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Khan H, Khanam A, Khan AA, Ahmad R, Husain A, Habib S, Ahmad S, Moinuddin. The complex landscape of intracellular signalling in protein modification under hyperglycaemic stress leading to metabolic disorders. Protein J 2024; 43:425-436. [PMID: 38491250 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-024-10191-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Hyperglycaemia is a life-threatening risk factor that occurs in both chronic and acute phases and has been linked to causing injury to many organs. Protein modification was triggered by hyperglycaemic stress, which resulted in pathogenic alterations such as impaired cellular function and tissue damage. Dysregulation in cellular function increases the condition associated with metabolic disorders, including cardiovascular diseases, nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy. Hyperglycaemic stress also increases the proliferation of cancer cells. The major areas of experimental biomedical research have focused on the underlying mechanisms involved in the cellular signalling systems involved in diabetes-associated chronic hyperglycaemia. Reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress generated by hyperglycaemia modify many intracellular signalling pathways that result in insulin resistance and β-cell function degradation. The dysregulation of post translational modification in β cells is clinically associated with the development of diabetes mellitus and its associated diseases. This review will discuss the effect of hyperglycaemic stress on protein modification and the cellular signalling involved in it. The focus will be on the significant molecular changes associated with severe metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamda Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jawahar Lal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, 202002, Aligarh, India.
| | - Afreen Khanam
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh, India
| | - Adnan Ahmad Khan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, 226026, India
| | - Rizwan Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jawahar Lal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, 202002, Aligarh, India
| | - Arbab Husain
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh, India
| | - Safia Habib
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jawahar Lal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, 202002, Aligarh, India
| | - Saheem Ahmad
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moinuddin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jawahar Lal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, 202002, Aligarh, India
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2
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Routh S, Manickam V. Epigenetic alterations dictating the inflammation: A view through pancreatitis. Life Sci 2024; 338:122383. [PMID: 38158041 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatitis is a severe inflammation in the pancreas and accounts for one of the leading gastrointestinal disorders worldwide, and presently pacing up with the morbidity and mortality rates. It has been noted that severe recurrences of acute pancreatitis lead to chronic inflammation and fibrosis of the pancreas which may further result to a long-term risk of pancreatic carcinogenesis which has a lower survival rate and worse prognosis. Several genetic and epigenetic mechanisms have been reported to orchestrate disease development. Intriguingly, concurrent epigenetic alterations can also control the genes responsible for the pathophysiology of several inflammatory pathways. Deciphering how epigenetic changes affect the inflammatory processes in pancreatitis and body's response to various therapeutic modalities may help to manage the condition more effectively. The current review will concentrate on several epigenetic changes in general and how specifically they are implicated in pancreatitis pathogenesis. Further, this review summarizes the involvement of inflammation in pancreatitis from an epigenetic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreyoshi Routh
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Venkatraman Manickam
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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3
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Hu S, Chen L, Zeng T, Wang W, Yan Y, Qiu K, Xie Y, Liao Y. DNA methylation profiling reveals novel pathway implicated in cardiovascular diseases of diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1108126. [PMID: 36875456 PMCID: PMC9975499 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1108126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epigenetics was reported to mediate the effects of environmental risk factors on disease pathogenesis. We intend to unleash the role of DNA methylation modification in the pathological process of cardiovascular diseases in diabetes. METHODS We screened differentially methylated genes by methylated DNA immunoprecipitation chip (MeDIP-chip) among the enrolled participants. In addition, methylation-specific PCR (MSP) and gene expression validation in peripheral blood of participants were utilized to validate the DNA microarray findings. RESULTS Several aberrantly methylated genes have been explored, including phospholipase C beta 1 (PLCB1), cam kinase I delta (CAMK1D), and dopamine receptor D5 (DRD5), which participated in the calcium signaling pathway. Meanwhile, vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGFB), placental growth factor (PLGF), fatty acid transport protein 3 (FATP3), coagulation factor II, thrombin receptor (F2R), and fatty acid transport protein 4 (FATP4) which participated in vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) signaling pathway were also found. After MSP and gene expression validation in peripheral blood of participants, PLCB1, PLGF, FATP4, and VEGFB were corroborated. CONCLUSION This study revealed that the hypomethylation of VEGFB, PLGF, PLCB1, and FATP4 might be the potential biomarkers. Besides, VEGFR signaling pathway regulated by DNA methylation might play a role in the cardiovascular diseases' pathogenesis of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengqing Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Lulu Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianshu Zeng
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenyi Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Kangli Qiu
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Yajuan Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunfei Liao
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Yunfei Liao,
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Mladenov M, Bogdanov J, Bogdanov B, Hadzi-Petrushev N, Kamkin A, Stojchevski R, Avtanski D. Efficacy of the monocarbonyl curcumin analog C66 in the reduction of diabetes-associated cardiovascular and kidney complications. Mol Med 2022; 28:129. [PMID: 36316651 PMCID: PMC9620630 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-022-00559-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin is a polyphenolic compound derived from turmeric that has potential beneficial properties for cardiovascular and renal diseases and is relatively safe and inexpensive. However, the application of curcumin is rather problematic due to its chemical instability and low bioavailability. The experimental results showed improved chemical stability and potent pharmacokinetics of one of its analogs – (2E,6E)-2,6-bis[(2-trifluoromethyl)benzylidene]cyclohexanone (C66). There are several advantages of C66, like its synthetic accessibility, structural simplicity, improved chemical stability (in vitro and in vivo), presence of two reactive electrophilic centers, and good electron-accepting capacity. Considering these characteristics, we reviewed the literature on the application of C66 in resolving diabetes-associated cardiovascular and renal complications in animal models. We also summarized the mechanisms by which C66 is preventing the release of pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory molecules in the priming and in activation stage of cardiomyopathy, renal fibrosis, and diabetic nephropathy. The cardiovascular protective effect of C66 against diabetes-induced oxidative damage is Nrf2 mediated but mainly dependent on JNK2. In general, C66 causes inhibition of JNK2, which reduces cardiac inflammation, fibrosis, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in the settings of diabetic cardiomyopathy. C66 exerts a powerful antifibrotic effect by reducing inflammation-related factors (MCP-1, NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, COX-2, and CAV-1) and inducing the expression of anti-inflammatory factors (HO-1 and NEDD4), as well as targeting TGF-β/SMADs, MAPK/ERK, and PPAR-γ pathways in animal models of diabetic nephropathy. Based on the available evidence, C66 is becoming a promising drug candidate for improving cardiovascular and renal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitko Mladenov
- grid.7858.20000 0001 0708 5391Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Institute of Biology, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia ,grid.78028.350000 0000 9559 0613Department of Physiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova Street 1, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jane Bogdanov
- grid.7858.20000 0001 0708 5391Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Institute of Chemistry, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Bogdan Bogdanov
- grid.7858.20000 0001 0708 5391Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Institute of Chemistry, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Nikola Hadzi-Petrushev
- grid.7858.20000 0001 0708 5391Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Institute of Biology, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Andre Kamkin
- grid.78028.350000 0000 9559 0613Department of Physiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova Street 1, Moscow, Russia
| | - Radoslav Stojchevski
- grid.7858.20000 0001 0708 5391Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Institute of Biology, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia ,grid.416477.70000 0001 2168 3646Friedman Diabetes Institute at Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, 110 E 59th Street, Suite 8B, Room 837, 10022 New York, NY USA
| | - Dimiter Avtanski
- grid.416477.70000 0001 2168 3646Friedman Diabetes Institute at Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, 110 E 59th Street, Suite 8B, Room 837, 10022 New York, NY USA ,grid.250903.d0000 0000 9566 0634Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY USA ,grid.512756.20000 0004 0370 4759Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY USA
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Altered expression response upon repeated gene repression in single yeast cells. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010640. [PMID: 36256678 PMCID: PMC9633002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells must continuously adjust to changing environments and, thus, have evolved mechanisms allowing them to respond to repeated stimuli. While faster gene induction upon a repeated stimulus is known as reinduction memory, responses to repeated repression have been less studied so far. Here, we studied gene repression across repeated carbon source shifts in over 1,500 single Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. By monitoring the expression of a carbon source-responsive gene, galactokinase 1 (Gal1), and fitting a mathematical model to the single-cell data, we observed a faster response upon repeated repressions at the population level. Exploiting our single-cell data and quantitative modeling approach, we discovered that the faster response is mediated by a shortened repression response delay, the estimated time between carbon source shift and Gal1 protein production termination. Interestingly, we can exclude two alternative hypotheses, i) stronger dilution because of e.g., increased proliferation, and ii) a larger fraction of repressing cells upon repeated repressions. Collectively, our study provides a quantitative description of repression kinetics in single cells and allows us to pinpoint potential mechanisms underlying a faster response upon repeated repression. The computational results of our study can serve as the starting point for experimental follow-up studies. Cells have to continuously adjust to their environment and cope with changing temperature, stress conditions, or metabolic resources. Yeast cells exposed to repeated carbon source shifts have shown to be “primed” by their first exposure, exhibiting enhanced gene expression of specific genes later on. However, how cells respond to a repeated repressive stimulus, e.g., withdrawal of metabolic resources, has been so far much less studied. For this, we investigated the expression kinetics of a carbon source-responsive gene across repeated repressions. We measured single-cell expression and used mathematical modeling to evaluate potential causes underlying an observed faster repression response upon a repeated stimulus. Specifically, we investigated whether i) an increased dilution due to e.g., proliferation, ii) an increased fraction of repressing cells, or iii) different kinetic parameters in the repeated repression cause the observed faster response in the second repression. Leveraging quantitative mathematical model comparison, we discovered that the faster response is mediated by a shortened estimated time between carbon source shift and protein production termination at the single-cell level. Our study provides a quantitative description of repression kinetics in single cells and allows us to pinpoint potential mechanisms underlying a faster response upon repeated repression.
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Adkins-Jackson PB, Incollingo Rodriguez AC. Methodological approaches for studying structural racism and its biopsychosocial impact on health. Nurs Outlook 2022; 70:725-732. [PMID: 36154771 PMCID: PMC11298157 DOI: 10.1016/j.outlook.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Structural racism is a powerful determinant of health that drives health disparities, morbidity, and mortality across racialized and minoritized groups. PURPOSE This article discusses approaches for measuring structural racism and its resultant network of negative biopsychosocial consequences for health and well-being. METHODS We draw on prevailing theoretical models and approaches to characterize both the nature of structural racism and integrated methods for assessing its consequences across mental and physical health. DISCUSSION This article will serve to guide researchers in health-related disciplines to accurately assess the biopsychosocial consequences of structural racism in key populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paris B Adkins-Jackson
- Departments of Epidemiology and Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY.
| | - Angela C Incollingo Rodriguez
- Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Department of Social Science and Policy Studies, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA.
