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Pathak P, Joshi SK. Epidemiology of unintentional childhood injuries in urban and rural areas of Nepal- A comparative study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287487. [PMID: 37847700 PMCID: PMC10581464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Unintentional injuries are one of the leading causes of ill health, disability & death among the children and young adults worldwide. As these injuries are strongly related to social determinants, the burden falls mainly upon the Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) like Nepal. Thus, the main objective was to explore the epidemiology of unintentional childhood injuries in urban and rural areas of Kavrepalanchok district. A cross sectional analytical study was done in Bethanchok rural municipality and Dhulikhel municipality of Kavrepalanchok district. The respondents were interviewed using a pretested semi-structured questionnaire. The details of injuries sustained within the past 12 months were included. A total of 667 children aged 1-16 years were surveyed, among which 26% from rural and 17.2% from urban areas had unintentional injuries in the past 12 months. Falls were the most common mode of injury in both the areas. Similarly, the proportion of burn was more in rural area (16.1%) whereas, Road Traffic Injuries were more in urban area (12.5%). Majority of the injuries occurred at home (54.5%) while the child was playing (64.1%). Factors like child's gender and place of residence affected the occurrence of unintentional injuries (p<0.05). Out of total injured children, 18 of them had not recovered and 11 were left with some form of permanent disability. As the rate and pattern of unintentional childhood injuries in the rural and urban area differ, the prevention strategies should focus on risk factors that apply to both the areas and awareness should be created among the parents and primary caregivers about the fact that childhood injuries are predictable and preventable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratiksha Pathak
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Sunil Kumar Joshi
- Department of Community Medicine, Kathmandu Medical College, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Bhatta S, Mytton J, Deave T. Home environmental change for child injury prevention in Nepal: A qualitative study. J Child Health Care 2023; 27:323-335. [PMID: 34839755 PMCID: PMC10472719 DOI: 10.1177/13674935211052156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In Nepal, unintentional home injury is a leading reason for death and disability among pre-school children. However, there is a lack of evidence to inform culturally appropriate interventions to reduce home injuries. This study explored the potential for home environmental change at a community level to prevent unintentional home injury in children and identified the barriers to, and facilitators of, such changes. Focus groups were conducted in the Nepali language with mothers, fathers, teachers, school students and community health volunteers in rural areas of Makwanpur district in Nepal. The discussions were audio-recorded, transcribed, translated into English and analysed thematically. NVivo software was used to support coding and identification of themes. Five focus groups, involving forty-seven participants, were completed leading to the development of four themes. Overall, the findings highlight that community people perceive injuries to be a normal part of childhood and, therefore, few prevention measures were considered. Parents were, however, able to identify ways to change their environment that made it safer. Changes included removing hazards or adding safety equipment, adapting the home or restricting access to potential hazards. Barriers to implementation included limited awareness about injury hazards and risk management, poor quality housing and financial constraint. Facilitators included raising community awareness, acquiring resources and financial support and involving the family and community. Development of interventions to prevent injuries at home in pre-school children should reflect local context and culture; this is best achieved through engagement with parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Bhatta
- Research Associate, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Julie Mytton
- Professor of Child Health, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Toity Deave
- Associate Professor for Family & Child Health, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
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Ashraf L, Agrawal P, Rahman A, Bhuiyan MAA, Salam SS, Li Q, Bachani AM. Caregivers’ Compliance and Perception of Daycare Centers—A Community-Based Childhood Drowning Prevention Intervention Implemented in Rural Bangladesh. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159537. [PMID: 35954900 PMCID: PMC9368301 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Drowning was one of the most prevalent causes of death worldwide for children under five in 2020. Drowning was the second leading cause of death for children under five in Bangladesh, while 58% of all deaths in the 1–5 years old age group resulted from drowning. Adult supervision helps prevent child drowning in rural areas where water bodies are easily accessible and located very close to homes. This paper aims to assess caregivers’ compliance and perception of community daycare centers in rural Bangladesh, piloted as a child drowning prevention intervention. In this longitudinal study, each child enrolled in the daycare intervention was visited and data on compliance and satisfaction with the daycare were collected. Descriptive statistics on daycare attendance, patterns of supervision, and caregivers’ perceptions about daycare were reported. When inquired about daycare attendance (n = 226,552), a total of 77.4% of children (n = 175,321) were found to attend daycare. The distance from homes and an adult’s unavailability to take the child to daycare were the most common reasons for not attending or discontinuing enrollment. The majority of children (76.4%) were supervised by their mothers during daycare closures. A total of 67.7% of respondents perceived daycare to be a safe place, where children also developed cognitive (51.7%) and social skills (50.6%). There were no incidences of drowning among children while attending daycare. Rural families were found to be compliant with the daycare and professed it to be a safe place protecting children from drowning and other injuries, while allowing them to focus on household chores or income-generating activities. These findings indicate a potential for the expansion of this intervention in rural Bangladesh and similar settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamisa Ashraf
- Johns Hopkins International Injury Research Unit, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (L.A.); (P.A.); (Q.L.)
