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Zhang X, Lei Y, Zhou H, Liu H, Xu P. The Role of PKM2 in Multiple Signaling Pathways Related to Neurological Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:5002-5026. [PMID: 38157121 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03901-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is a key rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis. It is well known that PKM2 plays a vital role in the proliferation of tumor cells. However, PKM2 can also exert its biological functions by mediating multiple signaling pathways in neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), cognitive dysfunction, ischemic stroke, post-stroke depression, cerebral small-vessel disease, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, Parkinson's disease (PD), epilepsy, neuropathic pain, and autoimmune diseases. In these diseases, PKM2 can exert various biological functions, including regulation of glycolysis, inflammatory responses, apoptosis, proliferation of cells, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, or pathological autoimmune responses. Moreover, the complexity of PKM2's biological characteristics determines the diversity of its biological functions. However, the role of PKM2 is not entirely the same in different diseases or cells, which is related to its oligomerization, subcellular localization, and post-translational modifications. This article will focus on the biological characteristics of PKM2, the regulation of PKM2 expression, and the biological role of PKM2 in neurological diseases. With this review, we hope to have a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of PKM2, which may help researchers develop therapeutic strategies in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yihui Lei
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Hongyan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Haijun Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
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2
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Li L, Cheng S, Yeh Y, Shi Y, Henderson N, Price D, Gu X, Yu X. The expression of PKM1 and PKM2 in developing, benign, and cancerous prostatic tissues. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1392085. [PMID: 38680860 PMCID: PMC11045992 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1392085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPCa) is the most aggressive type of prostate cancer (PCa). However, energy metabolism, one of the hallmarks of cancer, in NEPCa has not been well studied. Pyruvate kinase M (PKM), which catalyzes the final step of glycolysis, has two main splicing isoforms, PKM1 and PKM2. The expression pattern of PKM1 and PKM2 in NEPCa remains unknown. Methods In this study, we used immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence staining, and bioinformatics analysis to examine the expression of PKM1 and PKM2 in mouse and human prostatic tissues. Results We found that PKM2 was the predominant isoform expressed throughout prostate development and PCa progression, with slightly reduced expression in murine NEPCa. PKM1 was mostly expressed in stromal cells but low-level PKM1 was also detected in prostate basal epithelial cells. Its expression was absent in the majority of prostate adenocarcinoma (AdPCa) specimens but present in a subset of NEPCa. Additionally, we evaluated the mRNA levels of ten PKM isoforms that express exon 9 (PKM1-like) or exon 10 (PKM2-like). Some of these isoforms showed notable expression levels in PCa cell lines and human PCa specimens. Discussion Our study characterized the expression pattern of PKM1 and PKM2 in prostatic tissues including developing, benign, and cancerous prostate. These findings lay the groundwork for understanding the metabolic changes in different PCa subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Siyuan Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Yunshin Yeh
- Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Service, Overton Brooks VA Medical Center, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Yingli Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Nikayla Henderson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - David Price
- Department of Urology, LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Xin Gu
- Department of Pathology, LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Xiuping Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Department of Urology, LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
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3
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Li L, Cheng S, Yeh Y, Shi Y, Henderson N, Price D, Gu X, Yu X. The expression of PKM1 and PKM2 in developing, benign, and cancerous prostatic tissues. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.09.27.559832. [PMID: 38260443 PMCID: PMC10802256 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.27.559832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPCa) is the most aggressive type of prostate cancer. However, energy metabolism, one of the hallmarks of cancer, in NEPCa has not been well studied. Pyruvate kinase M (PKM), which catalyzes the final step of glycolysis, has two main splicing isoforms, PKM1 and PKM2. PKM2 is known to be upregulated in various cancers, including prostate adenocarcinoma (AdPCa). In this study, we used immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence staining, and bioinformatic analysis to examine the expression of PKM1 and PKM2 in mouse and human prostatic tissues, including developing, benign and cancerous prostate. We found that PKM2 was the predominant isoform expressed throughout prostate development and PCa progression, with slightly reduced expression in some NEPCa samples. PKM1 was mostly expressed in stromal cells but low-level PKM1 was also detected in prostate basal epithelial cells. Its expression was absent in the majority of PCa specimens but present in a subset of NEPCa. Additionally, we evaluated the mRNA levels of ten PKM isoforms that express exon 9 (PKM1-like) or exon 10 (PKM2-like). Some of these isoforms showed notable expression levels in PCa cell lines and human PCa specimens. These findings lay the groundwork for understanding PKMs' role in PCa carcinogenesis and NEPCa progression. The distinct expression pattern of PKM isoforms in different PCa subtypes may offer insights into potential therapeutic strategies for treating PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular biology, LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA
| | - Siyuan Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular biology, LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA
| | - Yunshin Yeh
- Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Service, Overton Brooks VA Medical Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Yingli Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular biology, LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA
| | - Nikayla Henderson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular biology, LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA
| | - David Price
- Department of Urology, LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA
| | - Xin Gu
- Department of Pathology, LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA
| | - Xiuping Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular biology, LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA
- Department of Urology, LSU Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA
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4
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Chen P, Lou L, Sharma B, Li M, Xie C, Yang F, Wu Y, Xiao Q, Gao L. Recent Advances on PKM2 Inhibitors and Activators in Cancer Applications. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:2955-2973. [PMID: 37455458 DOI: 10.2174/0929867331666230714144851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming of cells, from the normal mode of glucose metabolism named glycolysis, is a pivotal characteristic of impending cancerous cells. Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), an important enzyme that catalyzes the final rate-limiting stage during glycolysis, is highly expressed in numerous types of tumors and aids in development of favorable conditions for the survival of tumor cells. Increasing evidence has suggested that PKM2 is one of promising targets for innovative drug discovery, especially for the developments of antitumor therapeutics. Herein, we systematically summarize the recent advancement on PKM2 modulators including inhibitors and activators in cancer applications. We also discussed the classifications of pyruvate kinases in mammals and the biological functions of PKM2 in this review. We do hope that this review would provide a comprehensive understanding of the current research on PKM2 modulators, which may benefit the development of more potent PKM2-related drug candidates to treat PKM2-associated diseases including cancers in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China
| | - Liang Lou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China
| | - Bigyan Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China
| | - Mengchu Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China
| | - Chengliang Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China
| | - Fen Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China
| | - Yihang Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China
| | - Qicai Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China
| | - Liqian Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China
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Cruz-Moreno DG, Valenzuela-Soto EM, Peregrino-Uriarte AB, Leyva-Carrillo L, Soñanez-Organis JG, Yepiz-Plascencia G. The pyruvate kinase of the whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei: Gene structure and responses to short term hypoxia. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2023:111468. [PMID: 37355162 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
The shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei is the main farmed crustaceans worldwide. This crustacean suffers environmental changes in oxygen availability that affect its energy metabolism. Pyruvate kinase (PK) catalyzes the last reaction of glycolysis and is key for the regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. There is ample knowledge about mammalian PK, but in crustaceans, the information is very scarce. In this study, we analyzed in silico the structures of the PK gene and protein. Also, the effects of hypoxia on gene expression, enzymatic activity, glucose, and lactate in hepatopancreas and muscle were analyzed. The PK gene is 15,103 bp and contains 11 exons and 10 introns, producing four mRNA variants by alternative splicing and named PK1, PK2, PK3 and PK4, and two proteins with longer C-terminus and two with a 12 bp insertion. The promoter contains putative binding sites for transcription factors (TF) that are typically involved in stress responses. The deduced amino acid sequences contain the classic domains, binding sites for allosteric effectors and potential reversible phosphorylation residues. Protein modeling indicates a homotetramer with highly conserved structure. The effect of hypoxia for 6 and 12 h showed tissue-specific patterns, with higher expression, enzyme activity and lactate in muscle, but higher glucose in hepatopancreas. Changes in response to hypoxia were detected at 12 h in expression with induction in muscle and reduction in hepatopancreas, while enzyme activity was maintained, and glucose and lactate decreased. These results show rapid changes in expression and metabolites, while enzyme activity was maintained to cope with short-term hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia G Cruz-Moreno
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique, Astiazarán Rosas, No. 46, Col. La Victoria, CP. 83304 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Elisa M Valenzuela-Soto
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique, Astiazarán Rosas, No. 46, Col. La Victoria, CP. 83304 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Alma B Peregrino-Uriarte
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique, Astiazarán Rosas, No. 46, Col. La Victoria, CP. 83304 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Lilia Leyva-Carrillo
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique, Astiazarán Rosas, No. 46, Col. La Victoria, CP. 83304 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Jose G Soñanez-Organis
- Universidad de Sonora Unidad Regional Sur, Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Navojoa, Sonora CP. 85880, Mexico
| | - Gloria Yepiz-Plascencia
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique, Astiazarán Rosas, No. 46, Col. La Victoria, CP. 83304 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico.
