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Zhang HP, Wen SJ, Wang H, Ren ZX. Floral nectar reabsorption and a sugar concentration gradient in two long-spurred Habenaria species (Orchidaceae). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:331. [PMID: 37349723 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04344-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Floral nectar is the most common reward flowers offered to pollinators. The quality and quantity of nectar produced by a plant species provide a key to understanding its interactions with pollinators and predicting rates of reproductive success. However, nectar secretion is a dynamic process with a production period accompanied or followed by reabsorption and reabsorption remains an understudied topic. In this study, we compared nectar volume and sugar concentration in the flowers of two long-spurred orchid species, Habenaria limprichtii and H. davidii (Orchidaceae). We also compared sugar concentration gradients within their spurs and rates of reabsorption of water and sugars. RESULTS Both species produced diluted nectar with sugar concentrations from 17 to 24%. Analyses of nectar production dynamics showed that as flowers of both species wilted almost all sugar was reabsorbed while the original water was retained in their spurs. We established a nectar sugar concentration gradient for both species, with differences in sugar concentrations at their spur's terminus and at their spur's entrance (sinus). Sugar concentration gradient levels were 1.1% in H. limprichtii and 2.8% in H. davidii, both decreasing as flowers aged. CONCLUSION We provided evidence for the reabsorption of sugars but not water occurred in wilted flowers of both Habenaria species. Their sugar concentration gradients vanished as flowers aged suggesting a slow process of sugar diffusion from the nectary at the spur's terminus where the nectar gland is located. The processes of nectar secretion/reabsorption in conjunction with the dilution and hydration of sugar rewards for moth pollinators warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Jia Wen
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Biodiversity, Jingdezhen University, Jingdezhen, 334000, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Yunnan Lijiang Forest Biodiversity Observation and Research Station, Lijiang, 674100, China.
| | - Zong-Xin Ren
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Yunnan Lijiang Forest Biodiversity Observation and Research Station, Lijiang, 674100, China.
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2
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Domingos-Melo A, Cocucci AA, Tschapka M, Machado IC. A negative association between nectar standing crop and pollen transfer suggests nectar functions as a manipulator of pollinating bats. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 131:361-372. [PMID: 36579432 PMCID: PMC9992937 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Nectar standing crop has a fundamental role in controlling pollinator movements between flowers and individuals within a population. In bat pollination systems, plants take advantage of the cognitive abilities of nectarivorous bats, which integrate complex perceptions of the quality and spatial distribution of resources. Here, we propose that associations between standing crop and pollen transfer help to reveal the role of nectar as a manipulator of pollinator behaviour. METHODS We used Harpochilus neesianus Ness (Acanthaceae), a bat-pollinated shrub from the Brazilian Caatinga, as a model system to assess nectar removal effects and standing crop, respectively, over the night and to test associations between the amount of nectar available to pollinators, and pollen import and export. KEY RESULTS Harpochilus neesianus showed continuous nectar secretion throughout the flower lifespan. Flowers subjected to successive nectar removals produced less nectar than flowers sampled just once, and showed, despite a higher sugar concentration, a lower absolute amount of sugar. Under these conditions, bats may realize that nectar production is decreasing after repeated visits to the same flower and could be manipulated to avoid such already pollinated flowers with little nectar, thus increasing the probability of visits to flowers with a high amount of nectar, and a still high pollen availability on anthers and low pollen deposition on stigmas. We found that during most of the period of anthesis, nectar standing crop volume was positively correlated with the number of pollen grains remaining in the anthers, and negatively with the number of pollen grains deposited on the stigma. CONCLUSIONS Nectar secretion patterns can function as a manipulator of pollinating bats in H. neesianus. We propose that the assessment of variability in nectar secretion in response to removal, and the correlation between nectar standing crop and relative pollen transfer throughout anthesis should be considered in order to understand the role of nectar in the manipulation of pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Domingos-Melo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Centro de Biociências – Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brazil
- Universidade de Pernambuco – Campus Petrolina, Brazil
| | - Andrea A Cocucci
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CONICET, FCEFyN, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Marco Tschapka
- University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancon, Panamá
| | - Isabel C Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Centro de Biociências – Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brazil
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3
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Kantsa A, Garcia JE, Raguso RA, Dyer AG, Steen R, Tscheulin T, Petanidou T. Intrafloral patterns of color and scent in Capparis spinosa L. and the ghosts of its selection past. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16098. [PMID: 36371789 PMCID: PMC10108209 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Capparis spinosa is a widespread charismatic plant, in which the nocturnal floral habit contrasts with the high visitation by diurnal bees and the pronounced scarcity of hawkmoths. To resolve this discrepancy and elucidate floral evolution of C. spinosa, we analyzed the intrafloral patterns of visual and olfactory cues in relation to the known sensory biases of the different visitor guilds (bees, butterflies, and hawkmoths). METHODS We measured the intrafloral variation of scent, reflectance spectra, and colorimetric properties according to three guilds of known visitors of C. spinosa. Additionally, we sampled visitation rates using a motion-activated camera. RESULTS Carpenter bees visited the flowers eight times more frequently than nocturnal hawkmoths, at dusk and in the following morning. Yet, the floral headspace of C. spinosa contained a typical sphingophilous scent with high emission rates of certain monoterpenes and amino-acid derived compounds. Visual cues included a special case of multisensory nectar guide and color patterns conspicuous to the visual systems of both hawkmoths and bees. CONCLUSIONS The intrafloral patterns of sensory stimuli suggest that hawkmoths have exerted strong historical selection on C. spinosa. Our study revealed two interesting paradoxes: (a) the flowers phenotypically biased towards the more inconsistent pollinator; and (b) floral display demands an abundance of resources that seems maladaptive in the habitats of C. spinosa. The transition to a binary pollination system accommodating large bees has not required phenotypic changes, owing to specific eco-physiological adaptations, unrelated to pollination, which make this plant an unusual case in pollination ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aphrodite Kantsa
- Department of GeographyUniversity of the AegeanMytileneGreece
- Present address:
Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Jair E. Garcia
- Bio‐Inspired Digital Sensing Laboratory, School of Media and CommunicationRMIT UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Robert A. Raguso
- Department of Neurobiology and BehaviorCornell University, IthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Adrian G. Dyer
- Bio‐Inspired Digital Sensing Laboratory, School of Media and CommunicationRMIT UniversityMelbourneAustralia
- Department of PhysiologyMonash UniversityClaytonAustralia
- Present address:
Department of Developmental Biology and NeurobiologyJohannes Gutenberg UniversityMainzGermany
| | - Ronny Steen
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource ManagementNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
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4
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Ballarin CS, Hachuy‐Filho L, Doria MJW, Giffu MM, Polizello DS, Oliveira PH, Lacerda‐Barbosa PA, Amorim FW. Intra‐seasonal and daily variations in nectar availability affect bee assemblage in a monodominant afforested Brazilian Cerrado. AUSTRAL ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.13218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caio S. Ballarin
- Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações – LEPI Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP) Street Prof. Dr. Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin CEP 18618‐689 Botucatu São Paulo State Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” São Paulo São Paulo State Brazil
| | - Leandro Hachuy‐Filho
- Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações – LEPI Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP) Street Prof. Dr. Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin CEP 18618‐689 Botucatu São Paulo State Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” São Paulo São Paulo State Brazil
| | - Maria Júlia W. Doria
- Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações – LEPI Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP) Street Prof. Dr. Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin CEP 18618‐689 Botucatu São Paulo State Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” São Paulo São Paulo State Brazil
| | - Murilo M. Giffu
- Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações – LEPI Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP) Street Prof. Dr. Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin CEP 18618‐689 Botucatu São Paulo State Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” São Paulo São Paulo State Brazil
| | - Diego S. Polizello
- Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações – LEPI Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP) Street Prof. Dr. Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin CEP 18618‐689 Botucatu São Paulo State Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” São Paulo São Paulo State Brazil
| | - Pablo H. Oliveira
- Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações – LEPI Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP) Street Prof. Dr. Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin CEP 18618‐689 Botucatu São Paulo State Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” São Paulo São Paulo State Brazil
| | - Pedro A. Lacerda‐Barbosa
- Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações – LEPI Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP) Street Prof. Dr. Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin CEP 18618‐689 Botucatu São Paulo State Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” São Paulo São Paulo State Brazil
| | - Felipe W. Amorim
- Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações – LEPI Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP) Street Prof. Dr. Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin CEP 18618‐689 Botucatu São Paulo State Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” São Paulo São Paulo State Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” São Paulo São Paulo State Brazil
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5
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Amorim FW, Marino S, Sanz‐Veiga PA, Ollerton J, Oliveira PE. Short flowers for long tongues: Functional specialization in a nocturnal pollination network of an asclepiad in long‐tongued hawkmoths. Biotropica 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe W. Amorim
- Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações (LEPI) Programa de Pós‐graduação em Botânica Programa de Pós‐graduação em Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista Botucatu SP Brazil
| | - Salvador Marino
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Biología Floral Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV) CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Córdoba Argentina
| | - Priscila Andre Sanz‐Veiga
- Laboratório de Ecologia da Polinização e Interações (LEPI) Programa de Pós‐graduação em Botânica Programa de Pós‐graduação em Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista Botucatu SP Brazil
| | - Jeff Ollerton
- Faculty of Arts, Science and Technology University of Northampton Northampton UK
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6
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Diniz UM, Fischer NLS, Aguiar LMS. Changing the main course: strong bat visitation to the ornithophilous mistletoe
Psittacanthus robustus
(Loranthaceae) in a Neotropical savanna. Biotropica 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.13070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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7
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Loy X, Brosi BJ. The effects of pollinator diversity on pollination function. Ecology 2022; 103:e3631. [PMID: 35050504 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pollination is a key ecological function of most terrestrial ecosystems. Decades of research on single-trophic-level communities, particularly plant communities, have helped build the foundation of diversity-function theory. Yet as it stands, this theory appears to be less useful for inter-trophic-level functions such as pollination, as evidenced by empirical findings that are often inconsistent with theoretical expectations. In this review, we evaluate how canonical diversity-function theory has been applied to pollination function, focusing on empirical studies of the mechanisms that drive pollinator diversity-function relationships. We first identify key features of pollination function that have hampered reconciliation with current theory. We then examine terminology for mechanisms used to discuss the findings from pollinator diversity-function studies that are sometimes inconsistent with established ecological concepts. We propose a revised diversity-function framework and describe two non-canonical diversity-function mechanisms that are particularly applicable to pollination. The first, 'interactive functional complementarity', was identified previously but remains overlooked. The second, a new diversity-function mechanism, 'functional enhancement', occurs when pollinator diversity increases within-niche activity. Finally, we discuss experimental approaches necessary to detect diversity-function effects in pollination. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwen Loy
- Conservation & Research Department, Atlanta Botanical Garden, Atlanta, GA
| | - Berry J Brosi
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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8
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Agostini K, Wolowski M, Bergamo PJ, Brito VLGD, Nunes CEP, Pansarin LM, Sazima M. The contribution of the BIOTA/FAPESP Program to the knowledge on pollination and plant reproduction. BIOTA NEOTROPICA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2022-1442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Interactions between plant and pollinators are associated with the origin and maintenance of species diversity, as well as ecosystem functioning. The potential of pollination as an ecosystem service is evidenced by its association with food production. Understanding pollination at the landscape scale is essential for characterizing the pollination service for several crops that depend on pollinators for fruit and seed set that make up the human diet. Our aim was to carry out a literature review of studies and projects funded by BIOTA/FAPESP to illustrate the main research approaches developed in the field of Pollination Biology, especially related to plant-pollinator interactions. Plant-pollinator interactions in the Atlantic forest were leveraged as a result of this long-term research program, during which several papers were published in international journals. Pollination by bees (melittophily) was the most representative pollination system studied. In addition to melittophily, other interactions were studied such as pollination by hawkmoths (sphingophily), by hummingbirds (ornithophily) and by bats (chiropterophily). The specific mutualistic relationships between fig trees and fig wasps were also subject of studies within the Program. At the beginning of the BIOTA/FAPESP Program, there were many gaps in basic information about pollination and breeding systems of Brazilian native plant species. Thus, the Program was fundamental to fuel research on the natural history of plants and pollinators from the Atlantic forest. Overall, the Program funded studies that investigated themes such as functional pollination ecology, pollinator effectiveness, plant population genetics, structure and dynamics of plant-pollinator interaction networks, as well as geographic distribution and macroevolution of pollination systems, as well as genetic and molecular studies of native plant populations focusing on pollen flow and genetic structure of populations. Additionally, studies on pollination in the context of landscape ecology had the aim of assessing the effects of forest fragmentation on the functioning of plant populations and their interactions with pollinators and the relationships between landscape structure and ecological processes, biodiversity, and ecosystem service. Therefore, the Program had a prominent role in producing basic data with great implications for understanding the ecology and promoting the conservation of plant-pollinator interactions.