| | - Priyanka Agrawal
- Johns Hopkins International Injury Research Unit, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (L.A.); (P.A.); (Q.L.)
| | - Aminur Rahman
- Centre for Injury Prevention and Research, Bangladesh (CIPRB), House # B-120, Road # 07, New DOHS, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1206, Bangladesh; (A.R.); (M.A.A.B.)
| | - Md. Al Amin Bhuiyan
- Centre for Injury Prevention and Research, Bangladesh (CIPRB), House # B-120, Road # 07, New DOHS, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1206, Bangladesh; (A.R.); (M.A.A.B.)
| | - Shumona Sharmin Salam
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, 68, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;
| | - Qingfeng Li
- Johns Hopkins International Injury Research Unit, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (L.A.); (P.A.); (Q.L.)
| | - Abdulgafoor M. Bachani
- Johns Hopkins International Injury Research Unit, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (L.A.); (P.A.); (Q.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Lael-Monfared E, Rakhshanderou S, Ramezankhani A, Ghaffari M. Educational and ecological assessment for unintentional injuries among children under 7 years: directed qualitative research based on PRECEDE-PROCEED model. Inj Prev 2022; 28:365-373. [PMID: 35246473 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2022-044521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child injury is not seen as a new issue in medical science and public health; however, for years it has been either generally brushed aside or been conspicuously absent from the world health agenda. This study aims at investigating the factors leading to house injuries and attempts to highlight mothers' pivotal role to provide a safe place for children at home. METHODS A qualitative research method was used. There were 29 interviews in total: 12 interviews with mothers, 9 with cure and prevention specialists and 8 with researchers. The data were gathered through semistructured interviews conducted in participants' workplaces namely universities, research centres, health centres and in some cases through telephone in 3 months from February 2021 to May 2021 in Tehran, Iran. The participants were selected through non-probability and purposive sampling. All of the recorded interviews and notes were accurately evaluated and data analysis was performed based on the content analysis. RESULTS In this study, 29 participants' views were examined: 12 mothers (41.37%), 8 researchers (27.5%) and 9 treatment and prevention experts (31%). After the analysis of the interviews, 96 codes, 14 subcategories and 3 main categories were extracted. The main categories included the predisposing factors, reinforcing factors and enabling factors. The subcategories included perceived sensitivity, perceived susceptibility, health control centre, perceived benefits, observational or peripheral learning, social support, family support, abstract norms, valuing children's health, background factors, skills, rules and regulations, child's character traits and self-efficacy to overcome barriers. CONCLUSION House injuries among children are a complicated and multifaceted issue that requires a comprehensive investigation to determine the contributing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Lael-Monfared
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sakineh Rakhshanderou
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Ramezankhani
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohtasham Ghaffari
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Joshi E, Bhatta S, Deave T, Mytton J, Adhikari D, Manandhar SR, Joshi SK. Perceptions of injury risk in the home and workplace in Nepal: a qualitative study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e044273. [PMID: 33766843 PMCID: PMC7996655 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Injuries are a global health problem. To develop context-specific injury prevention interventions, one needs to understand population perceptions of home and workplace injuries. This study explored a range of views and perceptions about injuries in a variety of settings and identified barriers and facilitators to injury prevention. DESIGN Qualitative study: interviews and focus groups. SETTING Three administrative areas: Hetauda submetropolitan city, Thaha municipality and Bakaiya rural municipality in Makwanpur, Nepal. PARTICIPANTS Nine focus groups (74 participants) and nine one-to-one interviews were completed; workers from diverse occupations, residents (slum, traditional or modern homes) and local government decision-makers participated in the study between May and August 2019. The interviews and discussions were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, translated to English and analysed thematically. RESULTS Six themes were developed: unsafe home and workplace environment; inadequate supervision and monitoring; perceptions that injuries are inevitable; safety takes low priority: financial and behavioural considerations; safety education and training; and government-led safety programmes and enforcement. Key barriers to injury prevention were perceived to be lack of