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Lee AH, Jha AR, Do S, Scarsella E, Shmalberg J, Schauwecker A, Steelman AJ, Honaker RW, Swanson KS. Dietary enrichment of resistant starches or fibers differentially alter the feline fecal microbiome and metabolite profile. Anim Microbiome 2022; 4:61. [PMID: 36471455 PMCID: PMC9720964 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-022-00213-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cats are strict carnivores but possess a complex gastrointestinal (GI) microbial community that actively ferments dietary substrates that are not digested and reach the colon. The GI microbiota responses to dietary inclusion of resistant starches versus fibers have not been tested in cats. Thus, our objective was to evaluate the effects of diets enriched in resistant starch or fibers on the fecal characteristics, microbiome, and metabolite profiles of cats. Twelve healthy adult domestic shorthair cats (age = 9.6 ± 4.0 year; body weight = 3.9 ± 1.0 kg) were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design to test diets that were enriched with: (1) resistant starch (ERS), (2) a fiber-prebiotic-probiotic blend (FPPB), or (3) a fiber-prebiotic-probiotic blend + immune-modulating ingredients (iFPPB). In each 28-day period, 22 days of diet adaptation was followed by fecal and blood sample collection. Fecal samples were used for shotgun metagenomic sequencing. In addition, fecal and blood metabolite measurements and white blood cell stimulation was performed to assess immune function. RESULTS A total of 1690 bacterial species were identified, with 259 species differing between fiber-rich and ERS treatments. In comparison with fiber-rich treatments that increased diversity and promoted Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes populations, resistant starch reduced microbial diversity and fecal pH, led to a bloom in Actinobacteria, and modified Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes orthology (KO) terms pertaining to starch and sucrose metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis and metabolism, epithelial cell signaling, among others. Resistant starch also differentially modified fecal metabolite concentrations with relevance to GI and overall host health (increased butyrate; decreased propionate and protein catabolites - branched-chain fatty acids; phenols and indoles; ammonia) and reduced blood cholesterol, which correlated strongly with microbial taxa and KO terms, and allowed for a high predictive efficiency of diet groups by random forest analysis. CONCLUSION Even though domestic cats and other carnivores evolved by eating low-carbohydrate diets rich in protein and fat, our results demonstrate that the feline microbiome and metabolite profiles are highly responsive to dietary change and in directions that are predictable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne H Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Aashish R Jha
- Genetic Heritage Group, Program in Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- NomNomNow, Inc., Oakland, CA, 94607, USA
| | - Sungho Do
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Elisa Scarsella
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Justin Shmalberg
- NomNomNow, Inc., Oakland, CA, 94607, USA
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Amy Schauwecker
- PetSmart Proprietary Brand Product Development, Phoenix, AZ, 85080, USA
| | - Andrew J Steelman
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | | | - Kelly S Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- 162 Animal Sciences Laboratory, 1207 West Gregory Drive, M/C 630, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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Kim MW, Sharp CR, Boyd CJ, Twomey LN. A survey of enteric organisms detected by real-time PCR assay in faeces of dogs in Western Australia. Aust Vet J 2021; 99:419-422. [PMID: 34184250 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This retrospective observational study reports the enteric organisms detected in dogs in Western Australia that had a faecal PCR (fPCR) submitted to a commercial veterinary laboratory. Of 2025 fPCR results, Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin gene was most frequently detected (87.2%), followed by Campylobacter spp. (37.8%), canine parvovirus (10.5%), Giardia spp. (9.7%), Salmonella spp. (7.0%), canine enteric coronavirus (2.3%), and canine distemper virus (0.3%). C.perfringens alpha toxin gene and Campylobacter spp. were the most common organisms co-detected. There was no statistically significant seasonal variation. Further studies are required to elucidate the role these organisms play in gastrointestinal disease in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Kim
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - C R Sharp
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia.,Centre for Terrestrial Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - C J Boyd
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - L N Twomey
- Vetpath Laboratory Services, Jandakot, Western Australia, 6164, Australia
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Santaniello A, Varriale L, Dipineto L, Borrelli L, Pace A, Fioretti A, Menna LF. Presence of Campylobacterjejuni and C. coli in Dogs under Training for Animal-Assisted Therapies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:3717. [PMID: 33918252 PMCID: PMC8038157 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the presence of Campylobacter (C.) jejuni and C. coli in dogs at five dog training centers in Southern Italy. A total of 550 animals were sampled by collecting rectal swabs. The samples were processed to detect thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. by culture and molecular methods. Campylobacter spp. were isolated from 135/550 (24.5-95% confidence interval) dogs. A total of 84 C. jejuni (62.2%) and 51 C. coli (37.8%) isolates were identified using conventional PCR. The dog data (age, sex, breed, and eating habits) were examined by two statistical analyses using the C. jejuni and C. coli status (positive or negative) as dependent variables. Dogs fed home-cooked food showed a higher risk of being positive for C. jejuni than dogs fed dry or canned meat for dogs (50.0%; p < 0.01). Moreover, purebred dogs had a significantly higher risk than crossbred dogs for C. coli positivity (16.4%; p < 0.01). This is the first study on the prevalence of C. jejuni and C. coli in dogs frequenting dog training centers for animal-assisted therapies (AATs). Our findings emphasize the potential zoonotic risk for patients and users involved in AATs settings and highlight the need to carry out ad hoc health checks and to pay attention to the choice of the dog, as well as eating habits, in order to minimize the risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Santaniello
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy; (L.V.); (L.D.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (A.F.); (L.F.M.)
| | - Lorena Varriale
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy; (L.V.); (L.D.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (A.F.); (L.F.M.)
| | - Ludovico Dipineto
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy; (L.V.); (L.D.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (A.F.); (L.F.M.)
| | - Luca Borrelli
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy; (L.V.); (L.D.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (A.F.); (L.F.M.)
| | - Antonino Pace
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy; (L.V.); (L.D.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (A.F.); (L.F.M.)
- Marine Turtle Research Centre, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fioretti
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy; (L.V.); (L.D.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (A.F.); (L.F.M.)
| | - Lucia Francesca Menna
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Federico II University of Naples, 80134 Naples, Italy; (L.V.); (L.D.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (A.F.); (L.F.M.)
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Gharibi D, Mosallanejad B, Avizeh R, Feyzabadi M. Isolation, Molecular Detection, and Risk Factors of Campylobacter Infection From Companion Dogs. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENTERIC PATHOGENS 2020. [DOI: 10.34172/ijep.2020.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Campylobacter is an organism that is usually associated with diarrhea in pet animals and humans, as well as other domestic, wild, and laboratory animals. Objective: The aim of the present survey was the isolation, molecular detection, and risk factors of Campylobacter infection from companion dogs referred to the Veterinary Hospital of Ahvaz district, the South-West of Iran. Materials and Methods: Rectal swabs were examined by culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods from 122 companion dogs (52 diarrheic and 70 clinically healthy). Several risk factors were reviewed, including age, gender, breed, nutrition status, and lifestyle. Results: The results showed that only five samples (4.1%) were positive for Campylobacter spp. in the culture method. Campylobacter spp. was detected in 18 out of 122 dogs by the PCR, yielding an overall prevalence of 14.8%. The most prevalent species of Campylobacter among the referred dogs were C. coli (38.89%) and C. jejuni (33.33%). A lower prevalence was found for C. upsaliensis (11.11%) and C. lari (5.55%). Concurrent infections were observed in two cases of C. upsaliensis + C. lari (5.55%) and C. coli + C. lari (5.55%). No significant difference was noted between healthy (11.43%) and diarrheic (19.23%) dogs (P>0.05). Eventually, age, gender, breed, nutrition status, and lifestyle had no significant effect on Campylobacter infection (P>0.05). Conclusion: Although the prevalence of Campylobacter was moderate in the dog population of Ahvaz district, these bacteria can constitute a public health hazard because of the frequent presence of Campylobacter species in the feces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darioush Gharibi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Bahman Mosallanejad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Reza Avizeh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Feyzabadi
- Graduated of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
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Joosten P, Van Cleven A, Sarrazin S, Paepe D, De Sutter A, Dewulf J. Dogs and Their Owners Have Frequent and Intensive Contact. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E4300. [PMID: 32560155 PMCID: PMC7345801 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17124300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Contact and interactions between owners and their pets may have beneficial physical and social effects on people, but may also facilitate the transmission of zoonotic agents and resistant bacteria. To estimate the risk of these contacts, more information regarding the frequency and intensity of this physical contact is required. Therefore, an online survey was conducted among pet owners resulting in 701 completed questionnaires. Questions regarding the interactions between dogs and owners were linked with a score from 1 (limited interactions) to 3 (highly intense interactions). After scoring these self-reported interactions, a contact intensity score was calculated for each respondent by summing up the different allocated scores from all questions. This contact intensity score was used to identify predictors of more intense contact based on a multivariable linear regression model. Interactions between dogs and their owners were widespread (e.g., 85.3% of the dogs licked their owner's hand) and intense (e.g., 49.3% of owners reported being licked in the face). The gender, age, and place of residence (city, village, or countryside) of the respondent, together with the size and age of the dog, were significantly associated with the contact intensity score in the multivariable model. On average, female respondents younger than 65 years who lived in the city and had a small young dog had the most intense contact with it. Further research is necessary to evaluate the risk of these interactions in light of zoonotic and antimicrobial resistance transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Joosten
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (A.V.C.); (S.S.); (J.D.)
