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Zhang R, Chen X, Wang Y, Bai X, Yang Q, Zhong Y, Yu XQ, Jin F, Yang W. BmMD-2A responds to 20-hydroxyecdysone and regulates Bombyx mori silkworm innate immunity in larva-to-pupa metamorphosis. INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 30:411-424. [PMID: 35871306 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
20E-hydroxyecdysone (20E) plays important roles in larval molting and metamorphosis in insects and is also involved in the insect innate immune response. Insect metamorphosis is a highly successful strategy for environmental adaptation and is the most vulnerable stage during which the insect is susceptible to various pathogens. 20E regulates a series of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) through the immunodeficiency (IMD) pathway activation in Drosophila; nevertheless, whether other immune pathways are involved in 20E-regulated insect immunity is unknown. Our previous studies showed that BmMD-2A is a member of the MD-2-related lipid recognition (ML) family of proteins that are involved in the Bombyx mori innate immunity Toll signaling pathway. In this study, we further demonstrate that BmMD-2A is also positively regulated by 20E, and the BmMD-2A neutralization experiment suggested that 20E activates some downstream immune effect factors, the AMP genes against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, through the regulation of BmMD-2A in larval metamorphosis, implying that B. mori may use the Toll-ML signaling pathway to maintain innate immune balance in the larval-pupal metamorphosis stage, which is a different innate immunity pathway regulated by 20E compared to the IMD pathway in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Zhang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xue Chen
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xu Bai
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qiong Yang
- The Sericultural and Agri-Food Research Institute of the Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangjin Zhong
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengliang Jin
- Guangdong Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Creation and Application of Guangdong Province, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wanying Yang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Laboratory of Insect Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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Moreno-García M, Recio-Tótoro B, Claudio-Piedras F, Lanz-Mendoza H. Injury and immune response: applying the danger theory to mosquitoes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:451. [PMID: 25250040 PMCID: PMC4158974 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The insect immune response can be activated by the recognition of both non-self and molecular by-products of tissue damage. Since pathogens and tissue damage usually arise at the same time during infection, the specific mechanisms of the immune response to microorganisms, and to tissue damage have not been unraveled. Consequently, some aspects of damage caused by microorganisms in vector-borne arthropods have been neglected. We herein reassess the Anopheles-Plasmodium interaction, incorporating Matzinger's danger/damage hypothesis and George Salt's injury assumptions. The invasive forms of the parasite cross the peritrophic matrix and midgut epithelia to reach the basal lamina and differentiate into an oocyst. The sporozoites produced in the oocyst are released into the hemolymph, and from there enter the salivary gland. During parasite development, wounds to midgut tissue and the basement membrane are produced. We describe the response of the different compartments where the parasite interacts with the mosquito. In the midgut, the response includes the expression of antimicrobial peptides, production of reactive oxygen species, and possible activation of midgut regenerative cells. In the basal membrane, wound repair mainly involves the production of molecules and the recruitment of hemocytes. We discuss the susceptibility to damage in tissues, and how the place and degree of damage may influence the differential response and the expression of damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Knowledge about damage caused by parasites may lead to a deeper understanding of the relevance of tissue damage and the immune response it generates, as well as the origins and progression of infection in this insect-parasite interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Moreno-García
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud PúblicaCuernavaca, México
| | - Benito Recio-Tótoro
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud PúblicaCuernavaca, México
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Posgrado en Ciencias Bioquímicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCuernavaca, México
| | - Fabiola Claudio-Piedras
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud PúblicaCuernavaca, México
- Facultad de Medicina, Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMéxico City, México
| | - Humberto Lanz-Mendoza
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud PúblicaCuernavaca, México