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6
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Wu Y, Wang Y, Yao H, Li H, Meng F, Li Q, Lin X, Liu L. MNX1-AS1, a c-Myc induced lncRNA, promotes the Warburg effect by regulating PKM2 nuclear translocation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2022; 41:337. [PMID: 36476366 PMCID: PMC9727912 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02547-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered glycolysis is the most fundamental metabolic change associated with the Warburg effect. Some glycolytic enzymes such as PKM2, the dominant pyruvate kinase in cancer cells, have been shown to engage in non-glycolytic functions that contribute to tumor metabolism. However, the precise mechanisms are not completely understood. METHODS The role of MNX1-AS1 in hepatocellular carcinoma progression was assessed both in vitro and in vivo. Northern blotting, RNA pulldown, mass spectrometry, RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation, ChIP, luciferase reporter assays, RNA FISH and immunofluorescence staining were used to explore the detail molecular mechanism of MNX1-AS1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). RESULTS Here we dissect how MNX1-AS1, a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), reinforces the Warburg effect through facilitating the non-glycolytic actions of PKM2 in the cell nucleus. We found that MNX1-AS1 expression was frequently overexpressed in HCC-derived cell lines and tissues compared to their normal hepatic cell counterparts, a finding consistent with its status as pan-cancer expressed lncRNA. In the context of HCC, we show MNX1-AS1 acts as a scaffold to promote interactions between PKM2 and importin α5. In response to EGFR activation, the resulting ternary complex drives the translocation of PKM2 into the nucleus. In consequence, glycolytic pathway components including key mediators of the Warburg effect (LDHA, GLUT1 and PDK1) are upregulated though the coactivator function of PKM2. Manipulating MNX1-AS1 elicited robust effects on glycolysis associated with marked changes in HCC growth in vitro and in xenograft models, indicative of the significant contribution of MNX1-AS1 to tumorigenic phenotypes. Moreover, while MNX1-AS1 expression is driven by c-Myc, its actions associated with PKM2 were shown to be downstream and independent of c-Myc. CONCLUSIONS Given the status of MNX1-AS1 as a pan-cancer upregulated lncRNA, this implicitly highlights the potential of targeting MNX1-AS1 to selectively counter the Warburg effect in a range of tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wu
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250002 China ,grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Anhui Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hefei, 230001 China
| | - Yichun Wang
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Anhui Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hefei, 230001 China
| | - Hanhui Yao
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Anhui Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hefei, 230001 China
| | - Heng Li
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250002 China ,grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Anhui Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hefei, 230001 China
| | - Fanzheng Meng
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Anhui Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hefei, 230001 China
| | - Qidong Li
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Anhui Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hefei, 230001 China
| | - Xiansheng Lin
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Anhui Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hefei, 230001 China
| | - Lianxin Liu
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250002 China ,grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Anhui Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatobiliary Diseases, Hefei, 230001 China
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Rihan M, Sharma SS. Role of Pyruvate Kinase M2 (PKM2) in Cardiovascular Diseases. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2022; 16:382-402. [PMID: 36178660 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-022-10321-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the world's leading cause of death, accounting for 32% of all fatalities. Although therapeutic agents are available for CVDs, however, most of them have significant limitations such as the time-dependency effect, hypotension, and bradycardia. To overcome the limitations of current pharmacological therapies, new molecular targets and pathways need to be identified and investigated to provide better treatment options for CVDs. Recent evidence suggested the involvement of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) and targeting PKM2 by its modulators (inhibitors and activators) has shown promising results in several CVDs. PKM2 regulates gene activation in the context of apoptosis, mitosis, hypoxia, inflammation, and metabolic reprogramming. PKM2 modulators might have a significant impact on the molecular pathways involved in CVD pathogenesis. Therefore, PKM2 modulators can be one of the therapeutic options for CVDs. This review provides an insight into PKM2 involvement in various CVDs along with their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Rihan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India
| | - Shyam Sunder Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, India.
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Yu B, Liu J, Cai Z, Mu T, Gu Y, Xin G, Zhang J. miRNA-mRNA associations with inosine monophosphate specific deposition in the muscle of Jingyuan chicken. Br Poult Sci 2022; 63:821-832. [PMID: 35895079 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2022.2106777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
1. Inosine monophosphate (IMP), is an essential component for meat flavour and microRNAs (miRNAs) play a vital role in its post-transcriptional regulation. However, the mechanism of how miRNA expression affects muscle-specific IMP deposition is unclear.2. The following study performed transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis of breast and leg muscle, which have significantly different IMP content in Jingyuan chicken. The differential miRNA-mRNAs were screened out and correlation analysis with IMP content was performed.3. A total of 39 differentially expressed miRNAs (DE miRNAs) and 666 differentially expressed mRNAs (DE mRNAs) were identified between breast muscles and leg muscles. Using miRNA-mRNA integrated analysis, 29 miRNA-target gene pairs were obtained, composed of 13 DE miRNAs and 28 DE mRNAs. Next, purine metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, pyruvate metabolism and the biosynthesis of amino acid pathways as necessary for muscle IMP-specific deposition were identified. The differentially expressed gene PKM2, which was significantly enriched in all four pathways, is involved in IMP anabolism in the form of energy metabolism and enzyme activity regulation. The correlation analysis suggested that the gga-miR-107-3p-KLHDC2 negative interaction may be a key regulator in IMP deposition.4. This study explores the functional mechanism of IMP-specific deposition in Jingyuan chicken muscles at the miRNA and mRNA levels and highlights multiple candidate miRNAs and mRNAs for molecular-assisted breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojun Yu
- College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan China
| | - Jiamin Liu
- College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan China
| | - Zhengyun Cai
- College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan China
| | - Tong Mu
- College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan China
| | - Yaling Gu
- College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan China
| | - Guosheng Xin
- School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University/Ningxia Feed Engineering Technology Research Center, Yinchuan China
| | - Juan Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan China
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Proteomic Characterization of Colorectal Cancer Tissue from Patients Identifies Novel Putative Protein Biomarkers. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 43:1043-1056. [PMID: 34563043 PMCID: PMC8929084 DOI: 10.3390/cimb43020074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death over the world. There is a great need for biomarkers capable of early detection and as targets for treatment. Differential protein expression was investigated with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) followed by identification with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in CRC patient tissue from (i) the peripheral part of the tumor, (ii) the central part of the tumor as well as from (iii) a non-involved part of the colorectal tissue. The expression patterns of six identified proteins were further evaluated by one-dimensional Western blot (1D-WB) analysis of the CRC tissue. Proteins that were perturbed in expression level in the peripheral or in the central part of the tumor as compared with the non-involved part included S100A11, HNRNPF, HNRNPH1 or HNRNPH2, GSTP1, PKM and FABP1. These identified markers may have future diagnostic potential or may be novel treatment targets after further evaluation in larger patient cohorts.
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Zheng S, Liu Q, Liu T, Lu X. Posttranslational modification of pyruvate kinase type M2 (PKM2): novel regulation of its biological roles to be further discovered. J Physiol Biochem 2021; 77:355-363. [PMID: 33835423 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-021-00813-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PKM2, pyruvate kinase type M2, has been shown to play a key role in aerobic glycolysis and to regulate the malignant behaviors of cancer cells. Recently, PKM2 has been revealed to hold dual metabolic and nonmetabolic roles. Working as both a pyruvate kinase with catalytic activity and a protein kinase that phosphorylates its substrates, PKM2 stands at the crossroads of glycolysis and tumor growth. Recently, it was revealed that the catalytic activity of PKM2 can be regulated by its posttranslational modification (PTM). Several PTM types, including phosphorylation, methylation, acetylation, oxidation, hydroxylation, succinylation, and glycylation, have been gradually identified on different amino acid residues of the PKM2 coding sequence. In this review, we highlight the recent advancements in understanding PKM2 PTMs and the regulatory roles conferred by PTMs during anaerobic glycolysis in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutao Zheng
- Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Liu
- Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Lu
- Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.