knowledge about injury risk and preventive measures both at the community level and at the workplace. Facilitators were community-level educational programmes and health and safety training to employees and employers. Participants stressed the importance of the role of the government in planning future injury prevention programmes in different environments. CONCLUSIONS This study highlighted that both home and workplace injuries are complex and multifactorial. Lack of knowledge about injury risks and preventive measures, both at the community level and at the workplace, was found to be a common barrier to injury prevention, perceived to be mitigated by educational programmes. Together with previously published epidemiological evidence, the barriers and facilitators identified in this study offer useful basis to inform policy and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisha Joshi
- Nepal Injury Research Centre, Kathmandu Medical College Public Limited, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Santosh Bhatta
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Toity Deave
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Julie Mytton
- Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Dhruba Adhikari
- Mother and Infant Research Activities, Makwanpur, Bagmati, Nepal
| | | | - Sunil Kumar Joshi
- Nepal Injury Research Centre, Kathmandu Medical College Public Limited, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Inbaraj LR, Sindhu KN, Ralte L, Ahmed B, Chandramouli C, Kharsyntiew ER, Jane E, Paripooranam JV, Muduli N, Akhilesh PD, Joseph P, Nappoly R, Reddy TA, Minz S. Perception and awareness of unintentional childhood injuries among primary caregivers of children in Vellore, South India: a community-based cross-sectional study using photo-elicitation method. Inj Epidemiol 2020; 7:62. [PMID: 33308305 PMCID: PMC7734777 DOI: 10.1186/s40621-020-00289-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We studied the primary caregivers' perception, and further, their awareness of unintentional childhood injuries in south India. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in the rural block of Kaniyambadi, Vellore, among 300 primary caregivers of children aged between 0 and 14 years. A semi-structured interview was conducted with the primary caregivers using a photo-elicitation method, with a visual depiction of ten injury risky scenarios for a child. Scoring was done to assess the perception of environmental hazards in these scenarios, and further, knowledge on the prevention of these injuries. An independent 't' test was done to elicit differences in mean scores and a multivariate regression analysis was applied to ascertain factors independently associated with the scores. RESULTS Primary caregivers had adequate perception regarding risks posed to children in scenarios such as climbing trees (96.2%), playing near construction sites (96%), firecrackers (96.4%) and crossing unmanned roads with no traffic signals (94%). Knowledge of prevention was poor however, in the following scenarios: a woman riding a bicycle without safety features, with child pillion sitting behind bare foot and legs hanging by one side (72.6%); a child playing near a construction site (85.9%); and a child playing with plastic bags (88.3%). Overall, educational status of the primary caregiver and socioeconomic status were associated with poorer perception of risks and knowledge about unintentional childhood injuries and their prevention. CONCLUSIONS Pragmatic community-based childhood interventions incorporated into existing programs, with a special focus on road traffic injuries, burns and suffocation need to be implemented in high-risk settings of rural populations in South India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leeberk Raja Inbaraj
- Division of Community Health, Bangalore Baptist Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560024, India. .,Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Kulandaipalayam Natarajan Sindhu
- Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.,The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Division of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lalmalsawmi Ralte
- Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Basir Ahmed
- Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chandni Chandramouli
- Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Evelina Jane
- Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Nikhil Muduli
- Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Prakash Joseph
- Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Renata Nappoly
- Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Tamma Anusha Reddy
- Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shantidani Minz