| | - Alexia Van Cleven
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (A.V.C.); (S.S.); (J.D.)
| | - Steven Sarrazin
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (A.V.C.); (S.S.); (J.D.)
| | - Dominique Paepe
- Small Animal Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - An De Sutter
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Jeroen Dewulf
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (A.V.C.); (S.S.); (J.D.)
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Thépault A, Rose V, Queguiner M, Chemaly M, Rivoal K. Dogs and Cats: Reservoirs for Highly Diverse Campylobacter jejuni and a Potential Source of Human Exposure. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E838. [PMID: 32408633 PMCID: PMC7278488 DOI: 10.3390/ani10050838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing the carriage of Campylobacter in animal reservoirs is essential to better understand Campylobacter epidemiology. Here, we evaluated the prevalence of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. in dogs and cats, hereafter defined as pets, and characterized Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) isolates to assess their genetic diversity and their potential link with isolates from other animals or human cases. During a 6-month period, 304 feces samples were collected from pets. A significantly higher prevalence of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. was found in dogs compared with cats, as well as in dogs ≤ 1-year-old compared with older dogs. C. jejuni was the predominant species found in pets, and its genomic characterization revealed a high genetic diversity. Genotypes comparison with previously characterized isolates revealed a partial overlap between C. jejuni isolates from pets, chicken, cattle, and clinical cases. This overlap suggests the potential role of livestock and humans in pets' exposure to Campylobacter, or vice versa. The isolation of pets' specific profiles may suggest the existence of other sources of pet contamination or imply that pets may constitute a reservoir for Campylobacter. Because of the proximity between humans and pets, along with their frequent carriage of C. jejuni, human exposure to Campylobacter from pets can be more important than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Thépault
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; (A.T.); (V.R.); (M.Q.); (M.C.)
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Rennes 1 University, rue du Thabor, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Valérie Rose
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; (A.T.); (V.R.); (M.Q.); (M.C.)
| | - Marilyne Queguiner
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; (A.T.); (V.R.); (M.Q.); (M.C.)
| | - Marianne Chemaly
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; (A.T.); (V.R.); (M.Q.); (M.C.)
| | - Katell Rivoal
- ANSES, Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Hygiene and Quality of Poultry and Pig Products Unit, BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; (A.T.); (V.R.); (M.Q.); (M.C.)
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The role of Campylobacter spp. in chronic enteropathy in dogs. ACTA VET BRNO 2019. [DOI: 10.2754/avb201988030341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to identifyCampylobacterspecies in a group of patients with chronic gastrointestinal problems and to investigate the relationship between the presence ofCampylobacterspp. in stool samples and as well as the severity of chronic enteropathy. Twenty-six dogs with chronic gastrointestinal problems were included in the prospective study. Each research subject had their stomach, duodenum, ileum, and colon examined endoscopically. A histopathological examination of the obtained biopsy samples was then performed, excluding other potential diseases. Stool samples were collected and then examined for the presence ofCampylobacterspp. To evaluate the relationship betweenCampylobacterspp. occurrence and the intensity of chronic enteropathy, patients were divided into two groups; animals in the first group presented with no to mild inflammation whereas research subjects in the second group suffered from moderate to severe inflammation. Subsequently, the patients were divided based on positive or negative test results forCampylobacterspp. cultures. No significant relationship between the presence ofCampylobacterspp. in stool samples and chronic enteropathy was found. In contrast to other previously published papers, our study showed a lower occurrence ofCampylobacter upsaliensis.
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Mohan V, Habib I. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST), porA and flaA typing of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from cats attending a veterinary clinic. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:76. [PMID: 30717780 PMCID: PMC6360738 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4107-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Campylobacter is a major cause of gastroenteritis in humans and pet ownership is a risk factor for infection. To study the occurrence, species distribution and sequence-based types of Campylobacter spp. in pet cats, 82 faecal samples were collected from cats in New Zealand. The PCR positive samples of Campylobacter jejuni were characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), major outer membrane protein gene (porA) and flagellin A gene (flaA) sequence typing. RESULTS Seven faecal samples were tested positive for Campylobacter spp. (9%, or 4-17% at 95% confidence interval), of which six were identified as C. jejuni, and one was C. upsaliensis. The six C. jejuni isolates were characterised by MLST; four belonged to ST-45 clonal complex and two of the isolates could not be typed. Two flaA-SVR types were identified: three samples were flaA-SVR type 8 and one belonged to 239. By combining all data, three isolates were indistinguishable with allelic combinations of ST-45, flaA-SVR 8, porA 44, although no epidemiological connection between these isolates could be established. To conclude, healthy cats can carry C. jejuni, whose detected genetic diversity is limited. The isolated sequence type ST-45 is frequently reported in human illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vathsala Mohan
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Ihab Habib
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia Australia
- High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Ahmed I, Verma AK, Kumar A. Prevalence, associated risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Campylobacter species among dogs attending veterinary practices at Veterinary University, Mathura, India. Vet Anim Sci 2018; 6:6-11. [PMID: 32734047 PMCID: PMC7386756 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis is among the leading bacterial causes of human gastroenteritis all over the world and most of the isolates are resistant to different antibacterials. Pet rearing has been identified as a risk factor for Campylobacter infection in humans. The study was conducted to determine the prevalence of faecal Campylobacter shedding among dogs, to estimate the specific prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni shedding, to identify the associated risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Campylobacter spp. in dogs attending veterinary practice at Veterinary University, Mathura, India. Rectal swabs were aseptically collected and incubated using selective media and species isolation was further processed following standard protocols. In addition, genus and species specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed for species differentiation. A total of 134 dogs were included in this study. Among 134 faecal samples cultured, 38 samples (28.36%) were positive for Campylobacter species. C. jejuni was the most prevalent isolate in dogs. Breed, age, clinical signs of diarrhea and habitat sharing had statistically significant association with Campylobacter shedding. On drug sensitivity assay with 19 commonly used antibacterials 100% resistance was shown against amoxycillin, ampicillin, aztreonam, cefotaxim, lincomycin, oxytetracycline, penicillin, streptomycin and tetracycline. It was followed by pefloxacin (92.11%), chloramphenicol (86.84%), ciprofloxacin (84.21%), nitrofurazone (78.94%), ofloxacin (76.32%), norfloxacin (73.68%) and cefaclor (73.68%). The results of the present study revealed high prevalence of Campylobacter spp. among dogs. The prevalence was higher in dogs of nondescript breed, pups and dogs sharing their habitat. The antimicrobial resistance patterns showed a high rate of multi drug resistant isolates in the dog population. Therefore, awareness in handling of dogs is important to prevent the zoonotic transmission of bacteria from pets to human beings especially in children and immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iftekhar Ahmed
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine., College of Veterinary Sciences, U. P. Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281001, India
| | - Amit Kumar Verma
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine., College of Veterinary Sciences, U. P. Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281001, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, U. P. Pt. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281001, India
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10
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Torkan S, Vazirian B, Khamesipour F, Dida GO. Prevalence of thermotolerant Campylobacter species in dogs and cats in Iran. Vet Med Sci 2018; 4:296-303. [PMID: 30168285 PMCID: PMC6236136 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is considered the most common bacterial cause of human gastroenteritis in the world with C. jejuni being regarded as the primary cause of bacterial gastroenteritis. A broad range of other Campylobacter species, including C. coli have also been implicated in human gastroenteritis. This study sought to isolate, characterize and assess the antibiogram of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli from faecal samples obtained from cats and dogs in Isfahan and Shahrekord cities in Iran. Faecal samples were collected from 100 pets comprising of 50 dogs and 50 cats from March 2015 to March 2016; incorporating the four seasons (spring, summer, autumn and winter). Campylobacter spp. was isolated by culture, characterized by biochemical tests and confirmed by PCR-based assays. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, using Mueller Hinton agar. A total of 19 Campylobacter isolates among them two C. jejuni and one C. coli were recovered from dogs and cats' faecal samples. The prevalence rates of Campylobacter spp. were 16.0% (8 out of 50) in dogs and 22.0% (11 out of 50) in cats. The highest (4 out of 16, 25%) Campylobacter spp. prevalence among dogs was reported in autumn and the lowest (1 out of 11, 9.1%) in spring, while among the cats, the highest (4 out of 12, 33.3%) Campylobacter spp. prevalence was reported in summer and lowest (1 out of 11, 9.09%) in spring. Campylobacter spp. isolated from faecal samples obtained from cats and dogs exhibited the most frequent antimicrobial resistance against tetracycline at 81.8% and 87.5%, respectively, compared to all other antimicrobial agents. These results show a low prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in faecal samples obtained from pet dogs and cats in Shahrekord and Isfahan cities in Iran. Given the relatively low prevalence of the C. jejuni and C. coli in pet dogs and cats in Isfahan and Shahrekord cities, it can be assumed that their importance as reservoirs for infection in humans is likely to be limited to the studied cities, but should not be neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saam Torkan