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Cheng Y, Chen Y, Wang G, Liu P, Xie G, Jing H, Chen H, Fan Y, Wang M, Zhou J. Protein Methylation in Diabetic Kidney Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:736006. [PMID: 35647002 PMCID: PMC9133329 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.736006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by persistent urine aberrations, structural abnormalities, or impaired excretory renal function. Diabetes is the leading cause of CKD. Their common pathological manifestation is renal fibrosis. Approximately half of all patients with type 2 diabetes and one-third with type 1 diabetes will develop CKD. However, renal fibrosis mechanisms are still poorly understood, especially post-transcriptional and epigenetic regulation. And an unmet need remains for innovative treatment strategies for preventing, arresting, treating, and reversing diabetic kidney disease (DKD). People believe that protein methylation, including histone and non-histone, is an essential type of post-translational modification (PTM). However, prevalent reviews mainly focus on the causes such as DNA methylation. This review will take insights into the protein part. Furthermore, by emphasizing the close relationship between protein methylation and DKD, we will summarize the clinical research status and foresee the application prospect of protein methyltransferase (PMT) inhibitors in DKD treatment. In a nutshell, our review will contribute to a more profound understanding of DKD’s molecular mechanism and inspire people to dig into this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanna Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guiling Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huan Jing
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongtao Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Eighth People’s Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youlin Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou Panyu Central Hospital of Panyu District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Gaoming People’s Hospital, Foshan, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Zhou,
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Pothen L, Verdoy R, De Mulder D, Esfahani H, Farah C, Michel LYM, Dei Zotti F, Bearzatto B, Ambroise J, Bouzin C, Dessy C, Balligand JL. Sustained Downregulation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Acta2 After Transient Angiotensin II Infusion: A New Model of "Vascular Memory". Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:854361. [PMID: 35360022 PMCID: PMC8964264 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.854361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a critical role in the development of hypertension. Published evidence on a putative "memory effect" of AngII on the vascular components is however scarce. Aim To evaluate the long-term effects of transient exposure to AngII on the mouse heart and the arterial tissue. Methods Blood pressure, cardiovascular tissue damage and remodeling, and systemic oxidative stress were evaluated in C57/B6/J mice at the end of a 2-week AngII infusion (AngII); 2 and 3 weeks after the interruption of a 2-week AngII treatment (AngII+2W and AngII +3W; so-called "memory" conditions) and control littermate (CTRL). RNAseq profiling of aortic tissues was used to identify potential key regulated genes accounting for legacy effects on the vascular phenotype. RNAseq results were validated by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry in a reproduction cohort of mice. Key findings were reproduced in a homotypic cell culture model. Results The 2 weeks AngII infusion induced cardiac hypertrophy and aortic damage that persisted beyond AngII interruption and despite blood pressure normalization, with a sustained vascular expression of ICAM1, infiltration by CD45+ cells, and cell proliferation associated with systemic oxidative stress. RNAseq profiling in aortic tissue identified robust Acta2 downregulation at transcript and protein levels (α-smooth muscle actin) that was maintained beyond interruption of AngII treatment. Among regulators of Acta2 expression, the transcription factor Myocardin (Myocd), exhibited a similar expression pattern. The sustained downregulation of Acta2 and Myocd was associated with an increase in H3K27me3 in nuclei of aortic sections from mice in the "memory" conditions. A sustained downregulation of ACTA2 and MYOCD was reproduced in the cultured human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells upon transient exposure to Ang II. Conclusion A transient exposure to Ang II produces prolonged vascular remodeling with robust ACTA2 downregulation, associated with epigenetic imprinting supporting a "memory" effect despite stimulus withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Pothen
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc and Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Roxane Verdoy
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc and Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Delphine De Mulder
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc and Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hrag Esfahani
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc and Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Farah
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc and Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lauriane Y. M. Michel
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc and Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Flavia Dei Zotti
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc and Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bertrand Bearzatto
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Centre des Technologies Moléculaires Appliquées (CTMA), Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc and Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jerome Ambroise
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Centre des Technologies Moléculaires Appliquées (CTMA), Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc and Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Caroline Bouzin
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Imaging Platform (2IP), Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc and Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Chantal Dessy
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc and Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Luc Balligand
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc and Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
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Mendoza-Marí Y, García-Ojalvo A, Fernández-Mayola M, Rodríguez-Rodríguez N, Martinez-Jimenez I, Berlanga-Acosta J. Epidermal growth factor effect on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in fibroblasts derived from diabetic foot ulcer. Scars Burn Heal 2022; 8:20595131211067380. [PMID: 35198238 PMCID: PMC8859691 DOI: 10.1177/20595131211067380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) are characterised by high levels of inflammatory mediators, resulting from sustained hyperglycaemic insult and the local microbial biofilm. The intralesional administration of epidermal growth factor (EGF) has emerged as an effective treatment that stimulates granulation and closure of DFU, reducing the risk of amputation. Within the wound, fibroblasts play key roles during the healing process, promoting granulation and contraction. The aim of the present study was to examine the anti-inflammatory effect of EGF in DFU-derived fibroblasts, challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), under hyperglycaemic conditions, recreating in vitro what happens in a clinical scenario. Methods Healthy skin (HS) and DFU granulation tissue biopsies were used to isolate primary fibroblasts. The effect of LPS on cell proliferation was analysed. Transcriptional expression of toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway mediators (TLR4, TLR2, CD14, MYD88 and NFKB) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL-6 and IL-1B) were measured by semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), in cells treated with appropriate concentrations of LPS, EGF and their combination. IL-6 protein concentration was quantified by ELISA. Results LPS stimulated proliferation of HS-derived fibroblasts, while inhibiting the proliferation of cells derived from DFU at the highest assayed concentration of 1 µg/mL. Regarding the TLR signalling pathway, LPS increased messenger RNA levels of mediators and pro-inflammatory genes, while EGF, alone or in the presence of LPS, downregulated them, except for IL-1B. Conclusion The results suggest that EGF might elicit an anti-inflammatory response in LPS-challenged fibroblasts, even in a hyperglycaemic milieu. Collectively, our findings contribute to explain newly observed effects of EGF in the clinical arena. Lay Summary In this research article, we analyse the putative anti-inflammatory effect of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on fibroblast isolated from diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) granulation tissue. To induce the inflammatory response, the cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), simulating the gram-negative bacterial infection that takes place in the wounds of diabetic patients. We studied the expression of genes involved in bacterial recognition receptors signalling pathway and those that code for different pro-inflammatory cytokines. We obtained primary fibroblasts from biopsies of a neuropathic diabetic ulcer and from healthy skin, the former was used as the control. Cells were isolated and grown in high glucose Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) culture medium, to simulate the hyperglycaemic insult. The effect of increasing concentrations of LPS on cell proliferation was analysed. Relative transcriptional expression of genes in the study was quantified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in cells treated with LPS, EGF or a combination. Untreated cells served to normalise the expression. In the present study, we demonstrated that EGF modulated the primary immune response by reducing the activation of pathogen-recognition receptors and common genes involved in these signalling pathways, even in hyperglycaemic conditions. This effect translated in a decreased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. These results contribute to explain our previous observations about the reduction of circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines after local administration of human recombinant EGF in DFU. Further molecular studies should be carried out to fully understand the biological mechanisms elicited by EGF in this clinical scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yssel Mendoza-Marí
- Wound Healing and Cytoprotection Group, Biomedical Research Direction, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Ariana García-Ojalvo
- Wound Healing and Cytoprotection Group, Biomedical Research Direction, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Maday Fernández-Mayola
- Wound Healing and Cytoprotection Group, Biomedical Research Direction, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Nadia Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Wound Healing and Cytoprotection Group, Biomedical Research Direction, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Indira Martinez-Jimenez
- Wound Healing and Cytoprotection Group, Biomedical Research Direction, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Jorge Berlanga-Acosta
- Wound Healing and Cytoprotection Group, Biomedical Research Direction, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
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Aghagoli G, Del Re A, Yano N, Zhang Z, Gheit AA, Phillips RK, Sellke FW, Fedulov AV. Methylome of skeletal muscle tissue in patients with hypertension and diabetes undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Epigenomics 2021; 13:1853-1866. [PMID: 34802257 PMCID: PMC8619827 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2021-0388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Epigenomic changes occurring during surgery have been neglected in research; diabetes and hypertension can affect the epigenome but little is known about the epigenetics of skeletal muscle (SKM). Methods: DNA methylation was profiled via Illumina MethylationEPIC arrays in SKM samples obtained at the beginning and end of heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Results: Methylation in patients with hypertension and diabetes was significantly different, more so for uncontrolled diabetes; hypertension alone produced minimal effect. The affected pathways involved IL-1, IL-12, IL-18, TNF-α, IFN-γ, VEGF, NF-κB and Wnt signaling, apoptosis and DNA damage response. Significant changes occurred during surgery and included loci in the Hippo-YAP/TAZ pathway. Conclusion: Cardiopulmonary bypass surgery affects the SKM methylome, and the combination of hypertension and diabetes induces changes in the SKM epigenome in contrast to hypertension alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazal Aghagoli
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Andrew Del Re
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Naohiro Yano
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Zhiqi Zhang
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Ahmad Aboul Gheit
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Ronald K Phillips
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Frank W Sellke
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Alexey V Fedulov
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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11
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Pothen L, Balligand JL. Legacy in Cardiovascular Risk Factors Control: From Theory to Future Therapeutic Strategies? Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111849. [PMID: 34829720 PMCID: PMC8614708 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In medicine, a legacy effect is defined as the sustained beneficial effect of a given treatment on disease outcomes, even after cessation of the intervention. Initially described in optimized control of diabetes, it was also observed in clinical trials exploring intensification strategies for other cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension or hypercholesterolemia. Mechanisms of legacy were particularly deciphered in diabetes, leading to the concept of metabolic memory. In a more discreet manner, other memory phenomena were also described in preclinical studies that demonstrated long-lasting deleterious effects of lipids or angiotensin II on vascular wall components. Interestingly, epigenetic changes and reactive oxygen species (ROS) appear to be common features of “memory” of the vascular wall.
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12
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Rey F, Messa L, Pandini C, Launi R, Barzaghini B, Micheletto G, Raimondi MT, Bertoli S, Cereda C, Zuccotti GV, Cancello R, Carelli S. Transcriptome Analysis of Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue from Severely Obese Patients Highlights Deregulation Profiles in Coding and Non-Coding Oncogenes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1989. [PMID: 33671464 PMCID: PMC7922682 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major risk factor for a large number of secondary diseases, including cancer. Specific insights into the role of gender differences and secondary comorbidities, such as type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cancer risk, are yet to be fully identified. The aim of this study is thus to find a correlation between the transcriptional deregulation present in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese patients and the oncogenic signature present in multiple cancers, in the presence of T2D, and considering gender differences. The subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) of five healthy, normal-weight women, five obese women, five obese women with T2D and five obese men were subjected to RNA-sequencing, leading to the identification of deregulated coding and non-coding RNAs, classified for their oncogenic score. A panel of DE RNAs was validated via Real-Time PCR and oncogene expression levels correlated the oncogenes with anthropometrical parameters, highlighting significant trends. For each analyzed condition, we identified the deregulated pathways associated with cancer, the prediction of possible prognosis for different cancer types and the lncRNAs involved in oncogenic networks and tissues. Our results provided a comprehensive characterization of oncogenesis correlation in SAT, providing specific insights into the possible molecular targets implicated in this process. Indeed, the identification of deregulated oncogenes also in SAT highlights hypothetical targets implicated in the increased oncogenic risk in highly obese subjects. These results could shed light on new molecular targets to be specifically modulated in obesity and highlight which cancers should receive the most attention in terms of better prevention in obesity-affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Rey
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, School of Medicine, University of Milano, Via Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy; (F.R.); (R.L.); (G.V.Z.)
