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van Rosmalen JWG, Martens GJM. Transgene expression of prion protein induces crinophagy in intermediate pituitary cells. Dev Neurobiol 2006; 67:81-96. [PMID: 17443774 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The cellular form of the prion protein (PrP(C)) is a plasma membrane-anchored glycoprotein whose physiological function is poorly understood. Here we report the effect of transgene expression of Xenopus PrP(C) fused to the C-terminus of the green fluorescent protein (GFP-PrP(C)) specifically in the neuroendocrine intermediate pituitary melanotrope cells of Xenopus laevis. In the transgenic melanotrope cells, the level of the prohormone proopiomelanocortin (POMC) in the secretory pathway was reduced when the cells were (i) exposed for a relatively long time to the transgene product (by physiologically inducing transgene expression), (ii) metabolically stressed, or (iii) forced to produce unfolded POMC. Intriguingly, although the overall ultrastructure was normal, electron microscopy revealed the induction of lysosomes taking up POMC secretory granules (crinophagy) in the transgenic melanotrope cells, likely causing the reduced POMC levels. Together, our results indicate that in neuroendocrine cells transgene expression of PrP(C) affects the functioning of the secretory pathway and induces crinophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos W G van Rosmalen
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences (NCMLS), Institute for Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Yarema KJ, Mahal LK, Bruehl RE, Rodriguez EC, Bertozzi CR. Metabolic delivery of ketone groups to sialic acid residues. Application To cell surface glycoform engineering. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:31168-79. [PMID: 9813021 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.47.31168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of chemical strategies for decorating cells with defined carbohydrate epitopes would greatly facilitate studies of carbohydrate-mediated cell surface interactions. This report describes a general strategy for engineering the display of chemically defined oligosaccharides on cell surfaces that combines the concepts of metabolic engineering and selective chemical reactivity. Using a recently described method (Mahal, L. K., Yarema, K. J., and Bertozzi, C. R. (1997) Science 276, 1125-1128), we delivered a uniquely reactive ketone group to endogenous cell surface sialic acid residues by treating cells with the ketone-bearing metabolic precursor N-levulinoylmannosamine (ManLev). The ketone undergoes highly selective condensation reactions with complementary nucleophiles such as aminooxy and hydrazide groups. The detailed quantitative parameters of ManLev metabolism in human and nonhuman-derived cell lines were determined to establish a foundation for the modification of cell surfaces with novel epitopes at defined cell-surface densities. Ketones within the glycoconjugates on ManLev-treated cells were then reacted with synthetic aminooxy and hydrazide-functionalized carbohydrates. The remodeled cells were endowed with novel lectin binding profiles as determined by flow cytometry analysis. The simplicity and generality of this method make it well suited for use in the study of carbohydrate-mediated cell surface interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Yarema
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 and Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Mohanty JG, Rosenthal KS. 2-deoxy-D-glucose inhibition of herpes simplex virus type-1 receptor expression. Antiviral Res 1986; 6:137-49. [PMID: 3015018 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(86)90008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Growth of HEp-2 cells in 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DOG) supplemented media decreased the cells' binding capacity for herpes simplex virus type-1 KOS(HSV-1) but not vesicular stomatitis virus. HEp-2 cells tolerated up to 30 mM 2-DOG, but 2-DOG was toxic for Vero cells over 2 mM. The reduction in binding was maintained for at least 24 h even after careful removal of the inhibitor and growth in normal media. Complete regeneration of the receptor sites on HEp-2 cells was observed 8 h after mild trypsinization of cells grown in either normal or the 2-DOG supplemented media. Specific glycoprotein characteristics of the HSV-1 binding site were indicated by its inactivation upon trypsinization (0.1 mg per 5 X 10(5) cells for 30 s) and blocking by wheat germ agglutinin but not limulin. These results suggest that 2-DOG inhibits the proper expression of cell surface glycoprotein HSV-1 receptor sites on HEp-2 cells.
