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Zhang Q, Zhang H, Jiang Y, Wang J, Wu D, Wu C, Che L, Lin Y, Zhuo Y, Luo Z, Nie K, Li J. Chromium propionate supplementation to energy- and protein-reduced diets reduces feed consumption but improves feed conversion ratio of yellow-feathered male broilers in the early period and improves meat quality. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103260. [PMID: 38096665 PMCID: PMC10762463 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Growth performance and carcass traits may be retarded by low nutrient density diets. Organic chromium propionate (CrProp) can improve growth, carcass traits, and meat quality in farmed lambs, white broilers, and fish. Limited data regarding CrProp's impacts on yellow-feathered broilers are available. Eight hundred yellow-feathered male broilers (1-day old) were randomly allocated to 4 dietary groups and reared for 56 d. The trial was a 2 (dietary nutrient density) ×2 (CrProp) factorial arrangement with 4 diets: regular nutrient diet and low nutrient density (LND, reduction in metabolizable energy by 81 kcal and crude protein by 0.43%) diet supplemented with or without 200 mg/kg CrProp. Broilers were euthanized at d 56 after blood collection. The results indicated that the LND diet led to greater average daily feed intake (ADFI) from d 1 to 42 and feed conversion ratio (FCR) from d 22 to 42 (P < 0.05). Supplementation of CrProp improved body weight (BW) from d 1 to 56, average daily gain (ADG), and FCR during d 1 to 42 but reduced ADFI during d 1 to 21, as well as lowered abdominal fat percentage (P < 0.05). Supplementation with CrProp to regular and LND diets reduced ADFI but improved FCR from d 1 to 21 (P < 0.05). The LND diet lowered total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) concentration and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity in the jejunal mucosa. CrProp elevated T-AOC levels and glutathione peroxidase activity (GSH-Px, P < 0.05). Dietary CrProp upregulated (P < 0.05) the expression of fatty acid transporter (FABP1) gene and peptide transporter (Pept1) gene. CrProp administration increased jejunal FABP1 expression and lowered cooking loss of breast meat (P < 0.05) in the LND group while reducing shear force (P = 0.009) of broilers treated by regular diet. In summary, CrProp administration to the LND diet can improve growth performance in the starter period and meat quality on d 56, possibly through upregulated nutrient transporter gene expression in the jejunum and enhanced antioxidant capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhang
- Department of Animal Resources and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, South Korea; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yukun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - De Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Caimei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lianqiang Che
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yong Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zheng Luo
- Kemin (China) Technologies Co., Ltd., Zhuhai, China
| | - Kangkang Nie
- Kemin (China) Technologies Co., Ltd., Zhuhai, China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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An J, Kim Y, Song M, Choi J, Oh H, Chang S, Song D, Cho H, Park S, Jeon K, Park Y, Park G, Oh S, Kim Y, Choi N, Kim J, Kim H, Cho J. Effects of different levels of organic chromium and selenomethionine cocktails in broilers. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023; 65:1226-1241. [PMID: 38616877 PMCID: PMC11007298 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2023.e32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is an essential trace mineral that plays an important role in physiological processes by regulating the antioxidant defense system and enhancing immunity. Chromium is an essential mineral involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and also plays a role in maintaining normal insulin function. Based on these advantages, we hypothesized that the addition of selenomethionine (SeMet) and organic chromium (OC) to broiler diets would increase Se deposition, antioxidant capacity and immune response in meat. Therefore, this study analyzed the effects of OC and SeMet on growh performance, nutrients digestibility, blood profiles, intestinal morphology, meat quality characteristics, and taxonomic analysis of broilers. A total of 168 one-day-old broiler chicken (Arbor Acres) were randomly allotted to 3 groups based on the initial body weight of 37.33 ± 0.24 g with 7 replicate per 8 birds (mixed sex). The experiments