- Pediatric Clinical Research Centre Fondazione “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”, University of Milano, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Letizia Messa
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; (L.M.); (B.B.); (M.T.R.)
| | - Cecilia Pandini
- Genomic and Post-Genomic Centre, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.P.); (C.C.)
| | - Rossella Launi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, School of Medicine, University of Milano, Via Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy; (F.R.); (R.L.); (G.V.Z.)
- Pediatric Clinical Research Centre Fondazione “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”, University of Milano, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Bianca Barzaghini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; (L.M.); (B.B.); (M.T.R.)
| | - Giancarlo Micheletto
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, INCO and Department of General Surgery, Istituto Clinico Sant’Ambrogio, University of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milano, Italy;
| | - Manuela Teresa Raimondi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; (L.M.); (B.B.); (M.T.R.)
| | - Simona Bertoli
- Obesity Unit—Laboratory of Nutrition and Obesity Research, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Via Ariosto 9, 20145 Milano, Italy; (S.B.); (R.C.)
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Cereda
- Genomic and Post-Genomic Centre, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.P.); (C.C.)
| | - Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, School of Medicine, University of Milano, Via Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy; (F.R.); (R.L.); (G.V.Z.)
- Pediatric Clinical Research Centre Fondazione “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”, University of Milano, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital “V. Buzzi”, Via Lodovico Castelvetro 32, 20154 Milano, Italy
| | - Raffaella Cancello
- Obesity Unit—Laboratory of Nutrition and Obesity Research, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Via Ariosto 9, 20145 Milano, Italy; (S.B.); (R.C.)
| | - Stephana Carelli
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, School of Medicine, University of Milano, Via Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy; (F.R.); (R.L.); (G.V.Z.)
- Pediatric Clinical Research Centre Fondazione “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”, University of Milano, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy
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13
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Kaikini AA, Muke S, Peshattiwar V, Bagle S, Dighe V, Sathaye S. Ethyl ferulate, a lipophilic phenylpropanoid, prevents diabetes-associated renal injury in rats by amelioration of hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress via activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13607. [PMID: 33587296 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy affects approximately 20%-40% of diabetes patients worldwide and is the leading cause of end-stage renal failure. Oxidative stress has been identified as a major causative factor in the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy; Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation protects the body against oxidative stress by induction of antioxidant enzymes. The renoprotective effect of ethyl ferulate was investigated in diabetes-induced renal injury. Ethyl ferulate was administered orally at three doses (50 mg/kg, 75 mg/kg, and 100 mg/kg). Metformin (500 mg/kg, p.o.) was used as a standard. Ethyl ferulate treatment decreased serum advanced glycation end products, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, renal oxidative stress, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) level, and kidney hypertrophy index. It restored serum lipid profile, biomarkers of renal function, and mitigated histopathological signs of renal damage. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated higher Nrf2 protein levels in kidney sections of ethyl ferulate-treated rats. These findings suggest that ethyl ferulate ameliorated hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress by increasing renal Nrf2 levels, thereby preventing diabetes-induced kidney injury. In conclusion, the present study endorses the usefulness of Nrf2 activators, such as ethyl ferulate, as adjuvant therapy for preventing the diabetic nephropathy. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Ethyl ferulate (ethyl-3-hydroxyl-4-methoxycinnamate), a phenylpropanoid, is a naturally occurring ethyl ester of ferulic acid and is widely present in plants and especially grains, such as rice and maize. Our study has highlighted the renoprotective effect of ethyl ferulate in preventing diabetes-associated renal injury. The observed effect of ethyl ferulate is due to amelioration of diabetes-induced oxidative stress and inflammation, by activation of the Nrf2 pathway. These results indicate the potential of ethyl ferulate as a nutraceutical or adjuvant therapy in prevention of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakruti Arun Kaikini
- Pharmacology Research Lab-II, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Suraj Muke
- Pharmacology Research Lab-II, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Vaibhavi Peshattiwar
- Pharmacology Research Lab-II, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Sneha Bagle
- Pharmacology Research Lab-II, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Vikas Dighe
- Department of Toxicology, National Institute of Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Sadhana Sathaye
- Pharmacology Research Lab-II, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India
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14
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Li Y, Du Z, Xie X, Zhang Y, Liu H, Zhou Z, Zhao J, Lee RS, Xiao Y, Ivanoviski S, Yan F. Epigenetic changes caused by diabetes and their potential role in the development of periodontitis. J Diabetes Investig 2021; 12:1326-1335. [PMID: 33300305 PMCID: PMC8354491 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims/Introduction Periodontal disease, a chronic inflammation induced by bacteria, is closely linked with diabetes mellitus. Many complications associated with diabetes are related to epigenetic changes. However, the exact epigenetic changes whereby diabetes affects periodontal disease remain largely unknown. Thus, we sought to investigate the role of diabetes‐dependent epigenetic changes of gingival tissue in the susceptibility to periodontal disease. Materials and Methods We studied the effect of streptozotocin‐induced diabetes in minipigs on gingival morphological and epigenetic tissue changes. Accordingly, we randomly divided six minipigs into two groups: streptozotocin‐induced diabetes group, n = 3; and non‐diabetes healthy control group, n = 3. After 85 days, all animals were killed, and gingival tissue was collected for histology, deoxyribonucleic acid methylation analysis and immunohistochemistry. Results A diabetes mellitus model was successfully created, as evidenced by significantly increased blood glucose levels, reduction of pancreatic insulin‐producing β‐cells and histopathological changes in the kidneys. The gingival tissues in the diabetes group presented acanthosis of both gingival squamous epithelium and sulcular/junctional epithelium, and a significant reduction in the number and length of rete pegs. Deoxyribonucleic acid methylation analysis showed a total of 1,163 affected genes, of which 599 and 564 were significantly hypermethylated and hypomethylated, respectively. Immunohistochemistry staining showed that the hypomethylated genes – tumor necrosis factor‐α and interleukin‐6 – were positively expressed under the junctional epithelium area in the diabetes group. Conclusions Diabetes mellitus induces morphological and epigenetic changes in periodontal tissue, which might contribute to the increased susceptibility of periodontal diseases in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfen Li
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhibin Du
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Xiaoting Xie
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yangheng Zhang
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huifen Liu
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziqian Zhou
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ryan Sb Lee
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yin Xiao
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Australia-China Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Saso Ivanoviski
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fuhua Yan
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Australia-China Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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15
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Lecamwasam AR, Mohebbi M, Ekinci EI, Dwyer KM, Saffery R. Identification of Potential Biomarkers of Chronic Kidney Disease in Individuals with Diabetes: Protocol for a Cross-sectional Observational Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2020; 9:e16277. [PMID: 32734931 PMCID: PMC7428908 DOI: 10.2196/16277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The importance of identifying people with diabetes and progressive kidney dysfunction relates to the excess morbidity and mortality of this group. Rates of cardiovascular disease are much higher in people with both diabetes and kidney dysfunction than in those with only one of these conditions. By the time these people are identified in current clinical practice, proteinuria and renal dysfunction are already established, limiting the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions. The identification of an epigenetic or blood metabolite signature or gut microbiome profile may identify those with diabetes at risk of progressive chronic kidney disease, in turn providing targeted intervention to improve patient outcomes. Objective This study aims to identify potential biomarkers in people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD) associated with progressive renal injury and to distinguish between stages of chronic kidney disease. Three sources of biomarkers will be explored, including DNA methylation profiles in blood lymphocytes, the metabolomic profile of blood-derived plasma and urine, and the gut microbiome. Methods The cross-sectional study recruited 121 people with diabetes and varying stages (stages 1-5) of chronic kidney disease. Single-point data collection included blood, urine, and fecal samples in addition to clinical data such as anthropometric measurements and biochemical parameters. Additional information obtained from medical records included patient demographics, medical comorbidities, and medications. Results Data collection commenced in January 2018 and was completed in June 2018. At the time of submission, 121 patients had been recruited, and 119 samples remained after quality control. There were 83 participants in the early diabetes-associated CKD group with a mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 61.2 mL/min/1.73 m2 (early CKD group consisting of stage 1, 2, and 3a CKD), and 36 participants in the late diabetic CKD group with a mean eGFR of 23.9 mL/min/1.73 m2 (late CKD group, consisting of stage 3b, 4, and 5), P<.001. We have successfully obtained DNA for methylation and microbiome analyses using the biospecimens collected via this protocol and are currently analyzing these results together with the metabolome of this cohort of individuals with diabetic CKD. Conclusions Recent advances have improved our understanding of the epigenome, metabolomics, and the influence of the gut microbiome on the incidence of diseases such as cancers, particularly those related to environmental exposures. However, there is a paucity of literature surrounding these influencers in renal disease. This study will provide insight into the fundamental understanding of the pathophysiology of CKD in individuals with diabetes, especially in novel areas such as epigenetics, metabolomics, and the kidney-gut axis. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/16277
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashani R Lecamwasam
- Epigenetics Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Victoria, Australia.,School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Elif I Ekinci
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karen M Dwyer
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard Saffery
- Epigenetics Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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16
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Addressing selectivity issues of aldose reductase 2 inhibitors for the management of diabetic complications. Future Med Chem 2020; 12:1327-1358. [PMID: 32602375 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2020-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldose Reductase 2 (ALR2), the rate-limiting enzyme of the polyol pathway, plays an important role in detoxification of some toxic aldehydes. Under hyperglycemia, this enzyme overactivates and causes diabetic complications (DC). Therefore, ALR2 inhibition has been established as a potential approach to manage these complications. Several ALR2 inhibitors have been reported, but none of them could reach US FDA approval. One of the main reasons is their poor selectivity over ALR1, which leads to the toxicity. The current review underlines the molecular connectivity of ALR2 with DC and comparative analysis of the catalytic domains of ALR2 and ALR1, to better understand the selectivity issues. This report also discusses the key features required for ALR2 inhibition and to limit toxicity due to off-target activity.