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Irokawa H, Numasaki S, Kato S, Iwai K, Inose-Maruyama A, Ohdate T, Hwang GW, Toyama T, Watanabe T, Kuge S. Comprehensive analyses of the cysteine thiol oxidation of PKM2 reveal the effects of multiple oxidation on cellular oxidative stress response. Biochem J 2021; 478:1453-1470. [PMID: 33749780 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Redox regulation of proteins via cysteine residue oxidation is involved in the control of various cellular signal pathways. Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), a rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis, is critical for the metabolic shift from glycolysis to the pentose phosphate pathway under oxidative stress in cancer cell growth. The PKM2 tetramer is required for optimal pyruvate kinase (PK) activity, whereas the inhibition of inter-subunit interaction of PKM2 induced by Cys358 oxidation has reduced PK activity. In the present study, we identified three oxidation-sensitive cysteine residues (Cys358, Cys423 and Cys424) responsible for four oxidation forms via the thiol oxidant diamide and/or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Possibly due to obstruction of the dimer-dimer interface, H2O2-induced sulfenylation (-SOH) and diamide-induced modification at Cys424 inhibited tetramer formation and PK activity. Cys423 is responsible for intermolecular disulfide bonds with heterologous proteins via diamide. Additionally, intramolecular polysulphide linkage (-Sn-, n ≧ 3) between Cys358 and an unidentified PKM2 Cys could be induced by diamide. We observed that cells expressing the oxidation-resistant PKM2 (PKM2C358,424A) produced more intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and exhibited greater sensitivity to ROS-generating reagents and ROS-inducible anti-cancer drugs compared with cells expressing wild-type PKM2. These results highlight the possibility that PKM2 inhibition via Cys358 and Cys424 oxidation contributes to eliminating excess ROS and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Irokawa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Numasaki
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shin Kato
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kenta Iwai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Atsushi Inose-Maruyama
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takumi Ohdate
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Gi-Wook Hwang
- Laboratory of Molecular and Biochemical Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takashi Toyama
- Laboratory of Molecular and Biochemical Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Watanabe
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shusuke Kuge
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Miyagi, Japan
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12
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Choksi A, Parulekar A, Pant R, Shah VK, Nimma R, Firmal P, Singh S, Kundu GC, Shukla S, Chattopadhyay S. Tumor suppressor SMAR1 regulates PKM alternative splicing by HDAC6-mediated deacetylation of PTBP1. Cancer Metab 2021; 9:16. [PMID: 33863392 PMCID: PMC8052847 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-021-00252-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Highly proliferating cancer cells exhibit the Warburg effect by regulation of PKM alternative splicing and promoting the expression of PKM2. Majority of the alternative splicing events are known to occur in the nuclear matrix where various MARBPs actively participate in the alternative splicing events. SMAR1, being a MARBP and an important tumor suppressor, is known to regulate the splicing of various cancer-associated genes. This study focuses on the regulation of PKM alternative splicing and inhibition of the Warburg effect by SMAR1. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was performed in breast cancer patient samples to establish the correlation between SMAR1 and PKM isoform expression. Further, expression of PKM isoforms upon modulation in SMAR1 expression in breast cancer cell lines was quantified by qRT-PCR and western blot. The acetylation status of PTBP1 was estimated by immunoprecipitation along with its enrichment on PKM pre-mRNA by CLIP in SMAR1 knockdown conditions. The role of SMAR1 in tumor metabolism and tumorigenesis was explored by in vitro enzymatic assays and functional assays upon SMAR1 knockdown. Besides, in vivo tumor formation by injecting adeno-SMAR1-transduced MDA-MB-231 cells in NOD/SCID mice was performed. RESULTS The expression profile of SMAR1 and PKM isoforms in breast cancer patients revealed that SMAR1 has an inverse correlation with PKM2 and a positive correlation with PKM1. Further quantitative PKM isoform expression upon modulation in SMAR1 expression also reflects that SMAR1 promotes the expression of PKM1 over tumorigenic isoform PKM2. SMAR1 deacetylates PTBP1 via recruitment of HDAC6 resulting in reduced enrichment of PTBP1 on PKM pre-mRNA. SMAR1 inhibits the Warburg effect, tumorigenic potential of cancer cells, and in vivo tumor generation in a PKM2-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS SMAR1 regulates PKM alternative splicing by causing HDAC6-dependent deacetylation of PTBP1, resulting in reduced enrichment of PTBP1 on PKM pre-mRNA. Additionally, SMAR1 suppresses glucose utilization and lactate production via repression of PKM2 expression. This suggests that tumor suppressor SMAR1 inhibits tumor cell metabolism and tumorigenic properties of cancer cells via regulation of PKM alternative splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Richa Pant
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, 411007, India
| | | | | | | | - Smriti Singh
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, 462066, India
| | - Gopal C Kundu
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, 411007, India.,Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT), Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Sanjeev Shukla
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, 462066, India
| | - Samit Chattopadhyay
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, 411007, India. .,Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani - K K Birla Goa Campus, Goa, 403726, India.
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13
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Zhu S, Guo Y, Zhang X, Liu H, Yin M, Chen X, Peng C. Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) in cancer and cancer therapeutics. Cancer Lett 2021; 503:240-248. [PMID: 33246091 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), a key rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis, is a critical regulator in tumor metabolism. PKM2 has been demonstrated to overexpressed in various cancers and promoted proliferation and metastasis of tumor cells. The errant expression of PKM2 has inspired people to investigate the function of PKM2 and the therapeutic potential in cancer. In addition, some studies have shown that the upregulation of PKM2 in tumor tissues is associated with the altered expression of lncRNAs and the poor survival. Therefore, researchers have begun to unravel the specific molecular mechanisms of lncRNA-mediated PKM2 expression in cancer metabolism. As the tumor microenvironment (TME) is essential in tumor development, it is necessary to identify the role of PKM2 in TME. In this review, we will introduce the role of PKM2 in different cancers as well as TME, and summarize the molecular mechanism of PKM2-related lncRNAs in cancer metabolism. We expect that this work will lead to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of PKM2 that may help in developing therapeutic strategies in clinic for researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susi Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China; Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Research Center of Molecular Metabolomics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yeye Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China; Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Research Center of Molecular Metabolomics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China; Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Research Center of Molecular Metabolomics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China; Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Research Center of Molecular Metabolomics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mingzhu Yin
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China; Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Research Center of Molecular Metabolomics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China; Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Research Center of Molecular Metabolomics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Cong Peng
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Changsha, Hunan, China; Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Changsha, Hunan, China; Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Research Center of Molecular Metabolomics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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14
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Das Gupta K, Shakespear MR, Curson JEB, Murthy AMV, Iyer A, Hodson MP, Ramnath D, Tillu VA, von Pein JB, Reid RC, Tunny K, Hohenhaus DM, Moradi SV, Kelly GM, Kobayashi T, Gunter JH, Stevenson AJ, Xu W, Luo L, Jones A, Johnston WA, Blumenthal A, Alexandrov K, Collins BM, Stow JL, Fairlie DP, Sweet MJ. Class IIa Histone Deacetylases Drive Toll-like Receptor-Inducible Glycolysis and Macrophage Inflammatory Responses via Pyruvate Kinase M2. Cell Rep 2021; 30:2712-2728.e8. [PMID: 32101747 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) drive innate immune cell-mediated inflammation. Here we identify class IIa HDACs as key molecular links between Toll-like receptor (TLR)-inducible aerobic glycolysis and macrophage inflammatory responses. A proteomic screen identified the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase M isoform 2 (Pkm2) as a partner of proinflammatory Hdac7 in murine macrophages. Myeloid-specific Hdac7 overexpression in transgenic mice amplifies lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-inducible lactate and promotes a glycolysis-associated inflammatory signature. Conversely, pharmacological or genetic targeting of Hdac7 and other class IIa HDACs attenuates LPS-inducible glycolysis and accompanying inflammatory responses in macrophages. We show that an Hdac7-Pkm2 complex acts as an immunometabolism signaling hub, whereby Pkm2 deacetylation at lysine 433 licenses its proinflammatory functions. Disrupting this complex suppresses inflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo. Class IIa HDACs are thus pivotal intermediates connecting TLR-inducible glycolysis to inflammation via Pkm2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustav Das Gupta
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Melanie R Shakespear
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - James E B Curson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ambika M V Murthy
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Abishek Iyer
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, IMB, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mark P Hodson
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Metabolomics Australia, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Divya Ramnath
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Vikas A Tillu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jessica B von Pein
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Robert C Reid
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, IMB, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Kathryn Tunny
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Daniel M Hohenhaus
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Shayli Varasteh Moradi
- CSIRO-QUT Synthetic Biology Alliance, Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Gardens Point Campus, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Gregory M Kelly
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Takumi Kobayashi
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jennifer H Gunter
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Alexander J Stevenson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Weijun Xu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, IMB, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Lin Luo
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Alun Jones
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Wayne A Johnston
- CSIRO-QUT Synthetic Biology Alliance, Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Gardens Point Campus, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Antje Blumenthal
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Kirill Alexandrov
- CSIRO-QUT Synthetic Biology Alliance, Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Gardens Point Campus, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Brett M Collins
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Stow
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, IMB, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sweet
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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15
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Zhang Y, Qian J, Gu C, Yang Y. Alternative splicing and cancer: a systematic review. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:78. [PMID: 33623018 PMCID: PMC7902610 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00486-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The abnormal regulation of alternative splicing is usually accompanied by the occurrence and development of tumors, which would produce multiple different isoforms and diversify protein expression. The aim of the present study was to conduct a systematic review in order to describe the regulatory mechanisms of alternative splicing, as well as its functions in tumor cells, from proliferation and apoptosis to invasion and metastasis, and from angiogenesis to metabolism. The abnormal splicing events contributed to tumor progression as oncogenic drivers and/or bystander factors. The alterations in splicing factors detected in tumors and other mis-splicing events (i.e., long non-coding and circular RNAs) in tumorigenesis were also included. The findings of recent therapeutic approaches targeting splicing catalysis and splicing regulatory proteins to modulate pathogenically spliced events (including tumor-specific neo-antigens for cancer immunotherapy) were introduced. The emerging RNA-based strategies for the treatment of cancer with abnormally alternative splicing isoforms were also discussed. However, further studies are still required to address the association between alternative splicing and cancer in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjiao Zhang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinjun Qian
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunyan Gu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Ye Yang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
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16
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Puckett DL, Alquraishi M, Chowanadisai W, Bettaieb A. The Role of PKM2 in Metabolic Reprogramming: Insights into the Regulatory Roles of Non-Coding RNAs. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1171. [PMID: 33503959 PMCID: PMC7865720 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase is a key regulator in glycolysis through the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) into pyruvate. Pyruvate kinase exists in various isoforms that can exhibit diverse biological functions and outcomes. The pyruvate kinase isoenzyme type M2 (PKM2) controls cell progression and survival through the regulation of key signaling pathways. In cancer cells, the dimer form of PKM2 predominates and plays an integral role in cancer metabolism. This predominance of the inactive dimeric form promotes the accumulation of phosphometabolites, allowing cancer cells to engage in high levels of synthetic processing to enhance their proliferative capacity. PKM2 has been recognized for its role in regulating gene expression and transcription factors critical for health and disease. This role enables PKM2 to exert profound regulatory effects that promote cancer cell metabolism, proliferation, and migration. In addition to its role in cancer, PKM2 regulates aspects essential to cellular homeostasis in non-cancer tissues and, in some cases, promotes tissue-specific pathways in health and diseases. In pursuit of understanding the diverse tissue-specific roles of PKM2, investigations targeting tissues such as the kidney, liver, adipose, and pancreas have been conducted. Findings from these studies enhance our understanding of PKM2 functions in various diseases beyond cancer. Therefore, there is substantial interest in PKM2 modulation as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of multiple conditions. Indeed, a vast plethora of research has focused on identifying therapeutic strategies for targeting PKM2. Recently, targeting PKM2 through its regulatory microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) has gathered increasing interest. Thus, the goal of this review is to highlight recent advancements in PKM2 research, with a focus on PKM2 regulatory microRNAs and lncRNAs and their subsequent physiological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexter L. Puckett
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (D.L.P.); (M.A.)