period was 28 days. Dietary treatments were folloewd: Basal diets based on corn-soybean meal (CON), basal diet supplemented with 0.2 ppm OC and 0.2 ppm SeMet (CS4), and basal diet supplemented with 0.4 ppm OC and 0.4 ppm SeMet (CS8). Supplementation of OC and SeMet did not affect on growth performance, nutrient digestibility. However, CS8 supplementation increased in duodenum villus height and villus height : crypt depth, and increased in breast meat Se deposition. In addition, CS8 group showed higher uric acid and total antioxidant status than CON group. Taxonomic analysis at phylum level revealed that Proteobacteria and Firmicutes of CS4 and CS8 were lower than CON group. In genus level, the relative abundance of fecal Lactobacillus and Enterococcus of CS4 and CS8 groups were higher than CON group. In short, 0.4 ppm OC and 0.4 ppm SeMet supplementation to broiler diet supporitng positive gut microbiome change, also enhancing antioxidant capacity, and Se deposition in breast meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewoo An
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Younggwang Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Minho Song
- Department of Animal Science and
Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134,
Korea
| | - Jungseok Choi
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Hanjin Oh
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Seyeon Chang
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Dongcheol Song
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Hyunah Cho
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Sehyun Park
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Kyeongho Jeon
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Yunhwan Park
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | | | - Sehyuk Oh
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Yuna Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Nayoung Choi
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | | | - Hyeunbum Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science,
Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Jinho Cho
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
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Akter S, Jahan N, Rohani MF, Akter Y, Shahjahan M. Chromium Supplementation in Diet Enhances Growth and Feed Utilization of Striped Catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:4811-4819. [PMID: 33534071 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02608-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Chromium (Cr) is a trace element and plays a significant role in fish nutrition and physiology. An experiment was designed to know the effects of Cr addition in the diets to growth and feed utilization in striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). Four diets with Cr (0, 2, 4, and 8 mg kg-1) were fed to striped catfish in aquaria with triplicate groups for 60 days. Survival, growth parameters (weight gain, WG; %WG; specific growth rate, SGR), and feed utilization (feed intake, FI; feed efficiency, FE; protein efficiency ratio, PER; feed conversion ratio, FCR) were calculated at the end of the feeding trial. Several hemato-biochemical parameters, such as hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC) and glucose level, and frequency of micronucleus (MN) formation in erythrocytes, were analyzed. The growth parameters (WG, %WG, and SGR) and feed utilization (FE and PER) increased significantly in the fish fed with 2 and 4 mg kg-1 Cr supplemented diets. On the other hand, the growth parameters suppressed in the fish fed with 8 mg kg-1 Cr-based diet. The polynomial regression analysis based on WG showed that 2.82 mg kg-1 Cr supplementation in the diet is optimum for the tested fish species. The values of Hb (g/dL), RBC (×106/mm3) and blood glucose (mg/dL) significantly decreased in the fish fed with the highest (8 mg kg-1) Cr-based feed. Conversely, MN frequency was significantly increased in the fish fed with 8 mg kg-1 Cr-based diet. Overall, 2.82 mg Cr kg-1 can be added to the diets of striped catfish for its better growth with maximum utilization of feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahana Akter
- Laboratory of Fish Ecophysiology, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Nusrat Jahan
- Laboratory of Fish Ecophysiology, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Fazle Rohani
- Department of Aquaculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Yeasmin Akter
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shahjahan
- Laboratory of Fish Ecophysiology, Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh.