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9
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Ohashi K, Jürgens A, Thomson JD. Trade-off mitigation: a conceptual framework for understanding floral adaptation in multispecies interactions. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2258-2280. [PMID: 34096158 PMCID: PMC8518848 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Explanations of floral adaptation to diverse pollinator faunas have often invoked visitor‐mediated trade‐offs in which no intermediate, generalized floral phenotype is optimal for pollination success, i.e. fitness valleys are created. In such cases, plant species are expected to specialize on particular groups of flower visitors. Contrary to this expectation, it is commonly observed that flowers interact with various groups of visitors, while at the same time maintaining distinct phenotypes among ecotypes, subspecies, or congeners. This apparent paradox may be due to a gap in our understanding of how visitor‐mediated trade‐offs could affect floral adaptation. Here we provide a conceptual framework for analysing visitor‐mediated trade‐offs with the hope of stimulating empirical and theoretical studies to fill this gap. We propose two types of visitor‐mediated trade‐offs to address negative correlations among fitness contributions of different visitors: visitor‐mediated phenotypic trade‐offs (phenotypic trade‐offs) and visitor‐mediated opportunity trade‐offs (opportunity trade‐offs). Phenotypic trade‐offs occur when different groups of visitors impose conflicting selection pressures on a floral trait. By contrast, opportunity trade‐offs emerge only when some visitors’ actions (e.g. pollen collection) remove opportunities for fitness contribution by more beneficial visitors. Previous studies have observed disruptive selection due to phenotypic trade‐offs less often than expected. In addition to existing explanations, we propose that some flowers have achieved ‘adaptive generalization’ by evolving features to avoid or eliminate the fitness valleys that phenotypic trade‐offs tend to produce. The literature suggests a variety of pathways to such ‘trade‐off mitigation’. Trade‐off mitigation may also evolve as an adaptation to opportunity trade‐offs. We argue that active exclusion, or floral specialization, can be viewed as a trade‐off mitigation, occurring only when flowers cannot otherwise avoid strong opportunity trade‐offs. These considerations suggest that an evolutionary strategy for trade‐off mitigation is achieved often by acquiring novel combinations of traits. Thus, phenotypic diversification of flowers through convergent evolution of certain trait combinations may have been enhanced not only through adaptive specialization for particular visitors, but also through adaptive generalization for particular visitor communities. Explorations of how visitor‐mediated trade‐offs explain the recurrent patterns of floral phenotypes may help reconcile the long‐lasting controversy on the validity of pollination syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuharu Ohashi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.,Department of Biology, Chemical Plant Ecology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Andreas Jürgens
- Department of Biology, Chemical Plant Ecology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - James D Thomson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada
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10
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Newman E, Govender K, Niekerk S, Johnson SD. The functional ecology of bat pollination in the African sausage tree
Kigelia africana
(Bignoniaceae). Biotropica 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Newman
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu‐Natal Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg South Africa
| | - Keeveshnee Govender
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu‐Natal Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg South Africa
| | - Sandy Niekerk
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu‐Natal Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg South Africa
| | - Steven D. Johnson
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu‐Natal Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg South Africa
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11
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Queiroz JA, Diniz UM, Vázquez DP, Quirino ZM, Santos FAR, Mello MAR, Machado IC. Bats and hawkmoths form mixed modules with flowering plants in a nocturnal interaction network. Biotropica 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joel A. Queiroz
- Departamento de Educação Universidade Federal da Paraíba Mamanguape Brasil
| | - Ugo M. Diniz
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia Universidade de Brasília Brasília Brasil
| | - Diego P. Vázquez
- Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Áridas Mendoza Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Universidad Nacional de Cuyo Mendoza Argentina
| | - Zelma M. Quirino
- Departamento de Engenharia e Meio Ambiente Universidade Federal da Paraíba João Pessoa Brasil
| | - Francisco A. R. Santos
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana Feira de Santana Brasil
| | | | - Isabel C. Machado
- Departamento de Botânica Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Recife Brasil
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12
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Nocturnal pollination: an overlooked ecosystem service vulnerable to environmental change. Emerg Top Life Sci 2020; 4:19-32. [PMID: 32478390 PMCID: PMC7326339 DOI: 10.1042/etls20190134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Existing assessments of the ecosystem service of pollination have been largely restricted to diurnal insects, with a particular focus on generalist foragers such as wild and honey bees. As knowledge of how these plant-pollinator systems function, their relevance to food security and biodiversity, and the fragility of these mutually beneficial interactions increases, attention is diverting to other, less well-studied pollinator groups. One such group are those that forage at night. In this review, we document evidence that nocturnal species are providers of pollination services (including pollination of economically valuable and culturally important crops, as well as wild plants of conservation concern), but highlight how little is known about the scale of such services. We discuss the primary mechanisms involved in night-time communication between plants and insect pollen-vectors, including floral scent, visual cues (and associated specialized visual systems), and thermogenic sensitivity (associated with thermogenic flowers). We highlight that these mechanisms are vulnerable to direct and indirect disruption by a range of anthropogenic drivers of environmental change, including air and soil pollution, artificial light at night, and climate change. Lastly, we highlight a number of directions for future research that will be important if nocturnal pollination services are to be fully understood and ultimately conserved.
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13
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Almeida C, Viani RAG. Non‐continuous reproductive phenology of animal‐dispersed species in young forest restoration plantings. Biotropica 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Salvage of floral resources through re-absorption before flower abscission. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15960. [PMID: 32994459 PMCID: PMC7524801 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72994-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants invest floral resources, including nectar and pigment, with likely consequent reproductive costs. We hypothesized that plants, whose flowers abscise with age, reabsorb nectar and pigment before abscission. This was tested with flowers of Rhododendron decorum, which has large, conspicuous white flowers that increasingly abscise corollas as flowers age. As this species is pollinated by bees, we also hypothesized that nectar concentration would be relatively high (i.e., > 30% wt/vol) and petals would contain UV-absorbing pigment. Floral nectar volume and concentration were sampled on successive days until abscission (up to ten days old, peak at five days) and for sub-sample of four-day-old flowers. Flowers just abscised were similarly sampled. Flower colours were measured using a modified camera, with recordings of spectral reflectance for abscised and open non-abscised flowers. Pigment content was summed values of red, green, blue channels of false color photos. As expected, flowers reabsorbed almost all nectar before abscission, separately reabsorbing nectar-sugar and nectar-water, and petals contained UV-absorbing pigment. However, flowers did not reabsorb pigment and nectar-concentration was < 30% wt/vol. That flowers reabsorb nectar, not pigment, remains unexplained, though possibly pigment reabsorption is uneconomical. Understanding floral resource reabsorption therefore requires determination of biochemical mechanisms, plus costs/benefits for individual plants.