| | - Mohammed Alquraishi
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (D.L.P.); (M.A.)
| | - Winyoo Chowanadisai
- Department of Nutrition, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA;
| | - Ahmed Bettaieb
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (D.L.P.); (M.A.)
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17
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Altinoz MA, Ucal Y, Yilmaz MC, Kiris İ, Ozisik O, Sezerman U, Ozpinar A, Elmaci İ. Progesterone at high doses reduces the growth of U87 and A172 glioblastoma cells: Proteomic changes regarding metabolism and immunity. Cancer Med 2020; 9:5767-5780. [PMID: 32590878 PMCID: PMC7433824 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While pregnancy may accelerate glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) growth, parity and progesterone (P4) containing treatments (ie, hormone replacement therapy) reduce the risk of GBM development. In parallel, low and high doses of P4 exert stimulating and inhibitory actions on GBM growth, respectively. The mechanisms behind the high‐dose P4‐suppression of GBM growth is unknown. In the present study, we assessed the changes in growth and proteomic profiles when high‐dose P4 (100 and 300 µM) was administered in human U87 and A172 GBM cell lines. The xCELLigence system was used to examine cell growth when different concentrations of P4 (20, 50, 100, and 300 µM) was administered. The protein profiles were determined by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis in both cell lines when 100 and 300 µM P4 were administered. Finally, the pathways enriched by the differentially expressed proteins were assessed using bioinformatic tools. Increasing doses of P4 blocked the growth of both GBM cells. We identified 26 and 51 differentially expressed proteins (fc > 2) in A172 and U87 cell lines treated with P4, respectively. Only the pro‐tumorigenic mitochondrial ornithine aminotransferase and anti‐apoptotic mitochondrial 60 kDa heat shock protein were downregulated in A172 cell line and U87 cell line when treated with P4, respectively. Detoxification of reactive oxygen species, cellular response to stress, glucose metabolism, and immunity‐related proteins were altered in P4‐treated GBM cell lines. The paradox on the effect of low and high doses of P4 on GBM growth is gaining attention. The mechanism related to the high dose of P4 on GBM growth can be explained by the alterations in detoxification mechanisms, stress, and immune response and glucose metabolism. P4 suppresses GBM growth and as it is nontoxic in comparison to classical chemotherapeutics, it can be used as a new strategy in GBM treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meric A Altinoz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Ucal
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muazzez C Yilmaz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - İrem Kiris
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozan Ozisik
- Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, Inserm, MMG, Marseille, France
| | - Ugur Sezerman
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aysel Ozpinar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - İlhan Elmaci
- Department of Neurosurgery, Acibadem Maslak Hospital and School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
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18
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Rajala RVS. Aerobic Glycolysis in the Retina: Functional Roles of Pyruvate Kinase Isoforms. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:266. [PMID: 32426353 PMCID: PMC7203425 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
One hundred years ago, Otto Heinrich Warburg observed that postmitotic retinal cells are the highest oxygen-consuming cells in the body. He compared these cells to actively growing mitotic tumor cells since both cells reprogram glucose for anabolic processes, which include lipid, protein, and RNA/DNA synthesis, and for antioxidant metabolism. To achieve this metabolic reprogramming, cancer cells preferentially express a less active dimeric form, the M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase (PKM2), which shuttles glucose toward the accumulation of glycolytic intermediates that redirect cell activities into anabolic processes. Similar to cancer cells, retinal photoreceptors predominantly express the M2 isoform of PKM2. This isoform performs both metabolic and non-metabolic functions in photoreceptor cells. This review focuses on the metabolic and non-metabolic roles of pyruvate kinases in photoreceptor cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju V S Rajala
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Department of Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Dean McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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19
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An Intricate Connection between Alternative Splicing and Phenotypic Plasticity in Development and Cancer. Cells 2019; 9:cells9010034. [PMID: 31877720 PMCID: PMC7016785 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During tumor progression, hypoxia, nutrient deprivation or changes in the extracellular environment (i.e., induced by anti-cancer drugs) elicit adaptive responses in cancer cells. Cellular plasticity increases the chance that tumor cells may survive in a challenging microenvironment, acquire new mechanisms of resistance to conventional drugs, and spread to distant sites. Re-activation of stem pathways appears as a significant cause of cellular plasticity because it promotes the acquisition of stem-like properties through a profound phenotypic reprogramming of cancer cells. In addition, it is a major contributor to tumor heterogeneity, depending on the coexistence of phenotypically distinct subpopulations in the same tumor bulk. Several cellular mechanisms may drive this fundamental change, in particular, high-throughput sequencing technologies revealed a key role for alternative splicing (AS). Effectively, AS is one of the most important pre-mRNA processes that increases the diversity of transcriptome and proteome in a tissue- and development-dependent manner. Moreover, defective AS has been associated with several human diseases. However, its role in cancer cell plasticity and tumor heterogeneity remains unclear. Therefore, unravelling the intricate relationship between AS and the maintenance of a stem-like phenotype may explain molecular mechanisms underlying cancer cell plasticity and improve cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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20
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Fan JJ, Tang XH, Bai JJ, Ma DM, Jiang P. Pyruvate kinase genes in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella: molecular characterization, expression patterns, and effects of dietary carbohydrate levels. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2019; 45:1919-1931. [PMID: 31407136 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00688-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To explore features of carbohydrate metabolism and evolution of carbohydrate metabolism-associated genes in herbivorous fishes, the open reading frames (ORF) of PKL, PKMa, and PKMb genes of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) were obtained, encoding 538, 528, and 532 amino acids, respectively. Comparative genomic analysis showed that adjacent PK genes were highly conserved between fish and mammals. Gene expression profiles were quite different between the three PK genes in tissues and at developmental stages. PKL, PKMa, and PKMb had the highest expression levels in the liver, heart, and muscle, respectively. During embryogenesis, high expression levels of PKMa and PKMb were detected in unfertilized and fertilized eggs. Following a non-expression period, PKMa and PKMb exhibited high expressions again after the hatching stage. In contrast, PKL transcripts could not be detected in early developmental stages, and expression levels continued to increase from the hatching stage to 144 h post hatching. After the 8-week feeding trial with 18%, 30%, and 42% dietary carbohydrate levels, the concentrations of glucose and insulin in serum, pyruvate kinase enzymes, and gene expression levels in brain, muscle, and liver tissues all increased with the increase in carbohydrate levels in the diets. Furthermore, high carbohydrate levels (30% and 42% carbohydrate diets) had a greater effect on grass carp growth. This indicated that PKL, PKMa, and PKMb genes were not only very important in catalytic enzymes, which can be up-regulated by high carbohydrate dietary conditions, but also exhibited a complex and detailed division of labor in different tissues and developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dong-Mei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resource Application & Cultivation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, No. 1, Xingyu Road, Liwan District, Guangzhou, 510380, China.