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Heickendorff L, Ledet T. Increased degradation of carbohydrate deficient arterial basement membrane-like material from 2-deoxyglucose modified myomedial cell cultures. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1986; 18:297-303. [PMID: 3709926 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(86)90034-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The effect of 1.6 mM 2-deoxyglucose on the incorporation of [3H]leucine, [3H]glucosamine and [35S]sulphate into arterial basement membrane-like (BM) material was evaluated. BM-like material was isolated from the cell-matrix layer of cultured arterial smooth muscle cells by a sonication-differential centrifugation technique. 1.6 mM 2-deoxyglucose inhibited the 24 hr incorporation of [3H]glucosamine into BM-like material by 46% with a reduction in both [3H]glucosamine labelled glycopeptides and glycosaminoglycans. A marked decrease in [35S]sulphate incorporation (reduced by 80%) was demonstrated suggesting that 2-deoxyglucose may affect sulphatation of glycosaminoglycans. At 1.6 mM 2-deoxyglucose no effect on [3H]leucine incorporation was found. By gel filtration on Bio-Gel P6 a heterogeneous mixture of shortened glycopeptides was found after 2-deoxyglucose. The electrophoretic mobility of fibronectin and other glycoprotein components of BM-like material was increased. The stability of carbohydrate deficient BM-like material against removal/degradation was evaluated. A significantly increased removal of [3H]leucine from insufficiently glycosylated BM-like material was observed after a 24 hr chase period. The increased removal/degradation of BM-like material formed in the presence of 2-deoxyglucose was found to be a cellular dependent event.
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Effect of tunicamycin and monensin on secretion of thyroxine-binding globulin by cultured human hepatoma (Hep G2) cells. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)90737-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Haito K, Kagawa S, Takeda A, Shimizu S, Mimura K, Matsuoka A. Elevation of plasma triglyceride levels due to 2-deoxy-D-glucose in conscious rats. Life Sci 1984; 35:1821-7. [PMID: 6492991 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(84)90533-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Hypertriglyceridemia due to 2-deoxy-D-glucose administration was observed in conscious rats. Plasma triglyceride levels were elevated dose-dependently 2 or 3 hrs after administration of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (5-40 mg/100 g body weight). Prior to the rises in triglyceride, plasma epinephrine levels were elevated rapidly, whereas plasma insulin was not increased depspite continuous hyperglycemia. Elevation of plasma triglyceride was suppressed by addition of phentolamine, whereby insulin release was remarkably enhanced. Plasma lipoprotein lipase release by heparin infusion was significantly suppressed 2 hr after 2-deoxy-D-glucose administration. In conclusion, it is suggested that the hypertriglyceridemic effect of 2-deoxy-D-glucose may be mediated by decreased clearance of endogeneous lipoprotein particles (mostly chylomicrons) attributable to a lowered lipoprotein lipase activity.
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Canellakis ZN, Bondy PK, May JA, Myers-Robfogel MK, Sartorelli AC. Identification of a glycosidase activity with apparent specificity for 2-deoxy-D-glucose in glycosidic linkage. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1984; 143:159-63. [PMID: 6468386 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1984.tb08354.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
2-Deoxy-D-glucose (dGlc) is a carbohydrate with significant activity as an inhibitor of glucose metabolism and as a precursor in the synthesis of glycosylated macromolecules; several of the enzymes associated with its metabolism remain uncharacterized. In the present report, the partial purification and some of the properties of a mammalian enzyme that appears to be relatively specific for the hydrolysis of dGlc bound in glycosidic linkage is described. The physiological function of this enzymatic activity is unknown. In addition, dGlc has been shown to be taken up by HTC cells in culture and incorporated into macromolecular bound form, both as dGlc and as 2-deoxygalactose which is formed from dGlc.