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Konzmann S, Hilgendorf F, Niester C, Rech AR, Lunau K. Morphological specialization of heterantherous Rhynchanthera grandiflora (Melastomataceae) accommodates pollinator diversity. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2020; 22:583-590. [PMID: 32112502 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The tropical Melastomataceae are characterized by poricidal anthers which constitute a floral filter selecting for buzz-pollinating bees. Stamens are often dimorphic, sometimes with discernible feeding and pollinating functions. Rhynchanthera grandiflora produces nectarless flowers with four short stamens and one long stamen; all anthers feature a narrow elongation with an upwards facing pore. We tested pollen transfer by diverse foraging bees and viability of pollen from both stamen types. The impact of anther morphology on pollen release direction and scattering angle was studied to determine the plant's reproductive strategy. Medium-sized to large bees sonicated flowers in a specific position, and the probability of pollen transfer correlated with bee size even among these legitimate visitors. Small bees acted as pollen thieves or robbers. Anther rostrum and pore morphology serve to direct and focus the pollen jet released by floral sonication towards the pollinator's body. Resulting from the ventral and dorsal positioning of the short and long stamens, respectively, the pollinator's body was widely covered with pollen. This improves the plant's chances of outcrossing, irrespective of which bee body part contacts the stigma. Consequently, R. grandiflora is also able to employ bee species of various sizes as pollen vectors. The strategy of spreading pollen all over the pollinator's body is rather cost-intensive but counterbalanced by ensuring that most of the released pollen is in fact transferred to the bee. Thus, flowers of R. grandiflora illustrate how specialized morphology may serve to improve pollination by a functional group of pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Konzmann
- Institute of Sensory Ecology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - F Hilgendorf
- Institute of Sensory Ecology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - C Niester
- Institute of Sensory Ecology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - A R Rech
- Licenciatura em Educação do Campo, Faculdade Interdisciplinar em Humanidades, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina-MG, Brazil
| | - K Lunau
- Institute of Sensory Ecology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Does pollination syndrome reflect pollinator efficiency in Silene nutans? ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2020.103557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Leal RLB, Moreira MM, Pinto AR, de Oliveira Ferreira J, Rodriguez-Girones M, Freitas L. Temporal changes in the most effective pollinator of a bromeliad pollinated by bees and hummingbirds. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8836. [PMID: 32257647 PMCID: PMC7102499 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A generalist pollination system may be characterized through the interaction of a plant species with two or more functional groups of pollinators. The spatiotemporal variation of the most effective pollinator is the factor most frequently advocated to explain the emergence and maintenance of generalist pollination systems. There are few studies merging variation in floral visitor assemblages and the efficacy of pollination by different functional groups. Thus, there are gaps in our knowledge about the variation in time of pollinator efficacy and frequency of generalist species. In this study, we evaluated the pollination efficacy of the floral visitors of Edmundoa lindenii (Bromeliaceae) and their frequency of visits across four reproductive events. We analyzed the frequency of the three groups of floral visitors (large bees, small bees, and hummingbirds) through focal observations in the reproductive events of 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2018. We evaluated the pollination efficacy (fecundity after one visit) through selective exposure treatments and the breeding system by manual pollinations. We tested if the reproductive success after natural pollination varied between the reproductive events and also calculated the pollen limitation index. E. lindenii is a self-incompatible and parthenocarpic species, requiring the action of pollinators for sexual reproduction. Hummingbirds had higher efficacy than large bees and small bees acted only as pollen larcenists. The relative frequency of the groups of floral visitors varied between the reproductive events. Pollen limitation has occurred only in the reproductive event of 2017, when visits by hummingbirds were scarce and reproductive success after natural pollination was the lowest. We conclude that hummingbirds and large bees were the main and the secondary pollinators of E. lindenii, respectively, and that temporal variations in the pollinator assemblages had effects on its reproductive success. Despite their lower pollination efficacy, large bees ensured seed set when hummingbirds failed. Thus, we provide evidence that variable pollination environments may favor generalization, even under differential effectiveness of pollinator groups if secondary pollinators provide reproductive assurance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Muniz Moreira
- Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Ribeiro Pinto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Roberts WR, Roalson EH. Co-expression clustering across flower development identifies modules for diverse floral forms in Achimenes (Gesneriaceae). PeerJ 2020; 8:e8778. [PMID: 32201652 PMCID: PMC7071821 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic pathways involved with flower color and shape are thought to play an important role in the development of flowers associated with different pollination syndromes, such as those associated with bee, butterfly, or hummingbird pollination. Because pollination syndromes are complex traits that are orchestrated by multiple genes and pathways, the gene regulatory networks have not been explored. Gene co-expression networks provide a systems level approach to identify important contributors to floral diversification. METHODS RNA-sequencing was used to assay gene expression across two stages of flower development (an early bud and an intermediate stage) in 10 species of Achimenes (Gesneriaceae). Two stage-specific co-expression networks were created from 9,503 orthologs and analyzed to identify module hubs and the network periphery. Module association with bee, butterfly, and hummingbird pollination syndromes was tested using phylogenetic mixed models. The relationship between network connectivity and evolutionary rates (d N/d S) was tested using linear models. RESULTS Networks contained 65 and 62 modules that were largely preserved between developmental stages and contained few stage-specific modules. Over a third of the modules in both networks were associated with flower color, shape, and pollination syndrome. Within these modules, several hub nodes were identified that related to the production of anthocyanin and carotenoid pigments and the development of flower shape. Evolutionary rates were decreased in highly connected genes and elevated in peripheral genes. DISCUSSION This study aids in the understanding of the genetic architecture and network properties underlying the development of floral form and provides valuable candidate modules and genes for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wade R. Roberts
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Eric H. Roalson