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Herrera-Ortiz A, Martínez-Barnetche J, Smit N, Rodriguez MH, Lanz-Mendoza H. The effect of nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide in the activation of the systemic immune response of Anopheles albimanus infected with Plasmodium berghei. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:44-50. [PMID: 20708028 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The expression of genes encoding the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) attacin, cecropin and gambicin, as well as the effects of NO and H(2)O(2) on their expression was investigated in midguts and fat bodies of Anopheles albimanus during the midgut infection with Plasmodium berghei. Midgut infection induced an increase in the expression of the three AMPs in both tissues; while NO and H(2)O(2) were present in haemolymph. Treatment with L-NAME and vitamin C reduced the effect of P. berghei infection on the AMP's expression, and exogenous NO and H(2)O(2) induced their expression in the mosquito fat body. The induction of AMPs in abdominal tissues, while the malaria parasites are in the mosquito midgut, suggests communication between the midgut epithelial cells and the abdominal tissue which has not yet had direct contact with the parasites. Free radical production in mosquito midgut and haemolymph during Plasmodium infection and their inductive effect on AMPs in abdominal tissues indicates the possible participation of these radicals in mediating a systemic immune response in this mosquito.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Herrera-Ortiz
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre enfermedades Infecciosas, I.N.S.P., Avenida Universidad No. 655, Col. Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cuernavaca, Morelos C.P. 62100, Mexico
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Ishii K, Hamamoto H, Kamimura M, Sekimizu K. Activation of the Silkworm Cytokine by Bacterial and Fungal Cell Wall Components via a Reactive Oxygen Species-triggered Mechanism. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:2185-91. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705480200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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García-Gil De Muñoz F, Lanz-Mendoza H, Hernández-Hernández FC. Free radical generation during the activation of hemolymph prepared from the homopteran Dactylopius coccus. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 65:20-8. [PMID: 17427930 DOI: 10.1002/arch.20174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Superoxide anion (O(-) (2)) and nitric oxide (NO) generation in Dactylopius coccus hemolymph obtained by perfusion and activated with zymosan was studied. Activated hemolymph reduced 3-[4,5 dimethylthiazolil-2]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide. This reduction was prevented by superoxide dismutase (SOD) indicating O(-) (2) generation. This activity was dependent on temperature, and hemolymph incubated at 75 degrees C lost its activity. Chromatocytes incubated with zymosan released their content and produced O(-) (2). Activated hemolymph also produced NO and this activity was prevented in the presence of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, suggesting that nitric oxide synthase (NOS) might be present in D. coccus hemolymph. The probable source of O(-) (2) in the D. coccus hemolymph is the anthraquinone oxidation, since commercial carminic dye produced O(-) (2) during its oxidation by Agaricus bisporus tyrosinase. Gram+ Micrococcus luteus exposed to activated hemolymph were killed in vitro, and addition of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester and D-Mannitol (a hydroxyl radical scavenger) prevented their killing. The cytotoxic effect produced by the activated hemolymph was not observed with the Gram- bacteria Serratia marcescens. These results suggest that D. coccus activated hemolymph generates reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) and reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI) that may limit M. luteus growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- F García-Gil De Muñoz
- Departamento de Patología Experimental. Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, México
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Herrera-Ortíz A, Lanz-Mendoza H, Martínez-Barnetche J, Hernández-Martínez S, Villarreal-Treviño C, Aguilar-Marcelino L, Rodríguez MH. Plasmodium berghei ookinetes induce nitric oxide production in Anopheles pseudopunctipennis midguts cultured in vitro. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 34:893-901. [PMID: 15350609 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2004.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2003] [Accepted: 05/13/2004] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The Anopheles pseudopunctipennis nitric oxide synthase gene (ApNOS) was identified and its partial sequence showed high homology with NOS from A. stephensi, A. gambiae (putative sequence), and Drosophila melanogaster. ApNOS was mainly expressed in male and female adult mosquitoes and was induced by a blood meal. Nitric oxide (NO) was produced by in vitro-cultured mosquito midguts inoculated by enema with Plasmodium berghei ookinetes, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Gram-positive bacteria (Micrococcus luteus), but not with Gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli or Serratia marcescens). Dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) oxidation induced the generation of NO in midguts in vitro, and hydrogen peroxide generated during its oxidation induced ApNOS expression. P. berghei ookinetes exposed in vitro to L-DOPA and sodium nitroprusside (a NO generator) were killed. These observations demonstrate that reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates constitute a part of the cytotoxic arsenal employed by Anopheles mosquitoes against microbial pathogens and Plasmodium ookinetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Herrera-Ortíz
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, Col. Sta. María Ahuacatitlan, CP 62508 Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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Horiuchi H, Ishibashi S, Tobita S, Uchida M, Sato M, Toriba KI, Otaguro K, Hiratsuka H. Photodegradation Processes of Cyanine Dyes in the Film State Induced by Singlet Molecular Oxygen. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp027299n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Horiuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan, and R&D, Taiyo Yuden Co. Ltd., Takasaki, Gunma 370-0024, Japan