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Basak S, Compans RW. Studies on the role of glycosylation in the functions and antigenic properties of influenza virus glycoproteins. Virology 1983; 128:77-91. [PMID: 6192589 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(83)90320-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The biological and antigenic roles of glycosylation were investigated in the influenza hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein using the glycosylation inhibitor tunicamycin (TM). Under conditions where only the nonglycosylated form of HA was detected by immunoprecipitation and gel electrophoresis, the migration of glycoproteins to the cell surface was observed by immunofluorescence using either monospecific or monoclonal antibody to the HA polypeptide. Analysis of the surface fluorescence in TM-treated infected cells by a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) showed that all cells exhibited fluorescence in the complete absence of glycosylation. The relative amount of HA antigen on cell surfaces was found to be reduced by only 30-40% in TM-treated cells, and this reflected a similar reduction in intracellular synthesis. Electron microscopic studies using ferritin labeling also demonstrated that the nonglycosylated HA glycoprotein was present in significant amounts on surfaces of infected cells. Virions with nonglycosylated glycoproteins were purified, and were found to have an approximate 30-fold decrease in both hemagglutinin and neuraminidase specific activities. The possible role of oligosaccharides in antigenic variation among various H1N1 strains was investigated. Immunoprecipitation reactions involving five different monoclonal antibodies and five antigenic variants of A/USSR/90/77 revealed no major antigenic differences between the glycosylated and nonglycosylated forms of HA.
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Lever JE, Sari CE. Effect of tunicamycin on polarized membrane functions of an established kidney epithelial cell line. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1983; 762:265-71. [PMID: 6830875 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(83)90080-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We have explored the relationship between glycoprotein biosynthesis, cell proliferation and function of a differentiated polarized membrane assessed by dome formation in the MDCK epithelial cell line. At 0.1 microgram/ml tunicamycin, complete inhibition of cell proliferation was observed in either serum-containing or serum-free, hormone-supplemented growth medium. By contrast, no inhibition of either spontaneous dome formation or that triggered by inducers of cell differentiation such as hexamethylene bisacetamide was observed at 0.5 microgram/ml tunicamycin, although total glycosylation of cellular proteins was inhibited by 75%. Our results suggest that the polarized sorting out of epithelial membrane proteins to apical and basolateral surfaces and their functions related to vectorial transepithelial fluid transport, monitored by dome formation, can persist unimpaired despite considerable underglycosylation of cellular glycoproteins and inhibition of cell proliferation.
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Morin MJ, Porter CW, Petrie CR, Korytnyk W, Bernacki RJ. Effects of a membrane sugar analogue, 6-deoxy-6-fluoro-D-galactose, on the L1210 leukemic cell ectosialyltransferase system. Biochem Pharmacol 1983; 32:553-61. [PMID: 6847704 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(83)90538-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In L1210 leukemia cells, 6-deoxy-6-fluoro-D-galactose specifically inhibited the incorporation of [3H]-D-galactose, while that of other precursors of glycoconjugate biosynthesis, including mannose and glucosamine, was unaffected. The activation of [6-3H]-6-deoxy-6-fluoro-D-galactose to a nucleotide sugar was similar to that found for [3H]-D-galactose. The incorporation of either sugar after 1 hr was visualized by electron microscopic autoradiography to be in the Golgi region. Treatment of L1210 cells with 6-deoxy-6-fluoro-D-galactose in vitro or in vivo resulted in a specific, dose- and time-dependent decrease in the activity of cell surface sialyltransferase (ectosialyltransferase) but not of 5'-nucleotidase, a plasma membrane marker enzyme. The decrease in ectosialyltransferase activity appeared to be selective and is suggested to be due to structural modification of the cell surface galactoprotein acceptors for this enzyme. The data indicate that 6-deoxy-6-fluoro-D-galactose is an effective modifier of cellular glycoconjugate in that its incorporation into certain cell surface components results in a modification of plasma membrane structure and function.