- Department of Small Animal Internal MedicineFaculty of Veterinary MedicineShahrekord BranchIslamic Azad UniversityShahrekordIran
| | - Behnam Vazirian
- Young Researchers and Elite ClubShahrekord BranchIslamic Azad UniversityShahrekordIran
| | - Faham Khamesipour
- Cellular and Molecular Research CenterSabzevar University of Medical SciencesSabzevarIran
- Student Research CommitteeShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Gabriel O. Dida
- School of Public Health and Community DevelopmentMaseno UniversityMasenoKenya
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Hansson I, Sandberg M, Habib I, Lowman R, Engvall EO. Knowledge gaps in control of Campylobacter for prevention of campylobacteriosis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65 Suppl 1:30-48. [PMID: 29663680 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis is an important, worldwide public health problem with numerous socio-economic impacts. Since 2015, approximately 230,000 cases have been reported annually in Europe. In the United States, Australia and New Zealand, campylobacteriosis is the most commonly reported disease. Poultry and poultry products are considered important sources of human infections. Poultry meat can become contaminated with Campylobacter during slaughter if live chickens are intestinal carriers. Campylobacter spp. can be transferred from animals to humans through consumption and handling of contaminated food products, with fresh chicken meat being the most commonly implicated food type. Regarding food-borne disease, the most important Campylobacter species are Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. In humans, clinical signs of campylobacteriosis include diarrhoea, abdominal pain, fever, headache, nausea and vomiting. Most cases of campylobacteriosis are sporadic and self-limiting, but there are post-infection complications, for example, Guillain-Barrés syndrome. This review summarizes an analysis undertaken by the DISCONTOOLS group of experts on campylobacteriosis. Gaps were identified in: (i) knowledge of true number of infected humans; (ii) mechanisms of pathogenicity to induce infection in humans; (iii) training to prevent transfer of Campylobacter from raw to ready-to-eat food; (iv) development of effective vaccines; (v) understanding transmission routes to broiler flocks; (vi) knowledge of bacteriocins, bacteriophages and antimicrobial peptides as preventive therapies; (vii) ration formulation as an effective preventive measure at a farm level; (viii) development of kits for rapid detection and quantification of Campylobacter in animals and food products; and (ix) development of more effective antimicrobials for treatment of humans infected with Campylobacter. Some of these gaps are relevant worldwide, whereas others are more related to problems encountered with Campylobacter in industrialized countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hansson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Sandberg
- Food Safety, Veterinary Issues & Risk Analysis Danish Agriculture & Food Council, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - I Habib
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - R Lowman
- Independent Veterinary Public Health Research Specialist, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - E O Engvall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Pölzler T, Stüger HP, Lassnig H. Prevalence of most common human pathogenic Campylobacter spp. in dogs and cats in Styria, Austria. Vet Med Sci 2018; 4:115-125. [PMID: 29851311 PMCID: PMC5980169 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of occurrence of most common human pathogenic Campylobacter species, Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) and Campylobacter coli (C. coli), in dogs and cats in Styria, Austria. In the period from April 2010 to April 2012, 842 faecal samples from dogs and cats from Styria, Austria were examined for Campylobacter (C.) species (spp.). All samples were subjected to qualitative microbiological culture testing, and additionally, some of them have been studied using qualitative real‐time PCR. In microbiological culture, 5.9% of all samples investigated were C. spp. positive. With 3.1% out of positive samples, C. jejuni was the most common type. Campylobacter upsaliensis (C. upsaliensis) was detected only in 0.5% of the samples. The remaining positive samples (2.4%) were classified as C. species (sp.). C. coli could not be found in any of the samples. A higher prevalence of C. jejuni was found in kittens with 14.3% and in diarrhoeic dogs (7.4%) and cats (23.8%). The real‐time PCR revealed for dogs and cats together, 27% of C. jejuni‐positive faecal and 8% positive faecal swap samples. The obtained C. jejuni strains underwent antibiotic resistance testing using three different tests (agar diffusion, MIC testing and E‐test) with different numbers of antibiotics. From the antibiotics used in this study, several showed high test‐dependent resistance rates (cephalexin, cefovecin, kanamycin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, penicillin G, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin, nalidixic acid). Overall, the prevalence of C. spp. in this study was very low compared to others, with the exception of C. jejuni in kittens and diarrhoeic animals. The results of the real‐time PCR suggest that the rate of colonization of C. jejuni was actually higher than the results of the culture showed. As the resistance rates of C. jejuni isolates partly were very high, possible transmission of (multi‐) resistant C. jejuni strains to humans especially from kittens and diarrhoeic animals must be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pölzler
- Centre for Foodborne Infectious Diseases in Graz, Department of Veterinary Microbiology (VEMI), Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Graz (IMED Graz), Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Graz, Austria
| | - Hans-Peter Stüger
- Division for Data, Statistics and Risk Assessment (DSR), Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Graz, Austria
| | - Heimo Lassnig
- Centre for Foodborne Infectious Diseases in Graz, Department of Veterinary Microbiology (VEMI), Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Graz (IMED Graz), Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Graz, Austria
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13
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Bojanić K, Midwinter AC, Marshall JC, Rogers LE, Biggs PJ, Acke E. Isolation ofCampylobacterspp. from Client-Owned Dogs and Cats, and Retail Raw Meat Pet Food in the Manawatu, New Zealand. Zoonoses Public Health 2016; 64:438-449. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Bojanić
- m EpiLab; Hopkirk Research Institute; Massey University; Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - A. C. Midwinter
- m EpiLab; Hopkirk Research Institute; Massey University; Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - J. C. Marshall
- m EpiLab; Hopkirk Research Institute; Massey University; Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - L. E. Rogers
- m EpiLab; Hopkirk Research Institute; Massey University; Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - P. J. Biggs
- m EpiLab; Hopkirk Research Institute; Massey University; Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - E. Acke
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital; Institute of Veterinary; Animal and Biomedical Sciences; Massey University; Palmerston North New Zealand
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14
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Rijks J, Cito F, Cunningham A, Rantsios A, Giovannini A. Disease Risk Assessments Involving Companion Animals: an Overview for 15 Selected Pathogens Taking a European Perspective. J Comp Pathol 2016; 155:S75-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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15
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Damborg P, Broens EM, Chomel BB, Guenther S, Pasmans F, Wagenaar JA, Weese JS, Wieler LH, Windahl U, Vanrompay D, Guardabassi L. Bacterial Zoonoses Transmitted by Household Pets: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives for Targeted Research and Policy Actions. J Comp Pathol 2015; 155:S27-40. [PMID: 25958184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The close contact between household pets and people offers favourable conditions for bacterial transmission. In this article, the aetiology, prevalence, transmission, impact on human health and preventative measures are summarized for selected bacterial zoonoses transmissible by household pets. Six zoonoses representing distinct transmission routes were selected arbitrarily based on the available information on incidence and severity of pet-associated disease caused by zoonotic bacteria: bite infections and cat scratch disease (physical injuries), psittacosis (inhalation), leptospirosis (contact with urine), and campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis (faecal-oral ingestion). Antimicrobial resistance was also included due to the recent emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria of zoonotic potential in dogs and cats. There is a general lack of data on pathogen prevalence in the relevant pet population and on the incidence of human infections attributable to pets. In order to address these gaps in knowledge, and to minimize the risk of human infection, actions at several levels are recommended, including: (1) coordinated surveillance of zoonotic pathogens and antimicrobial resistance in household pets, (2) studies to estimate the burden of human disease attributable to pets and to identify risk behaviours facilitating transmission, and (3) education of those in charge of pets, animal caretakers, veterinarians and human medical healthcare practitioners on the potential zoonotic risks associated with exposure to pets. Disease-specific recommendations include incentives to undertake research aimed at the development of new diagnostic tests, veterinary-specific antimicrobial products and vaccines, as well as initiatives to promote best practices in veterinary diagnostic laboratories and prudent antimicrobial usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Damborg