| | - Sachiko Ishibashi
- Department of Chemistry, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan, and R&D, Taiyo Yuden Co. Ltd., Takasaki, Gunma 370-0024, Japan
| | - Seiji Tobita
- Department of Chemistry, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan, and R&D, Taiyo Yuden Co. Ltd., Takasaki, Gunma 370-0024, Japan
| | - Mamoru Uchida
- Department of Chemistry, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan, and R&D, Taiyo Yuden Co. Ltd., Takasaki, Gunma 370-0024, Japan
| | - Masanori Sato
- Department of Chemistry, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan, and R&D, Taiyo Yuden Co. Ltd., Takasaki, Gunma 370-0024, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Toriba
- Department of Chemistry, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan, and R&D, Taiyo Yuden Co. Ltd., Takasaki, Gunma 370-0024, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Otaguro
- Department of Chemistry, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan, and R&D, Taiyo Yuden Co. Ltd., Takasaki, Gunma 370-0024, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hiratsuka
- Department of Chemistry, Gunma University, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan, and R&D, Taiyo Yuden Co. Ltd., Takasaki, Gunma 370-0024, Japan
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Roxström-Lindquist K, Lindström-Dinnetz I, Olesen J, Engström Y, Faye I. An intron enhancer activates the immunoglobulin-related Hemolin gene in Hyalophora cecropia. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2002; 11:505-515. [PMID: 12230549 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2583.2002.00359.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Hemolin is the only insect member of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily reported to be up-regulated during an immune response. In diapausing pupae of Hyalophora cecropia the gene is expressed in fat body cells and in haemocytes. Like the mammalian Ig kappa light chain gene, the Hemolin gene harbours an enhancer including a kappaB motif in one of its introns. This motif binds the H. cecropia Rel factor Cif (Cecropia immunoresponsive factor). The Hemolin third intron also mediates transient reporter gene expression in immunoresponsive Drosophila mbn-2 cells. Co-transfections of Drosophila SL2 cells showed that the Drosophila Rel factor Dif (Dorsal-related immunity factor), transactivates reporter gene constructs through the intron. Moreover, a 4.8-fold synergistic activation was obtained when Dif is combined with the rat C/EBP (CCAAT/enhancer element-binding protein) and human HMGI (high mobility group protein I). This is the first report of an insect immune-related gene that is up-regulated by an enhancer activity conferred through an intron.
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Lavine MD, Strand MR. Insect hemocytes and their role in immunity. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2002; 32:1295-1309. [PMID: 12225920 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(02)00092-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 946] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system of insects is divided into humoral and cellular defense responses. Humoral defenses include antimicrobial peptides, the cascades that regulate coagulation and melanization of hemolymph, and the production of reactive intermediates of oxygen and nitrogen. Cellular defenses refer to hemocyte-mediated responses like phagocytosis and encapsulation. In this review, we discuss the cellular immune responses of insects with emphasis on studies in Lepidoptera and Diptera. Insect hemocytes originate from mesodermally derived stem cells that differentiate into specific lineages identified by morphology, function, and molecular markers. In Lepidoptera, most cellular defense responses involve granular cells and plasmatocytes, whereas in Drosophila they involve primarily plasmatocytes and lamellocytes. Insect hemocytes recognize a variety of foreign targets as well as alterations to self. Both humoral and cell surface receptors are involved in these recognition events. Once a target is recognized as foreign, hemocyte-mediated defense responses are regulated by signaling factors and effector molecules that control cell adhesion and cytotoxicity. Several lines of evidence indicate that humoral and cellular defense responses are well-coordinated with one another. Cross-talk between the immune and nervous system may also play a role in regulating inflammation-like responses in insects during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Lavine
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Imamura M, Yang J, Yamakawa M. cDNA cloning, characterization and gene expression of nitric oxide synthase from the silkworm, Bombyx mori. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2002; 11:257-265. [PMID: 12000645 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2583.2002.00333.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequencing of cDNA encoding Bombyx mori nitric oxide synthase (BmNOS) was conducted to analyse its possible role in insect immunity. The amino acid sequence deduced from the BmNOS cDNA showed 84%, 54% and 53% identity with those of NOSs from Manduca sexta, Drosophila melanogaster and Rhodonius prolixus. Recombinant BmNOS produced in insect cells using baculovirus was found to require NADPH, Ca2+, calmodulin and tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) for its activity. The BmNOS gene was constitutively expressed at a low level in the larval fat body, haemocyte, Malpighian tubule and midgut, and adult antenna, and induced strongly in the fat body by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), suggesting that the BmNOS gene plays different physiological roles in different tissues. Injection of NO donors that produce NO in vivo induced the gene expression of an antibacterial peptide, cecropin B, strongly suggesting that NO produced by BmNOS following LPS stimulation is involved in signal transduction as a signalling molecule for immune gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Imamura
