. Andrews St. Andrews, KY16 8LB, U.K
| | - Iain Barber
- Department of Biology, University of Leicester Leicester, LE1 7RH, U.K
| | - Mirosław Przybylski
- Department of Ecology and Vertebrate Zoology, University of Łódź Łódź, Poland
| | - Robert J Wootton
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3DA, U.K
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21
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DeFaveri J, Merilä J. Local adaptation to salinity in the three-spined stickleback? J Evol Biol 2013; 27:290-302. [PMID: 24330503 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Different lines of evidence suggest that the occurrence and extent of local adaptation in high gene flow marine environments - even in mobile and long-lived vertebrates with complex life cycles - may be more widespread than earlier thought. We conducted a common garden experiment to test for local adaptation to salinity in Baltic Sea sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Fish from three different native salinity regimes (high, mid and low) were subjected to three salinity treatments (high, mid and low) in a full-factorial experimental design. Irrespective of their origin, fish subjected to low (and mid) salinity treatments exhibited higher juvenile survival, grew to largest sizes and were in better condition than fish subjected to the high salinity treatment. However, a significant interaction between native and treatment salinities - resulting mainly from the poor performance of fish native to low salinity in the high salinity treatment - provided clear cut evidence for adaptation to local variation in salinity. Additional support for this inference was provided by the fact that the results concur with an earlier demonstration of significant differentiation in a number of genes with osmoregulatory functions across the same populations and that the population-specific responses to salinity treatments exceeded that to be expected by random genetic drift.
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Affiliation(s)
- J DeFaveri
- Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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22
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Spence R, Wootton RJ, Barber I, Przybylski M, Smith C. Ecological causes of morphological evolution in the three-spined stickleback. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:1717-26. [PMID: 23789080 PMCID: PMC3686204 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The central assumption of evolutionary theory is that natural selection drives the adaptation of populations to local environmental conditions, resulting in the evolution of adaptive phenotypes. The three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) displays remarkable phenotypic variation, offering an unusually tractable model for understanding the ecological mechanisms underpinning adaptive evolutionary change. Using populations on North Uist, Scotland we investigated the role of predation pressure and calcium limitation on the adaptive evolution of stickleback morphology and behavior. Dissolved calcium was a significant predictor of plate and spine morph, while predator abundance was not. Stickleback latency to emerge from a refuge varied with morph, with populations with highly reduced plates and spines and high predation risk less bold. Our findings support strong directional selection in three-spined stickleback evolution, driven by multiple selective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowena Spence
- School of Biology, University of St. AndrewsSt. Andrews, KY16 8LB, UK
| | - Robert J Wootton
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth UniversityAberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Iain Barber
- Department of Biology, University of LeicesterLeicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Mirosław Przybylski
- Department of Ecology and Vertebrate Zoology, University of ŁódźŁódź, Poland
| | - Carl Smith
- School of Biology, University of St. AndrewsSt. Andrews, KY16 8LB, UK
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23
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Grøtan K, Østbye K, Taugbøl A, Vøllestad LA. No short-term effect of salinity on oxygen consumption in threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) from fresh, brackish, and salt water. CAN J ZOOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2012-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Marine threespine stickleback ( Gasterosteus aculatus L., 1758) have repeatedly colonized Holarctic freshwater environments after the retreat of the Pleistocene glaciers, and based on their ability to move rapidly between salinities have apparently retained a robust osmoregulatory apparatus that can cope with both short- and long-term exposure to non-native salinity environments. Standard metabolic rate (SMR), measured as oxygen consumption at rest, can be used as an indicator of the cost of osmoregulation when fish are exposed to new environmental conditions. Following freshwater colonization, reduction in the number of lateral plates, an antipredator defence structure, is common. Completely plated fish dominate in the sea, low-plated fish dominate in fresh water, and partially plated fish often dominate in brackish water environments. In a laboratory experiment, we estimated SMR in locally adapted populations from salt, brackish, and freshwater environments at three different salinities (0, 15, and 30 practical salinity units (PSU)). In addition, we tested for correlations between SMR and lateral plate number and lateral plate genotype at the Ectodysplasin locus for stickleback originating from the brackish water population. Contrary to our expectations, no differences were found in SMR between any of the experimental groups in our experiment. Apparently, the threespine stickleback is able to move among salinity environments without large short-term metabolic costs, irrespective of their environment of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyrre Grøtan
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjartan Østbye
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Hedmark University College, Campus Evenstad, NO-2418 Elverum, Norway
| | - Annette Taugbøl
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - L. Asbjørn Vøllestad
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
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