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Piray AH, Foroutanifar S. Effect of Chromium Supplementation on Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Blood Biochemistry, and Immune Response of Unstressed Broiler Chickens: a Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:4713-4720. [PMID: 33454850 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02589-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies investigating the effects of Chromium (Cr) supplementation on unstressed broiler chickens have reported an inconsistent association between Cr supplementation and broiler chickens' responses. We conducted a dose-response meta-analysis of previous studies to assess the dose-response associations between Cr supplementation and performance parameters, carcass traits, blood metabolites, and immune indices of non-stressed broiler chickens. The results showed that Cr supplementation was not associated with feed intake, body mass gain, and feed conversion ratio. There was a J-shaped relationship between Cr supplementation and carcass relative weight, and Cr supplementation at about 1145 μg/kg diet produced the highest response. However, supplemental Cr had no effects on the other carcass traits, including breast, leg, abdominal fat, and liver relative weights. There was a strong evidence of nonlinear associations between Cr supplementation and the blood concentration of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (P < 0.05). The maximum reduction in blood LDL concentration was observed when Cr was supplemented at about 540 μg/kg diet, and Cr at the dose of 588 μg/kg of diet caused the greatest enhancement in the blood HDL concentration. However, supplementation with Cr did not change the blood total cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations. Additionally, a strong inverse association was found between Cr supplementation and blood glucose concentration. Furthermore, positive linear associations between Cr supplementation and the relative weight of bursa and thymus and the antibody titer to Newcastle disease vaccine were detected. However, supplemental Cr had no effect on the spleen relative weight and titer against avian influenza vaccine. Findings from this meta-analysis demonstrate that Cr supplementation is positively associated with carcass relative weight, blood HDL concentration, and immune response and inversely associated with blood glucose and LDL concentrations in non-stressed broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hossein Piray
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, PO Box 6715685418, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Saheb Foroutanifar
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, PO Box 6715685418, Kermanshah, Iran
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Kamel N, Hady M, Ragaa N, Mohamed F. Effect of nucleotides on growth performance, gut health, and some immunological parameters of broiler chicken exposed to high stocking density. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bampidis V, Azimonti G, Bastos MDL, Christensen H, Dusemund B, Fašmon Durjava M, Kouba M, López‐Alonso M, López Puente S, Marcon F, Mayo B, Pechová A, Petkova M, Ramos F, Sanz Y, Villa RE, Woutersen R, Bories G, Cubadda F, Svensson K, Brozzi R, Galobart J, Gregoretti L, Innocenti ML, Vettori MV, López‐Gálvez G. Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of chromium propionate (KemTRACE™ Chromium) for all growing poultry species (Kemin Europa NV). EFSA J 2021; 19:e06546. [PMID: 33968247 PMCID: PMC8082166 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of chromium propionate (KemTRACE™ Chromium; KemTRACE-Cr) as zootechnical feed additive for all growing poultry species. The EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) Panel was assigned to this mandate. Based on two tolerance studies submitted, the Panel concluded that the additive is safe for chickens for fattening at the maximum recommended supplementation level of 0.4 mg Cr/kg feed from KemTRACE-Cr, but a margin of safety cannot be established; this conclusion can be extended to chickens reared for laying/breeding, but cannot be extrapolated to other growing poultry species. The FEEDAP Panel considered that the use of KemTRACE-Cr in animal nutrition at the proposed conditions of use is safe for the consumer. No concerns for users following any inhalation exposure during the handling of the additive are expected; the additive was shown to be corrosive to the eyes but not irritant to skin or a skin sensitiser. The use of KemTRACE-Cr in animal nutrition according to the proposed conditions of use will not significantly alter the concentration in the receiving environmental compartments of concern; therefore, no safety concern is expected for the environment. Based on three efficacy studies, the FEEDAP Panel concluded that KemTRACE-Cr has the potential to be efficacious as a zootechnical additive in chickens for fattening at the supplementation level of 0.4 mg Cr/kg feed; this conclusion could be extended to chickens reared for laying and chickens reared for breeding, and extrapolated to other poultry species for fattening and reared for laying/breeding.
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7
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Santos Dalólio F, Teixeira Albino LF, Nogueira da Silva J, Kyonara Alves Tenório Fireman A, Burin Junior ÁM, Busanello M, Ribeiro Júnior V. Dietary chromium-methionine supplementation and broiler (22–43 days) responses during heat stress. 1. Growth performance and carcass yield, metabolisable energy and serum biochemistry. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/an20140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Context
Chromium (Cr) is considered a beneficial trace element. It has been reported that supplementation with Cr in the diet promotes improvements in the productive variables of broilers reared under heat stress (HS).
Aim
The study aimed to evaluate dose response of Cr as chromium-methionine (CrMet) supplementation on metabolisable energy, serum biochemistry, growth performance and carcass yield of broilers.
Methods
Three hundred and thirty-six 22-day-old male broiler chickens were randomly assigned to four blocks, six treatments (0, 0.10, 0.20, 0.40, 0.80 and 1.20 mg/kg dry matter (DM) Cr as CrMet), eight repetitions with seven birds per experimental unit, subjected to HS (33°C for 12h/day) from 22 to 43 days. The supplemented CrMet level for each variable studied was estimated using linear and quadratic regressions.