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan
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Tunaz H, Putnam SM, Stanley DW. Prostaglandin biosynthesis by fat body from larvae of the beetle Zophobas atratus. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 49:80-93. [PMID: 11816023 DOI: 10.1002/arch.10008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We describe prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis by microsomal-enriched fractions of fat body prepared from larvae of the tenebrionid beetle, Zophobas atratus. PG biosynthesis was sensitive to incubation time, temperature, pH, substrate and protein concentration. Optimal PG biosynthesis conditions of those we examined included 2 mg of microsomal-enriched protein, incubated at 22 degrees C for 2 min at pH 6. These preparations yielded four major PGs: PGA(2), PGE(2), PGD(2) and PGF(2 alpha). PGA(2) and PGF(2 alpha) were the predominant eicosanoids produced under these conditions. Two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, indomethacin and naproxen, effectively inhibited PG biosynthesis in low concentrations. In vitro PG biosynthetic reaction conditions, using vertebrate or invertebrate enzyme sources, usually include a cocktail of reaction co-factors. The Z. atratus preparation similarly performs better in the presence of co-factors. Arch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Tunaz
- Insect Biochemical Physiology Laboratory, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0816, USA
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Whitten MM, Mello CB, Gomes SA, Nigam Y, Azambuja P, Garcia ES, Ratcliffe NA. Role of superoxide and reactive nitrogen intermediates in Rhodnius prolixus (Reduviidae)/Trypanosoma rangeli interactions. Exp Parasitol 2001; 98:44-57. [PMID: 11426951 DOI: 10.1006/expr.2001.4615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study compares aspects of the superoxide, nitric oxide and prophenoloxidase pathways in Rhodnius prolixus hemolymph, measured in parallel, in response to Trypanosoma rangeli inoculation. Responses to two strains of T. rangeli, and two developmental forms, were studied, and the results obtained were correlated with the ability of the parasites to survive, multiply, and complete their life cycles in the hemolymph of the host. T. rangeli H14 strain parasites, which fail to complete their life cycle in Rhodnius by invading the salivary glands, stimulated high levels of superoxide and prophenoloxidase activity, which peaked 24 h after inoculation. Simultaneously, the concentration of hemolymph nitrites and nitrates increased, indicative of nitric oxide activity, but parasite numbers remained low. T. rangeli Choachi strain parasite inoculation also stimulated superoxide and prophenoloxidase activity, which, though significantly lower than the equivalent responses to the H14 strain, also peaked at 24 h. However, nitrate and nitrite levels in Choachi strain-inoculated hemolymph remained low, and this parasite strain multiplied rapidly, especially following peak superoxide activity, and eventually invaded the salivary glands for transmission to a vertebrate host. In both strains, short form epimastigotes stimulated greater superoxide and prophenoloxidase responses than long form epimastigotes. Injection of the NADPH oxidase inhibitor N-ethylmaleimide or the inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor S-methyl isothiourea sulfate caused significantly higher insect mortalities in groups of R. prolixus inoculated with either parasite strain compared with those of uninfected control insects. This indicates that both NADPH oxidase and nitric oxide synthase activity may be involved in the immune response of R. prolixus to infection by T. rangeli. Finally, Western blotting of R. prolixus hemocyte lysates revealed the presence of a protein immunologically related to the human NADPH oxidase complex, the initiator enzyme of the respiratory burst.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Whitten
- Biomedical and Physiological Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
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Whitten MM, Ratcliffe NA. In vitro superoxide activity in the haemolymph of the West Indian leaf cockroach, Blaberus discoidalis. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 45:667-675. [PMID: 12770352 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1910(99)00039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The respiratory burst is an NADPH oxidase-driven reduction of molecular oxygen to superoxide, which can occur in phagocytic cells as part of an antimicrobial defence, and is well documented among the vertebrates. This paper describes a process resembling the respiratory burst, which occurs in the haemolymph and haemocytes of the cockroach, Blaberus discoidalis. The in vitro reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium by superoxide to formazan was measured spectrophotometrically in B. discoidalis haemolymph in response to various immune elicitors. Nitroblue tetrazolium reduction was partly impeded in the presence of superoxide dismutase, a specific antioxidant which converts superoxide to hydrogen peroxide, as well as by chemicals known to inhibit the respiratory burst in vertebrates (trifluoperazine, diphenylene iodonium, and N-ethylmaleimide). This suggests the generation of superoxide anions by haemolymph as part of an immune response. Furthermore, formazan staining of elicitor-treated haemocytes was observed microscopically, with less intense staining in the presence of superoxide dismutase. Finally, respiratory burst inhibitors and superoxide dismutase enhanced the growth of E. coli incubated in whole haemolymph, implying a role for haemolymph-derived superoxide in antibacterial defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M.A. Whitten