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17
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Cavalcante JEA, de Sousa ELH, de Oliveira Rodrigues R, de Almeida Viana G, Duarte Gadelha D, de Carvalho MMD, Sousa DL, Silva AJX, Filho RRBX, Fernandes VO, Montenegro Júnior RM, de Sousa Alves R, Meneses GC, Sampaio TL, Queiroz MGR. Interleukin-18 promoter −137 G/C polymorphism (rs187238) is associated with biochemical markers of renal function and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes patients. Clin Biochem 2020; 80:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Bheda P, Aguilar-Gómez D, Becker NB, Becker J, Stavrou E, Kukhtevich I, Höfer T, Maerkl S, Charvin G, Marr C, Kirmizis A, Schneider R. Single-Cell Tracing Dissects Regulation of Maintenance and Inheritance of Transcriptional Reinduction Memory. Mol Cell 2020; 78:915-925.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Metabolic memory and diabetic nephropathy: Beneficial effects of natural epigenetic modifiers. Biochimie 2020; 170:140-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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20
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Sun HJ, Wu ZY, Cao L, Zhu MY, Liu TT, Guo L, Lin Y, Nie XW, Bian JS. Hydrogen Sulfide: Recent Progression and Perspectives for the Treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24152857. [PMID: 31390847 PMCID: PMC6696501 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease develops in approximately 40% of diabetic patients and is a major cause of chronic kidney diseases (CKD) and end stage kidney disease (ESKD) worldwide. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), the third gasotransmitter after nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO), is synthesized in nearly all organs, including the kidney. Though studies on H2S regulation of renal physiology and pathophysiology are still in its infancy, emerging evidence shows that H2S production by renal cells is reduced under disease states and H2S donors ameliorate kidney injury. Specifically, aberrant H2S level is implicated in various renal pathological conditions including diabetic nephropathy. This review presents the roles of H2S in diabetic renal disease and the underlying mechanisms for the protective effects of H2S against diabetic renal damage. H2S may serve as fundamental strategies to treat diabetic kidney disease. These H2S treatment modalities include precursors for H2S synthesis, H2S donors, and natural plant-derived compounds. Despite accumulating evidence from experimental studies suggests the potential role of the H2S signaling pathway in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy, these results need further clinical translation. Expanding understanding of H2S in the kidney may be vital to translate H2S to be a novel therapy for diabetic renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jian Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Zhi-Yuan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Meng-Yuan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Teng-Teng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Lei Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Ye Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Nie
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Jin-Song Bian
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore.
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou 215000, China.
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21
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Lin YC, Chen YC, Hsiao HP, Kuo CH, Chen BH, Chen YT, Wang SL, Tsai ML, Hung CH. The effects of acarbose on chemokine and cytokine production in human monocytic THP-1 cells. Hormones (Athens) 2019; 18:179-187. [PMID: 30827017 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-019-00101-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Chronic inflammation induced by proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines is postulated to be involved in insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Acarbose, the α-glucosidase inhibitor, is an oral antidiabetic drug for T2DM. Acarbose suppresses inflammatory cytokine production in patients with T2DM, though the underlying mechanisms are unclear. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects and the exact mechanisms of acarbose in human monocytic THP-1 cells. METHODS THP-1 cells were pretreated with acarbose and then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The levels of Th1-related chemokines, including interferon-γ-inducible protein-10 (IP-10), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), Th2-related chemokine macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), and proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Intracellular signaling pathways were explored by Western blot analysis and using a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. RESULTS Acarbose suppressed the levels of IP-10, MCP-1, MDC, and TNF-α and downregulated phosphorylation of p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and nuclear factor-kappa B-p65 (NF-κB-p65) in LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells. Acarbose suppressed LPS-induced acetylation of histones H3 (H3) and H4 in the IP-10 and MCP-1 promoter regions. These findings revealed the suppressive effects of acarbose on IP-10, MCP-1, MDC, and TNF-α production in THP-1 cells via, at least partially, the p38, JNK, ERK, and NF-κB-p65 pathways, as well as through epigenetic regulation via histone H3 and H4 acetylation. CONCLUSION Our study points to the therapeutic anti-inflammatory potential of acarbose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ching Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Tzyou 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Tzyou 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Shihchuan 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Shihchuan 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yen-Chun Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Tzyou 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, No.482, Shanming Road, Siaogang District, Kaohsiung City, 812, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hui-Pin Hsiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Tzyou 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chang-Hung Kuo
- Ta-Kuo Clinic, No.69, Ziqiang 2nd Road, Cianjin District, Kaohsiung City, 144, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, No.68, Jhonghua 3rd Road, Cianjin District, Kaohsiung City, 145, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Bai-Hsiun Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Tzyou 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Tzyou 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Shihchuan 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Shihchuan 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Ting Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Tzyou 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shih-Ling Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Tzyou 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Mei-Lan Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Tzyou 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chih-Hsing Hung
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Tzyou 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan, Republic of China.
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Shihchuan 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan, Republic of China.
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, No.482, Shanming Road, Siaogang District, Kaohsiung City, 812, Taiwan, Republic of China.
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Shihchuan 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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22
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Sommese L, Benincasa G, Lanza M, Sorriento A, Schiano C, Lucchese R, Alfano R, Nicoletti GF, Napoli C. Novel epigenetic-sensitive clinical challenges both in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications 2018; 32:1076-1084. [PMID: 30190170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetics modulated tissue-specific gene expression during the onset of type 1 and type 2 diabetes and their complications. METHODS We searched the PubMed recent studies about the main epigenetic tags involved in type 1 and type 2 diabetes onset and their clinical complications. PubMed studies about the epigenetic tags involved in type 1 and 2 diabetes onset was searched. RESULTS The epigenetic methylation maps of cord blood samples highlighted differences in the methylation status of CpG sites within the MHC genes between carriers of diabetes type 1 DR3-DQ2 and DR4-DQ8 risk haplotypes. β cell-derived unmethylated INS DNA showed the decline of β-cell mass preserving insulin secretion. Differentially methylated regions in pancreatic islets from type 2 diabetes covered PDX1, TCF7L2, and ADCY5 promoters during islet dysfunction. The recruitment of SET7 and SUV39H1 histone methyltransferases and LSD-1 lysine-specific demethylase-1 at NF-kβ-p65 promoter in vascular cells was involved in coronary heart disease. Neutrophil extracellular trap, activated by protein arginine deiminase-4, impaired wound healing from diabetic foot ulcers. MiR-199a-3p over-expression induced coagulative cascade, swelling and pain by a down-regulation of SERPIN-E2 in diabetic peripheral neuropathy. A DNA hypo-methylation and histone hyper-acetylation at MIOX promoter led an overexpression of ROS, fibronectin, HIF-1α, and NOX-4 associated with diabetic tubulopathy. A hypo-methylation of H3K4 at SOD2 promoter by LSD-1 increased ROS causing diabetic retinopathy. CONCLUSIONS Epigenetics played a relevant role in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers/analysis
- DNA Methylation/physiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/diagnosis
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diagnosis
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy
- Diabetic Foot/genetics
- Epigenesis, Genetic/physiology
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Genome-Wide Association Study
- Humans
- Precision Medicine/methods
- Precision Medicine/trends
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/drug effects
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Sommese
- U.O.C. Division of Clinical Immunology, Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy.
| | - Giuditta Benincasa
- U.O.C. Division of Clinical Immunology, Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine, Department of Internal and Specialty Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Michele Lanza
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Sorriento
- U.O.C. Division of Clinical Immunology, Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine, Department of Internal and Specialty Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Lucchese
- U.O.C. Division of Clinical Immunology, Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine, Department of Internal and Specialty Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Roberto Alfano
- Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic and Geriatric Sciences, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Francesco Nicoletti
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudio Napoli
- IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy; Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic and Geriatric Sciences, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
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23
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Chen YC, Kuo CH, Tsai YM, Lin YC, Hsiao HP, Chen BH, Chen YT, Wang SL, Hung CH. Suppressive effects of metformin on T-helper 1-related chemokines expression in the human monocytic leukemia cell line THP-1. Endocr Res 2018; 43:228-234. [PMID: 29630425 DOI: 10.1080/07435800.2018.1460605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) are chronic T-cell-mediated inflammatory diseases. Metformin is a widely used drug for type 2 DM that reduces the need for insulin in type 1 DM. However, whether metformin has an anti-inflammatory effect for treating DM is unknown. We investigated the anti-inflammatory mechanism of metformin in the human monocytic leukemia cell line THP-1. MATERIALS AND METHODS The human monocytic leukemia cell line THP-1 was pretreated with metformin and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The production of T-helper (Th)-1-related chemokines including interferon-γ-induced protein-10 (IP-10) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), Th2-related chemokine macrophage-derived chemokine, and the proinflammatory chemokine tumor necrosis factor-α was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Intracellular signaling pathways were investigated using Western blot analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. RESULTS Metformin suppressed LPS-induced IP-10 and MCP-1 production as well as LPS-induced phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). Moreover, metformin suppressed LPS-induced acetylation of histones H3 and H4 at the IP-10 promoter. CONCLUSIONS Metformin suppressed the production of Th1-related chemokines IP-10 and MCP-1 in THP-1 cells. Suppressive effects of metformin on IP-10 production might be attributed at least partially to the JNK, p38, ERK, and NF-κB pathways as well as to epigenetic regulation through the acetylation of histones H3 and H4. These results indicated the therapeutic anti-inflammatory potential of metformin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chun Chen
- a Department of Pediatrics , Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
- b Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital , Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hung Kuo
- c Ta-Kuo Clinic , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
- d Department of Pediatrics , Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ming Tsai
- e Department of Internal Medicine , Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
- f Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine , Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Lin
- b Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital , Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
- f Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine , Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
- g Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital , Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Hui-Pin Hsiao
- a Department of Pediatrics , Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
- b Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital , Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
- h Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine , Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Bai-Hsiun Chen
- b Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital , Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
- g Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital , Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
- h Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine , Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Chen
- b Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital , Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ling Wang
- b Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital , Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsing Hung
- a Department of Pediatrics , Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
- b Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital , Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
- h Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine , Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
- i Research Center for Environmental Medicine , Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
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24
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Yang L, Zhang Q, Wu Q, Wei Y, Yu J, Mu J, Zhang J, Zeng W, Feng B. Effect of TET2 on the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy through activation of transforming growth factor β1 expression via DNA demethylation. Life Sci 2018; 207:127-137. [PMID: 29705354 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). However, the mechanism of its expression and activation induced by high glucose (HG) is still unclear. We mainly explored the role of ten-eleven translocation enzyme-2 (TET2) in regulating TGFβ1 expression in the process of DN. MAIN METHODS Human mesangial cells (HMCs) and db/db mice were used to analyze the biological effects of hyperglycemia both in vivo and in vitro. Gene expression levels, cell proliferation, protein recruitment levels to TGFβ1 regulatory region, DNA methylation statues and pathological changes in kidney were tested in different groups. Short hairpin RNA(shRNA) and oral inhibitor were used to knock down or inhibit TET2 expression. KEY FINDINGS Our study demonstrated that TET2 expression was increased in the renal cortex of db/db mice and in HMCs inducing by HG. We also found that TET2 binding was increased while DNA methylation of CpG islands was reduced in the TGFβ1 regulation region in HG, resulting in the increased expression level of TGFβ1 and cell phenotype transformation. More importantly, clinical research revealed that gradually decreased DNA methylation in the TGFβ1 regulatory region was also present in patients with diabetes and DN. SIGNIFICANCE Our work suggests that TET2 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of DN by activating TGFβ1 expression through demethylation of CpG islands in the TGFβ1 regulatory region. This may provide a potential new therapeutic target for DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liling Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, PR China; MianYang Central Hospital, MianYang, SiChuan 621000, PR China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, PR China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, PR China
| | - Yi Wei
- Department of Nephrology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, PR China
| | - Jiawei Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, PR China
| | - Jiao Mu
- Department of Nephrology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, PR China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, PR China
| | - Wei Zeng
- Department of Nephrology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, PR China
| | - Bing Feng
- Department of Nephrology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, PR China.