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21
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Agosto LM, Gazzara MR, Radens CM, Sidoli S, Baeza J, Garcia BA, Lynch KW. Deep profiling and custom databases improve detection of proteoforms generated by alternative splicing. Genome Res 2019; 29:2046-2055. [PMID: 31727681 PMCID: PMC6886501 DOI: 10.1101/gr.248435.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alternative pre-mRNA splicing has long been proposed to contribute greatly to proteome complexity. However, the extent to which mature mRNA isoforms are successfully translated into protein remains controversial. Here, we used high-throughput RNA sequencing and mass spectrometry (MS)–based proteomics to better evaluate the translation of alternatively spliced mRNAs. To increase proteome coverage and improve protein quantitation, we optimized cell fractionation and sample processing steps at both the protein and peptide level. Furthermore, we generated a custom peptide database trained on analysis of RNA-seq data with MAJIQ, an algorithm optimized to detect and quantify differential and unannotated splice junction usage. We matched tandem mass spectra acquired by data-dependent acquisition (DDA) against our custom RNA-seq based database, as well as SWISS-PROT and RefSeq databases to improve identification of splicing-derived proteoforms by 28% compared with use of the SWISS-PROT database alone. Altogether, we identified peptide evidence for 554 alternate proteoforms corresponding to 274 genes. Our increased depth and detection of proteins also allowed us to track changes in the transcriptome and proteome induced by T-cell stimulation, as well as fluctuations in protein subcellular localization. In sum, our data here confirm that use of generic databases in proteomic studies underestimates the number of spliced mRNA isoforms that are translated into protein and provides a workflow that improves isoform detection in large-scale proteomic experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Agosto
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Matthew R Gazzara
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Genomics and Computational Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Caleb M Radens
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Genetics and Epigenetics, Cell & Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Simone Sidoli
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Josue Baeza
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Benjamin A Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Kristen W Lynch
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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22
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Alquraishi M, Puckett DL, Alani DS, Humidat AS, Frankel VD, Donohoe DR, Whelan J, Bettaieb A. Pyruvate kinase M2: A simple molecule with complex functions. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 143:176-192. [PMID: 31401304 PMCID: PMC6848794 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase M2 is a critical enzyme that regulates cell metabolism and growth under different physiological conditions. In its metabolic role, pyruvate kinase M2 catalyzes the last glycolytic step which converts phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate with the generation of ATP. Beyond this metabolic role in glycolysis, PKM2 regulates gene expression in the nucleus, phosphorylates several essential proteins that regulate major cell signaling pathways, and contribute to the redox homeostasis of cancer cells. The expression of PKM2 has been demonstrated to be significantly elevated in several types of cancer, and the overall inflammatory response. The unusual pattern of PKM2 expression inspired scientists to investigate the unrevealed functions of PKM2 and the therapeutic potential of targeting PKM2 in cancer and other disorders. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to discuss the mechanistic and therapeutic potential of targeting PKM2 with the focus on cancer metabolism, redox homeostasis, inflammation, and metabolic disorders. This review highlights and provides insight into the metabolic and non-metabolic functions of PKM2 and its relevant association with health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alquraishi
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA
| | - Dexter L Puckett
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA
| | - Dina S Alani
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA
| | - Amal S Humidat
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA
| | - Victoria D Frankel
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA
| | - Dallas R Donohoe
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA
| | - Jay Whelan
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA
| | - Ahmed Bettaieb
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA; Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-0840, USA.
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23
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Shinohara H, Sugito N, Kuranaga Y, Heishima K, Minami Y, Naoe T, Akao Y. Potent antiproliferative effect of fatty-acid derivative AIC-47 on leukemic mice harboring BCR-ABL mutation. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:751-760. [PMID: 30548479 PMCID: PMC6361563 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapy based on targeted inhibition of BCR‐ABL tyrosine kinase has greatly improved the prognosis for patients with Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)‐positive leukemia and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) have become standard therapy. However, some patients acquire resistance to TKI that is frequently associated with point mutations in BCR‐ABL. We previously reported that a medium‐chain fatty‐acid derivative AIC‐47 induced transcriptional suppression of BCR‐ABL and perturbation of the Warburg effect, leading to growth inhibition in Ph‐positive leukemia cells. Herein, we showed that AIC‐47 had anti‐leukemic effects in either wild type (WT)‐ or mutated‐BCR‐ABL‐harboring cells. AIC‐47 suppressed transcription of BCR‐ABL gene regardless of the mutation through downregulation of transcriptional activator, c‐Myc. Reprogramming of the metabolic pathway has been reported to be associated with resistance to anti‐cancer drugs; however, we found that a point mutation of BCR‐ABL was independent of the profile of pyruvate kinase muscle (PKM) isoform expression. Even in T315I‐mutated cells, AIC‐47 induced switching of the expression profile of PKM isoforms from PKM2 to PKM1, suggesting that AIC‐47 disrupted the Warburg effect. In a leukemic mouse model, AIC‐47 greatly suppressed the increase in BCR‐ABLmRNA level and improved hepatosplenomegaly regardless of the BCR‐ABL mutation. Notably, the improvement of splenomegaly by AIC‐47 was remarkable and might be equal to or greater than that of TKI. These findings suggest that AIC‐47 might be a promising agent for overcoming the resistance of Ph‐positive leukemia to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Shinohara
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Sugito
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuki Kuranaga
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kazuki Heishima
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yosuke Minami
- Department of Hematology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tomoki Naoe
- National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Akao
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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24
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Shullia NI, Raffiudin R, Juliandi B. The Phosphofructokinase and Pyruvate Kinase Genes in Apis andreniformis and Apis cerana indica: Exon Intron Organisation and Evolution. Trop Life Sci Res 2019; 30:89-107. [PMID: 30847035 PMCID: PMC6396890 DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2019.30.1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes related to carbohydrate metabolism have evolved rapidly in eusocial bees, including honey bees. However, the characterisation of carbohydrate metabolism genes has not been reported in Apis andreniformis or Apis cerana indica. This study aimed to characterise phosphofructokinase (PFK) and pyruvate kinase (PK) genes in these honey bee species and to analyse the evolution of the genus Apis using these genes. This study found the first data regarding A. andreniformis PFK and PK-like nucleotide sequences. A BLAST-n algorithm-based search showed that A. andreniformis and A. c. indica PFK and PK genes were homologous with those of Apis florea and Apis cerana cerana from Korea, respectively. Multiple alignments of PFKs from five Apis species showed many exon gains and losses, but only one among the PKs. Thus, the exon-intron organisation of the PK genes may be more conserved compare with that of the PFKs. Another evolutionary pattern indicated that more nucleotide substitutions occurred in Apis' PK than PFK genes. Deduced PFK amino acid sequences revealed a PFK consensus pattern of 19 amino acids, while the deduced PK amino acid sequences were predicted to have barrel and alpha/beta domains. Based on these two metabolism-related genes, The Neighbour-joining and Maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees are congruent and revealed that the A. andreniformis and A. florea group were in the basal position. Apis mellifera, A. cerana, and Apis dorsata formed a monophyletic clade, although the positions of A. mellifera and A. dorsata were different in the nucleotide- and amino acid-based phylogenetic trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul I. Shullia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Dramaga Campus, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Rika Raffiudin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Dramaga Campus, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Berry Juliandi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Dramaga Campus, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
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25
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Nonnenmacher Y, Hiller K. Biochemistry of proinflammatory macrophage activation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2093-2109. [PMID: 29502308 PMCID: PMC5948278 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2784-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, metabolism has been recognized as a major determinant of immunological processes. During an inflammatory response, macrophages undergo striking changes in their metabolism. This metabolic reprogramming is governed by a complex interplay between metabolic enzymes and metabolites of different pathways and represents the basis for proper macrophage function. It is now evident that these changes go far beyond the well-known Warburg effect and the perturbation of metabolic targets is being investigated as a means to treat infections and auto-immune diseases. In the present review, we will aim to provide an overview of the metabolic responses during proinflammatory macrophage activation and show how these changes modulate the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannic Nonnenmacher
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry and Braunschweig Integrated Center of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Karsten Hiller
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry and Braunschweig Integrated Center of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106, Brunswick, Germany.
- Computational Biology of Infection Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124, Brunswick, Germany.
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26
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Hsu MC, Hung WC. Pyruvate kinase M2 fuels multiple aspects of cancer cells: from cellular metabolism, transcriptional regulation to extracellular signaling. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:35. [PMID: 29455645 PMCID: PMC5817853 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0791-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Originally identified as a metabolic enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to ADP in the glycolytic pathway, pyruvate kinase M2-type (PKM2) has been shown to exhibit novel biological activities in the nucleus and outside the cells. Although cell-based studies reveal new non-canonical functions of PKM2 in gene transcription, epigenetic modulation and cell cycle progression, the importance of these non-canonical functions in PKM2-mediated tumorigenesis is still under debate because studies in genetically modified mice do not consistently echo the findings observed in cultured cancer cells. In addition to regulation of gene expression, the existence of PKM2 in exosomes opens a new venue to study the potential role of this glycolytic enzyme in cell-cell communication and extracellular signal initiation. In this review, we briefly summarize current understanding of PKM2 in metabolic switch and gene regulation. We will then emphasize recent progress of PKM2 in extracellular signaling and tumor microenvironment reprogramming. Finally, the discrepancy of some PKM2’s functions in vitro and in vivo, and the application of PKM2 in cancer detection and treatment will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chuan Hsu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 367, Shengli Road, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chun Hung
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 367, Shengli Road, Tainan, 704, Taiwan. .,Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 802, Taiwan.