- Biomedical and Physiological Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea, UK
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Parinandi NL, Scribner WM, Vepa S, Shi S, Natarajan V. Phospholipase D activation in endothelial cells is redox sensitive. Antioxid Redox Signal 1999; 1:193-210. [PMID: 11228747 DOI: 10.1089/ars.1999.1.2-193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are implicated in the pathophysiology of a number of vascular disorders, including atherosclerosis. Recent studies indicate that ROS modulate signal transduction in mammalian cells. Previously, we have shown that ROS (hydrogen peroxide, fatty acid hydroperoxide, diperoxovanadate, and 4-hydroxynonenal) enhance protein tyrosine phosphorylation and activate phospholipase D (PLD) in bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (BPAECs). In the present study, our aim was to investigate the role of exogenous thiol agents on ROS-induced PLD activation in conjunction with the role of cellular thiols--glutathione (GSH) and protein thiols--on PLD activation and protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Pretreatment of BPAECs with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) or 2-mercaptopropionylglycine (MPG) blocked ROS-induced changes in intracellular GSH and PLD activation. Also, pretreatment with NAC attenuated diperoxovanadate-induced protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Pretreatment of BPAECs with diamide or L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO), agents that lower intracellular GSH and thiols, enhanced PLD activity. Furthermore, NAC blocked diamide- or BSO-mediated changes in GSH levels, PLD activity, and protein tyrosine phosphorylation. NAC also attenuated diamide-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins between 69 and 118 KDa. These results support the hypothesis that modulation of thiol-redox status (cellular nonprotein and protein thiols) may contribute to the regulation of ROS-induced protein tyrosine phosphorylation and PLD activation in vascular endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Parinandi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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Shin SW, Park SS, Park DS, Kim MG, Kim SC, Brey PT, Park HY. Isolation and characterization of immune-related genes from the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea, using PCR-based differential display and subtractive cloning. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1998; 28:827-837. [PMID: 9818384 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(98)00077-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Following injection of bacteria into the hemocoel of the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea, several inducible genes were identified and characterized using PCR-based differential display (DD-PCR) and subtractive cloning. Ten immune-related cDNA clones (Hdd1, Hdd2, Hdd3, Hdd11, Hdd13, Hdd15, Hdd17, Hdd23, Hs106, Hs302) were isolated and characterized. The deduced amino acid sequence of Hdd2 was shown to be a member of the copper, zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn SOD) family. The H. cunea Cu-Zn SOD is novel in that it is up-regulated following a bacterial challenge and has a putative signal peptide suggesting its secretion and involvement in the insect immune response. Hdd3 was found to encode a new member of the serpin (serine protease inhibitor) family. The putative lectin corresponding to Hdd15 is of a different kind in that it has two lectin C domains in a single molecule. These two lectin C domains show significant homology to the lectin C domain of Periplaneta lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LPS-BP). Three cloned genes, Hdd17, Hs106 and Hs302, encode a homologue to Bombyx mori Gram negative binding protein, a hemolin-like protein and a attacin-like protein, respectively. The deduced amino acid sequences from Hdd11 showed weak homology with a Locusta migratoria hemolymph protein. On the contrary, Hdd1, Hdd13 and Hdd23 did not reveal any significant homology with known proteins. All of the 10 genes were clearly inducible by E. coli and M. luteus injection. Injection of distilled water only slightly induced mRNA levels. Comparison of temporal mRNA expression following E. coli injection showed three types of expression patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Taejon, South Korea
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Morishima I, Yamano Y, Inoue K, Matsuo N. Eicosanoids mediate induction of immune genes in the fat body of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. FEBS Lett 1997; 419:83-6. [PMID: 9426224 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)01418-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The expression of cecropin and lysozyme genes is induced in response to bacterial peptidoglycan in the fat body of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Specific inhibitors of either phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenase or lipoxygenase significantly inhibit the induction of the immune genes both in vivo and in cultured fat body as detected by means of Northern hybridization. Arachidonic acid injected into the larvae induces the expression of the cecropin and lysozyme genes. The findings support the idea that eicosanoids mediate some process leading to the expression of immune genes in the fat body following recognition of peptidoglycan as a signal for invading bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Morishima
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Japan.