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25
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Zhou L, Wang W, Yang C, Zeng T, Hu M, Wang X, Li N, Sun K, Wang C, Zhou J, Ren M, Yan L. GADD45a Promotes Active DNA Demethylation of the MMP-9 Promoter via Base Excision Repair Pathway in AGEs-Treated Keratinocytes and in Diabetic Male Rat Skin. Endocrinology 2018; 159:1172-1186. [PMID: 29244109 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes elevates matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 levels in the skin and its keratinocytes, and activated MMP-9 impairs skin wound healing. Epigenetic regulation of the DNA methylation status within the MMP-9 promoter plays an important role in the alteration of MMP-9 expression. Our aim was to investigate the role and mechanism of growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 45a (GADD45a), a well-known DNA demethylation regulatory protein that mediates DNA methylation, in the regulation of MMP-9 expression. In this study, we showed that GADD45a was markedly upregulated in skin tissues from patients with diabetic foot ulcers, in diabetic rats, and in human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells exposed to advanced glycation end products. We observed a substantial positive correlation between the levels of GADD45a and MMP-9 expression. Knockdown of GADD45a ameliorated the increase in MMP-9 transcription induced by a diabetic condition by inhibiting demethylation in the MMP-9 promoter and promoted diabetic HaCaT cell migration, but GADD45a knockdown did not affect HaCaT cell proliferation or apoptosis. Additionally, we demonstrated that overexpression of GADD45a activated MMP-9 expression by inducing promoter demethylation. Moreover, we found that GADD45a binds to the promoter of MMP-9 and recruits thymine-DNA glycosylase for base excision repair-mediated demethylation in diabetic HaCaT cells and diabetic rat skin. Our results reveal a mechanism in which GADD45a is required for demethylation of the MMP-9 promoter and the induction of diabetic wound healing. The inhibition of GADD45a might be a therapeutic strategy for diabetic foot ulcers.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Cycle Proteins/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA Demethylation
- DNA Repair/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology
- Diabetic Foot/genetics
- Diabetic Foot/metabolism
- Diabetic Foot/pathology
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Glycation End Products, Advanced/metabolism
- Glycation End Products, Advanced/pharmacology
- Humans
- Keratinocytes/drug effects
- Keratinocytes/metabolism
- Keratinocytes/pathology
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/genetics
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism
- Nuclear Proteins/physiology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Skin/drug effects
- Skin/metabolism
- Skin/pathology
- Wound Healing/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Zeng
- Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengdie Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kan Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng Ren
- Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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26
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Novel reno-protective mechanism of Aspirin involves H2AK119 monoubiquitination and Set7 in preventing type 1 diabetic nephropathy. Pharmacol Rep 2017; 70:497-502. [PMID: 29656179 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Even after several novel therapeutic approaches, the number of people with diabetic nephropathy (DN) still continues to increase globally, this suggest to find novel therapeutic strategies to prevent it completely. Recent reports, are indicating the ubiquitin proteasome system alterations in DN. Recently, we also showed that, histone H2AK119 mono-ubiquitination (H2AK119-Ub) found to regulate Set7, a key epigenetic enzyme in the development of renal fibrosis under type 1 diabetic condition. Hence, we aimed to study the role of a known 20s proteasome inhibitor Aspirin, on histone ubiquitination in the progression of DN. METHODS Male Wistar rats were rendered diabetic using a single dose of Streptozotocin (55mgkg-1, ip). After 4 weeks, diabetic animals were grouped into respective groups and the drug, aspirin, low dose (25mgkg-1day-1), high dose (50mgkg-1day-1) was administered through po route. At the end of the study, kidneys from all the groups were collected and processed separately for glomerular isolation, protein isolation, and for histopathological studies. RESULTS Aspirin administration, reduced the protein expression of Mysm1, increased the protein expression of H2AK119-Ub and thereby reduced the Set7 protein expression in glomeruli isolated from diabetic animals and prevented renal fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our results are clearly indicating that, aspirin prevents renal fibrosis in diabetic animals through decreasing the expression of Mysm1, increasing the expression of H2AK119-Ub and thereby decreasing the protein expression of Set7, which is a novel mechanism. Moreover, this mechanism may lay down a novel strategy to prevent DN completely in future.
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27
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Yiew NKH, Chatterjee TK, Tang YL, Pellenberg R, Stansfield BK, Bagi Z, Fulton DJ, Stepp DW, Chen W, Patel V, Kamath VM, Litwin SE, Hui DY, Rudich SM, Kim HW, Weintraub NL. A novel role for the Wnt inhibitor APCDD1 in adipocyte differentiation: Implications for diet-induced obesity. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:6312-6324. [PMID: 28242765 PMCID: PMC5391760 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.758078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired adipogenic differentiation during diet-induced obesity (DIO) promotes adipocyte hypertrophy and inflammation, thereby contributing to metabolic disease. Adenomatosis polyposis coli down-regulated 1 (APCDD1) has recently been identified as an inhibitor of Wnt signaling, a key regulator of adipogenic differentiation. Here we report a novel role for APCDD1 in adipogenic differentiation via repression of Wnt signaling and an epigenetic linkage between miR-130 and APCDD1 in DIO. APCDD1 expression was significantly up-regulated in mature adipocytes compared with undifferentiated preadipocytes in both human and mouse subcutaneous adipose tissues. siRNA-based silencing of APCDD1 in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes markedly increased the expression of Wnt signaling proteins (Wnt3a, Wnt5a, Wnt10b, LRP5, and β-catenin) and inhibited the expression of adipocyte differentiation markers (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ)) and lipid droplet accumulation, whereas adenovirus-mediated overexpression of APCDD1 enhanced adipogenic differentiation. Notably, DIO mice exhibited reduced APCDD1 expression and increased Wnt expression in both subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues and impaired adipogenic differentiation in vitro Mechanistically, we found that miR-130, whose expression is up-regulated in adipose tissues of DIO mice, could directly target the 3'-untranslated region of the APCDD1 gene. Furthermore, transfection of an miR-130 inhibitor in preadipocytes enhanced, whereas an miR-130 mimic blunted, adipogenic differentiation, suggesting that miR-130 contributes to impaired adipogenic differentiation during DIO by repressing APCDD1 expression. Finally, human subcutaneous adipose tissues isolated from obese individuals exhibited reduced expression of APCDD1, C/EBPα, and PPARγ compared with those from non-obese subjects. Taken together, these novel findings suggest that APCDD1 positively regulates adipogenic differentiation and that its down-regulation by miR-130 during DIO may contribute to impaired adipogenic differentiation and obesity-related metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K H Yiew
- From the Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - Tapan K Chatterjee
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
- Medicine, Division of Cardiology
| | - Yao Liang Tang
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
- Medicine, Division of Cardiology
| | | | - Brian K Stansfield
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
- Pediatrics
| | - Zsolt Bagi
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
- Medicine, Division of Cardiology
| | - David J Fulton
- From the Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
| | - David W Stepp
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912
- Physiology
| | | | | | | | - Sheldon E Litwin
- the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - David Y Hui
- the Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45219, and
| | | | - Ha Won Kim
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912,
- Medicine, Division of Cardiology
| | - Neal L Weintraub
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912,
- Medicine, Division of Cardiology
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28
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Sharma I, Dutta RK, Singh NK, Kanwar YS. High Glucose-Induced Hypomethylation Promotes Binding of Sp-1 to Myo-Inositol Oxygenase: Implication in the Pathobiology of Diabetic Tubulopathy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:724-739. [PMID: 28208054 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The catabolic enzyme myo-inositol oxygenase (MIOX) is expressed in proximal tubules and up-regulated in the diabetic state. Previously, we reported its transcriptional and translation regulation by high glucose (HG), osmolytes, and fatty acids. However, its epigenetic regulation is unknown. Bisulfite sequencing revealed that both human and mouse MIOX promoters, enriched with CpG sites, are hypomethylated and unmethylated under HG ambience and hyperglycemic states associated with increased MIOX expression. Eletrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed increased binding of unmethylated oligos with nucleoproteins of cells maintained under HG. In addition, a strong binding of specificity protein (Sp)-1 transcription factor with MIOX promoter was observed under HG, especially with unmethylated Sp-1 oligo. Specificity of binding was established by supershift assays and treatment with the Sp-1 inhibitor mithramycin. Promoter analysis revealed an increase in luciferase activity under HG, which was reduced after mutation of the Sp-1-binding site. Sp1 siRNA treatment reduced mRNA and protein expression of Sp-1 and MIOX and generation of reactive oxygen species derived from NADPH oxidase (NOX)-4 and mitochondrial sources. In addition, there was reduced expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α relevant in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Sp1 siRNA treatment reduced fibronectin expression, an extracellular matrix protein that is increased in diabetic nephropathy and tubulopathy. HG-induced MIOX expression was also reduced with the treatment of apelin-13, which deacetylates histones. Overall, these findings highlight the epigenetic regulation of MIOX in the pathogenesis of diabetic tubulopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Sharma
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rajesh K Dutta
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Neel K Singh
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yashpal S Kanwar
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
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Sun J, Wang Y, Cui W, Lou Y, Sun G, Zhang D, Miao L. Role of Epigenetic Histone Modifications in Diabetic Kidney Disease Involving Renal Fibrosis. J Diabetes Res 2017; 2017:7242384. [PMID: 28695133 PMCID: PMC5485509 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7242384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the commonest causes of end-stage renal disease is diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Renal fibrosis, characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in glomerular basement membranes and the tubulointerstitium, is the final manifestation of DKD. The TGF-β pathway triggers epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which plays a key role in the accumulation of ECM proteins in DKD. DCCT/EDIC studies have shown that DKD often persists and progresses despite glycemic control in diabetes once DKD sets in due to prior exposure to hyperglycemia called "metabolic memory." These imply that epigenetic factors modulate kidney gene expression. There is evidence to suggest that in diabetes and hyperglycemia, epigenetic histone modifications have a significant effect in modulating renal fibrotic and ECM gene expression induced by TGF-β1, as well as its downstream profibrotic genes. Histone modifications are also implicated in renal fibrosis through its ability to regulate the EMT process triggered by TGF-β signaling. In view of this, efforts are being made to develop HAT, HDAC, and HMT inhibitors to delay, stop, or even reverse DKD. In this review, we outline the latest advances that are being made to regulate histone modifications involved in DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Yangwei Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Wenpeng Cui