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Spivack JG, Prusoff WH, Tritton TR. A study of the antiviral mechanism of action of 2-deoxy-D-glucose: normally glycosylated proteins are not strictly required for herpes simplex virus attachment but increase viral penetration and infectivity. Virology 1982; 123:123-38. [PMID: 6293188 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(82)90300-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Koyama H, Ayusawa D, Okawa M, Takatsuki A, Tamura G. Tunicamycin-resistant mutations in mouse FM3A cells. Mutat Res 1982; 96:243-58. [PMID: 7144800 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(82)90091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Tunicamycin is an antibiotic that inhibits the oligosaccharide synthesis of glycoproteins. It greatly suppressed the growth of cultured mouse mammary carcinoma FM3A cells, when added to growth medium at concentrations of more than 0.1 microgram/ml. We have developed a single-step selection system for quantitatively detecting mutations resistant to the antibiotic in FM3A cells. Mutant colonies resistant to 1-1.2 micrograms tunicamycin per ml (the optimal concentration of the selecting agent) appeared at a frequency of 10(-4) to 10(-5) in an unmutagenized population, but they increased over 50-fold in the population mutagenized with 0.5 microgram N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) per ml for 2 h and selected under optimal conditions for the time of mutation expression and cell density in selective medium. Fluctuation analysis, by the method of Luria and Delbrück, revealed that tunicamycin-resistant mutations occurred at random during proliferation in normal medium at a rate of 1.2 x 10(-6) per cell per generation. So far 45 spontaneous and MNNG-induced mutant lines have been isolated and serially passaged in the absence of tunicamycin. These mutant lines all inherited their resistance for more than 60 generations. The mutants examined in detail were 12- to 26-fold more resistant than wild-type cells in terms of the D10 value, the concentration of tunicamycin reducing the plating efficiency to 10% of the control. In the hybrids between wild-type and mutant cells the tunicamycin resistance behaved in a co-dominant manner. Tunicamycin inhibited the incorporation of [3H]mannose into the acid-insoluble cell fraction; in this respect, mutant cells were over 30-fold more resistant than wild-type cells. Possible mechanisms of tunicamycin resistance are discussed.
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Spivack JG, Prusoff WH, Tritton TR. Dissociation of the inhibitory effects of 2-deoxy-D-glucose on Vero cell growth and the replication of herpes simplex virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1982; 22:284-8. [PMID: 6100424 PMCID: PMC183726 DOI: 10.1128/aac.22.2.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Vero cells treated for 24 h with a concentration of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2dGlc) that inhibited the production of infectious herpes simplex virus type 1 grew at the same rate as untreated cells. Longer exposures to 2dGlc inhibited the growth of Vero cells in a dose-dependent manner, but without any loss of viability, and could be reversed by replating the cells in the absence of drug. To exhibit antiviral activity, 2dGlc had to be present during the replication cycle of herpes simplex virus type 1. Treatment of Vero cells, even with a cytotoxic dose of 2dGlc, was without effect on the yield of infectious virus, provided the drug was removed before infection. Thus the antiviral effects of 2dGlc were not the result of, and appeared to be independent of, persistent host cell toxicity.
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Spivack JG, Prusoff WH, Tritton TR. Inhibition of herpes simplex virus replication by methyl daunosamine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1982; 22:176-9. [PMID: 6289738 PMCID: PMC183699 DOI: 10.1128/aac.22.1.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Methyl daunosamine inhibited the replication of herpes simplex virus type 1 in a dose-dependent manner. The growth of the host Vero cells was not affected by daunosamine levels that had significant antiviral activity (2.5 mM) but was inhibited by concentrations of 5 mM or greater. Methyl daunosamine appears to be unique among the sugars with antiviral activity because at antiviral concentrations it did not inhibit the glycosylation of macromolecules.