Key results
The bodyweight was quadratically affected at 35 and 43 days (P < 0.01), as well as bodyweight gain (P = 0.02) and feed conversion ratio (P = 0.01) from 22 to 43 days. A linear improvement (P = 0.03) was observed in the feed conversion ratio from 22 to 28 days and bodyweight gain for 22 to 35 days (P = 0.02). The nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolisable energy and the coefficient of metabolisation of energy were quadratically affected (P < 0.01 and P < 0.01, respectively) by CrMet levels in the diet. A quadratic response was observed on total serum cholesterol (P < 0.01), serum glucose (P = 0.07) and triacylglycerol (P < 0.01). The abdominal fat deposition was quadratically affected (P < 0.01) by CrMet levels in the diet.
Conclusions
The supplementation of 0.77 mg/kg DM Cr as CrMet improves performance, carcass characteristics and serum biochemistry parameters of broiler chickens reared under heat stress.
Implications
The results indicate that CrMet can be supplemented in the diet for broilers reared under heat stress to improve productivity of broiler chickens.
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Ognik K, Drażbo A, Stępniowska A, Kozłowski K, Listos P, Jankowski J. The effect of chromium nanoparticles and chromium picolinate in broiler chicken diet on the performance, redox status and tissue histology. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Effect of Varying Levels of Chromium Propionate on Growth Performance and Blood Biochemistry of Broilers. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9110935. [PMID: 31703417 PMCID: PMC6912386 DOI: 10.3390/ani9110935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The current study evaluated the effects of dietary chromium propionate supplementation on growth performance and blood biochemistry of broilers. Results showed that chromium propionate has improved weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of broilers. Also, meat to fat ratio improved and lean meat may be produced. Based on the study results, the recommended level of chromium propionate supplementation to broiler diet for better performance and weight gain is 400 ppb. Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of varying levels of chromium propionate on blood biochemistry and growth performance of broilers (1–35 days). Five diets were formulated by using chromium propionate with inclusion levels of 0, 200, 400, 800 and 1600 ppb. A total of 300 broilers were divided into 5 groups with 6 replicates of 10 birds in each under completely randomized design. The starter feed intake remained unaffected (p > 0.05) whereas finisher and overall feed intake was different (p < 0.05) among different experimental groups. Feed conversion ratio and weight gain in starter, finisher and overall improved significantly (p < 0.05) with the increasing levels of chromium propionate. Blood glucose was decreased (p < 0.05) with increasing dietary chromium level. Chromium supplementation did not affect antibodies titers against NDV and AIV-H9. Neither live, hilal, after skin removal, eviscerated, chest weight and legs with shanks weight nor liver and heart weights were affected (p > 0.05) while gizzard weight reduced significantly (p < 0.05) due to supplementation of chromium. On the basis of results, it may be concluded that chromium propionate supplementation improved weight gain and FCR and reduced blood glucose. However, better performance and weight gain may be achieved if chromium propionate is added at the rate of 400 ppb in broiler diets.
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11
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Effect of dietary chromium supplementation on meat nutritional quality and antioxidant status from broilers fed with Camelina-meal-supplemented diets. Animal 2019; 13:2939-2947. [PMID: 31122301 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731119001162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry meat is a valuable source of nutrients and the enrichment with health-promoting substances such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) is an important factor for consumers' choice. Camelina meal (Camelina sativa) is an animal feedstuff used to achieve this goal, but the administration of n-3 PUFA-enriched diets in broiler nutrition can accelerate the oxidative processes in meat leading to a decreased quality of final product. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the organic Cr as chromium picolinate (CrPic) on meat quality, fatty acid profile of fat and oxidative stability of meat from broilers fed supplemented dietary Camelina meal. An experiment was conducted on 240 Ross 308 broiler chicken aged 14 days which were assigned to 6 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. Within the treatment arrangement two concentrations of Camelina meal (0% and 3%) and three concentrations of Cr3+ (0, 200 and 400 μg/kg) were used. Dietary treatments were: (1) Control diet (C) containing a corn-soybean diet with no added Camelina meal or Cr3+; (2) a C diet containing an additional 200 μg/kg of Cr3+ as CrPic; (3) a C diet containing an additional 400 μg/kg of Cr3+ as CrPic; (4) a C diet containing an additional 3% Camelina meal; (5) diet 2 containing an additional 3% Camelina meal; (6) diet 3 containing an additional 3% Camelina meal. Chromium supplementation significantly (P<0.05) increased the CP concentrations and significantly (P<0.05) decreased the crude fat concentrations in breast samples. The Camelina meal groups presented higher values of unsaturated fatty acids, particularly n-3 fatty acids (P<0.05). In CrPic groups, increased retention of Zn and Fe (P < 0.05) was observed in breast samples, compared to control group, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values were significantly (P<0.05) smaller. Myoglobin fraction (metmyoglobin and oximyoglobin) concentrations differ significantly (P<0.05) from the control group, under the influence of Cr3+ supplements. This study found that broilers fed with CrPic supplements showed improved mineral composition and oxidative stability of breast meat, proving an effective protection of lipid molecules from oxidation in PUFA-enriched meat.