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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The role of pteropodid bats in pollination of durian (Durio zibethinus) in managed orchards in suburban habitat of Thailand. Urban Ecosyst 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-019-00919-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Paul I, Chatterjee A, Maiti S, Bhadoria PBS, Mitra A. Dynamic trajectories of volatile and non-volatile specialised metabolites in 'overnight' fragrant flowers of Murraya paniculata. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21:899-910. [PMID: 30866144 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ephemeral flowers, especially nocturnal ones, usually emit characteristic scent profiles within their post-anthesis lifespans of a few hours. Whether these flowers exhibit temporal variability in the composition and profile of volatile and non-volatile specialised metabolites has received little attention. Flowers of Murraya paniculata bloom in the evenings during the summer and monsoon, and their sweet, intense fragrance enhances the plant's value as an ornamental. We aimed to investigate profiles of both volatile and non-volatile endogenous specialised metabolites (ESM) in nocturnal ephemeral flowers of M. paniculata to examine whether any biochemically diverse groups of ESM follow distinct patterns of accumulation while maintaining synchrony with defensive physiological functions. Targeted ESM contents of M. paniculata flowers were profiled at ten time points at 2-h intervals, starting from late bud stage (afternoon) up to the start of petal senescence (mid-morning). Emitted volatiles were monitored continuously within the whole 20-h period using headspace sampling. The ESM contents were mapped by time point to obtain a highly dynamic and biochemically diverse profile. Relative temporal patterns of ESM accumulation indicated that the active fragrance-emitting period might be divided into 'early bloom', 'mid-bloom' and 'late bloom' phases. Early and late bloom phases were characterised by high free radical generation, with immediate enhancement of antioxidant enzymes and phenolic compounds. The mid-bloom phase was relatively stable and dedicated to maximum fragrance emission, with provision for strong terpenoid-mediated defence against herbivores. The late bloom phase merged into senescence with the start of daylight; however, even the senescent petals continued to emit fragrance to attract diurnal pollinators. Our study suggests that dynamic relations between the different ESM groups regulate the short-term requirements of floral advertisement and phytochemical defence in this ephemeral flower. This study also provided fundamental information on the temporal occurrence of emitted volatiles and internal pools of specialised metabolites in M. paniculata flowers, which could serve as an important model for pollination biology of Rutaceae, which includes many important fruit crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Paul
- Natural Product Biotechnology Group, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
- Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - A Chatterjee
- Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - S Maiti
- Natural Product Biotechnology Group, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - P B S Bhadoria
- Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - A Mitra
- Natural Product Biotechnology Group, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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Dellinger AS, Scheer LM, Artuso S, Fernández-Fernández D, Sornoza F, Penneys DS, Tenhaken R, Dötterl S, Schönenberger J. Bimodal Pollination Systems in Andean Melastomataceae Involving Birds, Bats, and Rodents. Am Nat 2019; 194:104-116. [DOI: 10.1086/703517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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22
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Göttlinger T, Schwerdtfeger M, Tiedge K, Lohaus G. What Do Nectarivorous Bats Like? Nectar Composition in Bromeliaceae With Special Emphasis on Bat-Pollinated Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:205. [PMID: 30847001 PMCID: PMC6393375 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Floral nectar is the most important reward for pollinators and an integral component of the pollination syndrome. Nectar research has mainly focused on sugars or amino acids, whereas more comprehensive studies on the nectar composition of closely related plant species with different pollination types are rather limited. Nectar composition as well as concentrations of sugars, amino acids, inorganic ions, and organic acids were analyzed for 147 species of Bromeliaceae. This plant family shows a high diversity in terms of floral morphology, flowering time, and predominant pollination types (trochilophilous, trochilophilous/entomophilous, psychophilous, sphingophilous, chiropterophilous). Based on the analyses, we examined the relationship between nectar traits and pollination type in this family. Nectar of all analyzed species contained high amounts of sugars with different proportions of glucose, fructose, and sucrose. The total concentrations of amino acids, inorganic cations, and anions, or organic acids were much lower. The analyses revealed that the sugar composition, the concentrations of inorganic cations and anions as well as the concentration of malate in nectar of bat-pollinated species differed significantly from nectar of species with other pollination types. Flowers of bat-pollinated species contained a higher volume of nectar, which results in a total of about 25-fold higher amounts of sugar in bat-pollinated species than in insect-pollinated species. This difference was even higher for amino acids, inorganic anions and cations, and organic acids (between 50 and 100-fold). In general, bat-pollinated plant species invest large amounts of organic and inorganic compounds for their pollinators. Furthermore, statistical analyses reveal that the characteristics of nectar in Bromeliaceae are more strongly determined by the pollinator type rather than by taxonomic groups or phylogenetic relations. However, a considerable part of the variance cannot be explained by either of the variables, which means that additional factors must be responsible for the differences in the nectar composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Göttlinger
- Molecular Plant Science and Plant Biochemistry, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Michael Schwerdtfeger
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kira Tiedge
- Molecular Plant Science and Plant Biochemistry, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Gertrud Lohaus
- Molecular Plant Science and Plant Biochemistry, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
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Salas-Arcos L, Lara C, Ornelas JF. Reproductive biology and nectar secretion dynamics of Penstemon gentianoides (Plantaginaceae): a perennial herb with a mixed pollination system? PeerJ 2017; 5:e3636. [PMID: 28828248 PMCID: PMC5554440 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In many plant species, pollination syndromes predict the most effective pollinator. However, other floral visitors may also offer effective pollination services and promote mixed pollination systems. Several species of the species-rich Penstemon (Plantaginaceae) exhibit a suite of floral traits that suggest adaptation for pollination by both hymenopterans and hummingbirds. Transitions from the ancestral hymenopteran pollination syndrome to more derived hummingbird pollination syndrome may be promoted if the quantity or quality of visits by hummingbirds is increased and if the ancestral pollinator group performs less efficiently. The quantification of such shifts in pollination systems in the group is still limited. We aimed to investigate floral traits linked to this pollination syndrome in Penstemon gentianoides with flowers visited by bumblebees and hummingbirds. METHODS We investigated the floral biology, pollinator assemblages, breeding system and nectar production patterns of P. gentianoides inhabiting a temperate montane forest in central Mexico. Pollination experiments were also conducted to assess the pollinator effectiveness of bumblebees and hummingbirds. RESULTS P. gentianoides flowers are protandrous, with 8-d male phase (staminate) flowers, followed by the ∼1-7 d female phase (pistillate phase). Flowers display traits associated with hymenopteran pollination, including purple flowers abruptly ampliate-ventricose to a broad throat with anthers and stigmas included, and long lifespans. However, the nectar available in the morning hours was abundant and dilute, traits linked to flowers with a hummingbird pollination syndrome. Two hummingbird species made most of the visits to flowers, Selasphorus platycercus (30.3% of all visits), followed by Archilochus colubris (11.3%). Bumblebees (Bombus ephippiatus, B. huntii and B. weisi) accounted for 51.8% of all recorded visits, but their foraging activity was restricted to the warmer hours. Hummingbirds made more foraging bouts and visited more flowers than hymenopteran species. Flowers experimentally pollinated by B. ephippiatus produced significantly more fruits than those pollinated by S. platycercus. However, there was no statistical difference in the number of seeds produced per fruit when a bumblebee or a hummingbird was the pollinator. CONCLUSIONS We have shown that bumblebees and hummingbirds visit and pollinate P. gentianoides flowers. Despite floral traits resembling the hymenoptera pollination syndrome, flowers of P. gentianoides offer characteristic nectar rewards to flowers with a hummingbird pollination syndrome. Although pollination efficiency is higher among flowers visited by hymenoptera, the noteworthy percentage of fruit production and number of seeds per fruit derived from hummingbird pollination highlights the importance of hummingbirds as a functional group of pollinators that might have potential evolutionary consequences to the plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Salas-Arcos
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxala, Mexico
| | - Carlos Lara
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico