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Olden K, Parent JB, White SL. Carbohydrate moieties of glycoproteins. A re-evaluation of their function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1982; 650:209-32. [PMID: 7046800 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(82)90017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Olden K, Bernard BA, White SL, Parent JB. Function of the carbohydrate moieties of glycoproteins. J Cell Biochem 1982; 18:313-35. [PMID: 7068785 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.1982.240180306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Role of protein glycosylation in the cAMP-mediated induction of alkaline phosphatase in mouse L-cells. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)69978-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Olden K, Law J, Hunter VA, Romain R, Parent JB. Inhibition of fusion of embryonic muscle cells in culture by tunicamycin is prevented by leupeptin. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1981; 88:199-204. [PMID: 7204487 PMCID: PMC2111718 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.88.1.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The carbohydrate requirement for alignment and fusion of embryonic quail muscle cells has been examined in tissue culture by use of tunicamycin (TM). The mononucleated, spindle-shaped proliferating myoblasts were treated with TM at various times before fusion and differentiation into multinucleated muscle fibers capable of spontaneous contraction. Tm blocked protein glycosylation and expression of glycoproteins on the cell surface, and strongly inhibited fusion when added to cultures of differentiating muscle cells before the fusion "burst," but had no apparent effect on cell alignment. The inhibition of fusion was partially prevented when TM was administered in the presence of protease inhibitors such as leupeptin and pepstatin, but the inhibition of glycosylation was not prevented. Both glycosylation and fusion were completely restored to normal by the removal of the antibiotic from the medium. These studies provide strong support for the idea that myoblast fusion is partially mediated by glycoproteins with asparagine-linked oligosaccharides. However, the requirement for the carbohydrate portion of the glycoprotein appears to be indirect in that it acts to stabilize the protein moiety against proteolytic degradation. Our findings do not rule out the possibility that oligosaccharide units of surface glycolipids have some role in myoblast fusion.
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Büchsel R, Hassels-Vischer B, Tauber R, Reutter W. 2-Deoxy-D-galactose impairs the fucosylation of glycoproteins of rat liver and Morris hepatoma. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1980; 111:445-53. [PMID: 7460907 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1980.tb04959.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Leu RW, Brewer MA, Huddleston DJ. Similarities in enhanced glucosamine incorporation by macrophages stimulated with migration inhibitory factor and the fucolectin from Lotus tetragonolobus. Cell Immunol 1980; 55:227-35. [PMID: 7000375 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(80)90154-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Babczinski P. Partial purification, characterization and localization of the membrane-associated invertase of yeast. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1980; 614:121-33. [PMID: 6772225 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(80)90173-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The membrane-associated isozyme of invertase (beta-D-fructofuranoside fructo-hydrolase, EC 3.2.1.26) -- precursor of the external glycoprotein invertase (Babczinski, P. and Tanner, W. (1978) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 538, 426-434) - has been purified 60-fold from deoxycholate extracts of derepressed yeast cells. The partially purified enzyme exhibits considerable stability as a salt-free lyophilized powder. Its molecular weight, in this precursor form, has been determined by by sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) gel electrophoresis to be 180 000 daltons. This correlates well with the presence of only the inner core carbohydrate parts of the external invertase. The enzyme can be split completely by treatment with endo-beta-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase H from Streptomyces griseus, demonstrating the presence of a di-N-acetylchitobiosyl-asparagine linkage. The proteinaceous split product is still active and has a molecular weight of approx. 120 000. The enzyme cannot be transferred into a supernatant fraction upon osmotic shock treatment of yeast membrane vesicles, indicating that it is strictly membrane-bound. After separation of yeast membranes on a sucrose density gradient, precursor invertase is predominantly associated with two gradient membrane fractions which most probably represent rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
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Friedman G, Stein O, Stein Y. Lipoprotein lipase activity in cultured mesenchymal rat heart cells Part 5. effect on enzyme activity of the glycosylation inhibitors, 2-deoxyglucose and tunicamycin. Atherosclerosis 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9150(80)90210-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Glick JM, Rothblat GH. Effects of metabolic inhibitors on the synthesis and release of lipoprotein lipase in cultured cells derived from the stromal-vascular fraction of rat adipose tissue. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1980; 618:163-72. [PMID: 7378429 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(80)90063-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cultured cells derived from the stromal-vascular fraction of rat epididymal adipose tissue have been used to study the release of lipoprotein lipase in response to heparin. In the presence of heparin, lipoprotein lipase appeared in the medium biphasically, with an initial rapid rise followed by a slower linear release. The initial increase in activity in the medium was paralleled by a decrease in cell-associated activity. Over the course of the slower phase of release, cell-associated lipoprotein lipase levels remained constant. Treatment of cultures with cycloheximide or 2-deoxyglucose eliminated the second phase of release as well as cell-associated lipoprotein lipase activity. Treatment of cultures with Colcemid decreased the second phase of release but increased cell-associated lipoprotein lipase activity. These data suggest that exposure to heparin results in a rapid release of pre-formed enzyme and that continued release is dependent on both protein synthesis and transport of the enzyme to the cell surface.