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - E M Broens
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - B B Chomel
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - S Guenther
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - F Pasmans
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - J A Wagenaar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J S Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - L H Wieler
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - U Windahl
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - D Vanrompay
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - L Guardabassi
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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16
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Lambertini E, Buchanan RL, Narrod C, Pradhan AK. Transmission of Bacterial Zoonotic Pathogens between Pets and Humans: The Role of Pet Food. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 56:364-418. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.902356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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17
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Holmberg M, Rosendal T, Engvall EO, Ohlson A, Lindberg A. Prevalence of thermophilic Campylobacter species in Swedish dogs and characterization of C. jejuni isolates. Acta Vet Scand 2015; 57:19. [PMID: 25884591 PMCID: PMC4389321 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-015-0108-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence of Campylobacter species in Swedish dogs, to identify the species of the Campylobacter isolates and to genotype the C. jejuni isolates. Young and healthy dogs were targeted and the sampling was performed at 11 veterinary clinics throughout Sweden from October 2011 to October 2012. Faecal swab samples were collected and sent to the laboratory at the National Veterinary Institute (SVA) for isolation of Campylobacter, speciation and genotyping. RESULTS Campylobacter spp. were isolated from 67 of the 180 sampled dogs which yields an overall prevalence of 37%. The most prevalent species of Campylobacter among the participating dogs was C. upsaliensis with 52 of the 67 identified isolates. A lower prevalence was observed for C. jejuni with seven identified isolates and one isolate was identified as C. helveticus. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) was carried out on the seven C. jejuni isolates and all sequence types that were found are also commonly found in humans. The dogs were divided into three age groups; 1) under 12 months, 2) 12 to 23 months and 3) 24 months and older. The highest prevalence was found in the two younger age groups. Dogs shedding C. jejuni were between 3-12 months of age while dogs shedding C. upsaliensis were found in all ages. CONCLUSIONS The present investigation finds that Campylobacter spp. known to cause campylobacteriosis in humans are present in Swedish dogs. The results suggest an age predisposition where dogs under 2 years of age are more likely to shed Campylobacter spp. than older dogs. The most commonly isolated species was C. upsaliensis followed by C. jejuni, which was only detected in dogs up to 12 months of age. All C. jejuni isolates identified in the present study were of the same MLST types that have previously been described both in humans and in animals. The awareness of the Campylobacter risk of healthy young dogs may be an important way to reduce the transmission from dogs to infants, young children and immunocompromised adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Holmberg
- Department of Epidemiology and Disease Control, National Veterinary Institute, SVA, SE-751 89, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Thomas Rosendal
- Department of Epidemiology and Disease Control, National Veterinary Institute, SVA, SE-751 89, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Eva O Engvall
- Department of Bacteriology, National Veterinary Institute, SVA, SE-751 89, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Anna Ohlson
- Växa Sverige, Box 30204, SE-104 25, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ann Lindberg
- Department of Epidemiology and Disease Control, National Veterinary Institute, SVA, SE-751 89, Uppsala, Sweden.
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18
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Giacomelli M, Follador N, Coppola LM, Martini M, Piccirillo A. Survey of Campylobacter spp. in owned and unowned dogs and cats in Northern Italy. Vet J 2015; 204:333-7. [PMID: 25951986 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis is among the most common bacterial causes of human gastroenteritis worldwide and pet ownership has been identified as a risk factor for Campylobacter infection in humans. Since canine and feline prevalence data are scarce in Italy, the present study was carried out to assess the prevalence, species distribution and risk factors for Campylobacter infection in dogs and cats under different husbandry conditions. Rectal swabs were collected from 171 dogs (household pets, n = 100; shelter-housed dogs, n = 50; dogs from breeding kennels, n = 21) and 102 cats (household pets, n = 52; shelter-housed cats, n = 21; free-roaming cats n = 29) in Northern Italy. Campylobacter was isolated from 17% (n = 29) of dogs and 14.7% (n = 15) of cats. C. jejuni was the most common isolate in both species (Campylobacter spp.-positive dogs, 55.2%; Campylobacter spp.-positive cats, 53.3%), followed by C. upsaliensis (Campylobacter spp.-positive dogs, 27.6%; Campylobacter spp.-positive cats, 40%). Other Campylobacter species were rarely detected, but included C. hyointestinalis subsp. hyointestinalis, C. lari and C. coli in dogs and C. coli and C. helveticus in cats. Among considered variables (sex, age, origin, diarrhoea, season of sampling), origin was identified as a risk factor for dogs, with shelter-housed dogs at higher risk than household dogs (odds ratio, 2.84; 95% CI 1.17, 6.92; P = 0.021). The results of this study, particularly the high prevalence of C. jejuni in Campylobacter-positive animals, demonstrated that household and stray dogs and cats in Northern Italy might pose a zoonotic risk for humans. Moreover, biosecurity measures should be improved in dog shelters.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Giacomelli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, 16-35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
| | - N Follador
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, 16-35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - L M Coppola
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, 16-35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - M Martini
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, 16-35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - A Piccirillo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, 16-35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
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19
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Koziel M, Corcoran GD, Sleator RD, Lucey B. Detection and molecular analysis of Campylobacter ureolyticus in domestic animals. Gut Pathog 2014; 6:9. [PMID: 24739468 PMCID: PMC3996856 DOI: 10.1186/1757-4749-6-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed the presence of Campylobacter ureolyticus in a large proportion of diarrhoeal samples from patients in Ireland. This emerging gastrointestinal pathogen was the second most common Campylobacter species detected in patients presenting with gastroenteritis, surpassed only by C. jejuni. However, the source of C. ureolyticus infections in humans remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of C. ureolyticus in a range of domestic animals. Over a period of 6 months, 164 samples collected from various domestic animals were tested using molecular method based on detection of the C. ureolyticus specific hsp60 gene. These included canine faeces (n = 44), feline faeces (n = 31) and porcine faeces (n = 89). C. ureolyticus was detected in 32% (10/31) of feline faeces, 9% (4/44) of canine faeces and 18% (16/89) of porcine faeces. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis of C. ureolyticus isolates showed that an isolate from a cat is genetically similar to a strain isolated from a patient presenting with gastroenteritis. This study reports the first detection and isolation of this organism in domestic animals in Ireland, with a potential source for human infection. Together with the previously reported detection of C. ureolyticus in bovine samples, it is likely that this emerging pathogen has a zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Koziel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard D Corcoran
- Department of Diagnostic Microbiology, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland
| | - Roy D Sleator
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
| | - Brigid Lucey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
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Abstract
SUMMARY This study assesses the contribution of different sources of human campylobacteriosis in Denmark using two different source-attribution approaches. In total, 794 non-human isolates and 406 isolates from human cases (domestic, travel related, and cases with unknown travel history) were collected. Isolates were characterized by multilocus sequence typing, flaA typing and susceptibility to antibiotics. Both models used indicate that the major burden of human campylobacteriosis in Denmark originates from the domestic broiler chicken reservoir. The second most important reservoir was found to be cattle. The Asymmetric Island model attributed 52% [95% credibility interval (CrI) 37-67] to Danish chicken, 17% (95% CrI 3-33) to imported chicken, and 17% (95% CrI 7-28) to cattle. Similarly, the Campylobacter source-attribution model apportioned 38% (95% CrI 28-47) to Danish chicken, 14% (95% CrI 10-18) to imported chicken, and 16% (95% CrI 7-25) to cattle. The addition of flaA type as an extra discriminatory typing parameter did not change the attribution of cases markedly.