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Hijikata M, Kobayashi A, Leem JY, Fukasawa H, Uehara Y, Natori S. Inhibition of protein tyrosine kinase by 5-S-GAD, a novel antibacterial substance from an insect. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 237:423-6. [PMID: 9268727 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.7110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The effect of N-beta-alanyl-5-S-glutathionyl-dopa (5-S-GAD), a compound originally isolated from Sarcophaga peregrina (a flesh fly) as an antibacterial substance, on protein phosphorylation was examined using v-src-transformed NIH3T3 cell lysates. 5-S-GAD was found to inhibit tyrosine phosphorylation of protein tyrosine kinase v-src, but not serine/threonine phosphorylation of protein kinase C. The potency of this compound was comparable to that of herbimycin A. Our results suggested that a substitution at position 5 of the catechol in 5-S-GAD with the sulfur of cysteine is essential for 5-S-GAD to inhibit protein tyrosine kinase v-src.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hijikata
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113, Japan
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Gillespie JP, Kanost MR, Trenczek T. Biological mediators of insect immunity. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 1997; 42:611-643. [PMID: 9017902 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.42.1.611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 836] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Infection in insects stimulates a complex defensive response. Recognition of pathogens may be accomplished by plasma or hemocyte b1p4eins that bind specifically to bacterial or fungal polysaccharides. Several morphologically distinct hemocyte cell types cooperate in the immune response. Hemocytes attach to invading organisms and then isolate them by phagocytosis, by trapping them in hemocyte aggregates called nodules, or by forming an organized multicellular capsule around large parasites. These responses are often accompanied by proteolytic activation of the phenoloxidase zymogen that is present in the hemolymph. A component of insect immune responses to bacteria is the synthesis by fat body and hemocytes of a variety of antibacterial proteins and peptides, which are secreted into the hemolymph. These molecules attack bacteria by several mechanisms. Inducible antifungal proteins have also been recently discovered in insect hemolymph. The promoters for several antibacterial protein genes in insects are regulated by transcription factors similar to those involved in mammalian acute phase responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Gillespie
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506, USA
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Leem JY, Nishimura C, Kurata S, Shimada I, Kobayashi A, Natori S. Purification and characterization of N-beta-alanyl-5-S-glutathionyl-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, a novel antibacterial substance of Sarcophaga peregrina (flesh fly). J Biol Chem 1996; 271:13573-7. [PMID: 8662858 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.23.13573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We purified a novel antibacterial substance from immunized adult Sarcophaga and determined its molecular structure to be N-beta-alanyl-5-S-glutathionyl-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (5-S-GAD). We synthesized 5-S-GAD enzymatically from N-beta-alanyl-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (beta-Ala-Dopa) and reduced glutathione (GSH). The antibacterial activity of 5-S-GAD was found to be due to its production of H2O2. This is a novel antibacterial mechanism as it differs from the mechanisms of known antibacterial peptides. Two possible roles of 5-S-GAD in insect immunity, suppression of bacterial growth and activation of a Rel family transcription factor, are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Leem
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan
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