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Paul B, Bernacki RJ, Korytnyk W. Synthesis and biological activity of some 1-N-substituted 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glycopyranosylamine derivatives and related analogs. Carbohydr Res 1980; 80:99-115. [PMID: 7363276 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)85318-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Several 1-N-substituted derivative [haloacetyl-, glycyl-, (dimethyl)amino-acetyl-, azidoacetyl-, trifluoroacetyl-, and trifluoromethylsulfonyl-] of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosylamine (1) were synthesized as potential metabolic inhibitors of cellular-membrane glycoconjugates. Several fully acetylated derivatives were found to inhibit growth of mouse mammary adenocarcinoma TA3, leukemia L1210, or leukemia P-288 cells at 1-0.01 mM concentration in vitro. Some of these derivatives were less active after O-deacetylation. Analogs of 1 in which NH2-1 was replaced by OH- or OAc-1 were also active on the same cell systems. The growth-inhibitory activity was correlated with inhibition of the incorporation of 2-amino-deoxy-D-glucose and L-leucine into a macromolecular fraction.
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Granger DL, Taintor RR, Cook JL, Hibbs JB. Injury of neoplastic cells by murine macrophages leads to inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. J Clin Invest 1980; 65:357-70. [PMID: 7356685 PMCID: PMC371374 DOI: 10.1172/jci109679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic activated macrophages (CM) inhibited the growth of neoplastic L1210 cells in vitro but L1210 cell death was minimal to nonexistent. L1210 cells injured by CM were separated from macrophages and studied in an isolated system. CM-injured L1210 cells had an absolute requirement for glucose or another glycolyzable hexose (mannose or fructose) for at least 40 h after removal from macrophages. If the culture medium lacked sufficient concentration of one of these sugars, CM-injured L1210 cells died within 4 h. Uninjured L1210 cells cultured alone or with peptone-stimulated macrophages had no such requirement and maintained complete viability in hexoseless medium. The hexose requirement of CM-injured L1210 cells could not be fulfilled by other naturally occurring monosaccharides, glucose or mannose derivatives, or substrates that can be oxidized by mitochondria. The concentration requirements for glucose, mannose, and fructose by CM-injured L1210 cells correlated with the concentrations required to support maximal glycolysis of these sugars by other murine ascites cells. A concentration of 2-deoxy-D-glucose which completely inhibited L1210 cell glycolysis also complete prevented the ability of glucose or mannose to maintain viability of CM-injured L1210 cells. Interaction with CM led to inhibition of L1210 cell mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. This was supported by the findings that: (a) CM-injured L1210 cells had no Pasteur effect; their rate of aerobic glycolysis was the same as the rate of anaerobic glycolysis of uninjured L1210 cells, (b) Endogenous respiration of CM-injured L1210 cells was 15% of normal. Maximal inhibition of uninjured L1210 cell respiration by a specific mitochondrial poison (oligomycin) was nearly the same (13% of normal). It followed that CM-injured L1210 cells required hexose for chemical energy production via the glycolytic pathway. CM-induced mitochondrial injury occurred in five other neoplastic cell lines tested.