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Amato B, Petit S. A review of the methods for storing floral nectars in the field. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2017; 19:497-503. [PMID: 28303638 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge of floral nectar sugar characteristics, such as concentration, ratio and mass, is essential to understand the complex nature of nectar production and pollination systems. Although nectar is commonly stored in ecology, storage reliability and effectiveness have rarely been quantified. Inappropriate nectar storage between sampling and analysis can alter nectar chemistry as a result of enzyme or microbial action. Our review of the literature indicates that measures to preserve nectar sugars before analysis include refrigeration, freezing, the addition of an antimicrobial agent, spotting and drying on filter paper, the addition of a desiccant or a combination of these storage treatments. Nectar stored on filter paper is removed by washing with a solvent before analysis. Elution methods are often complex, not standardised and poorly reported in published work. Existing storage methods have generally been used without an evaluation of their impact on results, but evidence suggests a potentially large impact on result accuracy. Future studies should report storage treatments and elution methods to legitimise comparison among independent studies and provide unbiased evaluation of the results. In view of the wide range of storage methods used and lack of verification of their appropriateness, is imperative that standardised and effective methods be developed to ensure that results are reliable. We recommend the prompt analysis of nectar, detailed description of methods, including size of filter paper and method of elution, and use of sterile techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Amato
- Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, Australia
| | - S Petit
- Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, Australia
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Suetsugu K, Nakahama N, Ito A, Isagi Y. Time-lapse photography reveals the occurrence of unexpected bee-pollination in Calanthe izuinsularis, an endangered orchid endemic to the Izu archipelago. J NAT HIST 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1293745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Suetsugu
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Azusa Ito
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Isagi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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26
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Prieto-Benítez S, Dötterl S, Giménez-Benavides L. Circadian rhythm of a Silene species favours nocturnal pollination and constrains diurnal visitation. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 118:907-918. [PMID: 27451986 PMCID: PMC5055817 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Traits related to flower advertisement and reward sometimes vary in a circadian way, reflecting phenotypic specialization. However, specialized flowers are not necessarily restricted to specialized pollinators. This is the case of most Silene species, typically associated with diurnal or nocturnal syndromes of pollination but usually showing complex suites of pollinators. Methods A Silene species with mixed floral features between diurnal and nocturnal syndromes was used to test how petal opening, nectar production, scent emission and pollination success correlate in a circadian rhythm, and whether this is influenced by environmental conditions. The effect of diurnal and nocturnal visitation rates on plant reproductive success is also explored in three populations, including the effect of the pollinating seed predator Hadena sancta. Key Results The result showed that repeated petal opening at dusk was correlated with nectar secretion and higher scent production during the night. However, depending on environmental conditions, petals remain opened for a while in the morning, when nectar and pollen still were available. Pollen deposition was similarly effective at night and in the morning, but less effective in the afternoon. These results were consistent with field studies. Conclusions The circadian rhythm regulating floral attractiveness and reward in S. colorata is predominantly adapted to nocturnal flower visitors. However, favourable environmental conditions lengthen the optimal daily period of flower attraction and pollination towards morning. This allows the complementarity of day and night pollination. Diurnal pollination may help to compensate the plant reproductive success when nocturnal pollinators are scarce and when the net outcome of H. sancta shifts from mutualism to parasitism. These results suggest a functional mechanism explaining why the supposed nocturnal syndrome of many Silene species does not successfully predict their pollinator guilds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Prieto-Benítez
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos-ESCET, C/ Tulipán, s/n. 28933-Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stefan Dötterl
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, Plant Ecology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Luis Giménez-Benavides
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos-ESCET, C/ Tulipán, s/n. 28933-Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
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Brito VLG, Fendrich TG, Smidt EC, Varassin IG, Goldenberg R. Shifts from specialised to generalised pollination systems in Miconieae (Melastomataceae) and their relation with anther morphology and seed number. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2016; 18:585-593. [PMID: 26789333 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Most species in Melastomataceae have poricidal anthers related to specialised bee buzz-pollination, while some have anthers with large openings associated to non-bee pollination systems. We tracked the evolution of anther morphology and seed number on the Miconieae phylogenetic tree to understand the evolutionary shifts in such pollination systems. Anther morphometric data and seed number were recorded for 54 taxa. Pollinators (bees, flies, wasps) were recorded for 20 available species. Ancestral state reconstruction was made using Maximum Likelihood from nrITS sequences. We used phylogenetic eigenvector regressions to estimate phylogenetic signal and the adaptive component for these traits. Species pollinated by bees or bees and wasps tend to have smaller pores and fruits with more seeds. Species pollinated by flies or flies and bees and/or wasps tend to have larger pores and fruits with less seeds. Independent evolution occurred three times for anthers with large pores and twice for fruits with few seeds. We detected a phylogenetic signal in both traits, and negative correlated evolution between them. In actinomorphic small-flowered Miconieae, changes in anther morphology can be related to generalisation in the pollination system incorporating flies and wasps as pollinators and lessening the importance of buzzing bees in such process. Differences in pollen removal and deposition may explain differences in anther morphology and seed number in Miconieae.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L G Brito
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - T G Fendrich
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - E C Smidt
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - I G Varassin
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - R Goldenberg
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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Pequeno ID, Almeida NM, Filho JAS. Biologia reprodutiva e guilda de visitantes florais de Pseudobombax marginatum (Malvaceae). RODRIGUÉSIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/2175-7860201667211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Resumo No Brasil, ocorrem 120 espécies do gênero Pseudobombax em diferentes formações vegetacionais. Espécies de Bombacoideae apresentam flores com antese noturna, visitadas por morcegos e esfingídeos. Objetivou-se investigar a biologia reprodutiva de P. marginatum, e conhecer relações entre planta e visitantes. O estudo foi desenvolvido em uma área de caatinga, no município de Afrânio, Pernambuco. Analisou-se a fenologia, biologia floral, comportamento dos visitantes e sistema reprodutivo. P. marginatum apresenta características de flores quiropterófilas, apesar de não receber visitas de morcegos, parecendo estar relacionado ao processo de fragmentação florestal ocorrente na área de estudo. A espécie floresceu entre maio e julho, recebendo visitas de esfingídeos, abelhas, vespas e aves. A produção de néctar foi elevada com baixa concentração de açúcares. Apenas na polinização cruzada obteve-se sucesso, devido à presença de mecanismos de incompatibilidade. P. marginatum apresenta-se em situação crítica quanto à sua regeneração, devido à carência de serviços de polinização eficientes, provavelmente ocasionados pela perturbação na área e ausência de quirópteros visitantes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José Alves Siqueira Filho
- Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Brazil
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Ferreira C, Maruyama PK, Oliveira PE. Convergence beyond flower morphology? Reproductive biology of hummingbird-pollinated plants in the Brazilian Cerrado. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2016; 18:316-324. [PMID: 26370490 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Convergent reproductive traits in non-related plants may be the result of similar environmental conditions and/or specialised interactions with pollinators. Here, we documented the pollination and reproductive biology of Bionia coriacea (Fabaceae), Esterhazya splendida (Orobanchaceae) and Ananas ananassoides (Bromeliaceae) as case studies in the context of hummingbird pollination in Cerrado, the Neotropical savanna of Central South America. We combined our results with a survey of hummingbird pollination studies in the region to investigate the recently suggested association of hummingbird pollination and self-compatibility. Plant species studied here differed in their specialisation for ornithophily, from more generalist A. ananassoides to somewhat specialist B. coriacea and E. splendida. This continuum of specialisation in floral traits also translated into floral visitor composition. Amazilia fimbriata was the most frequent pollinator for all species, and the differences in floral display and nectar energy availability among plant species affect hummingbirds' behaviour. Most of the hummingbird-pollinated Cerrado plants (60.0%, n = 20), including those studied here, were self-incompatible, in contrast to other biomes in the Neotropics. Association to more generalist, often territorial, hummingbirds, and resulting reduced pollen flow in open savanna areas may explain predominance of self-incompatibility. But it is possible that mating system is more associated with the predominance of woody hummingbird plants in the Cerrado plant assemblage than to the pollination system itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ferreira
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - P K Maruyama
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - P E Oliveira
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
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Aguilar-Rodríguez PA, Krömer T, García-Franco JG, MacSwiney G MC. From dusk till dawn: nocturnal and diurnal pollination in the epiphyte Tillandsia heterophylla (Bromeliaceae). PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2016; 18:37-45. [PMID: 25683682 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In order to compare the effectiveness of diurnal and nocturnal pollinators, we studied the reproductive biology and pollinators of Tillandsia heterophylla E. Morren, an epiphytic tank bromeliad endemic to southeastern Mexico. Since anthesis in T. heterophylla is predominantly nocturnal but lasts until the following day, we hypothesised that this bromeliad would receive visits from both diurnal and nocturnal visitors, but that nocturnal visitors would be the most effective pollinators, since they arrive first to the receptive flower, and that bats would be the most frequent nocturnal visitors, given the characteristics of the nectar. Flowering of T. heterophylla began in May and lasted until July. The species is fully self-compatible, with an anthesis that lasts for ca. 15-16 h. Mean volume of nectar produced per flower was 82.21 μl, with a mean sugar concentration of 6.33%. The highest volume and concentration of nectar were found at 20:00 h, with a subsequent decline in both to almost zero over the following 12-h period. T. heterophylla has a generalist pollination system, since at least four different morphospecies of visitors pollinate its flowers: bats, moths, hummingbirds and bees. Most of the pollinating visits corresponded to bats and took place in the early evening, when stigma receptivity had already begun; making bats the probable pollinator on most occasions. However, diurnal pollinators may be important as a 'fail-safe' system by which to guarantee the pollination of T. heterophylla.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Aguilar-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigaciones Tropicales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - T Krömer
- Centro de Investigaciones Tropicales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - J G García-Franco
- Red de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - M C MacSwiney G
- Centro de Investigaciones Tropicales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
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Queiroz JA, Quirino ZGM, Machado IC. Floral traits driving reproductive isolation of two co-flowering taxa that share vertebrate pollinators. AOB PLANTS 2015; 7:plv127. [PMID: 26558704 PMCID: PMC4676799 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plv127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Floral attributes evolve in response to frequent and efficient pollinators, which are potentially important drivers of floral diversification and reproductive isolation. In this context, we asked, how do flowers evolve in a bat-hummingbird pollination system? Hence, we investigated the pollination ecology of two co-flowering Ipomoea taxa (I. marcellia and I. aff. marcellia) pollinated by bats and hummingbirds, and factors favouring reproductive isolation and pollinator sharing in these plants. To identify the most important drivers of reproductive isolation, we compared the flowers of the two Ipomoea taxa in terms of morphometry, anthesis and nectar production. Pollinator services were assessed using frequency of visits, fruit set and the number of seeds per fruit after visits. The studied Ipomoea taxa differed in corolla size and width, beginning and duration of anthesis, and nectar attributes. However, they shared the same diurnal and nocturnal visitors. The hummingbird Heliomaster squamosus was more frequent in I. marcellia (1.90 visits h(-1)) than in I. aff. marcellia (0.57 visits h(-1)), whereas glossophagine bats showed similar visit rates in both taxa (I. marcellia: 0.57 visits h(-1) and I. aff. marcellia: 0.64 visits h(-1)). Bat pollination was more efficient in I. aff. marcellia, whereas pollination by hummingbirds was more efficient in I. marcellia. Differences in floral attributes between Ipomoea taxa, especially related to the anthesis period, length of floral parts and floral arrangement in the inflorescence, favour reproductive isolation from congeners through differential pollen placement on pollinators. This bat-hummingbird pollination system seems to be advantageous in the study area, where the availability of pollinators and floral resources changes considerably throughout the year, mainly as a result of rainfall seasonality. This interaction is beneficial for both sides, as it maximizes the number of potential pollen vectors for plants and resource availability for pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel A Queiroz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, CCB, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50372-970 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Zelma G M Quirino
- Departamento de Engenharia e Meio Ambiente, CCAE, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Rio Tinto, PB, Brazil
| | - Isabel C Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, CCB, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50372-970 Recife, PE, Brazil Departamento de Botânica, CCB, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50372-970 Recife, PE, Brazil
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Avila R, Pinheiro M, Sazima M. The generalist Inga subnuda subsp. luschnathiana (Fabaceae): negative effect of floral visitors on reproductive success? PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2015; 17:728-733. [PMID: 25488371 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Inga species are characterised by generalist or mixed pollination system. However, this feature does not enhance reproductive rates in species with very low fruit set under natural conditions. Some ecological and genetic factors are associated with this feature, and to test the effect of massive visits on pollination success in Inga subnuda subsp. luschnathiana, we studied the efficacy of polyads deposited on stigmas of flowers isolated from visitors and polyads exposed to visitors. The proportion of polyads fixed in stigmas decreased after exposure to visitors (24 h) in comparison to stigmas isolated from visitors (hummingbirds, bees, wasps, hawkmoths and bats), and fruit set was very low. Furthermore, nectar production, sugar composition and other floral biology traits were evaluated. Increased nectar production, sugar availability and sucrose dominance during the night indicates adaptation to nocturnal visitors and supports their role as main pollinators; although the brush-flower morphology, time of anthesis, nectar dynamics and chemical composition also allow daytime visitors. Thus the species is an important resource for a diverse group of floral visitors. We conclude that excess visits (diurnal and nocturnal) are responsible for the decrease in fixed polyads in stigmas of I. subnuda subsp. luschnathiana flowers, thus contributing, with others factors, to its low fruit set. Therefore, the generalist pollination system does not result in reproductive advantages because the low fruit set in natural conditions could be the result of a negative effect of visitors/pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Avila