- Department of Community Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.,Rural Unit for Health and Social Affairs, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Hossain MJ, Hossain MS, Bhuiyan AA, Rahman AF, Mashrelky SR, Rahman A. Medical care-seeking behaviours among drowning casualties: Results from a national survey conducted in Bangladesh. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2020; 15:374-379. [PMID: 33132809 PMCID: PMC7564935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Despite the high magnitude of drowning, medical care-seeking behaviours among drowning casualties remain unexplored in Bangladesh. This study aimed to explore this behaviour among drowning casualties in Bangladesh. Methods A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted using a multi-stage cluster sampling method. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire from 299,216 rural and urban residents. Results From the survey, we found 191 drowning cases: 40.84% (n = 78) were fatal and 59.16% (n = 113) were non-fatal. Among the drowning cases, 71.2% (n = 136) were referred to healthcare providers, while 62.8% (n = 120) received medical care from different health service providers. Further analysis showed that 66.6% (n = 116) of children and 26.6% (n = 4) of adults sought healthcare. As many as 78.9% (n = 120/152) of rural residents sought healthcare, as compared to 61.5% (n = 24/39) of urban residents. Among all drowning casualties, 31.7% (n = 38) received healthcare from a qualified healthcare provider, whereas 68.3% (n = 82) received it from non-qual]ified healthcare providers. About 59 (49%) casualties received care from a pharmacy and 34 (28%) from a recognised hospital. The hospital admission rate for drowning was 11.7%. About 14 (11.7%) drowning casualties were brought to hospitals in motorised or non-motorised vehicles. As many as 97 (80.8%) patients sought healthcare attention and managed to survive. Conclusion A significant number of drowning casualties sought medical care from qualified and non-qualified healthcare providers. In Bangladesh, it is necessary to develop guidelines for providing medical care for drowning casualties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad J Hossain
- Centre for Injury Prevention and Research, Bangladesh (CIPRB), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md S Hossain
- Centre for Injury Prevention and Research, Bangladesh (CIPRB), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Al-Amin Bhuiyan
- Centre for Injury Prevention and Research, Bangladesh (CIPRB), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Akm F Rahman
- Centre for Injury Prevention and Research, Bangladesh (CIPRB), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Saidur R Mashrelky
- Centre for Injury Prevention and Research, Bangladesh (CIPRB), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Aminur Rahman
- Centre for Injury Prevention and Research, Bangladesh (CIPRB), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Peden AE, Franklin RC, Queiroga AC. Epidemiology, risk factors and strategies for the prevention of global unintentional fatal drowning in people aged 50 years and older: a systematic review. Inj Prev 2017; 24:240-247. [PMID: 28774894 DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2017-042351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Drowning is a global public health issue and prevention poses an ongoing challenge for all countries. Many nations are experiencing ageing populations, and little is known about the epidemiology, risk factors and prevention of drowning deaths among older people. This paper reports on a systematic review of literature published on drowning among older people. METHODS A systematic literature review was undertaken using English-language, Portuguese-language and Spanish-language papers published between 1980 and 2015. The review explores gaps in the literature with a focus on the epidemiology, risk factors and strategies for the prevention of unintentional fatal drowning among people 50 years and over. RESULTS Thirty-eight papers were deemed relevant to the study design, including 18 (47%) on epidemiology, 19 (50%) on risk factors and 9 (24%) on strategies for prevention. Risk factors identified included male gender, ethnicity, rurality and increasing age. Prevention strategies commonly proposed were education and wearing life jackets. Gaps identified in the published literature include a lack of consistency around age groupings used for epidemiological studies; a lack of consensus on risk factors; a lack of total population, country-level analysis; and the need for older age-specific prevention strategies that have been implemented and their effectiveness evaluated. CONCLUSION This review identified drowning deaths among older people as a global issue. Further work is required to reduce drowning in this cohort. High-quality epidemiological studies identifying risk factors using standardised age groupings to allow for international comparisons are required, as are implementation and evaluation of older age-specific prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Peden
- Royal Life Saving Society - Australia, Broadway, New South Wales, Australia.,College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Richard C Franklin
- Royal Life Saving Society - Australia, Broadway, New South Wales, Australia.,College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ana Catarina Queiroga