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27
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Biswal BN, Das SN, Das BK, Rath R. Alteration of cellular metabolism in cancer cells and its therapeutic prospects. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2017; 21:244-251. [PMID: 28932034 PMCID: PMC5596675 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_60_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transformation of a normal cell into a cancerous phenotype is essentially backed by genetic mutations that trigger several oncogenic signaling pathways. These signaling pathways rewire the cellular metabolism to meet the bioenergetic and biomass requirement of proliferating cell, which is different from a quiescent cell. Although the change of metabolism in a cancer cell was observed and studied in the mid-20th century, it was not adequate to explain oncogenesis. Now, equipped with a revolution of oncogenes, we have a genetic basis to explain the transformation. Through several studies, it is clear now that such metabolic alterations not only promote cancer progression but also contribute to the chemoresistance of cancer. Targeting specific enzymes and combinations of enzymes can improve the efficacy of cancer therapy and help to overcome the therapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biranchi Narayan Biswal
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, S.C.B. Dental College and Hospital, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - Surya Narayan Das
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, S.C.B. Dental College and Hospital, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - Bijoy Kumar Das
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, S.C.B. Dental College and Hospital, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - Rachna Rath
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, S.C.B. Dental College and Hospital, Cuttack, Odisha, India
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28
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Dayton TL, Jacks T, Vander Heiden MG. PKM2, cancer metabolism, and the road ahead. EMBO Rep 2016; 17:1721-1730. [PMID: 27856534 PMCID: PMC5283597 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201643300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A major metabolic aberration associated with cancer is a change in glucose metabolism. Isoform selection of the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase has been implicated in the metabolic phenotype of cancer cells, and specific pyruvate kinase isoforms have been suggested to support divergent energetic and biosynthetic requirements of cells in tumors and normal tissues. PKM2 isoform expression has been closely linked to embryogenesis, tissue repair, and cancer. In contrast, forced expression of the PKM1 isoform has been associated with reduced tumor cell proliferation. Here, we discuss the role that PKM2 plays in cells and provide a historical perspective for how the study of PKM2 has contributed to understanding cancer metabolism. We also review recent studies that raise important questions with regard to the role of PKM2 in both normal and cancer cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talya L Dayton
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tyler Jacks
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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29
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Liu VM, Vander Heiden MG. The Role of Pyruvate Kinase M2 in Cancer Metabolism. Brain Pathol 2016; 25:781-3. [PMID: 26526946 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase is expressed preferentially in cancer cells over other pyruvate kinase isoforms. PKM2 is unique in its ability to be regulated allosterically by nutrients and growth signaling pathways, allowing cells to adapt their metabolic program to match physiological needs in different environments. Here, we discuss the role of pyruvate kinase M2 in glioma and in cancer metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian M Liu
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.,Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
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30
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Freire M, Sarandeses CS, Covelo G, Díaz-Jullien C. Phosphorylation of Prothymosin α. An Approach to Its Biological Significance. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2016; 102:73-99. [PMID: 27450731 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prothymosin α (ProTα), the precursor of the thymosin α1 and thymosin α11, is a 109-111 amino acids protein widely distributed in the mammalian tissues that is essential for the cell proliferation and survival through its implication on chromatin remodeling and in the proapoptotic activity. ProTα is phosphorylated at Thr residues by the M2 isoenzyme of the pyruvate kinase in a process that is dependent on the cell proliferation activity, which constitutes a novel dual functionality of this enzyme. The Thr residues phosphorylated are apparently dependent on the carcinogenic transformation of the cells. Thus, in normal lymphocytes residues Thr11 or Thr12 are phosphorylated in addition to a Thr7 residue, while in tumor cells Thr7 is the only residue phosphorylated. Phosphorylation of ProTα seems to be related to its antiapoptotic activity, although other possibilities cannot be discarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Freire
- Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - C S Sarandeses
- Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - G Covelo
- Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - C Díaz-Jullien
- Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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31
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Alves-Filho JC, Pålsson-McDermott EM. Pyruvate Kinase M2: A Potential Target for Regulating Inflammation. Front Immunol 2016; 7:145. [PMID: 27148264 PMCID: PMC4838608 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase (PK) is the enzyme responsible for catalyzing the last step of glycolysis. Of the four PK isoforms expressed in mammalian cells, PKM2 has generated the most interest due to its impact on changes in cellular metabolism observed in cancer as well as in activated immune cells. As our understanding of dysregulated metabolism in cancer develops, and in light of the growing field of immunometabolism, intense efforts are in place to define the mechanism by which PKM2 regulates the metabolic profile of cancer as well as of immune cells. The enzymatic activity of PKM2 is heavily regulated by endogenous allosteric effectors as well as by intracellular signaling pathways, affecting both the enzymatic activity of PKM2 as a PK and the regulation of the recently described non-canonical nuclear functions of PKM2. We here review the current literature on PKM2 and its regulation, and discuss the potential for this protein as a therapeutic target in inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose C Alves-Filho
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo , Ribeirao Preto , Brazil
| | - Eva M Pålsson-McDermott
- Biomedical Science Institute, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
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32
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Lim K, Yoon BH, Ha CH. O-Linked N-acetylglucosaminylation of Sp1 interferes with Sp1 activation of glycolytic genes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 468:349-53. [PMID: 26499076 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glycolysis, the primary pathway metabolizing glucose for energy production, is connected to the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) which produces UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), a GlcNAc donor for O-linked GlcNAc modification (O-GlcNAc), as well as for traditional elongated glycosylation. Thus, glycolysis and O-GlcNAc are intimately associated. The present study reports the transcriptional activation of glycolytic genes by the transcription factor Sp1 and the O-GlcNAc-mediated suppression of Sp1-dependent activation of glycolytic genes. O-GlcNAc-deficient mutant Sp1 stimulated the transcription of nine glycolytic genes and cellular production of pyruvate, the final product of glycolysis, to a greater extent than wild-type Sp1. Consistently, this mutant Sp1 increased the protein levels of the two key glycolytic enzymes, phosphofructokinase (PFK) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), to a greater extent than wild-type Sp1. Finally, the mutant Sp1 occupied GC-rich elements on PFK and GAPDH promoters more efficiently than wild-type Sp1. These results suggest that O-GlcNAcylation of Sp1 suppresses Sp1-mediated activation of glycolytic gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihong Lim
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 609, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Bo Hyun Yoon
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, 86 Asanbyeoungwon-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hoon Ha
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, 86 Asanbyeoungwon-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea.
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Israelsen WJ, Vander Heiden MG. Pyruvate kinase: Function, regulation and role in cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 43:43-51. [PMID: 26277545 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate and ADP to pyruvate and ATP in glycolysis and plays a role in regulating cell metabolism. There are four mammalian pyruvate kinase isoforms with unique tissue expression patterns and regulatory properties. The M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase (PKM2) supports anabolic metabolism and is expressed both in cancer and normal tissue. The enzymatic activity of PKM2 is allosterically regulated by both intracellular signaling pathways and metabolites; PKM2 thus integrates signaling and metabolic inputs to modulate glucose metabolism according to the needs of the cell. Recent advances have increased our understanding of metabolic regulation by pyruvate kinase, raised new questions, and suggested the possibility of non-canonical PKM2 functions to regulate gene expression and cell cycle progression via protein-protein interactions and protein kinase activity. Here we review the structure, function, and regulation of pyruvate kinase and discuss how these properties enable regulation of PKM2 for cell proliferation and tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Israelsen
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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34
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Metabolic modulation of cancer: a new frontier with great translational potential. J Mol Med (Berl) 2015; 93:127-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-014-1250-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Palsson-McDermott EM, Curtis AM, Goel G, Lauterbach MAR, Sheedy FJ, Gleeson LE, van den Bosch MWM, Quinn SR, Domingo-Fernandez R, Johnston DGW, Jiang JK, Jiang JK, Israelsen WJ, Keane J, Thomas C, Clish C, Vander Heiden M, Vanden Heiden M, Xavier RJ, O'Neill LAJ. Pyruvate kinase M2 regulates Hif-1α activity and IL-1β induction and is a critical determinant of the warburg effect in LPS-activated macrophages. Cell Metab 2015; 21:65-80. [PMID: 25565206 PMCID: PMC5198835 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 812] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages activated by the TLR4 agonist LPS undergo dramatic changes in their metabolic activity. We here show that LPS induces expression of the key metabolic regulator Pyruvate Kinase M2 (PKM2). Activation of PKM2 using two well-characterized small molecules, DASA-58 and TEPP-46, inhibited LPS-induced Hif-1α and IL-1β, as well as the expression of a range of other Hif-1α-dependent genes. Activation of PKM2 attenuated an LPS-induced proinflammatory M1 macrophage phenotype while promoting traits typical of an M2 macrophage. We show that LPS-induced PKM2 enters into a complex with Hif-1α, which can directly bind to the IL-1β promoter, an event that is inhibited by activation of PKM2. Both compounds inhibited LPS-induced glycolytic reprogramming and succinate production. Finally, activation of PKM2 by TEPP-46 in vivo inhibited LPS and Salmonella typhimurium-induced IL-1β production, while boosting production of IL-10. PKM2 is therefore a critical determinant of macrophage activation by LPS, promoting the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Palsson-McDermott
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Anne M Curtis
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Gautam Goel
- Centre for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Gastrointestinal Unit and Centre for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Mario A R Lauterbach
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Frederick J Sheedy
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Laura E Gleeson
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mirjam W M van den Bosch
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Susan R Quinn
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Raquel Domingo-Fernandez
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Daniel G W Johnston
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | - Jain-Kang Jiang
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), Chemical Genomics Centre, National Centre for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - William J Israelsen
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Joseph Keane
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Craig Thomas
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), Chemical Genomics Centre, National Centre for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Clary Clish
- Broad Institute of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Matthew Vanden Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Centre for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Gastrointestinal Unit and Centre for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Luke A J O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Gray LR, Tompkins SC, Taylor EB. Regulation of pyruvate metabolism and human disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 71:2577-604. [PMID: 24363178 PMCID: PMC4059968 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1539-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 522] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate is a keystone molecule critical for numerous aspects of eukaryotic and human metabolism. Pyruvate is the end-product of glycolysis, is derived from additional sources in the cellular cytoplasm, and is ultimately destined for transport into mitochondria as a master fuel input undergirding citric acid cycle carbon flux. In mitochondria, pyruvate drives ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation and multiple biosynthetic pathways intersecting the citric acid cycle. Mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism is regulated by many enzymes, including the recently discovered mitochondria pyruvate carrier, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and pyruvate carboxylase, to modulate overall pyruvate carbon flux. Mutations in any of the genes encoding for proteins regulating pyruvate metabolism may lead to disease. Numerous cases have been described. Aberrant pyruvate metabolism plays an especially prominent role in cancer, heart failure, and neurodegeneration. Because most major diseases involve aberrant metabolism, understanding and exploiting pyruvate carbon flux may yield novel treatments that enhance human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence R Gray