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12
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White PE, Vincent JB. Systematic Review of the Effects of Chromium(III) on Chickens. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 188:99-126. [PMID: 30430417 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1575-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Chromium supplementation has been proposed to have beneficial effects in farm animals, particularly when under stress. The last two decades, in particular, have seen an emphasis on examining the effects of supplemental chromium on a variety of variables in chicks and chickens. Thus, given the recent approval of a Cr(III) compound for use in chicken feed in the United States and the recent surge in papers on the use of Cr in chicken feed, the need for a systematic review of studies utilizing chickens is extremely urgent and timely. With the exception of studies on cold-stressed laying hens, the results of studies of Cr supplementation of chickens, whether broilers or laying hens, were found to be too inconsistent for any firm conclusions to be drawn other than that Cr supplementation generally leads to accumulation of Cr in tissues. Few potential trends in terms or beneficial or deleterious effects from Cr supplementation were found regardless of strain of chicken, Cr source, Cr dose, duration of supplementation, or variable examined. Hence, in summary, no recommendation for the use of Cr as a supplement for the diet of chickens can be made at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pandora E White
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487-0336, USA
| | - John B Vincent
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487-0336, USA.
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Lashkari S, Habibian M, Jensen SK. A Review on the Role of Chromium Supplementation in Ruminant Nutrition-Effects on Productive Performance, Blood Metabolites, Antioxidant Status, and Immunocompetence. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 186:305-321. [PMID: 29594691 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1310-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
With the increase in the global herd, the use of metabolic modifiers has become an important area for many researchers looking for a supraphysiological diet to improve production parameters. For improving the performance of high yielding cows, the optimal balance of all nutrients including microminerals is important. Chromium (Cr) is one of the important micronutrients which plays an important role in metabolism of ruminants. Experimental studies have found that Cr could change performance, immune responses, glucose and fatty acid metabolism, and antioxidant status in dairy cows. In some studies, Cr supplementation improved dry matter intake, milk production, and milk composition of dairy cows in the early, mid, or late stage of lactation. Also, in some studies, performance of growing animal, immune response, and some blood parameters responded positively to Cr supplementation. In conclusion, the effects of Cr supplementation on performance of ruminants are inconsistent; however, its long-term effects on health, productivity, immune system, and antioxidant activity of ruminants still need to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Lashkari
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, P.O. Box 50, 8830, Tjele, Denmark.
| | - Mahmood Habibian
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, PO Box 416, Iran
| | - Søren Krogh Jensen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, P.O. Box 50, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
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14
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Yeltekin A, Oğuz A. Some macro and trace elements in various tissues of Van fish variations according to gender and weight. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-9668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Van fish is a fish that can live in soda water at pH 9-10. Van fishing area is a very important source of protein for the people. The variations in tissue metal levels according to gender and weight in Van fish (Alburnus tarichi, Güldenstadt 1814) were studied. This study was conducted for the first time in Van fish. Which it is very important for living organisms Calcium(Ca), magnesium(Mg), sodium(Na), potassium(K), cobalt(Co), chromium(Cr) and lithium(Li) elements levels in the muscle, liver, gill, gonad, and brain tissues of Van fish were investigated by using inductively-coupled plasma-optic emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The results were evaluated in two groups as macro-elements(Ca, Mg, Na, K) and trace-elements(Co, Cr, Li). Cobalt concentration in brain tissue was found to be higher than those in other tissues. Also, male fish had higher metal concentrations than female fish and their metal levels in brain and gonad tissues varied with their weight (P<0.05). This study shows that consumption of Van fish can be consumed to supply some necessary minerals required for a healthy nutrition.