- Royal Life Saving Society - Australia, Broadway, New South Wales, Australia.,College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.,EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Hossain MJ, Biswas A, Mashreky SR, Rahman F, Rahman A. Epidemiology of adulthood drowning deaths in Bangladesh: Findings from a nationwide health and injury survey. F1000Res 2017; 6:589. [PMID: 28529716 PMCID: PMC5428487 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.10980.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Annual global death due to drowning accounts for 372,000 lives, 90% of which occur in low and middle income countries. Life in Bangladesh exposes adults and children to may water bodies for daily household needs, and as a result drowning is common. In Bangladesh, due to lack of systemic data collection, drowning among adults is unknown; most research is focused on childhood drowning. The aim of the present study was to explore the epidemiology of adulthood drowning deaths in Bangladesh. Methodology: A nationwide cross-sectional survey was conducted from January to December in 2003 among 171,366 rural and urban households, with a sample of 819,429 individuals to determine the epidemiology of adulthood drowning in Bangladesh. Results: Annual fatal drowning incidence among adults was 5.85/100,000 individuals. Of these, 71.4% were male and 28.6% were female (RR 2.39). In total, 90% of the fatalities were from rural areas. Rural populations were also found to have a 8.58 times higher risk of drowning than those in urban areas. About 95% of drowning occurred in natural water bodies. About 61.6% of the deaths occurred at the scene followed by 33.5% at the home. Of the drowning fatalities, 67% took place in water bodies within 100 meters of the household. Among the drowning fatalities 78.4% occurred in daylight between 7.00 and 18.00. Over 97% of the victims were from poor socio economic conditions with a monthly income tk. 6,000 ($94) or less. Only 25.5% of incidences were reported to the police station. Conclusions: Every year a significant number of adults die due to drowning in Bangladesh. Populations living in rural areas, especially men, were the main victims of drowning. This survey finding might help policy makers and scientists to understand the drowning scenario among adults in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Animesh Biswas
- Centre for Injury Prevention and Research, Bangladesh (CIPRB), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Saidur Rahman Mashreky
- Centre for Injury Prevention and Research, Bangladesh (CIPRB), Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Epidemiology, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Fazlur Rahman
- Centre for Injury Prevention and Research, Bangladesh (CIPRB), Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Department of Epidemiology, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences (BUHS), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Aminur Rahman
- Centre for Injury Prevention and Research, Bangladesh (CIPRB), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Hossain M, Mani KK, Mohd Sidik S, Kadir Shahar H. The development of an intervention package to prevent children under five years old drowning in rural Bangladesh. Acta Paediatr 2016; 105:e373-8. [PMID: 27111395 DOI: 10.1111/apa.13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM There are an estimated 372 000 worldwide deaths by drowning every year, and it has been described as a secret epidemic in Bangladesh. The aim of this study was to develop an intervention package to prevent children under the age of five from drowning in rural Bangladesh. METHODS This was a qualitative study using focus group discussions in three villages in rural Bangladesh. The 45 participants were mothers and fathers with children under five, the parents of children who had drowned and community leaders. RESULTS The majority of the participants (71%) were male. The focus groups revealed that most drowning's occurred between 11am and 2pm and that risk factors included the following: children not being able to swim, ditches that were not filled in, lack of medical facilities, parents who were not aware of childhood drowning and lack of information through the media about how to prevent of childhood drowning. Suggestions included using a mobile-based short messaging service or voice calls to parents, especially mothers, could increase awareness and reduce the risk of childhood drowning. CONCLUSION A safety education programme could be effective in increasing knowledge and changing attitudes, which could prevent drowning among children in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosharaf Hossain
- Department of Community Health; Faculty of Medicine and Health Science; University Putra Malaysia; Selangor Malaysia
| | - Kulanthayan K.C. Mani
- Department of Community Health; Faculty of Medicine and Health Science; University Putra Malaysia; Selangor Malaysia
| | - Sherina Mohd Sidik
- Department of Psychiatry; Faculty of Medicine and Health Science; University Putra Malaysia; Selangor Malaysia
| | - Hayati Kadir Shahar
- Department of Community Health; Faculty of Medicine and Health Science; University Putra Malaysia; Selangor Malaysia
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11