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21
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Amar C, Kittl S, Spreng D, Thomann A, Korczak BM, Burnens AP, Kuhnert P. Genotypes and antibiotic resistance of canine Campylobacter jejuni isolates. Vet Microbiol 2013; 168:124-30. [PMID: 24210812 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the most important cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans. It is a commensal in many wild and domestic animals, including dogs. Whereas genotypes of human and chicken C. jejuni isolates have been described in some detail, only little information on canine C. jejuni genotypes is available. To gain more information on genotypes of canine C. jejuni and their zoonotic potential, isolates from routine diagnostics of diarrheic dogs as well as isolates of a prevalence study in non-diarrheic dogs were analyzed. Prevalence of thermophilic Campylobacter among non-diarrheic dogs was 6.3% for C. jejuni, 5.9% for Campylobacter upsaliensis and 0.7% for Campylobacter coli. The C. jejuni isolates were genotyped by multi locus sequence typing (MLST) and flaB typing. Resistance to macrolides and quinolones was genetically determined in parallel. Within the 134 genotyped C. jejuni isolates 57 different sequence types (ST) were found. Five STs were previously unrecognized. The most common STs were ST-48 (11.2%), ST-45 (10.5%) and ST-21 (6.0%). Whereas no macrolide resistance was found, 28 isolates (20.9%) were resistant to quinolones. ST-45 was significantly more prevalent in diarrheic than in non-diarrheic dogs. Within the common time frame of isolation 94% of the canine isolates had a ST that was also found in human clinical isolates. In conclusion, prevalence of C. jejuni in Swiss dogs is low but there is a large genetic overlap between dog and human isolates. Given the close contact between human and dogs, the latter should not be ignored as a potential source of human campylobacteriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Amar
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sonja Kittl
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David Spreng
- Small Animal Clinic, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Thomann
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bożena M Korczak
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Peter Kuhnert
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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22
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Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli species in cats and dogs from Bydgoszcz (Poland) region. Pol J Vet Sci 2013; 16:115-20. [PMID: 23691584 DOI: 10.2478/pjvs-2013-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the role of cats and dogs as a potential reservoir of Campylobacter spp. Rectal swabs from 83 dogs and 71 cats were examined. Samples were obtained from the animals aged between 2 weeks and 24 months living in shelters, private households, farms and from veterinary clinics located in Bydgoszcz region during routine check-up. Campylobacter spp. were isolated from 4.81% dogs and 9.86% cats, respectively. C. jejuni was predominant in this study. All strains were isolated in autumn and winter from the animals living in farms and private houses. All the animals positive for Campylobacter prevalence had access to small water basins, accidental source of food and had contact with wild birds, poultry or their feaces. Isolates characterization revealed high prevalence of Campylobacter virulence genes-flaA, cadF and cdtB. 91% of isolated strains were susceptible to erythromycin. 81% among isolated strains were susceptible to azithromycin, 64% to tetracycline and 36% to ciprofloxacin. For 2 C. jejuni strains isolated from cats Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profiling indicated 80% homology between them.
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Procter TD, Pearl DL, Finley RL, Leonard EK, Janecko N, Reid-Smith RJ, Weese JS, Peregrine AS, Sargeant JM. A Cross-Sectional Study ExaminingCampylobacterand Other Zoonotic Enteric Pathogens in Dogs that Frequent Dog Parks in Three Cities in South-Western Ontario and Risk Factors for Shedding ofCampylobacterspp. Zoonoses Public Health 2013; 61:208-18. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. D. Procter
- Department of Population Medicine; Ontario Veterinary College; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
| | - D. L. Pearl
- Department of Population Medicine; Ontario Veterinary College; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
| | - R. L. Finley
- Department of Population Medicine; Ontario Veterinary College; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
- Centre for Food-borne; Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases; Public Health Agency of Canada; Guelph ON Canada
| | - E. K. Leonard
- Department of Population Medicine; Ontario Veterinary College; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
| | - N. Janecko
- Department of Population Medicine; Ontario Veterinary College; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
- Laboratory of Foodborne Zoonoses; Public Health Agency of Canada; Guelph ON Canada
| | - R. J. Reid-Smith
- Department of Population Medicine; Ontario Veterinary College; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
- Laboratory of Foodborne Zoonoses; Public Health Agency of Canada; Guelph ON Canada
- Department of Pathobiology; Ontario Veterinary College; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
| | - J. S. Weese
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
- Department of Pathobiology; Ontario Veterinary College; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
| | - A. S. Peregrine
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
- Department of Pathobiology; Ontario Veterinary College; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
| | - J. M. Sargeant
- Department of Population Medicine; Ontario Veterinary College; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
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Rupp A, Galban-Horcajo F, Bianchi E, Dondi M, Penderis J, Cappell J, Burgess K, Matiasek K, McGonigal R, Willison HJ. Anti-GM2 ganglioside antibodies are a biomarker for acute canine polyradiculoneuritis. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2013; 18:75-88. [PMID: 23521648 PMCID: PMC4854321 DOI: 10.1111/jns5.12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Acute canine polyradiculoneuritis (ACP) is considered to be the canine equivalent of the human peripheral nerve disorder Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS); an aetiological relationship, however, remains to be demonstrated. In GBS, anti-glycolipid antibodies (Abs) are considered as important disease mediators. To address the possibility of common Ab biomarkers, the sera of 25 ACP dogs, 19 non-neurological, and 15 epileptic control dogs were screened for IgG Abs to 10 glycolipids and their 1 : 1 heteromeric complexes using combinatorial glycoarrays. Anti-GM2 ganglioside Abs were detected in 14/25 ACP dogs, and anti-GA1 Abs in one further dog. All controls except for one were negative for anti-glycolipid Abs. In this cohort of cases and controls, the glycoarray screen reached a diagnostic sensitivity of 60% and a specificity of 97%; a lower sensitivity (32%) was reported using a conventional glycolipid ELISA. To address the possible pathogenic role for anti-GM2 Abs in ACP, we identified GM2 in canine sciatic nerve by both mass spectrometry and thin layer chromatography overlay. In immunohistological studies, GM2 was localized predominantly to the abaxonal Schwann cell membrane. The presence of anti-GM2 Abs in ACP suggests that it may share a similar pathophysiology with GBS, for which it could thus be considered a naturally occurring animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie Rupp
- Neuroimmunology Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Francesc Galban-Horcajo
- Neuroimmunology Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ezio Bianchi
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maurizio Dondi
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Jacques Penderis
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joanna Cappell
- Neuroimmunology Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Glasgow Polyomics, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Karl Burgess
- Glasgow Polyomics, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kaspar Matiasek
- Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Rhona McGonigal
- Neuroimmunology Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Hugh J. Willison
- Neuroimmunology Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Increased risk forCampylobacter jejuniandC. coliinfection of pet origin in dog owners and evidence for genetic association between strains causing infection in humans and their pets. Epidemiol Infect 2013; 141:2526-35. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268813000356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYWe comparedCampylobacter jejuni/colimultilocus sequence types (STs) from pets (dogs/cats) and their owners and investigated risk factors for pet-associated human campylobacteriosis using a combined source-attribution and case-control analysis. In total, 132/687 pet stools wereCampylobacter-positive, resulting in 499 strains isolated (320C. upsaliensis/helveticus, 100C. jejuni, 33C. hyointestinalis/fetus, 10C. lari, 4C. coli, 32 unidentified). There were 737 human and 104 petC. jejuni/colistrains assigned to 154 and 49 STs, respectively. Dog, particularly puppy, owners were at increased risk of infection with pet-associated STs. In 2/68 casesvs.0·134/68 expected by chance, a pet and its owner were infected with an identical ST (ST45, ST658). Although common sources of infection and directionality of transmission between pets and humans were unknown, dog ownership significantly increased the risk for pet-associated humanC. jejuni/coliinfection and isolation of identical strains in humans and their pets occurred significantly more often than expected.