- Laboratório de Estudos em Biodiversidade Pampiana, LEBIP, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus São Gabriel, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
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Low abundance of long-tongued pollinators leads to pollen limitation in four specialized hawkmoth-pollinated plants in the Atlantic Rain forest, Brazil. Naturwissenschaften 2014; 101:893-905. [PMID: 25204723 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-014-1230-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Revised: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Long-tubed hawkmoth-pollinated species present some of the most remarkable examples of floral specialization depending exclusively on long-tongued hawkmoths for sexual reproduction. Nonetheless, long-tongued hawkmoths do not rely exclusively on specialized plants as nectar sources, which may limit sexual reproduction through pollen limitation. However, very few studies have quantified the level of pollen limitation in plants with highly specialized floral traits in tropical regions. In this context, we studied four sympatric hawkmoth-pollinated species in a highland Atlantic Rain forest and assessed pollen limitation and their dependence on pollinators by analyzing the floral biology, breeding system, pollination mechanisms, and abundance of long-tongued pollinators. We showed that the four species are self-compatible, but are completely dependent on long-tongued hawkmoths to set fruits, and that flower visitation was infrequent in all plant species. Pollen limitation indices ranged from 0.53 to 0.96 showing that fruit set is highly limited by pollen receipt. Long-tongued moths are much less abundant and comprise only one sixth of the hawkmoth fauna. Pollen analyses of 578 sampled moths revealed that hawkmoths visited ca. 80 plant species in the community, but only two of the four species studied. Visited plants included a long-tubed hawkmoth-pollinated species endemic to the lowland forest ca. 15-20 km away from the study site. Specialization index (H 2 ' = 0.20) showed that community-level interactions between hawkmoths and plants are generalized. We suggest that sexual reproduction of these highly specialized hawkmoth-pollinated species is impaired by competition among plants for pollinators, in conjunction with the low abundance and diversity of long-tongued pollinators.
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Genetic and ecological outcomes of Inga vera subsp. affinis (Leguminosae) tree plantations in a fragmented tropical landscape. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99903. [PMID: 24932729 PMCID: PMC4059660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Planting of native trees for habitat restoration is a widespread practice, but the consequences for the retention and transmission of genetic diversity in planted and natural populations are unclear. Using Inga vera subsp. affinis as a model species, we genotyped five natural and five planted populations in the Atlantic forest of northeastern Brazil at polymorphic microsatellite loci. We studied the breeding system and population structure to test how much genetic diversity is retained in planted relative to natural populations. We then genotyped seedlings from these populations to test whether genetic diversity in planted populations is restored by outcrossing to natural populations of I. vera. The breeding system of natural I. vera populations was confirmed to be highly outcrossing (t = 0.92; FIS = −0.061, P = 0.04), with populations showing weak population substructure (FST = 0.028). Genetic diversity in planted populations was 50% less than that of natural populations (planted: AR = 14.9, HO = 0.865 and natural: AR = 30.8, HO = 0.655). However, seedlings from planted populations showed a 30% higher allelic richness relative to their parents (seedlings AR = 10.5, parents AR = 7.6). Understanding the processes and interactions that shape this system are necessary to provide ecologically sensible goals and successfully restore hyper-fragmented habitats. Future restoration plans for I. vera must consider the genetic diversity of planted populations and the potential for gene flow between natural populations in the landscape, in order to preserve ecological interactions (i.e. pollination), and promote opportunities for outcrossing.
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Hofer JMI, Noel Ellis TH. Developmental specialisations in the legume family. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 17:153-8. [PMID: 24507507 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The legume family is astonishingly diverse; inventiveness in the form of novel organs, modified organs and additional meristems, is rife. Evolutionary changes can be inferred from the phylogenetic pattern of this diversity, but a full understanding of the origin of these 'hopeful monsters' of meristematic potential requires clear phylogenetic reconstructions and extensive, species-rich, sequence data. The task is large, but rapid progress is being made in both these areas. Here we review specialisations that have been characterised in a subset of intensively studied papilionoid legume taxa at the vanguard of developmental genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M I Hofer
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3EE, UK.
| | - T H Noel Ellis
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3EE, UK
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Maruyama PK, Oliveira GM, Ferreira C, Dalsgaard B, Oliveira PE. Pollination syndromes ignored: importance of non-ornithophilous flowers to Neotropical savanna hummingbirds. Naturwissenschaften 2013; 100:1061-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-013-1111-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bird Pollinator Visitation is Equivalent in Island and Plantation Planting Designs in Tropical Forest Restoration Sites. SUSTAINABILITY 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/su5031177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Moré M, Amorim FW, Benitez-Vieyra S, Medina AM, Sazima M, Cocucci AA. Armament imbalances: match and mismatch in plant-pollinator traits of highly specialized long-spurred orchids. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41878. [PMID: 22848645 PMCID: PMC3405039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Some species of long-spurred orchids achieve pollination by a close association with long-tongued hawkmoths. Among them, several Habenaria species present specialized mechanisms, where pollination success depends on the attachment of pollinaria onto the heads of hawkmoths with very long proboscises. However, in the Neotropical region such moths are less abundant than their shorter-tongued relatives and are also prone to population fluctuations. Both factors may give rise to differences in pollinator-mediated selection on floral traits through time and space. Methodology/Principal Findings We characterized hawkmoth assemblages and estimated phenotypic selection gradients on orchid spur lengths in populations of three South American Habenaria species. We examined the match between hawkmoth proboscis and flower spur lengths to determine whether pollinators may act as selective agents on flower morphology. We found significant directional selection on spur length only in Habenaria gourlieana, where most pollinators had proboscises longer than the mean of orchid spur length. Conclusions/Significance Phenotypic selection is dependent on the mutual match between pollinator and flower morphologies. However, our findings indicate that pollinator-mediated selection may vary through time and space according to local variations in pollinator assemblages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Moré
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Biología Floral, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Felipe W. Amorim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil
- * E-mail:
| | - Santiago Benitez-Vieyra
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Biología Floral, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - A. Martin Medina
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Biología Floral, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Marlies Sazima
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Andrea A. Cocucci
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Biología Floral, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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