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Hunter LM, Castro J, Kleiber D, Hutchens K. Swimming and Gendered Vulnerabilities: Evidence from the Northern and Central Philippines. SOCIETY & NATURAL RESOURCES 2015; 29:380-385. [PMID: 27103759 PMCID: PMC4835034 DOI: 10.1080/08941920.2015.1046097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Men and women's vulnerability to disasters is different and often related, in part, to cultural norms that influence gendered behaviors and abilities. In this study we focus on gender differences in swimming abilities, which, in the case of tsunamis have resulted in far greater female mortality rates. We present results on swimming ability by gender for 940 residents of coastal rural communities in the northern and central Philippines. We also examine cross-generational transmission of swimming abilities to shed light on future vulnerability. Results reveal men are far more likely than women to swim and, importantly, parents who can swim are more likely to have children who can swim. In this way, differences in swimming ability among today's adults may perpetuate vulnerabilities within future generations.
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Laosee O, Khiewyoo J, Somrongthong R. Drowning risk perceptions among rural guardians of Thailand: A community-based household survey. J Child Health Care 2014; 18:168-77. [PMID: 24092868 DOI: 10.1177/1367493513485477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Drowning is one of the most common causes of death among young children in Thailand. Children in primary school in rural settings have a high rate of fatal drowning. Guardians' perceptions are important since children are normally in their care. This study aims to describe drowning risk perceptions of guardians and to identify barriers to developing a child's swimming skills. A cross-sectional household survey was conducted among guardians of children who attended 12 schools serving 48 villages in a rural community. The results revealed that less than one-fifth (18%) of children in the household could swim. Guardians reported that children should learn to swim at the age of seven years. About one-quarter (23%) of guardians did not perceive drowning as the leading cause of death among children. More than a quarter (25.4%) perceived that their child was not at the risk of drowning. No statistical differences were reported on drowning perception among guardians with different swimming skills as well as child's swimming skill. Significantly more parents of children who could not swim perceived lack of swimming instructors, clean water and school swimming lessons as barriers to a child's acquisition of swimming skill. The results highlight the need to consider improving the infrastructure in rural areas to facilitate swimming skills for school children to reduce drowning risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orapin Laosee
- ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Khiewyoo
- Department of Biostatistics and Demography, Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University, Thailand
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Pant PR, Towner E, Pilkington P, Ellis M, Manandhar D. Community perceptions of unintentional child injuries in Makwanpur district of Nepal: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:476. [PMID: 24886124 PMCID: PMC4031493 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Nepal, childhood unintentional injury is an emerging public health problem but it has not been prioritised on national health agenda. There is lack of literature on community perceptions about child injuries. This study has explored community perceptions about child injuries and how injuries can be prevented. Methods Focus group discussions were conducted with mothers, school students and community health volunteers from urban and rural parts of Makwanpur district in Nepal. FGDs were conducted in Nepali languages. These were recorded, transcribed and translated into English. A theoretical framework was identified and thematic analysis conducted. Results Three focus group discussions, with a total of 27 participants, took place. Participants were able to identify examples of child injuries which took place in their community but these generally related to fatal and severe injuries. Participants identified risk factors such as the child’s age, gender, behaviours and whether they had been supervised. Consequences of injuries such as physical and psychological effects, impact on household budgets and disturbance in household plans were identified. Suggestions were made about culturally appropriate prevention measures, and included; suitable supervision arrangements, separation of hazards and teaching about safety to the parents and children. Conclusion Community members in Nepal can provide useful information about childhood injuries and their prevention but this knowledge is not transferred into action. Understanding community perceptions about injuries and their prevention can contribute to the development of preventive interventions in low income settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puspa Raj Pant
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK.