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26
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Campylobacter spp., C. jejuni and C. upsaliensis infection-associated factors in healthy and ill dogs from clinics in Cordoba, Spain. Screening tests for antimicrobial susceptibility. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 35:505-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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de Haan CPA, Lampén K, Corander J, Hänninen ML. Multilocus Sequence Types of EnvironmentalCampylobacter jejuniIsolates and their Similarities to those of Human, Poultry and BovineC. jejuniIsolates. Zoonoses Public Health 2012; 60:125-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01525.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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28
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Habib I, Berkvens D, De Zutter L, Dierick K, Van Huffel X, Speybroeck N, Geeraerd AH, Uyttendaele M. Campylobacter contamination in broiler carcasses and correlation with slaughterhouses operational hygiene inspection. Food Microbiol 2012; 29:105-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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29
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Alter T, Bereswill S, Glünder G, Haag LM, Hänel I, Heimesaat MM, Lugert R, Rautenschlein S, Weber RM, Zautner AE, Gross U. [Campylobacteriosis of man : livestock as reservoir for Campylobacter species]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2011; 54:728-34. [PMID: 21626378 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-011-1289-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few years, infections with Campylobacter have significantly increased in Europe and Germany and these bacteria have even surpassed Salmonella as the most prevalent bacteria, causing gastroenteritis. Especially contamination during the handling and consumption of meat products seems to be the most important risk factor which plays a prominent role for transmission to man. In addition, contact with pets and other animals, drinking raw or improperly pasteurized milk, and the tenacity of Campylobacter in different environments, especially water, have also to be considered for an adequate risk assessment. Besides gastroenteritis, arthralgia, and Guillain-Barré syndrome are important clinical complications of Campylobacter infections in man. At the same time, it is mostly unclear why the course of infection in man and in reservoir animals differs significantly, especially as only a few classical bacterial virulence factors have been identified so far. For these reasons, the development of efficient prevention strategies is of utmost importance in order to control campylobacteriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Alter
- Institut für Lebensmittelhygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Deutschland
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30
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Marks SL, Rankin SC, Byrne BA, Weese JS. Enteropathogenic bacteria in dogs and cats: diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment, and control. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25:1195-208. [PMID: 22092607 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00821.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This report offers a consensus opinion on the diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment, and control of the primary enteropathogenic bacteria in dogs and cats, with an emphasis on Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens, Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli associated with granulomatous colitis in Boxers. Veterinarians are challenged when attempting to diagnose animals with suspected bacterial-associated diarrhea because well-scrutinized practice guidelines that provide objective recommendations for implementing fecal testing are lacking. This problem is compounded by similar isolation rates for putative bacterial enteropathogens in animals with and without diarrhea, and by the lack of consensus among veterinary diagnostic laboratories as to which diagnostic assays should be utilized. Most bacterial enteropathogens are associated with self-limiting diarrhea, and injudicious administration of antimicrobials could be more harmful than beneficial. Salmonella and Campylobacter are well-documented zoonoses, but antimicrobial administration is not routinely advocated in uncomplicated cases and supportive therapy is recommended. Basic practices of isolation, use of appropriate protective equipment, and proper cleaning and disinfection are the mainstays of control. Handwashing with soap and water is preferred over use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers because spores of C. difficile and C. perfringens are alcohol-resistant, but susceptible to bleach (1:10 to 1:20 dilution of regular household bleach) and accelerated hydrogen peroxide. The implementation of practice guidelines in combination with the integration of validated molecular-based testing and conventional testing is pivotal if we are to optimize the identification and management of enteropathogenic bacteria in dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Marks
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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31
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Acke E, Carroll C, O'Leary A, McGill K, Kelly L, Lawlor A, Madden RH, Moran L, Scates P, McNamara E, Moore JE, Jones BR, Fanning S, Whyte P. Genotypic characterisation and cluster analysis of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from domestic pets, human clinical cases and retail food. Ir Vet J 2011; 64:6. [PMID: 21777493 PMCID: PMC3102334 DOI: 10.1186/2046-0481-64-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic similarity of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from pets, compared to human clinical cases and retail food isolates collected in Ireland over 2001-2006 was investigated by cluster analysis of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) fingerprinting profiles. Comparison of the PFGE profiles of 60 pet isolates and 109 human isolates revealed that seven (4.1%) profiles were grouped in clusters including at least one human and one pet C. jejuni isolate. In total six (1.6%) of 60 pet and 310 food profiles were in clusters with at least one food and one pet C. jejuni isolate. The detection of only a small number of genetically indistinguishable isolates by PFGE profile cluster analysis from pets and from humans with enteritis in this study suggests that pets are unlikely to be an important reservoir for human campylobacteriosis in Ireland. However, genetically indistinguishable isolates were detected and C. jejuni from pets may circulate and may contribute to clinical infections in humans. In addition, contaminated food fed to pets may be a potential source of Campylobacter infection in pets, which may subsequently pose a risk to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els Acke
- Centre for Food Safety, School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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32
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Campylobacter troglodytis sp. nov., isolated from feces of human-habituated wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in Tanzania. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:2366-73. [PMID: 21278267 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01840-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmission of simian immunodeficiency and Ebola viruses to humans in recent years has heightened awareness of the public health significance of zoonotic diseases of primate origin, particularly from chimpanzees. In this study, we analyzed 71 fecal samples collected from 2 different wild chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) populations with different histories in relation to their proximity to humans. Campylobacter spp. were detected by culture in 19/56 (34%) group 1 (human habituated for research and tourism purposes at Mahale Mountains National Park) and 0/15 (0%) group 2 (not human habituated but propagated from an introduced population released from captivity over 30 years ago at Rubondo Island National Park) chimpanzees, respectively. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, all isolates were virtually identical (at most a single base difference), and the chimpanzee isolates were most closely related to Campylobacter helveticus and Campylobacter upsaliensis (94.7% and 95.9% similarity, respectively). Whole-cell protein profiling, amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis of genomic DNA, hsp60 sequence analysis, and determination of the mol% G+C content revealed two subgroups among the chimpanzee isolates. DNA-DNA hybridization experiments confirmed that both subgroups represented distinct genomic species. In the absence of differential biochemical characteristics and morphology and identical 16S rRNA gene sequences, we propose to classify all isolates into a single novel nomenspecies, Campylobacter troglodytis, with strain MIT 05-9149 as the type strain; strain MIT 05-9157 is suggested as the reference strain for the second C. troglodytis genomovar. Further studies are required to determine whether the organism is pathogenic to chimpanzees and whether this novel Campylobacter colonizes humans and causes enteric disease.
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33
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Factors related toCampylobacterspp. carriage in client-owned dogs visiting veterinary clinics in a region of Ontario, Canada. Epidemiol Infect 2011; 139:1531-41. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268810002906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYFrom July 2008 until May 2009, 240 client-owned pet dogs from seven veterinary clinics in the Region of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada participated in a study to determine pet-related management factors that may be associated with the presence ofCampylobacterspp. in dogs. The prevalence ofCampylobacterspp. carriage in our study population of pet dogs was 22%, with 19% of the dogs positive forC. upsaliensis, and 3% positive forC. jejuni. A significant risk factor from multivariable logistic regression models for bothCampylobacterspp. andC. upsaliensiscarriage was having homemade cooked food as the dog's diet or added to its diet, and a significant sparing factor for both models was treatment with antibiotics in the previous month. Increasing age of the dog decreased the odds ofCampylobacterspp. andC. upsaliensiscarriage. Based on the high prevalence ofCampylobacter, and specificallyC. upsaliensis, further research concerning pet dogs as a risk factor for campylobacteriosis in humans is warranted.