- Department of Biochemistry, Fraternal Order of the Eagles Diabetes Research Center, and François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd, 4-403 BSB, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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Archer MC. Role of sp transcription factors in the regulation of cancer cell metabolism. Genes Cancer 2012; 2:712-9. [PMID: 22207896 DOI: 10.1177/1947601911423029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells exhibit altered metabolism characterized by the generation of adenosine triphosphate by glycolysis and generation of fatty acids by de novo synthesis. The majority of genes involved in these pathways have binding sites for specificity protein (Sp) transcription factors in their promoters. Studies showing that Sp transcription factors, particularly Sp1, are involved in the regulation in cancer cells of hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, fatty acid synthase, and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α are reviewed. Glycolysis and lipogenesis in cancers are also known to be stimulated by the constitutive activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Evidence is presented for the notion that Sp transcription factors may act in concert with Akt to regulate the abnormal metabolism of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Archer
- Departments of Nutritional Sciences and of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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38
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Concentration-dependent control of pyruvate kinase M mutually exclusive splicing by hnRNP proteins. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2012; 19:346-54. [PMID: 22307054 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the mammalian pyruvate kinase M (PKM) gene provides an important example of mutually exclusive splicing. We showed previously that the hnRNP proteins A1, A2 and PTB have a crucial role in this process. Here we provide evidence that concentration-dependent interactions involving a network of these proteins are sufficient to determine the outcome of PKM splicing. At high concentrations, such as those found in most cancer cells, hnRNPA1 binding to two sites in the upstream regulated exon (exon 9) orchestrates cooperative interactions leading to exon 9 exclusion. At lower concentrations, binding shifts to downstream intronic sites, such that exon 9 is included and exon 10 mainly excluded, with any mRNA including both exons degraded by nonsense-mediated decay. Together, our results provide a mechanism by which a few general factors control alternative splicing of a widely expressed transcript.
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Abstract
Genetic events in cancer activate signalling pathways that alter cell metabolism. Clinical evidence has linked cell metabolism with cancer outcomes. Together, these observations have raised interest in targeting metabolic enzymes for cancer therapy, but they have also raised concerns that these therapies would have unacceptable effects on normal cells. However, some of the first cancer therapies that were developed target the specific metabolic needs of cancer cells and remain effective agents in the clinic today. Research into how changes in cell metabolism promote tumour growth has accelerated in recent years. This has refocused efforts to target metabolic dependencies of cancer cells as a selective anticancer strategy.
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40
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Abstract
Glycolysis, a central metabolic pathway, harbors evolutionary conserved enzymes that modulate and potentially shift the cellular metabolism on requirement. Pyruvate kinase, which catalyzes the last but rate-limiting step of glycolysis, is expressed in four isozymic forms, depending on the tissue requirement. M2 isoform (PKM2) is exclusively expressed in embryonic and adult dividing/tumor cells. This tetrameric allosterically regulated isoform is intrinsically designed to downregulate its activity by subunit dissociation (into dimer), which results in partial inhibition of glycolysis at the last step. This accumulates all upstream glycolytic intermediates as an anabolic feed for synthesis of lipids and nucleic acids, whereas reassociation of PKM2 into active tetramer replenishes the normal catabolism as a feedback after cell division. In addition, involvement of this enzyme in a variety of pathways, protein-protein interactions, and nuclear transport suggests its potential to perform multiple nonglycolytic functions with diverse implications, although multidimensional role of this protein is as yet not fully explored. This review aims to provide an overview of the involvement of PKM2 in various physiological pathways with possible functional implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhor Gupta
- National Centre of Applied Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
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41
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Díaz-Jullien C, Moreira D, Sarandeses CS, Covelo G, Barbeito P, Freire M. The M2-type isoenzyme of pyruvate kinase phosphorylates prothymosin α in proliferating lymphocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2010; 1814:355-65. [PMID: 20977946 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Prothymosin α (ProTα) is a multifunctional protein that, in mammalian cells, is involved in nuclear metabolism through its interaction with histones and that also has a cytosolic role as an apoptotic inhibitor. ProTα is phosphorylated by a protein kinase (ProTαK), the activity of which is dependent on phosphorylation. ProTα phosphorylation also correlates with cell proliferation. Mass spectrometric analysis of ProTαK purified from human tumor lymphocytes (NC37 cells) enabled us to identify this enzyme as the M2-type isoenzyme of pyruvate kinase. A study on the relationship between ProTαK activity and pyruvate kinase isoforms in NC37 cells and in other cell types confirmed that the M2 isoform is the enzyme responsible for ProTαK activity in proliferating cells. Yet, about 10% of the cellular pool of the M2 isoform shows specific affinity for ProTα and is responsible for ProTαK activity. This pool of M2 protein possesses no observable pyruvate kinase activity and changes its responses to various effectors of pyruvate kinase activity; however, these responses to PK effectors are maintained by the main cellular fraction containing the M2 isoform. Acquisition of ProTαK activity by M2 seems to be due to the phosphorylation of serine and threonine residues, which, besides being essential for its catalytic activity, induces a trimeric association of ProTαK. This association can be shifted to a tetrameric form by fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate, which results in a decrease in ProTαK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Díaz-Jullien
- Departmento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, CIBUS, Facltad de Bíología Universidad de Santiago de compostela, Spain
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42
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Jiang JK, Boxer MB, Vander Heiden MG, Shen M, Skoumbourdis AP, Southall N, Veith H, Leister W, Austin CP, Park HW, Inglese J, Cantley LC, Auld DS, Thomas CJ. Evaluation of thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole[3,2-d]pyridazinones as activators of the tumor cell specific M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:3387-93. [PMID: 20451379 PMCID: PMC2874658 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells have distinct metabolic needs that are different from normal cells and can be exploited for development of anti-cancer therapeutics. Activation of the tumor specific M2 form of pyruvate kinase (PKM2) is a potential strategy for returning cancer cells to a metabolic state characteristic of normal cells. Here, we describe activators of PKM2 based upon a substituted thieno[3,2-b]pyrrole[3,2-d]pyridazinone scaffold. The synthesis of these agents, structure-activity relationships, analysis of activity at related targets (PKM1, PKR and PKL) and examination of aqueous solubility are investigated. These agents represent the second reported chemotype for activation of PKM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-kang Jiang
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
| | - Matthew B. Boxer
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
| | - Matthew G. Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute at MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 USA
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 USA
| | - Min Shen
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
| | - Amanda P. Skoumbourdis
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
| | - Noel Southall
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
| | - Henrike Veith
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
| | - William Leister
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
| | - Christopher P. Austin
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
| | - Hee Won Park
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L5
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - James Inglese
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
| | - Lewis C. Cantley
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 USA
- Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Douglas S. Auld
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
| | - Craig J. Thomas
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
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Boxer MB, Jiang JK, Vander Heiden MG, Shen M, Skoumbourdis AP, Southall N, Veith H, Leister W, Austin CP, Park HW, Inglese J, Cantley LC, Auld DS, Thomas CJ. Evaluation of substituted N,N'-diarylsulfonamides as activators of the tumor cell specific M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase. J Med Chem 2010; 53:1048-55. [PMID: 20017496 PMCID: PMC2818804 DOI: 10.1021/jm901577g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The metabolism of cancer cells is altered to support rapid proliferation. Pharmacological activators of a tumor cell specific pyruvate kinase isozyme (PKM2) may be an approach for altering the classic Warburg effect characteristic of aberrant metabolism in cancer cells yielding a novel antiproliferation strategy. In this manuscript, we detail the discovery of a series of substituted N,N'-diarylsulfonamides as activators of PKM2. The synthesis of numerous analogues and the evaluation of structure-activity relationships are presented as well as assessments of mechanism and selectivity. Several agents are found that have good potencies and appropriate solubility for use as chemical probes of PKM2 including 55 (AC(50) = 43 nM, maximum response = 84%; solubility = 7.3 microg/mL), 56 (AC(50) = 99 nM, maximum response = 84%; solubility = 5.7 microg/mL), and 58 (AC(50) = 38 nM, maximum response = 82%; solubility = 51.2 microg/mL). The small molecules described here represent first-in-class activators of PKM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B. Boxer
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
| | - Jian-kang Jiang
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
| | - Matthew G. Vander Heiden
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 USA
| | - Min Shen
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
| | - Amanda P. Skoumbourdis
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
| | - Noel Southall
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
| | - Henrike Veith
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
| | - William Leister
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
| | - Christopher P. Austin
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
| | - Hee Won Park
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L5
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - James Inglese
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
| | - Lewis C. Cantley
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 USA
- Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Douglas S. Auld
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
| | - Craig J. Thomas
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
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44
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Rescue of pyruvate kinase deficiency in mice by gene therapy using the human isoenzyme. Mol Ther 2009; 17:2000-9. [PMID: 19755962 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2009.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human erythrocyte R-type pyruvate kinase deficiency (PKD) is a disorder caused by mutations in the PKLR gene that produces chronic nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia. Besides periodic blood transfusion and splenectomy, severe cases require bone marrow (BM) transplant, which makes this disease a good candidate for gene therapy. Here, the normal human R-type pyruvate kinase (hRPK) complementary (cDNA) was expressed in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) derived from pklr deficient mice, using a retroviral vector system. These mice show a similar red blood cell phenotype to that observed in human PKD. Transduced HSCs were transplanted into myeloablated adult PKD mice or in utero injected into nonconditioned PKD fetuses. In the myeloablated recipients, the hematological manifestations of PKD were completely resolved and normal percentages of late erythroid progenitors, reticulocyte and erythrocyte counts, hemoglobin levels and erythrocyte biochemistry were restored. Corrected cells preserved their rescuing capacity after secondary and tertiary transplant. When corrected cells were in utero transplanted, partial correction of the erythrocyte disease was obtained, although a very low number of corrected cells became engrafted, suggesting a different efficiency of cell therapy applied in utero. Our data suggest that transduction of human RPK cDNA in PKLR mutated HSCs could be an effective strategy in severe cases of PKD.