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Liu CK, Schmied R, Waxman S. The specific release of sialytransferase activity by human hepatoma cell lines. Clin Chim Acta 1979; 98:225-33. [PMID: 227627 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(79)90149-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sialyltransferase (EC 2.4.99.1) is released in large amounts by two hepatoma cell lines (SK-H-MA and CLH) established from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (hepatoma). This release requires protein synthesis and glycoprotein synthesis, but not cell division. In contrast, sialyltransferase is released in minimal amounts by a cell line derived from normal human liver (Chang). The hepatoma cells also contain more surface and cellular sialyltransferase activity than Change cells. Hepatoma sialyltransferase has properties similar to other sialyltransferases. Using a calibrated Sephadex G-200 column, it is resolved into two forms with molecular weights of 65 000 and 80 000.
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Olden K, Pratt RM, Yamada KM. Selective cytotoxicity of tunicamycin for transformed cells. Int J Cancer 1979; 24:60-6. [PMID: 478692 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910240111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Myers-Robfogel MW, Canellakis ZN, Bono VH, Dion RL, Cunningham LS, Sartorelli AC. Surface alterations of P388 leukemia cells by 2-deoxy-D-glucose. Biochem Pharmacol 1979; 28:1953-7. [PMID: 454466 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(79)90650-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Damsky CH, Levy-Benshimol A, Buck CA, Warren L. Effect of tunicamycin on the synthesis, intracellular transport and shedding of membrane glycoproteins in BHK cells. Exp Cell Res 1979; 119:1-13. [PMID: 761598 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(79)90329-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Cervén E. Coupling between non-respiratory energy metabolism and ecto-sialyltransferase activity of intact Ehrlich ascites tumour cell membranes. Life Sci 1978; 23:2769-77. [PMID: 739851 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(78)90657-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Schmidt MF, Biely P, Krátký Z, Schwarz RT. Metabolism of 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-[3H]glucose and 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-[3H]mannose in yeast and chick-embryo cells. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 87:55-68. [PMID: 352691 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1978.tb12351.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
2-Deoxy-2-fluoro-D-[3H]glucose and 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-[3H]mannose have been prepared by tritiation of the corresponding unlabeled 2-fluoro sugars. The tritiated 2-fluoro sugars are phosphorylated and activated by UTP and by GTP to yield UDP-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-[3H]glucose, UDP-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-[3H]mannose, GDP-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-[3H]glucose and GDP-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-[3H]mannose in both cell types. The nucleotide derivatives could also be labeled in the nucleotide moiety by feeding the cells with [14C]uridine or [14C]guanosine in the presence of unlabeled 2-fluoro sugar. No evidence was obtained for metabolic steps in which the six-carbon chain of 2-fluoro sugars was not preserved. No epimerisation of the label to 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-[3H]galactose could be observed by radioactive gas-liquid chromatography of the enzymatic cleavage products of the different 2-fluoro sugar metabolites isolated from either cell type. Yeast and chick embryo cells both incorporate 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-[3H]glucose and 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-[3H]mannose specifically into glycoproteins, although this incorporation is very low when compared to the incorporation of 2-deoxy-D-[3H]glucose.
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Schwarz RT, Schmidt MF, Lehle L. Glycosylation in vitro of Semliki-Forest-virus and influenza-virus glycoproteins and its suppression by nucleotide-2-deoxy-hexose. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 85:163-72. [PMID: 639813 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1978.tb12224.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cell-free enzyme preparations from cultured fibroblasts infected with Semliki forest virus or fowl plague virus (an influenza A virus) incorporate [14C]-mannose into dolichol-phosphate-mannose, lipid-linked oligosaccharides and into endogenous virus-specific glycoproteins. When GDP-2-deoxy-D-[14C]glucose serves as substrate 2-deoxy-D-[14C]glucose is transferred to dolichol phosphate yielding dolichol-monophosphate-2-deoxy-D-[14C]glucose. UDP-2-deoxy-D-[14C]glucose gives rise also to a lipid which, however, is not a polyprenol derivative. The transfer of [14C]mannose to lipid-extractable fractions and glycoproteins in vitro is blocked by GDP-2-deoxy-D-glucose. It can be restored by exogenous dolichol monophosphate only with regard to the formation of dolichol-monophosphate-[14C]mannose-labelled oligosaccharides into glycoproteins. UDP-2-deoxy-D-glucose has no inhibitory effect on transfer reactions of [14C]mannose from GDP-[14C]mannose into various lipid fractions or into glycoprotein. It is concluded therefore, that the inhibition of glycosylation brought about by 2-deoxyglucose in vivo is caused by an interference of its GDP derivative with the formation of a correct lipid-oligosaccharide.