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34
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Parsons BN, Williams NJ, Pinchbeck GL, Christley RM, Hart CA, Gaskell RM, Dawson S. Prevalence and shedding patterns of Campylobacter spp. in longitudinal studies of kennelled dogs. Vet J 2010; 190:249-254. [PMID: 21094061 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Dog ownership is considered a risk factor for campylobacteriosis in humans. This study investigated the prevalence and shedding of Campylobacter spp. in kennelled dogs. Faecal samples (n=399) were collected in longitudinal studies from 52 dogs in two kennels. Campylobacter spp. were isolated using charcoal-based selective agars and direct PCR. The prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in dogs in boarding kennels ranged from 46% (95% CI 22, 72) on entry, to 50% (95% CI 30, 70) overall, and in dogs in 'rescue' kennels from 68% (95% CI 49, 84) on entry to 73% (95%, CI 56, 87) overall. C. upsaliensis was isolated from 62% (95% CI 48, 73) of the dogs, whilst C. jejuni was isolated from 15% (95% CI 7, 26) of animals. The majority of infected dogs entered the kennels already carrying Campylobacter spp., and remained infected throughout their stay. However, in some cases, shedding appeared to commence after kennelling. Given that the prevalence of C. upsaliensis and C. jejuni was relatively high in dogs from both boarding and rescue kennels, such animals may pose a zoonotic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- B N Parsons
- Small Animal Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology Groups, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.
| | - N J Williams
- Small Animal Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology Groups, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - G L Pinchbeck
- Small Animal Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology Groups, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - R M Christley
- Small Animal Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology Groups, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - C A Hart
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - R M Gaskell
- Small Animal Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology Groups, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - S Dawson
- Small Animal Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology Groups, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
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35
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Risk attribution of Campylobacter infection by age group using exposure modelling. Epidemiol Infect 2010; 138:1748-61. [PMID: 20598208 DOI: 10.1017/s095026881000155x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge on the relative importance of alternative sources of human campylobacteriosis is important in order to implement effective disease prevention measures. The objective of this study was to assess the relative importance of three key exposure pathways (travelling abroad, poultry meat, pet contact) for different patient age groups in Switzerland. With a stochastic exposure model data on Campylobacter incidence for the years 2002-2007 were linked with data for the three exposure pathways and the results of a case-control study. Mean values for the population attributable fractions (PAF) over all age groups and years were 27% (95% CI 17-39) for poultry consumption, 27% (95% CI 22-32) for travelling abroad, 8% (95% CI 6-9) for pet contact and 39% (95% CI 25-50) for other risk factors. This model provided robust results when using data available for Switzerland, but the uncertainties remained high. The output of the model could be improved if more accurate input data are available to estimate the infection rate per exposure. In particular, the relatively high proportion of cases attributed to 'other risk factors' requires further attention.
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36
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Westgarth C, Christley RM, Pinchbeck GL, Gaskell RM, Dawson S, Bradshaw JWS. Dog behaviour on walks and the effect of use of the leash. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2010; 125:38-46. [PMID: 32287571 PMCID: PMC7132425 DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes how often pet dogs interact with other dogs, people and the environment, whilst being walked. Such interactions may involve aggression or the transmission of infectious disease. We also assessed the effect of the use of a leash as a modifier of these outcomes. In study one, the behaviour of pet dogs being walked in popular public walking areas was observed (286 observations). Interactions with people were much rarer than interactions with dogs. Multivariable modelling suggested that percentage duration spent sniffing the ground was associated with the UK Kennel Club Breed Type, and whether the dog was observed urinating. Gundogs were observed to sniff more than other breed types. In study two, dogs (n = 10) were filmed twice walking along a pre-defined route, alternately once on leash and once off leash, in order to assess the effects of leash use on interactions between the subject dog and any other dog or person encountered. Multilevel modelling suggested that if either dog was on the leash, then the likelihood of an interaction with a dog occurring was reduced. There was no evidence for statistical interactions between these variables, therefore the effect of the leash on one dog did not seem to be influenced by whether the other dog was on or off leash. We conclude that in circumstances where interactions need to be prevented, such as to reduce spread of infectious diseases during an outbreak, both dogs should be leashed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carri Westgarth
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Robert M Christley
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Gina L Pinchbeck
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Rosalind M Gaskell
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Susan Dawson
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | - John W S Bradshaw
- Anthrozoology Institute, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, North Somerset, UK
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37
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Acke E, McGill K, Lawlor A, Jones BR, Fanning S, Whyte P. Genetic diversity among Campylobacter jejuni
isolates from pets in Ireland. Vet Rec 2010; 166:102-6. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.c357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Acke
- School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin, Belfield; Dublin 4 Ireland
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital; Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences; Massey University; Private Bag 11222 Palmerston North 4442 New Zealand
| | - K. McGill
- School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin, Belfield; Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - A. Lawlor
- School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin, Belfield; Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - B. R. Jones
- School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin, Belfield; Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - S. Fanning
- School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin, Belfield; Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - P. Whyte
- School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin, Belfield; Dublin 4 Ireland
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38
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39
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Westgarth C, Nicolson L, Pinchbeck GL, Christley RM, Dawson S, Porter CJ, Birtles RJ, Williams NJ, Gaskell RM, Hart C. Risk factors for the carriage of Campylobacter
upsaliensis by dogs in a community in Cheshire. Vet Rec 2009; 165:526-30. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.165.18.526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - S. Dawson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science
| | | | | | | | - R. M. Gaskell
- Department of Veterinary Pathology; School of Veterinary Sciences; University of Liverpool, Leahurst; Neston Cheshire CH64 7TE
| | - C.A. Hart
- Department of Medical Microbiology; University of Liverpool; Liverpool L69 3BX
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40
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Typing of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from dogs by use of multilocus sequence typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:3466-71. [PMID: 19794053 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01046-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is a major cause of human gastroenteritis worldwide. Risk of Campylobacter infection in humans has been associated with many sources, including dogs. This study aimed to investigate whether C. jejuni carried by dogs could potentially be a zoonotic risk for humans and if there were common sources of C. jejuni infection for both humans and dogs. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) together with macrorestriction analysis of genomic DNA using SmaI and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were both used to analyze 33 C. jejuni isolates obtained from various dog populations, including those visiting veterinary practices and from different types of kennels. MLST data suggested that there was a large amount of genetic diversity between dog isolates and that the majority of sequence types found in isolates from these dogs were the same as those found in isolates from humans. The main exception was ST-2772, which was isolated from four samples and could not be assigned to a clonal complex. The most commonly identified clonal complex was ST-45 (11 isolates), followed by ST-21 (4 isolates), ST-508 (4 isolates), and ST-403 (3 isolates). The profiles obtained by macrorestriction PFGE were largely in concordance with the MLST results, with a similar amount of genetic diversity found. The diversity of sequence types found within dogs suggests they are exposed to various sources of C. jejuni infection. The similarity of these sequence types to C. jejuni isolates from humans suggests there may be common sources of infection for both dogs and humans. Although only a small number of household dogs may carry C. jejuni, infected dogs should still be considered a potential zoonotic risk to humans, particularly if the dogs originate from kennelled or hunt kennel dog populations, where the prevalence may be higher.
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41
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Gow AG, Gow DJ, Hall EJ, Langton D, Clarke C, Papasouliotis K. Prevalence of potentially pathogenic enteric organisms in clinically healthy kittens in the UK. J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11:655-62. [PMID: 19249233 PMCID: PMC11132585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2008.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Faecal samples were collected from 57 clinically healthy kittens presented for initial vaccination, in the UK. Routine bacteriological examination identified Salmonella species in one and Campylobacter species in five samples. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detected the presence of Campylobacter species in a further four samples. Routine parasitological examination revealed Toxocara species ova in nine (including four kittens stated to have been administered an anthelmintic) and Isospora species in four samples. No Giardia or Cryptosporidium species were detected by routine methods. A Giardia species enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test kit designed for use in cats was positive in three kittens. A similar test kit designed for use in humans was negative in all samples and produced negative results even when known positive samples were tested. Potentially pathogenic enteric organisms were detected in 19 kittens by routine methods and 26 (prevalence 45%) by all methods. The high prevalence in asymptomatic kittens highlights the possibility that the detection of these organisms in kittens with gastrointestinal disease may be an incidental finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam G Gow
- Hospital for Small Animals, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.