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Xiao F, Ao D, Zhou B, Spears JW, Lin X, Huang Y. Effects of Supplemental Chromium Propionate on Serum Lipids, Carcass Traits, and Meat Quality of Heat-Stressed Broilers. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 176:401-406. [PMID: 27660074 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0852-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of chromium from chromium propionate (CrPro) on serum lipids, carcass traits, and breast meat quality in heat-stressed birds. A total of 210 1-day-old male broilers were randomly allotted by initial body weight (BW) into 5 treatments with 7 replicates with 6 birds per replicate pen for 42 days. The treatments included a basal corn-soybean meal diet and basal diet supplemented with 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, or 1.6 mg Cr/kg diet. Birds had ad libitum access to feed and distilled-deionized water at normal conditions for 1-3 weeks with little or no stress, and then birds were housed under heat stress conditions with 35 ± 2 °C ambient temperature for 4-6 weeks. Results showed that serum triglyceride (TG) (P = 0.0006) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) (P = 0.0038) concentrations were decreased linearly as Cr dose increased. Compared with other groups, birds receiving 0.8 or 1.6 mg Cr/kg had lower TG (P = 0.0015). Compared to control birds, birds fed diets with 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, or 1.6 mg Cr/kg supplementation had lower LDLC (P = 0.0006). However, the total cholesterol (TC) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) concentrations in serum were not affected by treatment (P > 0.05). No difference was observed in BW, the relative weights of breast muscle, thigh muscle and abdominal fat (P > 0.05), and breast meat quality (Ph15min, Ph24h, L*, a*, b*, cooking loss, shear force) among the treatments (P > 0.05). Results from this study indicated that CrPro supplementation could be beneficial to serum lipids metabolism of heat-stressed broiler chickens by decreasing TG and LDLC contents, but had no impacts on meat quality and carcass traits of the heat-stressed broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Xiao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Degulina Ao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhou
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jerry W Spears
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7621, USA
| | - Xi Lin
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7621, USA
| | - Yanling Huang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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Haq Z, Jain RK, Khan N, Dar MY, Ali S, Gupta M, Varun TK. Recent advances in role of chromium and its antioxidant combinations in poultry nutrition: A review. Vet World 2016; 9:1392-1399. [PMID: 28096611 PMCID: PMC5234053 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.1392-1399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry is reared in open side houses in most of the tropical countries, which results in huge temperature variation in shed causing stress resulting in increased demand of antioxidant supplementation. Since cooling of poultry houses or environment control is very expensive, thus methods focused on nutritional modifications appears to be the much logical approach. Stress increases mineral and vitamin mobilization from tissues and their excretion. Effect of some minerals and vitamin supplements such as chromium (Cr) and ascorbic acid to elevate the negative effects of environmental stress is well documented. Cr functions as an antioxidant and its deficiency are said to disrupt carbohydrate and protein metabolism. Cr has been utilized for weight gain, to improve feed conversion ratio, increase relative organ weight, muscle development, decrease cholesterol, increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and improve nutrient digestion. Therefore, the present review discusses the beneficial aspects of Cr with its effect in different doses and antioxidant combinations to explore and promote its optimum utilization in poultry nutrition and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Haq
- Division of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Jammu - 181 102, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - R K Jain
- Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Mhow - 453446, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - N Khan
- Division of Instructional Livestock Farm Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Jammu - 181 102, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - M Y Dar
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Jammu - 181 102, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - S Ali
- Division of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Jammu - 181 102, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - M Gupta
- Division of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Jammu - 181 102, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - T K Varun
- Division of Animal Nutrition, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
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17