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14
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Morrongiello BA, Sandomierski M, Schwebel DC, Hagel B. Are parents just treading water? The impact of participation in swim lessons on parents' judgments of children's drowning risk, swimming ability, and supervision needs. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2013; 50:1169-1175. [PMID: 23046692 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2012] [Revised: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Drowning is a leading cause of child mortality globally. Strategies that have been suggested to reduce pediatric drowning risk include increased parental awareness of children's swimming ability and drowning risk, improved adult supervision of child swimmers, and providing swim lessons to children. This study explored how parents' beliefs relevant to children's drowning risk, perception of children's swimming ability, and judgments of supervision needs changed as children aged two through 5 years accumulated experience in swim lessons, and compared a parent group who received regular, detailed feedback about their child's swim skills with one that did not. Parents completed questionnaire measures near the beginning and end of a series of 10 weekly swim lessons. Results revealed that parental accuracy in judging children's swimming abilities remained relatively poor even though it improved from the beginning to the end of the swim lessons. Supervision needs were underestimated and did not vary with program or change over the course of swim lessons. Children's ability to keep themselves from drowning was overestimated and did not change over lessons or vary with program; parents believed that children could save themselves from drowning by the age of 6.21 years. Parents who had experienced a close call for drowning showed greater awareness of children's drowning risk and endorsed more watchful and proximal supervision. Results suggest that expanding learn-to-swim programs to include a parent-focused component that provides detailed tracking of swim skills and delivers messaging targeting perceptions of children's drowning risk and supervision needs may serve to maximize the drowning protection afforded by these programs. Delivering messaging in the form of 'close-call' drowning stories may prove especially effective to impact parents' supervision practices in drowning risk situations.
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Solomon R, Giganti MJ, Weiner A, Akpinar-Elci M. Water safety education among primary school children in Grenada. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot 2012; 20:266-70. [PMID: 22950942 DOI: 10.1080/17457300.2012.717083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Drowning is a common cause of death among children. Successful prevention interventions currently used in developed countries are often not transferable into developing countries due to differences in both environment and resources. In this study, we adapted a water safety education programme developed by the American Red Cross for primary school students in Grenada. Water safety knowledge before and after the training session was assessed using a nine-question evaluation tool. Following the training, a survey was administered to all teachers to assess the adaptability and effectiveness of the WHALE Tales training. Fifty-six students (30% males) completed the training. The age range was between 5 and 12 years old. Participants' water safety knowledge increased 15% (p < 0.01). Mean scores of correct answers increased for every grade level, ranging from a 5% increase for first graders to 33% increase for second graders. The findings from this study suggested that implementation of such a programme is effective. With cultural modifications and outsourcing, we believe this adapted programme would be successful in Grenada and other similar settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Solomon
- a Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine , St. George's University , St. Georges , Grenada , West Indies
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Franklin RC, Scarr JP, Pearn JH. Reducing drowning deaths: the continued challenge of immersion fatalities in Australia. Med J Aust 2010; 192:123-6. [DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2010.tb03448.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John H Pearn
- Royal Life Saving Society – Australia, Sydney, NSW
- Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD
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