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Yan Lou
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Guangdong Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Lining Miao
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
- *Lining Miao:
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Buraczynska M, Ksiazek K, Zukowski P, Grzebalska A. Interleukin-18 gene polymorphism and risk of CVD in older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2016; 121:178-183. [PMID: 27741477 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2016.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interleukin-18 (IL-18), a proinflammatory cytokine, plays a key role in the acute and chronic inflammatory processes. It is associated with risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aim of this study was to evaluate association between G(-137)C polymorphism (rs187238) in the IL-18 gene and risk of diabetes and CVD in type 2 diabetes patients. METHODS We examined 1548 T2DM patients and 590 controls. All subjects were genotyped for the G(-137)C promoter region polymorphism by polymerase chain reaction (PCR-SSP). RESULTS Genotype distribution of the G(-137)C polymorphism showed no significant difference between T2DM patients and controls (p=0.115). An association with CVD was analyzed in two age groups: ⩾65 and <65years. In patients younger than 65years there was a tendency to association of CC genotype with CAD (OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.0-3, p=0.051). In contrast, in subjects aged 65 or older, the C allele and CC genotype showed the significant association with the presence of CVD, with the OR 1.99, p=0.001 and OR 5.31, p=0.006, respectively. The C allele carriers showed the higher prevalence of CVD compared to non-carriers (61% vs. 39%, p<0.0001). CONCLUSION Older T2DM patients carrying the C allele of IL-18 G(-137)C polymorphism have a significantly increased risk of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katarzyna Ksiazek
- Department of Nephrology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Pawel Zukowski
- Department of Nephrology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Dynamic DNA methylation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in the development of diabetic retinopathy. J Transl Med 2016; 96:1040-9. [PMID: 27454437 PMCID: PMC5035192 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2016.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes elevates matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in the retina and its capillary cells, and activated MMP-9 damages mitochondria, accelerating retinal capillary cell apoptosis, a phenomenon which precedes the development of retinopathy. Diabetes also favors epigenetic modifications regulating the expression of many genes. DNA methylation is maintained by methylating-hydroxymethylating enzymes, and retinal DNA methyltransferase (Dnmt) is activated in diabetes. Our aim is to investigate the role of DNA methylation in MMP-9 regulation. The effect of high glucose on 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine (5hmC), and binding of Dnmt1 and hydroxymethylating enzyme (Tet2) on MMP-9 promoter were quantified in retinal endothelial cells. Specific role of Tet2 in MMP-9 activation was validated using Tet2-siRNA. The results were confirmed in the retina from streptozotocin-induced diabetic mouse. Although glucose increased Dnmt1 binding at MMP-9 promoter, it decreased 5mC levels. At the same promoter site, Tet2 binding and 5hmC levels were elevated. Tet2-siRNA ameliorated increase in 5hmC and MMP-9 transcription, and protected mitochondrial damage. Diabetic mice also presented similar dynamic DNA methylation changes in the retinal MMP-9 promoter. Thus, in diabetes transcription of retinal MMP-9 is maintained, in part, by an active DNA methylation-hydroxymethylation process, and regulation of this machinery should help maintain mitochondrial homeostasis and inhibit the development/progression of diabetic retinopathy.
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Garlic activates SIRT-3 to prevent cardiac oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetes. Life Sci 2016; 164:42-51. [PMID: 27590611 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac complications are major contributor in the mortality of diabetic people. Mitochondrial dysfunctioning is a crucial contributor for the cardiac complications in diabetes, and SIRT-3 remains the major mitochondrial deacetylase. We hypothesized whether garlic has any role on SIRT-3 to prevent mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetic heart. METHODS Rats with developed hyperglycemia after STZ injection were divided into two groups; diabetic (Dia) and diabetic+garlic (Dia+Garl). Garlic was administered at a dose of 250mg/kg/day, orally for four weeks. An additional group was maintained to evaluate the effect of raw garlic administration on control rat heart. RESULT We have observed altered functioning of cardiac mitochondrial enzymes involved in metabolic pathways, and increased levels of cardiac ROS with decreased activity of catalase and SOD in diabetic rats. Cardiac mRNA expression of TFAM, PGC-1α, and CO1 was also altered in diabetes. In addition, reduced levels of electron transport chain complexes that observed in Dia group were normalized with garlic administration. This indicates the presence of increased oxidative stress with mitochondrial dysfunctioning in diabetic heart. We have observed reduced activity of SIRT3 and increased acetylation of MnSOD. Silencing SIRT-3 in cells also revealed the same. However, administration of garlic improved the SIRT-3 and MnSOD activity, by deacetylating MnSOD. Increased SOD activity was correlated with reduced levels of ROS in garlic-administered rat hearts. CONCLUSION Collectively, our results provide an insight into garlic's protection to T1DM heart through activation of SIRT3-MnSOD pathway.
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Histone H2AK119 and H2BK120 mono-ubiquitination modulate SET7/9 and SUV39H1 in type 1 diabetes-induced renal fibrosis. Biochem J 2016; 473:3937-3949. [PMID: 27582499 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hyperglycaemia-induced expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) components plays a major role in the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN). The epigenetic mechanisms that modulate ECM gene expression in DN remain unclear. Therefore, we examined the role of histone H2A and H2B monoubiquitination on epigenetic chromatin marks, such as histone H3 lysine dimethylation (H3K4Me2, H3K9Me2 and H3K79Me2) in type 1 diabetic rat kidney. Hyperglycaemia increased collagen deposition and Col1a1 gene expression. In whole kidney of diabetic animals, both H2AK119 mono-ubiquitination (H2AK119Ub) and H2BK120 mono-ubiquitination (H2BK120Ub) were found to be increased, whereas, in glomeruli of diabetic animals, expression of both H2AK119Ub and H2BK120Ub was reduced. Changes in ubiquitin proteasome system components like increased Rnf2 (H2A-specific E3 ligase) and decreased H2A- and H2B-specific deubiquitinases (ubiquitin-specific proteases 7, 16, 21 and 22) were also observed. Globally increased levels of chromatin marks associated with active genes (H3K4Me2 and H3K79Me2) and decreased levels of repressive marks (H3K9Me2) were also observed. Hyperglycaemia also increased the protein expression of SET7/9 and decreased the expression of SUV39H1. We also showed the decreased occupancy of H2AK119Ub and H2BK120Ub on the promoters of Set7/9 and Suv39h1 in diabetic kidney. In addition, methylation marks regulated by H2AK119Ub (H3K27Me2 and H3K36Me2) and H2BK120Ub (H3K4Me2 and H3K79Me2) were also found to be altered on the promoters of Set7/9 and Suv39h1 Taken together, these results show the functional role of H2AK119Ub and H2BK120Ub in regulating histone H3K4Me2 and H3K9Me2 through modulating the expression of SET7/9 and SUV39H1 in the development of diabetic renal fibrosis.
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Buraczynska M, Zukowski P, Ksiazek K, Wacinski P, Dragan M. The effect of Toll-like receptor 4 gene polymorphism on vascular complications in type 2 diabetes patients. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2016; 116:7-13. [PMID: 27321310 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of our study was to assess the association between the TLR4 Asp299Gly polymorphism and vascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS We examined 1090 patients with T2DM and 716 healthy controls. All subjects were genotyped for the Asp299Gly polymorphism by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction analysis. RESULTS The genotype frequencies of the Asp299Gly polymorphism were similar in T2DM patients and controls (p=0.512 and 0.311, respectively). The polymorphism was analyzed in subgroups of patients with macro- and microvascular complications. The distribution of genotypes was significantly different between patients with CVD and those without CVD. A significant increase of G allele frequency was observed in CVD+ patients, with odds ratio 2.06 (1.27-3.34), p=0.0035. The same effect was found when patients with diabetic retinopathy were compared with those without it (OR for G allele 2.12, 95% CI 1.43-3.12, p=0.0002). There were no statistically significant differences in genotype distribution between patients with diabetic nephropathy or neuropathy and those without these complications. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study demonstrated that the G allele of the Asp299Gly polymorphism of the TLR4 gene is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pawel Zukowski
- Department of Nephrology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ksiazek
- Department of Nephrology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Wacinski
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Michal Dragan
- Department of Nephrology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Epigenetics in Kidney Transplantation: Current Evidence, Predictions, and Future Research Directions. Transplantation 2016; 100:23-38. [PMID: 26356174 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications are changes to the genome that occur without any alteration in DNA sequence. These changes include cytosine methylation of DNA at cytosine-phosphate diester-guanine dinucleotides, histone modifications, microRNA interactions, and chromatin remodeling complexes. Epigenetic modifications may exert their effect independently or complementary to genetic variants and have the potential to modify gene expression. These modifications are dynamic, potentially heritable, and can be induced by environmental stimuli or drugs. There is emerging evidence that epigenetics play an important role in health and disease. However, the impact of epigenetic modifications on the outcomes of kidney transplantation is currently poorly understood and deserves further exploration. Kidney transplantation is the best treatment option for end-stage renal disease, but allograft loss remains a significant challenge that leads to increased morbidity and return to dialysis. Epigenetic modifications may influence the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of the immune cells, and therefore may have a critical role in the host immune response to the allograft and its outcome. The epigenome of the donor may also impact kidney graft survival, especially those epigenetic modifications associated with early transplant stressors (e.g., cold ischemia time) and donor aging. In the present review, we discuss evidence supporting the role of epigenetic modifications in ischemia-reperfusion injury, host immune response to the graft, and graft response to injury as potential new tools for the diagnosis and prediction of graft function, and new therapeutic targets for improving outcomes of kidney transplantation.