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Effects of a Monocomponent Protease on Performance Parameters and Protein Digestibility in Broiler Chickens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaspro.2015.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Effects of dietary supplementation of organic chromium (picolinate) on physical and biochemical characteristics of semen and carcass traits of male turkeys. Anim Reprod Sci 2014; 151:237-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Khan RU, Naz S, Dhama K, Saminathan M, Tiwari R, Jeon GJ, Laudadio V, Tufarelli V. Modes of Action and Beneficial Applications of Chromium in Poultry Nutrition, Production and Health: A Review. INT J PHARMACOL 2014. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2014.357.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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20
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Ebrahimzadeh S, Farhoomand P, Noori K. Effects of chromium methionine supplementation on performance, carcass traits, and the Ca and P metabolism of broiler chickens under heat-stress conditions. J APPL POULTRY RES 2013. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2011-00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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21
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Opalinski S, Dolinska B, Korczynski M, Chojnacka K, Dobrzanski Z, Ryszka F. Effect of iodine-enriched yeast supplementation of diet on performance of laying hens, egg traits, and egg iodine content. Poult Sci 2012; 91:1627-32. [PMID: 22700508 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-02031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of iodine yeast (I-yeast) supplementation on the performance, egg traits, and iodine content of eggs of laying hens. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design. A total of 60 laying hens (Hy-Line Brown), 25 wk of age, was divided into 3 groups (4 replicates), and a feeding experiment was conducted for 12 wk. The concentrations and forms of iodine added to the basal diet were as follows: control group, 1 mg of iodine/kg of feed, Ca(IO(3))(2)•H(2)O; experimental groups E1 and E2, 1 and 2 mg of iodine per kilogram of feed, I-yeast, respectively. The iodine yeast did not significantly affect BW gain. Lower level of hen day egg production for groups E1 and E2 was not confirmed statistically; however, it was probably the consequence of low replication. Feed intake was the lowest in the E1 group and feed conversion rate was the highest in the E2 group. Furthermore, the egg and albumen weight was the highest in the group supplemented with 2 mg/kg of iodine from I-yeast (P < 0.05). The concentration of iodine in the egg yolk from groups E1 and E2 was respectively about 80 and 90% higher, compared with the control group. Eggshells from the group fed with 2 mg/kg of I-yeast contained almost 3 times more iodine than eggshells from the control group. The results suggest that iodine yeast supplementation in the diet of laying hens is an effective method for increasing iodine concentration in eggs and thus could contribute to elimination of iodine deficiency disorders in humans consuming iodine-enriched eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Opalinski
- Department of Environment, Animal Hygiene and Welfare, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.
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Rao SVR, Raju MVLN, Panda AK, Poonam NS, Murthy OK, Sunder GS. Effect of dietary supplementation of organic chromium on performance, carcass traits, oxidative parameters, and immune responses in commercial broiler chickens. Biol Trace Elem Res 2012; 147:135-41. [PMID: 22237421 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-011-9314-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to study effect of supplementing graded concentrations (0, 100, 200, 300, or 400 μg/kg diet) of organic chromium (Cr) on performance, carcass traits, oxidative stress, and immune responses in commercial broiler chickens reared in open-sided poultry house under tropical climatic conditions. Each diet was fed ad libitum to eight replicates consisting of six birds in each pen from 1 to 42 days of age. Body mass gain and feed efficiency at 21 and 42 days of age and relative mass of liver, abdominal fat, and ready to cook yields at 42 days of age were not affected (P > 0.05) by supplementing organic Cr in broiler diet. Body mass loss during pre-slaughter holding period (12 h) reduced and relative breast mass increased nonlinearly (P < 0.01) with concentration of Cr in diet. Lipid peroxidation decreased, while activities of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase in plasma increased nonlinearly with Cr supplementation. The ratio between heterophyl and lymphocyte was not affected (P > 0.05) with Cr supplementation in broiler diet. Relative mass of lymphoid organs (bursa, spleen, and thymus) and antibody production to Newcastle disease vaccination were not affected (P > 0.05) by the treatments employed. The cell-mediated immunity (lymphocyte proliferation ratio) increased nonlinearly with dietary Cr concentration. The results of the present study indicated that supplementation of organic Cr did not influence body mass and feed efficiency. However, supplementation of the Cr reduced pre-slaughter holding losses, increased the relative mass of breast, and increased antioxidant status and lymphocyte proliferation in broilers reared in tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Rama Rao
- Project Directorate on Poultry, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India.