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Näther G, Alter T, Martin A, Ellerbroek L. Analysis of risk factors for Campylobacter species infection in broiler flocks. Poult Sci 2009; 88:1299-305. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Multiplex strategy for multilocus sequence typing, fla typing, and genetic determination of antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates collected in Switzerland. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:1996-2007. [PMID: 19439549 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00237-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an optimized multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme with universal primer sets for amplifying and sequencing the seven target genes of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. Typing was expanded by sequence determination of the genes flaA and flaB using optimized primer sets. This approach is compatible with the MLST and flaA schemes used in the PubMLST database and results in an additional typing method using the flaB gene sequence. An identification module based on the 16S rRNA and rpoB genes was included, as well as the genetic determination of macrolide and quinolone resistances based on mutations in the 23S rRNA and gyrA genes. Experimental procedures were simplified by multiplex PCR of the 13 target genes. This comprehensive approach was evaluated with C. jejuni and C. coli isolates collected in Switzerland. MLST of 329 strains resulted in 72 sequence types (STs) among the 186 C. jejuni strains and 39 STs for the 143 C. coli isolates. Fourteen (19%) of the C. jejuni and 20 (51%) of the C. coli STs had not been found previously. In total, 35% of the C. coli strains collected in Switzerland contained mutations conferring antibiotic resistance only to quinolone, 15% contained mutations conferring resistance only to macrolides, and 6% contained mutations conferring resistance to both classes of antibiotics. In C. jejuni, these values were 31% and 0% for quinolone and macrolide resistance, respectively. The rpoB sequence allowed phylogenetic differentiation between C. coli and C. jejuni, which was not possible by 16S rRNA gene analysis. An online Integrated Database Network System (SmartGene, Zug, Switzerland)-based platform for MLST data analysis specific to Campylobacter was implemented. This Web-based platform allowed automated allele and ST designation, as well as epidemiological analysis of data, thus streamlining and facilitating the analysis workflow. Data networking facilitates the exchange of information between collaborating centers. The described approach simplifies and improves the genotyping of Campylobacter, allowing cost- and time-efficient routine monitoring.
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Parsons BN, Porter CJ, Ryvar R, Stavisky J, Williams NJ, Pinchbeck GL, Birtles RJ, Christley RM, German AJ, Radford AD, Hart CA, Gaskell RM, Dawson S. Prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in a cross-sectional study of dogs attending veterinary practices in the UK and risk indicators associated with shedding. Vet J 2009; 184:66-70. [PMID: 19223212 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis is a major cause of gastroenteritis in humans and some studies have suggested that dog ownership is a risk factor for the condition. To determine the prevalence, species distribution, and risk indicators for Campylobacter spp. infecting dogs attending veterinary practices in UK, faecal samples were collected in a cross-sectional study from 249 dogs with and without clinical signs. The prevalence of Campylobacter spp. was 38% (95% CI 32, 44), with Campylobacter upsaliensis accounting for 94 (98%) of the isolates and Campylobacter jejuni for the remainder. Multivariable analysis indicated that younger dogs were more likely to carry C. upsaliensis and the high prevalence of this pathogen supports the hypothesis that dogs, particularly younger animals, may be an important source of C. upsaliensis infection for humans. However the prevalence of C. jejuni, the most common Campylobacter spp. associated with disease in humans, was low (1.2%, 95% CI 0.3, 3).
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Affiliation(s)
- B N Parsons
- Small Animal Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology Groups, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.
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Acke E, McGill K, Golden O, Jones BR, Fanning S, Whyte P. Prevalence of thermophilic Campylobacter
species in household cats and dogs in Ireland. Vet Rec 2009; 164:44-7. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.164.2.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Acke
- Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety Laboratory
| | - K. McGill
- Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety Laboratory
| | | | - B. R. Jones
- Small Animal Clinical Studies; School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin; Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - S. Fanning
- Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety Laboratory
| | - P. Whyte
- Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety Laboratory
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Westgarth C, Pinchbeck GL, Bradshaw JWS, Dawson S, Gaskell RM, Christley RM. Dog-human and dog-dog interactions of 260 dog-owning households in a community in Cheshire. Vet Rec 2008; 162:436-42. [PMID: 18390853 DOI: 10.1136/vr.162.14.436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the nature and frequency of the contacts that occur between dogs, and between dogs and people, by means of a questionnaire survey of 260 dog-owning households in a community in Cheshire, uk. The contacts were highly variable and were affected by the size, sex and age of the dog, individual dog behaviours, human behaviours and human preferences in the management of the dog. A number of situations were identified that may be important in relation to zoonoses, including sleeping areas, playing behaviours, greeting behaviours, food sources, walking, disposal of faeces, veterinary preventive treatment and general hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Westgarth
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE
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Occurrence and species level diagnostics of Campylobacter spp., enteric Helicobacter spp. and Anaerobiospirillum spp. in healthy and diarrheic dogs and cats. Vet Microbiol 2008; 129:304-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2007] [Revised: 11/09/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Comparative analysis of human and canine Campylobacter upsaliensis isolates by amplified fragment length polymorphism. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:1504-6. [PMID: 18287320 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00079-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human (n = 33) and canine (n = 53) Campylobacter upsaliensis isolates from seven countries were genotyped by a new amplified fragment length polymorphism method. We observed 100% typeability and high overall diversity. The majority of human strains (23/33) clustered separately from canine strains, indicating that dogs may not be the main source of human infection.
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Gargiulo A, Rinaldi L, D'Angelo L, Dipineto L, Borrelli L, Fioretti A, Menna LF. Survey of Campylobacter jejuni in stray cats in southern Italy. Lett Appl Microbiol 2007; 46:267-70. [PMID: 18069980 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2007.02295.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the presence of thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. in stray cats in southern Italy. METHODS AND RESULTS One hundred and thirteen animals were trapped in two different environments (urban area, harbour area) of the city of Naples. From each cat, rectal swabs were collected. The samples were processed in order to detect thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. by culture methods. The positive samples were then confirmed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from 19/113 (16.8%) stray cats, whereas Campylobacter coli was not isolated. The cat data (age, environment and sex) were analysed by two statistical analyses using the C. jejuni status (positive/negative) as a dependent variable. As regards statistical regression model results, age and environment were risk factors for C. jejuni positivity. In particular, cats older than 1 year had a significantly higher risk of being positive for C. jejuni than cats aged up to 1 year (OR = 10.440; P = 0.000). Moreover, cats living in the harbour area had a significantly higher risk to be a carrier of C. jejuni than cats living in urban area (OR = 17.911; P = 0.008). CONCLUSION The findings of the present survey confirm stray cats as potential carriers of C. jejuni. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first study on the prevalence of C. jejuni in stray cats in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gargiulo
- Dipartimento di Patologia e Sanità Animale, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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Guest CM, Stephen JM, Price CJ. Prevalence ofCampylobacterand four endoparasites in dog populations associated with Hearing Dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2007; 48:632-7. [PMID: 17617160 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2007.00367.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study established the prevalence of four gastrointestinal parasites (Isopora species, Giardia species, Uncinaria stenocephala, Toxocara canis) and one bacterial infection (Campylobacter jejuni/coli) in dogs associated with the charity Hearing Dogs for Deaf People. METHODS Dogs' faeces were routinely sampled from dogs according to whether they were in Socialising, Kennelling or Visiting the Hearing Dogs site. A further group consisted of dogs with diarrhoea. RESULTS Prevalence rates for dogs in Socialising (n=326), Kennelling (n=117), Visiting (n=106) and Diarrhoea (n=59) groups, respectively, were as follows: Campylobacter- 26, 21, 15 and 31 per cent; Coccidia - 3, 0, 0 and 2 per cent; Giardia- 13, 3, 2 and 10 per cent; hookworm - 1, 1, 4 and 5 per cent; and Toxocara- 4, 2, 3 and 2 per cent. There were significant differences in the levels of Giardia and hookworm found between the four different groups of dogs. No significant gender differences were found, and dogs that were positive for Campylobacter in the Visiting group were significantly younger. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This study provides current information on the infection rates in specific dog populations in the UK. This is relevant to the veterinary health of dogs and the possible risk of zoonotic infection to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Guest
- Hearing Dogs for Deaf People, The Grange, Wycombe Road, Saunderton, Princes Risborough, Bucks HP27 9NS, UK
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