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Lai S. Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes-A Potential Causal Link. EBioMedicine 2016; 6:10-11. [PMID: 27211535 PMCID: PMC4856778 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shenghan Lai
- Department of Pathology, Medicine, Psychiatry, Radiology, and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Felisbino MB, Alves da Costa T, Gatti MSV, Mello MLS. Differential Response of Human Hepatocyte Chromatin to HDAC Inhibitors as a Function of Microenvironmental Glucose Level. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:2257-65. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Barreto Felisbino
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology; University of Campinas (Unicamp); Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Thiago Alves da Costa
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology; University of Campinas (Unicamp); Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Maria Silvia Viccari Gatti
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology; University of Campinas (Unicamp); Campinas São Paulo Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Silveira Mello
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology; University of Campinas (Unicamp); Campinas São Paulo Brazil
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Kumar S, Pamulapati H, Tikoo K. Fatty acid induced metabolic memory involves alterations in renal histone H3K36me2 and H3K27me3. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 422:233-242. [PMID: 26747726 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggest that diabetic complications persist even after the maintenance of normal glucose levels. However, the molecular mechanisms involved are still unclear. In the present study, we have investigated the molecular mechanism behind the presence of insulin resistance (IR) condition even after normalization of circulating lipids levels both in vivo and in vitro. Persistent inhibition of insulin signalling in absence of elevated circulating lipids level confirms the presence of metabolic memory in our model of IR. IR in human urine derived podocyte-like epithelial cells (HUPECs) was developed by incubating cells with palmitate (750 μM) for 24 h and in SD rats by feeding high fat diet for 16 weeks. Inhibition of insulin induced FOXO1 (regulator of gluconeogenic genes) degradation persisted even after 48 h of palmitate removal from the culture media. Metabolic memory by palmitate was found to be associated with increased FOXO1 activity as evident from increased expression of FOXO1 target genes such as PDK4, p21, G6Pc and IGFBP1. To understand the reason for prolonged activation of FOXO1 and its target genes, chromatin immuno-precipitation (ChIP) was performed with histone H3K36me2 and H3K27me3 antibodies. ChIP assay shows persistent increase in abundance of histone H3K36me2 on promoter region of FOXO1. We also show decreased abundance of histone H3K27me3 on promoter region of FOXO1, in the kidneys of HFD fed rats, which persisted even after 8 weeks of diet reversal. Taken together, we provide first evidence that circulating lipids generate metabolic memory possibly by altering the abundance of histone H3K36me2 and H3K27me3 on FOXO1 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India.
| | - Himani Pamulapati
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India.
| | - Kulbhushan Tikoo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India.
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Buraczynska M, Zukowski P, Drop B, Baranowicz-Gaszczyk I, Ksiazek A. Effect of G(-174)C polymorphism in interleukin-6 gene on cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes patients. Cytokine 2015; 79:7-11. [PMID: 26702930 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an important pro-inflammatory cytokine of relevance to cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this case-control study was to evaluate the association between the G(-174)C functional polymorphism in the IL-6 gene and risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in type 2 diabetes patients. We examined 1090 patients with T2DM and 612 controls. All subjects were genotyped for the G(-174)C polymorphism by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction analysis. There were no significant differences in the distribution of genotypes and alleles between T2DM patients and healthy controls. Significantly higher C allele frequency was observed in CVD+ patients compared to CVD- subgroup (53% vs. 32%, p<0.0001). The odds ratio for C allele was 2.4 (95% CI 1.99-2.9, p<0.0001) and for CC genotype 4.55 (95% CI 3.12-6.63, p<0.000). When the distribution of G(-174)C polymorphism was compared in subgroups with different clinical phenotypes of CVD, a significant association of CC genotype with myocardial infarction was observed. Forty eight percent of patients with MI had the CC genotype compared to 22% of patients without MI (p<0.0001). In conclusion, type 2 diabetes patients carrying the C allele of the IL-6 G(-174)C polymorphism have a significantly increased risk of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pawel Zukowski
- Department of Nephrology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Bartlomiej Drop
- Department of Public Health, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Ksiazek
- Department of Nephrology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Buraczynska M, Dragan M, Buraczynska K, Orlowska-Kowalik G, Ksiazek A. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) gene polymorphism and cardiovascular comorbidity in type 2 diabetes patients. J Diabetes Complications 2015; 29:829-33. [PMID: 26025700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and vascular disease. We hypothesized that MMP-2 might be a susceptibility gene for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in diabetes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between C(-1306)T functional polymorphism in the MMP-2 gene and risk of CVD in type 2 diabetes patients. METHODS We examined 1090 patients with T2DM and 612 controls. All subjects were genotyped for the C(-1306)T polymorphism by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction analysis. RESULTS A significant decrease of T allele frequency was observed in patients with CVD versus those with no CVD (OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.36-0.52, p<0.0001). In contrast, OR for CC genotype was 2.19 (1.79-2.68, p<0.0001), conferring 2-fold greater odds for CVD. When the distribution of C(-1306)T was compared in subgroups with different clinical phenotypes of CVD, patients with stroke had the lowest frequency of T allele (6% vs. 11%), compared to entire CVD+ group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS T2DM patients carrying the T allele of MMP-2 C(-1306)T polymorphism have a significantly reduced risk of CVD. The C(-1306)T polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to stroke in T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michal Dragan
- Department of Nephrology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Kinga Buraczynska
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Ksiazek
- Department of Nephrology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Park LK, Maione AG, Smith A, Gerami-Naini B, Iyer LK, Mooney DJ, Veves A, Garlick JA. Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis identifies a metabolic memory profile in patient-derived diabetic foot ulcer fibroblasts. Epigenetics 2015; 9:1339-49. [PMID: 25437049 PMCID: PMC4622843 DOI: 10.4161/15592294.2014.967584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a serious complication of diabetes. Previous exposure to hyperglycemic conditions accelerates a decline in cellular function through metabolic memory despite normalization of glycemic control. Persistent, hyperglycemia-induced epigenetic patterns are considered a central mechanism that activates metabolic memory; however, this has not been investigated in patient-derived fibroblasts from DFUs. We generated a cohort of patient-derived lines from DFU fibroblasts (DFUF), and site- and age-matched diabetic foot fibroblasts (DFF) and non-diabetic foot fibroblasts (NFF) to investigate global and genome-wide DNA methylation patterns using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and the Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450K array. DFFs and DFUFs demonstrated significantly lower global DNA methylation compared to NFFs (p = 0.03). Hierarchical clustering of differentially methylated probes (DMPs, p = 0.05) showed that DFFs and DFUFs cluster together and separately from NFFs. Twenty-five percent of the same probes were identified as DMPs when individually comparing DFF and DFUF to NFF. Functional annotation identified enrichment of DMPs associated with genes critical to wound repair, including angiogenesis (p = 0.07) and extracellular matrix assembly (p = 0.035). Identification of sustained DNA methylation patterns in patient-derived fibroblasts after prolonged passage in normoglycemic conditions demonstrates persistent metabolic memory. These findings suggest that epigenetic-related metabolic memory may also underlie differences in wound healing phenotypes and can potentially identify therapeutic targets.
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Key Words
- ANOVA, Analysis of Variance
- BMP, Bone Morphogenic Protein
- COL4A1, Collagen 4A1
- DAVID, Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrative Discovery
- DCCT, Diabetes Control and Complications Trial
- DFF, Diabetic Foot Fibroblast
- DFU, Diabetic Foot Ulcer
- DFUF, Diabetic Foot Ulcer Fibroblast
- DHS, DNase Hypersensitive Site
- DMP, Differentially Methylated Probe
- DNA methylation
- ECM, Extracellular Matrix
- EDIC, Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications
- ENCODE, Encyclopedia of DNA Elements
- FGF1, Fibroblast Growth Factor 1
- HbA1c, Hemoglobin A1c
- NFF, Non-diabetic Foot Fibroblast
- NHLF, Normal Human Lung Fibroblast
- PLAU, Plasminogen Activator Urokinase
- SNP, Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
- TFBS, Transcription Factor Binding Site
- TGFb, Transforming Growth Factor b
- TNFa, Tumor Necrosis Factor a
- TSS, Transcription Start Site
- UTR, Untranslated Region.
- dNTPs, deoxynucleotide
- diabetes
- diabetic foot ulcer
- epigenetics
- fibroblast
- metabolic memory
- wound healing
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara K Park
- a Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology ; Oral Medicine and Craniofacial Pain ; Tufts University School of Dental Medicine ; Boston , MA USA
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Khamaneh AM, Alipour MR, Sheikhzadeh Hesari F, Ghadiri Soufi F. A signature of microRNA-155 in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. J Physiol Biochem 2015; 71:301-9. [PMID: 25929727 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-015-0413-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The current study was designed to explore the potential involvement of miR-155 in the pathogenesis of diabetes complications. Male rats were divided into control and diabetic groups (n = 6). Type 2 diabetes was induced by a single-dose injection of nicotinamide (110 mg/kg; intraperitoneal (i.p.)), 15 min before injection of streptozotocin (STZ; 50 mg/kg; i.p.) in 12-h fasted rats. Two months after induction of diabetes, the rats were sacrificed for subsequent measurements. The nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activity was higher in diabetic peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), aorta, heart, kidney, liver, and sciatic nerve, than the control counterparts. Also, apoptosis rate was increased in these tissues, except the aorta. NF-κB messenger RNA (mRNA) expression level was higher in the kidney, heart, PBMCs, and sciatic nerve of diabetic rats than their control counterparts. Except the liver, the miR-155 expression level was significantly decreased in diabetic kidney, heart, aorta, PBMCs, and sciatic nerve versus the controls. Moreover, the expression of miR-155 was negatively correlated with NF-κB activity and apoptosis rate. These results suggest that changes in the expression of miR-155 may participate in the pathogenesis of diabetes-related complications, but causal relationship between miR-155 dysregulation and diabetic complications is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Mahdi Khamaneh
- School of advanced medical sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Nigam SK, Bush KT, Martovetsky G, Ahn SY, Liu HC, Richard E, Bhatnagar V, Wu W. The organic anion transporter (OAT) family: a systems biology perspective. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:83-123. [PMID: 25540139 PMCID: PMC4281586 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00025.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The organic anion transporter (OAT) subfamily, which constitutes roughly half of the SLC22 (solute carrier 22) transporter family, has received a great deal of attention because of its role in handling of common drugs (antibiotics, antivirals, diuretics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), toxins (mercury, aristolochic acid), and nutrients (vitamins, flavonoids). Oats are expressed in many tissues, including kidney, liver, choroid plexus, olfactory mucosa, brain, retina, and placenta. Recent metabolomics and microarray data from Oat1 [Slc22a6, originally identified as NKT (novel kidney transporter)] and Oat3 (Slc22a8) knockouts, as well as systems biology studies, indicate that this pathway plays a central role in the metabolism and handling of gut microbiome metabolites as well as putative uremic toxins of kidney disease. Nuclear receptors and other transcription factors, such as Hnf4α and Hnf1α, appear to regulate the expression of certain Oats in conjunction with phase I and phase II drug metabolizing enzymes. Some Oats have a strong selectivity for particular signaling molecules, including cyclic nucleotides, conjugated sex steroids, odorants, uric acid, and prostaglandins and/or their metabolites. According to the "Remote Sensing and Signaling Hypothesis," which is elaborated in detail here, Oats may function in remote interorgan communication by regulating levels of signaling molecules and key metabolites in tissues and body fluids. Oats may also play a major role in interorganismal communication (via movement of small molecules across the intestine, placental barrier, into breast milk, and volatile odorants into the urine). The role of various Oat isoforms in systems physiology appears quite complex, and their ramifications are discussed in the context of remote sensing and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay K Nigam
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Bioengineering, and Family and Preventative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Kevin T Bush
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Bioengineering, and Family and Preventative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Gleb Martovetsky
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Bioengineering, and Family and Preventative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Sun-Young Ahn
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Bioengineering, and Family and Preventative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Henry C Liu
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Bioengineering, and Family and Preventative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Erin Richard