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23
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Toghyani M, Toghyani M, Shivazad M, Gheisari A, Bahadoran R. Chromium supplementation can alleviate the negative effects of heat stress on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat lipid oxidation of broiler chicks without any adverse impacts on blood constituents. Biol Trace Elem Res 2012; 146:171-80. [PMID: 22006223 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-011-9234-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary supplementation with Cr nicotinate and Cr chloride and their optimum inclusion rate on performance, carcass traits, meat oxidative stability, serum metabolites, hematological parameters, and liver chromium concentration in heat-stressed broilers. A total number of 420, 1-day-old male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to seven treatments with four replicates of 15 chicks. The dietary treatments consisted of the basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 500, 1,000, and 1,500 μg/kg Cr in the form of Cr nicotinate and Cr chloride. Chicks were raised for 6 weeks in heat stress condition (33 ± 2°C). Supplements of organic and inorganic Cr particularly at 1,500 μg/kg incorporation increased feed consumption (P < 0.05) and body mass gain of broilers (P < 0.01). Cr supplementation increased carcass yield and decreased abdominal fat (P < 0.01). Supplementation of 1,500 μg/kg Cr nicotinate (P < 0.05) enhanced liver Cr concentration. Storage time increased lipid oxidation of meat (P < 0.01). Cr decreased lipid oxidation of breast and thigh muscles over 2 (P < 0.01) or 6 (P < 0.05) days of storage time. Birds fed 1,500 μg/kg Cr nicotinate, had lower concentration of serum glucose and triglyceride at 21 days (P < 0.05). Hematological parameters tested at 21 and 42 days, were not influenced. The results suggested that dietary Cr supplementation regardless of its source have a positive effect on productive, and carcass traits, also enhances oxidative stability of refrigerated meat in broilers reared under heat stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Toghyani
- Young Researchers Club, Khorasgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran.
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Ghanbari S, Ebrahimnaz Y, Eshratkhah B, Nazeradl K. Effect of Dietary Chromium Supplementation on Performance and Carcass Traits
of Broiler Chicks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.3923/pjn.2012.467.472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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25
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Naghieh A, Toghyani M, Ali Gheisa A, Eghbal Sae S, Miranzadeh H. Effect of Different Sources of Supplemental Chromium on Performance and Immune Responses of Broiler Chicks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/javaa.2010.354.358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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26
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Navidshad B, Pirsaraei ZA, Chashnidel Y. Effects of dietary chromium polynicotinate supplementation on performance, fat deposition and plasma lipids of broiler chickens. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2010. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2010.e13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Navidshad
- Department of Animal Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Iran
| | - Zarbakht Ansari Pirsaraei
- Department of Animal Science Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
| | - Yadollah Chashnidel
- Department of Animal Science Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
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Vaz R, Oliveira R, Donzele J, Albino L, Oliveira W, Silva B. Níveis de cromo orgânico em rações para frangos de corte mantidos sob estresse por calor no período de um a 42 dias de idade. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352009000200028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Avaliou-se o efeito da suplementação de cromo sobre o desempenho e o rendimento de cortes de frangos, mantidos em ambiente de alta temperatura, no período de um a 42 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 400 frangos de corte, machos, da linhagem Cobb, em um delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos, 0, 350, 700, 1.050 e 1.400ppb de cromo na ração, oito repetições e 10 aves por repetição. Nos períodos de um a 21 e de um a 42 dias de idade, não houve influência dos tratamentos sobre o ganho de peso, o consumo de ração e a conversão alimentar das aves, mas observou-se que o consumo de cromo aumentou de forma linear. Os tratamentos não influenciaram os pesos absoluto e relativo de nenhum dos cortes, peito, coxa e sobrecoxa, avaliados aos 42 dias de idade. A suplementação de até 1.400ppb de cromo na ração não influenciou o desempenho e o rendimento de cortes nobres de frangos de corte mantidos em estresse por calor, no período de um a 42 dias de idade.
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Bakhiet A, Elbadwi S. Effects of Dietary Chromium Supplementation on the Performance and Some Serum Parameters in Bovans-type Chicks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.3923/jpt.2007.402.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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