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45
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Spoden GA, Morandell D, Ehehalt D, Fiedler M, Jansen-Dürr P, Hermann M, Zwerschke W. The SUMO-E3 ligase PIAS3 targets pyruvate kinase M2. J Cell Biochem 2009; 107:293-302. [PMID: 19308990 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase M2 (M2-PK) controls the rate-limiting step at the end of the glycolytic pathway in normal proliferating and tumor cells. Other functions of M2-PK in addition to its role in glycolysis are little understood. The aim of this study was to identify new cellular interaction partners of M2-PK in order to discover novel links between M2-PK and cellular functions. Here we show that the SUMO-E3 ligase protein PIAS3 (inhibitor of activated STAT3) physically interacts with M2-PK and its isoenzyme M1-PK. Moreover, we demonstrate that endogenous SUMO-1-M2-PK conjugates exist in mammalian cells. Furthermore, we show that transient expression of PIAS3 but not the RING domain mutant PIAS3 (C299S, H301A) is consistent with nuclear localization of M2-PK and PIAS3 and M2-PK partially co-localize in the nucleus of these cells. This study suggests a link between PIAS3 and nuclear pyruvate kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles A Spoden
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innsbruck, Austria
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46
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Akhtar K, Gupta V, Koul A, Alam N, Bhat R, Bamezai RNK. Differential behavior of missense mutations in the intersubunit contact domain of the human pyruvate kinase M2 isozyme. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:11971-81. [PMID: 19265196 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m808761200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we attempted to understand the mechanism of regulation of the activity and allosteric behavior of the pyruvate kinase M(2) enzyme and two of its missense mutations, H391Y and K422R, found in cells from Bloom syndrome patients, prone to develop cancer. Results show that despite the presence of mutations in the intersubunit contact domain, the K422R and H391Y mutant proteins maintained their homotetrameric structure, similar to the wild-type protein, but showed a loss of activity of 75 and 20%, respectively. Interestingly, H391Y showed a 6-fold increase in affinity for its substrate phosphoenolpyruvate and behaved like a non-allosteric protein with compromised cooperative binding. However, the affinity for phosphoenolpyruvate was lost significantly in K422R. Unlike K422R, H391Y showed enhanced thermal stability, stability over a range of pH values, a lesser effect of the allosteric inhibitor Phe, and resistance toward structural alteration upon binding of the activator (fructose 1,6-bisphosphate) and inhibitor (Phe). Both mutants showed a slight shift in the pH optimum from 7.4 to 7.0. Although this study signifies the importance of conserved amino acid residues in long-range communications between the subunits of multimeric proteins, the altered behavior of mutants is suggestive of their probable role in tumor-promoting growth and metabolism in Bloom syndrome patients with defective pyruvate kinase M(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Akhtar
- National Centre of Applied Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, New Delhi, India
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47
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van Wijk R, Huizinga EG, van Wesel AC, van Oirschot BA, A. Hadders M, van Solinge WW. Fifteen novel mutations inPKLRassociated with pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency: Structural implications of amino acid substitutions in PK. Hum Mutat 2009; 30:446-53. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.20915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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Feiden S, Stypa H, Wolfrum U, Wegener G, Kamp G. A novel pyruvate kinase (PK-S) from boar spermatozoa is localized at the fibrous sheath and the acrosome. Reproduction 2007; 134:81-95. [PMID: 17641091 DOI: 10.1530/rep-06-0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Boar spermatozoa contain a novel pyruvate kinase (PK-S) that is tightly bound at the acrosome of the sperm head and at the fibrous sheath in the principal piece of the flagellum, while the midpiece contains a soluble pyruvate kinase (PK). PK-S could not be solubilized by detergents, but by trypsin with no loss of activity. Purified PK-S as well as PK-S still bound to cell structures and soluble sperm PK have all kinetics similar to those of rabbit muscle PK-M1. The PK-S subunit had a relative molecular mass of 64 +/- 1 x 10(3) (n = 3), i.e. slightly higher than that of PK-M1, and carried an N-terminal extension (NH(2)-TSEAM-COOH) that is lacking in native PK-M1. Evidence is provided that PK-S is encoded by the PKM gene. Antibodies produced against the N-terminus of purified PK-S (NH(2)-TSEAMPKAHMDAG-COOH) were specific for PK-S as they did not react with somatic PKs or soluble sperm PK, while anti-PK-M1 recognized both sperm PKs. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed anti-PK-S to label the acrosome and the flagellar principal piece, whereas the midpiece containing the mitochondria was labelled only by anti-PK-M1. Immunogold labelling confirmed the localization of PK-S at the acrosome. In the principal piece, both polyclonal anti-PK-M1 and anti-PK-S were found at the fibrous sheath. Our results suggest that PK-S is a major component in the structural organization of glycolysis in boar spermatozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Feiden
- Molecular Physiology Section, Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Becherweg 9-11, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
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Meza NW, Quintana-Bustamante O, Puyet A, Rio P, Navarro S, Diez A, Bueren JA, Bautista JM, Segovia JC. In vitro and in vivo expression of human erythrocyte pyruvate kinase in erythroid cells: a gene therapy approach. Hum Gene Ther 2007; 18:502-14. [PMID: 17547515 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pyruvate kinase deficiency (PKD), an autosomal recessive disorder produced by mutations in the PKLR gene, is the most common cause of chronic nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia. Transduction of wild-type erythroid (R-type) pyruvate kinase (RPK) cDNA into deficient hematopoietic stem cells could be of potential use as rescue therapy in severe clinical cases. In this study, gammaretroviral vectors expressing human RPK were designed as possible gene therapy candidates for this disease. Through real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and flow cytometric analysis, we demonstrate stable RPK expression in both undifferentiated and differentiated murine erythroleukemia cells. In this in vitro assay, the proportion of transduced cells and the intensity of expression of the transgene remained unaltered after 6 months of culture. Moreover, transplanting human RPK-transduced Lin(-)Sca-1(+) mouse cells in myeloablated primary and secondary recipients rendered high proportions of erythroid precursors and mature erythrocytes expressing RPK, without inducing hematopoietic effects. These findings suggest that retroviral vectors could be useful for the delivery and expression of RPK in erythroid cells, and provide evidence of the potential use of gene therapy strategies to phenotypically correct erythroid PKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- N W Meza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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Dall’Olio S, Davoli R, Scotti E, Fontanesi L, Russo V. SNPs within the beta myosin heavy chain ( MYH7)and the pyruvate kinase muscle ( PKM2) genes in horse. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2007. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2007.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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