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Bioengineering, and Family and Preventative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Vibha Bhatnagar
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Bioengineering, and Family and Preventative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Wei Wu
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Bioengineering, and Family and Preventative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Luo M, Wu H, Kong L, Xin Y, Cui W, Zhao Y, Wang J, Liang G, Miao L, Cai L. Novel curcumin analog C66 prevents diabetic nephropathy via JNK pathway with the involvement of p300/CBP-mediated histone acetylation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1852:34-46. [PMID: 25446993 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis represent the key events in development of diabetic nephropathy (DN), with connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and fibronectin 1 (FN-1) playing important roles in these pathogenic processes. To investigate whether the plant metabolite curcumin, which exerts epigenetic modulatory properties when applied as a pharmacological agent, may prevent DN via inhibition of the JNK pathway and epigenetic histone acetylation, diabetic and age-matched non-diabetic control mice were administered a 3-month course of curcumin analogue (C66), c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor (JNKi, sp600125), or vehicle alone. At treatment end, half of the mice were sacrificed for analysis and the other half were maintained without treatment for an additional 3 months. Renal JNK phosphorylation was found to be significantly increased in the vehicle-treated diabetic mice, but not the C66- and JNKi-treated diabetic mice, at both the 3-month and 6-month time points. C66 and JNKi treatment also significantly prevented diabetes-induced renal fibrosis and dysfunction. Diabetes-related increases in histone acetylation, histone acetyl transferases' (HATs) activity, and the p300/CBP HAT expression were also significantly attenuated by C66 or JNKi treatment. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that C66 and JNKi treatments decreased H3-lysine9/14-acetylation (H3K9/14Ac) level and p300/CBP occupancy at the CTGF, PAI-1 and FN-1 gene promoters. Thus, C66 may significantly and persistently prevent renal injury and dysfunction in diabetic mice via down-regulation of diabetes-related JNK activation and consequent suppression of the diabetes-related increases in HAT activity, p300/CBP expression, and histone acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangwei Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics of University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics of University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Cardiovascular Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Manyu Luo
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics of University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics of University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Lili Kong
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics of University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Ying Xin
- Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics of University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenpeng Cui
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics of University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Yunjie Zhao
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jingying Wang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guang Liang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lining Miao
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Lu Cai
- Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics of University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
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Role of microRNAs in the modulation of diabetic retinopathy. Prog Retin Eye Res 2014; 43:92-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Mishra M, Zhong Q, Kowluru RA. Epigenetic modifications of Nrf2-mediated glutamate-cysteine ligase: implications for the development of diabetic retinopathy and the metabolic memory phenomenon associated with its continued progression. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 75:129-39. [PMID: 25016074 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes increases oxidative stress in the retina and decreases the levels of the intracellular antioxidant glutathione (GSH). The transcriptional factor Nrf2 regulates the expression of Gclc, the enzyme important in the biosynthesis of GSH, and in diabetes the binding of Nrf2 at the antioxidant response element region 4 (ARE4) is decreased. Our aim was to investigate the role of epigenetic modifications in the decreased Nrf2 binding at Gclc-ARE4 in the development of diabetic retinopathy and in the metabolic memory associated with its continued progression. The effect of hyperglycemia on H3K4 methylation in Nrf2 binding at Gclc-ARE4 was investigated by chromatin immunoprecipitation in the rat retina and was confirmed in retinal endothelial cells in which histone demethylase (LSD1) was manipulated. The role of histone methylation at Gclc-ARE4 in the metabolic memory was examined in rats maintained under poor control for 3 months followed by good control (GC) for 3 months. Although H3K4me2 at Gclc-ARE4 was increased in diabetes, H3K4me3 and H3K4me1 were decreased. LSD1 siRNA abrogated the glucose-induced decrease in H3K4me1 at Gclc-ARE4 and ameliorated decreases in Nrf2 binding at Gclc-ARE4 and Gclc transcripts. Reestablishment of GC failed to provide any benefits to histone methylation, and Nrf2 binding activity remained compromised. Thus, in diabetic retinopathy, histone methylation at Gclc-ARE4 plays an important role in regulating the Nrf2-Gclc-GSH cascade. Targeting histone methylation could help inhibit/slow down this blinding disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Mishra
- Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Qing Zhong
- Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Renu A Kowluru
- Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Buraczynska M, Zukowski P, Wacinski P, Ksiazek K, Zaluska W. Polymorphism in microRNA-196a2 contributes to the risk of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes patients. J Diabetes Complications 2014; 28:617-20. [PMID: 24972764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Revised: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the effect of the microRNA-196a2 gene polymorphism (rs11614913) on risk of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes patients. METHODS We examined 920 patients with diabetes and 834 healthy controls. All subjects were genotyped for the miRNA-196a2 SNP by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction analysis. RESULTS The genotype distribution among controls and patients was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p=0.227 and 0.308, respectively). The frequency of the T allele was lower in patients than in controls (p=0.044). The odds ratio 0.66 (95% CI 0.54-0.79) suggests an association of the T allele with decreased risk of T2DM. For the main purpose of the study, T2DM patients were stratified into patients with CVD and those without it. The T allele and TT genotype were significantly more frequent in patients with CVD compared to those without CVD (p=0.013, p<0.001, respectively). The odds ratio for the T allele in the CVD+subgroup vs. CVD- was 1.76 (1.35-2.30), p<0.0001, mostly due to the overrepresentation of TT homozygotes. The highest risk of development of CVD was observed in the additive model for TT homozygotes (OR 3.33, 95% CI 2.05-5.42, p<0.0001). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that miRNA-196a2 T/C polymorphism (rs11614913) is associated with an increased risk of CVD in type 2 diabetes patients. This provides further insights on pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pawel Zukowski
- Department of Nephrology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Wacinski
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ksiazek
- Department of Nephrology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Wojciech Zaluska
- Department of Nephrology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Alkayyali S, Lyssenko V. Genetics of diabetes complications. Mamm Genome 2014; 25:384-400. [PMID: 25169573 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-014-9543-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hyperglycemia and duration of diabetes are the major risk factors associated with development of micro- and macrovascular complications of diabetes. Although it is believed that hyperglycemia induces damage to the particular cell subtypes, e.g., mesangial cells in the renal glomerulus, capillary endothelial cells in the retina, and neurons and Schwann cells in peripheral nerves, the exact mechanisms underlying these damaging defects are not yet well understood. Clustering of micro- and macrovascular complications in families of patients with diabetes suggests a strong genetic susceptibility. However, until now only a handful number of genetic variants were reported to be associated with either nephropathy (ACE, ELMO1, FRMD3, and AKR1B1) or retinopathy (VEGF, AKR1B1, and EPO), and only a few studies were carried out for genetic susceptibility to cardiovascular diseases (ADIPOQ, GLUL) in patients with diabetes. It is, therefore, obvious that the accumulation of more data from larger studies and better phenotypically characterized cohorts is needed to facilitate genetic discoveries and unravel novel insights into the pathogenesis of diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Alkayyali
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, CRC, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,
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Wegner M, Neddermann D, Piorunska-Stolzmann M, Jagodzinski PP. Role of epigenetic mechanisms in the development of chronic complications of diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2014; 105:164-75. [PMID: 24814876 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2014.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that epigenetic regulation of gene expression including post-translational histone modifications (PTHMs), DNA methylation and microRNA (miRNA)-regulation of mRNA translation could play a crucial role in the development of chronic, diabetic complications. Hyperglycemia can induce an abnormal action of PTHMs and DNA methyltransferases as well as alter the levels of numerous miRNAs in endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, cardiomyocytes, retina, and renal cells. These epigenetic abnormalities result in changes in the expression of numerous genes contributing to effects such as development of chronic inflammation, impaired clearance of reactive oxygen species (ROS), endothelial cell dysfunction and/or the accumulation of extracellular matrix in the kidney, which causing the development of retinopathy, nephropathy or cardiomyopathy. Some epigenetic modifications, for example PTHMs and DNA methylation, become irreversible over time. Therefore, these processes have gained much attention in explaining the long-lasting detrimental consequences of hyperglycaemia causing the development of chronic complications even after improved glycaemic control is achieved. Our review suggests that the treatment of chronic complications should focus on erasing metabolic memory by targeting chromatin modification enzymes and by restoring miRNA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Wegner
- Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Chair of Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Grunwaldzka Street, 60-780 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Daniel Neddermann
- Novartis Pharma AG, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Postfach, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria Piorunska-Stolzmann
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Chair of Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Grunwaldzka Street, 60-780 Poznan, Poland
| | - Pawel P Jagodzinski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Swiecickiego Street, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
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Luttmer R, Spijkerman AM, Kok RM, Jakobs C, Blom HJ, Serne EH, Dekker JM, Smulders YM. Metabolic syndrome components are associated with DNA hypomethylation. Obes Res Clin Pract 2014; 7:e106-e115. [PMID: 24331772 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disturbances of DNA methylation have been associated with multiple diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer and, as some have suggested, glucometabolic disturbances. Our aim was to assess the association of the metabolic syndrome and its individual components with DNA methylation in a population-based study. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a human population (n = 738) stratified by age, sex and glucose metabolism, we explored associations of the metabolic syndrome according to National Cholesterol Education Program/Adult Treatment Panel-III criteria and its individual components (fasting glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, blood pressure, waist circumference) with global leukocyte DNA methylation. DNA methylation was measured as the methylcytosine/cytosine ratio in peripheral leukocytes using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Individuals with the metabolic syndrome had relative DNA hypomethylation compared to participants without the syndrome (β = -0.05; p = 0.01). This association was mainly attributable to linear associations of two metabolic syndrome components with DNA methylation: fasting plasma glucose (β = -0.02; p = 0.004) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (β = 0.07; p = 0.004). People with type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose metabolism had DNA hypomethylation compared to normoglycemic individuals (β = -0.05; p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS DNA hypomethylation is independently associated with hyperglycemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, both essential components of the metabolic syndrome. The potential implications and direction of possible causality require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roosmarijn Luttmer
- Faculty of Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke M Spijkerman
- Center for Prevention and Health Services Research, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Robert M Kok
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Institute for Cardiovascular Research ICaR-VU, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carel Jakobs
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Institute for Cardiovascular Research ICaR-VU, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk J Blom
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Institute for Cardiovascular Research ICaR-VU, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik H Serne
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute for Cardiovascular Research ICaR-VU, VU University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline M Dekker
- Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine (EMGO Institute), VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yvo M Smulders
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute for Cardiovascular Research ICaR-VU, VU University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
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