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Olden K, Pratt RM, Yamada KM. Role of carbohydrates in protein secretion and turnover: effects of tunicamycin on the major cell surface glycoprotein of chick embryo fibroblasts. Cell 1978; 13:461-73. [PMID: 657267 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(78)90320-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Using tunicamycin, we have investigated the role of glycosylation in the biosynthesis, processing and turnover of CSP, the major cell surface glycoprotein of chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF). This antibiotic specifically inhibits glycosylation mediated by dolichol pyrophosphate and consequently inhibits the glycosylation of asparaginyl residues of glycoproteins. Tunicamycin inhibited the incorporation of 3H-mannose into CSP by 92--98% and 14C-glucosamine by 84--96%, whereas total protein synthesis was decreased by only 15--45%. Tunicamycin treatment decreased total amounts of CSP by approximately 50--65%, with equal decreases in CSP occurring on the cell surface and in culture medium, whereas intracellular pools of CSP were not substantially affected. In contrast to CSP, three other membrane-associated proteins of apparent molecular weights 75,000, 95,000 and 150,000 daltons were found in increased amounts. Procollagen secretion was not inhibited by tunicamycin. Both procollagen and CSP secretion into culture medium were also not increased in AD6, a glycosylation-deficient, mutant mouse 3T3 cell line compared to wild-type cells. We examined the mechanism of the decrease in CSP after tunicamycin treatment. The rate of CSP biosynthesis as measured by pulse-labeling with 14C-leucine was not altered. Tunicamycin had only a slight effect on the initial times and rates of CSP appearance on the cell surface; some apparent intracellular redistribution of CSP was detected by immunofluorescence. The major effect of tunicamycin treatment was to accelerate the rate of degradation of CSP 2--3 fold. This increase is sufficient to account for the observed decreases after tunicamycin treatment. Our results suggest that carbohydrates may not be essential for CSP or procollagen synthesis, intracellular processing and secretion, but that carbohydrates may help stabilize CSP against proteolytic degradation.
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Bernacki R, Porter C, Korytnyk W, Mihich E. Plasma membrane as a site for chemotherapeutic intervention. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 1977; 16:217-37. [PMID: 358794 DOI: 10.1016/0065-2571(78)90075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Meager A, Nairin R, Hughes RC. Properties of a baby-hamster-kidney cell line with increased resistance of 2-deoxy-D-glucose. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1977; 72:275-81. [PMID: 837919 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1977.tb11250.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A cultured cell line with increased resistance to 2-deoxy-D-glucose was obtained from cloned baby hamster kidney fibroblasts, BHK 21/C13, after repeated exposure to high concentrations of 2-deoxyglucose. The increased resistance could not be attributed to a decreased permeability of deoxysugar. The resistant cell line incorporated radioactive 2-deoxy-Dglucose in glycoproteins at a similar rate as parental BHK 21C13 cells. Incorporation of radioactive glucosamine, galactose and to lesser extent mannose into cellular glycoproteins was inhibited by 2-deoxyglucose to similar extents in the resistant cells and parental BHK 21/C13 cells. Changes induct cells were detected by altered to toxic plant lectins and by surface labelling as described for parental cells in the preceding paper. It is suggested that the toxicity of 2-deoxy-D-glucose to normal fibroblasts is not mediated through effects on glycosylation of cellular glycoproteins.
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